Stratified prokaryote network in the oxic-anoxic transition of a deep sea halocline

Steep haloclines drive prokaryote distribution in Mediterranean deeps

Prokaryote stratification along a three meter halocline in an Eastern Mediterranean

deep

Daniele Daffonchio1, Sara Borin1, Tullio Brusa1, Paul W.J.J. van der Wielen2, Henk Bolhuis2,

Giuseppe D’auria3, Michail Yakimov3, Laura Giuliano3, Christian Tamburini4, Danielle Marty4,

Terry McGenity5, Andrea Sass5, Kenneth N. Timmis5, Gert J. de Lange6, Andreas Huebner6,

Francesco Gasparoni7, Hans Gerber8, Elisa Malinverno9, Cesare Corselli9 & Biodeep Scientific

Party

1CoNISMa, Ulr Università degli Studi di Milano, DiSTAM, 20133 Milan, Italy

2Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, CEES, University of Groningen, PO box 14, 9750 AA Haren,

The Netherlands

3Istituto per l’Ambiente Marino Costiero, CNR, 98122 Messina, Italy

4LMGEM, UMR 6117 CNRS Université de la Mediterranée, Marseille, France

5Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK

6Faculty of Geosciences, Geochemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

7Tecnomare S.p.A., ENI group, Venice, Italy

8Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9CoNISMa, Ulr Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, DGSG, 20126 Milan, Italy

Fig. 1. Ms.: “Stratified prokaryote network ……” by Daffonchio et al., 2004

b

aConductivity [mS cm-1]

3328

3329

3330

3331

3332

3333

Wa

ter

dept

h (

m)

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

c

08:

27:

06.5

08:

27:

15.8

08:

27:

50.3

08:

28:

08.2

08:

28:

17.6

08:

28:

44.4

08:

29:

19.8

08:

29:

29.5

08:

29:

38.9

08:

30:

17.7

Time of sampling (h:min:sec)

3328

3329

3330

3331

3332

Wa

ter

dept

h (

m)

4

5

9

10

Fractions of Niskin bottle n°4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Co

ndu

ctiv

ity (

mS

cm

-1)

100

80

60

40

d

Fig. 2. Ms.: “Stratified prokaryote network ……” by Daffonchio et al., 2004

3327

3328

3329

3330

3331

3332

3333

3334

40 70 100 130 160 190

3327

3328

3329

3330

3331

3332

3333

3334

3 8 13 18 23 28

3327

3328

3329

3330

3331

3332

3333

3334

-80 -20 40 100 160 22040 70 100 130 160 190

Conductivity (mS cm-1)

8 13 18 23 28Salinity (% w/v NaCl)

-80 -20 40 100 160 220

Redox (mV)

3342

3320

3328

3329

3330

3331

3332

3333

3341

Wa

ter

dept

h (

m)

3327

3328

3329

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3331

3332

3333

3334

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21

3327

3328

3329

3330

3331

3332

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3334

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21

3327

3328

3329

3330

3331

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3333

3334

0,2 0,6 1 1,4 1,8 2,2

3327

3328

3329

3330

3331

3332

3333

3334

1,E+03 1,E+04 1,E+05 1,E+06 1,E+070.2 0.6 1 1.4 1.8 2.2

Turbidity (FTU)

103 104 105 106 107

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21

DAPI counts (cells ml-1)

16S rRNA gene (pg ml-1)

Prokaryotes Archaea

0 6 12 18 22SRR (mol S2- l-1h-1)

0 1 2 3 4 5

MPR (mol CH4 l-1h-1)

3327

3328

3329

3330

3331

3332

3333

3334

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08

3327

3328

3329

3330

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3333

3334

0 200 400 600 800 1000

3327

3328

3329

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3331

3332

3333

3334

0 6 12 18 24

3327

3328

3329

3330

3331

3332

3333

3334

0 1 2 3 4 50 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

BP (ng C l-1h-1)

0 200 400 600 800 1000

ATP (Rlu)

0 1 2 3 4 5

0 6 12 18 22Mn (???????)

????? (????????)

0 30 60 90 120 150

S2- (??????)

0 200 400 600 800 1000

SO42- (????)

3320

3328

3329

3330

3331

3332

3333

3341

Wa

ter

dept

h (

m)

3342

a b c d

Fig. 3. Ms.: “Stratified prokaryote network ……” by Daffonchio et al., 2004

Fig. 4. Ms.: “Stratified prokaryote network ……” by Daffonchio et al., 2004

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

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w/u

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ab

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nce

(%

)dd

Salinity 4.6%

Salinity 15.9%

Salinity 22.2%

Salinity 25.0%

0

20

40

60

80

100

De

sulfo

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De

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(%

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a b

Figure 1. Daffonchio et al., 2004 “Stratified prokariote network in …..”

2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0

S O 42- (m M /L)

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

salin

ity (

%)

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

N H 4+

(M /L)

0 2 4 6 8N O 3

- (M /L)

0 2 4 6 8 10M n 2+ (M /L )

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

salin

ity (

%)

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

N a (m M /kg )

R 2=0.999

m ost like ly interva lof M n 2+ ox idation

m ost like ly in terva l of M nO 2

reduction

continuing M nO 2

reduction

Figure 2. Daffonchio et al., 2004 “Stratified prokariote network in …..”

Figure 3. Daffonchio et al., 2004 “Stratified prokariote network in …..”

BA

Figure 4. Daffonchio et al., 2004 “Stratified prokariote network in …..”

B

A

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

New

/unk

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Del

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(%

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Salinity 4.6% Salinity 15.9% Salinity 22.2% Salinity 25.0%

0

20

40

60

80

100

Des

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Des

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Des

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(%

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20

40

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De

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%)

3.9% 12.8% 14.4% 16.9% 22.4% 24.6% 28%