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Fig. 13-0
Fig. 13-0a
Fig. 13-0b
Fig. 13-0c
Fig. 13-1a
Fig. 13-1b
Fig. 13-1c
NorthAmerica
ATLANTICOCEAN
GreatBritain
Brazil
TheGalápagosIslands
PACIFICOCEANPinta
MarchenaGenovesa
Santiago
Fernandina Pinzón
IsabelaSan
Cristobal
EspañolaFlorenza
DaphneIslands
SantaCruz
SantaFe
40 miles
Equator
40 km0
0
Europe
Africa
SouthAmerica
An
des
Argentina
Cape Horn
Cape ofGood Hope
PACIFICOCEAN
Equator
NewZealand
Australia
Tasmania
Fig. 13-1ca
Fig. 13-1cb
Fig. 13-1cc
NorthAmerica
ATLANTICOCEAN
GreatBritain
Brazil
Europe
Africa
SouthAmerica
An
des
Argentina
Cape Horn
Cape ofGood Hope
PACIFICOCEAN
Equator
NewZealand
Australia
Tasmania
Fig. 13-1cd
TheGalápagosIslands
PACIFICOCEANPinta
MarchenaGenovesa
Santiago
Fernandina Pinzón
IsabelaSan
Cristobal
EspañolaFlorenza
DaphneIslands
SantaCruz
SantaFe
40 miles
Equator
40 km0
0
Fig. 13-2
Terminalbud
Lateralbuds
Leaves
Kale
Stem
Brussels sprouts
Cauliflower
Cabbage
Kohlrabi
Wild mustard
Flowerclusters
Flowersand stems
Broccoli
Fig. 13-3aa
A flower mantidin Malaysia
Fig. 13-3ab
A leaf mantid in Costa Rica
Fig. 13-3b
Chromosome with alleleconferring resistanceto pesticide
Additionalapplications willbe less effective, andthe frequency ofresistant insects inthe populationwill grow
Survivors
Pesticide application
Fig. 13-4
A Skull of Homo erectus B Ammonite casts C Dinosaur tracks
Fossilized organicmatter of a leaf
E Insect in amberF “Ice Man”
D
Fig. 13-4a
A Skull of Homo erectus
Fig. 13-4b
B Ammonite casts
Fig. 13-4c
C Dinosaur tracks
Fig. 13-4d
D Fossilized organic matter of a leaf
Fig. 13-4e
E Insect in amber
Fig. 13-4f
F “Ice Man”
Fig. 13-4g
Fig. 13-4h
Pelvis andhind limb
Rhodocetus (predominantly aquatic)
Pakicetus (terrestrial)
Dorudon (fully aquatic)
Balaena (recent whale ancestor)
Pelvis andhind limb
Fig. 13-4ha
Rhodocetus (predominantly aquatic)
Pakicetus (terrestrial)
Fig. 13-4hb
Pelvis andhind limb
Dorudon (fully aquatic)
Balaena (recent whale ancestor)
Pelvis andhind limb
Fig. 13-5a
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
MetacarpalsPhalanges
Human Cat Whale Bat
Fig. 13-5b
Pharyngealpouches
Post-analtail
Chick embryo Human embryo
Fig. 13-6
Tetrapod limbs
Amnion
Lungfishes
Feathers
Amphibians
Mammals
Lizardsand snakes
2
Hawks andother birds
Ostriches
Crocodiles
1
3
4
5
6
Am
nio
tes
Tetrap
od
s
Bird
s
Fig. 13-7
Fig. 13-8
Parents
Offspring,with newcombinationsof alleles
Gametes
Meiosis
and
A1
Randomfertilization
A1 A2 A3
A1 A2 A3
A3A1A2A1
Fig. 13-9a
Webbing No webbing
Fig. 13-9b
Phenotypes
320–––500
Genotypes
Number of animals(total = 500)
Genotype frequencies
Number of allelesin gene pool(total = 1,000)
Allele frequencies
WW Ww ww
320 160 20
= 0.64 160–––500 = 0.32 20–––
500 = 0.04
40 w160 W + 160 w640 W
8001,000 = 0.8 W 200
1,000 = 0.2 w
Fig. 13-9c
Gametes reflectallele frequenciesof parental gene pool
W eggp = 0.8
Sperm
w eggq = 0.2
W spermp = 0.8
Eggs
Allele frequencies
Genotype frequencies
Next generation:
w spermq = 0.8
WWp2 = 0.64
wwq2 = 0.04
wWqp = 0.16
Wwpq = 0.16
0.64 WW 0.32 Ww 0.04 ww
0.8 W 0.2 w
Fig. 13-11a-1
Originalpopulation
Fig. 13-11a-2
Originalpopulation
Bottleneckingevent
Fig. 13-11a-3
Originalpopulation
Bottleneckingevent
Survivingpopulation
Fig. 13-11b
Fig. 13-12
Fig. 13-13
Originalpopulation
Fre
qu
ency
of
ind
ivid
ual
sOriginalpopulation
Evolvedpopulation
Phenotypes (fur color)
Stabilizing selection Directional selection Disruptive selection
Fig. 13-14a
Fig. 13-14b
Fig. 13-14c
Fig. 13-16
“Right-mouthed”
“Left-mouthed”
1.0
0.5
01981’82 ’83 ’84 ’85 ’86 ’87 ’88 ’89 ’90
Sample year
Fre
qu
ency
of
“lef
t-m
ou
thed
” in
div
idu
als
Fig. 13-UN1
Observations
Heritable variationsin individuals
Overproductionof offspring
Over time, favorable traitsaccumulate in the population
Individuals well-suited to theenvironment tend to leavemore offspring
Inferences
Fig. 13-UN2
Allele frequencies
Genotype frequencies
Dominanthomozygotes
Heterozygotes Recessivehomozygotes
p + q = 1
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
Fig. 13-UN3
Originalpopulation
Pressure ofnatural selection
Evolvedpopulation
Stabilizing selection Directional selection Disruptive selection
Fig. 13-UN4
Microevolution
(a)
may result fromchange in allelefrequencies in a
population
is the
(g)
(c)(b)
(d)
(e) (f)
individualsor gametes
best adaptedto environment
adaptiveevolution
random fluctuationsmore likely in a
due tomovement of
may be result of
leads todue to
of individuals
Fig. 13-UN5