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FIFTY YEARS & MORE OF HOVERCRAFT DEVELOPMENT
SNAME and IHS Dinner Meeting
11 MAY 2011
DAVID R. LAVIS
BAND LAVIS DIVISION OF CDI MARINE
CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION
EARLY ENDEAVORS RAPID EXPANSION
MAJOR CHALLENGES MOST SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS MANY ACV & SES PHOTOS & VIDEOS
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS CUSHION SEALS PROPULSION MANEUVERING CONTROL DESIGN SOFTWARE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS & THE WAY AHEAD
EARLY ENDEAVORS1936 – Grandpa Lavis stumbles onto
the idea of Amphibious Assault
WELL, MY GRANDPA DID RUN A BOAT BUILDING BUSINESS
EARLY ENDEAVORS
RINA PAPER LISTS 30INVENTORS WITH PATENTS PRIOR TO 1953.
AT LEAST 12 OTHERS DIDNOT FILE PATENTS.
8 PATENTS FEATURED FLEXIBLE SKIRTS BEFORE SR-N1 CROSSED THE ENGLISH CHANNEL WITHOUT A SKIRT IN 1959.
SR-N1 in 1959
Date of Patent
Name and Location Subject
1716 Swedenborg, E., Sweden Plenum Craft Illustration
1876 Ward, J., San Francisco, USA
Plenum Machine Idea
1877 Sir John Thornycroft, UK Air Lubricated Hull
1880 Girard, L., France Rail Car
1882 De Laval, G., Sweden Air Lubricated Hull
1888 Walker, J., Texas, USA Air Lubricated Hull Idea
1889 Barre, M.C.A., France Rail Car
1897 Culbertson, USA Sidewall Craft Idea
1902 Therye, C., France Rail Car
1906 Schroeder, F.W., Germany (British Patent)
Air Lubricated Hull Design
1907 Clark, J., USA Craft With Annular Ducts
1908 Worthington, C., USA Rail Car With Flexible Seals
1908 Porter, J.R., UK Annular Jet Craft With Flexible Skirt
1909 Wunderlich, A., Germany Plenum Craft
1912 Alcock, A.U., Perth, Australia
Levapad Craft
1913 Eells, A.F., USA Rail Car
1916 Von Thomamhul, D.M., Austria
Air Lubricated Torpedo Boat
1921 Gambin, M.A., France Sidewall Craft
1922 Breguet, L., Paris, France Plenum Craft With Flexible Seals
1922 Trask, F.G., North Dakota, USA
Rail Car
1925 Casey, V.F., Minneapolis, USA
Air Lubricated Hull With Air Recirculation
1927 Tsiolkovski, K.E., Russia Rail Car
1928 Nicin, V., Dresden, Germany
Plenum Car Giving Reduced Wheel Load
1928 Warner, D.K., Sarasota, USA
Sidewall Craft with Spring-Loaded Rigid Seals
1935 Birrard, J., France Sidewall Craft Design
1935 Kaario, T.J., Finland Plenum/Ram Wing Craft
Date of Patent
Name and Location Subject
1939 Courant, France Sidewall Craft with Mechanical End Seals
1942 Cristadoro, C.C., Venice, CA, USA
Sidewall Craft With Flexible End Seals
1944 Brian, W.S. & Birk, F.J., Owensboro, KY, USA
Sidewall Craft
1952 Bondat, A.J., France Snow Skis With Multi-Plenum Air Cushions
1954 Seck, W.G., Canton, Ohio, USA
Hovering Vacuum Cleaner by Hoover Co.
1955 De Lima, R.A., Brazil Peripheral Jet and Aircraft Landing Gear
1955 Cockerell, C., UK Peripheral Jet and Sidewall Craft
1955 Roe, A.V., Canada Peripheral Jet Craft
1957 Beardsley, M.W., Severna Park, MD, USA
Craft With Peripheral Jet & Membrane Sheet
1957 Weiland, C., Switzerland Craft With Labyrinth Seal
1957 Bertin, M., France Craft With Multi-Cell Plenum Skirt
1958 Jay, D.J. & Pelthman, H.W., USA
Craft With Multi-Plenum
1958 Latimer, C.H., Needham, UK
Craft With Flexible Skirt
1958 Petersen, T.K. & Smith, P.L., Tulsa, OK, USA
Cargo Handling Conveyor
1959 Gaska, C.W., Michigan, USA
Craft With Flexible Skirt
1959 Vaughen, J.F., Irving, Texas, USA
Hover Pallet With Flexible Seals
1960 Ford, A., USA High-Speed Sidewall SES
1960 Hurley, R.T. & Agni, E.S., USA
Sidewall Craft
1960 Mackie, H.A. & Veryzer, R.W., USA
Wheel Barrow With Flexible Skirt
1960 McCreary, N.B., Arkansas, USA
Plenum Craft With Flexible Skirt
1962 Lewis, N.W., USA Craft With Finger Skirt - Vertical
1962 Bliss, D.S., of HDL, UK Craft With Finger Skirt - Inclined
CRAFT WITH FLEXIBLE SKIRT BY PORTER, UK, 1908
FABRICSKIRT
FLEXIBLE END SEALS BY BREGUET, FRANCE, 1922
FLEXIBLE END SEALS AND CUSHION DIVIDER BY CRISTADORO, USA, 1942
Transverse Seal
Air Supply Fans
AVRO PROJECT-Y, FLYING SAUCER (1952 to 1962, CANADA)
Click for web source Click for web source
CURTIS-WRIGHT MODEL 2500 AIR CAR (USA)Operated in 1959 with 8-inch Flexible Skirt
Click for Web Source
EARLY ENDEAVORS (Contd.)
1952 – 1960 ACV (GEM) DEVELOPMENT CANADA (AV ROE); UK (Cockerell), USA (CURTIS-WRIGHT, GM,
FORD, CONVAIR, MARTIN, BELL, GD, H. Chaplin, Beardsley, Bertelsen)
1960 – HIGH-SPEED SES DEVELOPMENT USA NADC (A. Ford) & UK HDL (Cockerell)
1960 – 1970 RAPID EXPANSION UK, USA, CANADA, SWEDEN, NORWAY, FRANCE, JAPAN,
RUSSIA, CHINA, AUSTRALIA
TECHNOLOGY PROGRESSION
1959 UK UK
1963 USA
1980 USA 2004 FINLAND
THE PRINCIPAL CHALLENGES
HIGH COST (LOW EFFICIENCY) PROPULSION LOW RELIABILITY OF HIGH-POWERED SYSTEMS NEED TO REDUCE AIRBORNE NOISE PERFORMANCE SENSITIVE TO WEIGHT GROWTH
TWO ADDITIONAL SYSTEMS (SKIRTS + AIR SUPPLY) SKIRT MAINTENANCE (MINIMIZED BY GOOD DESIGN)
SPEED LOSS IN A SEAWAY CHALLENGING MANEUVERABILITY
SAFETY (HIGH-SPEED NAVIGATION)
Aerojet All-Welded Aluminum AALC JEFF(A) (ACV & SES) – 1977 Bell AALC JEFF(B) Controllable Bow Thrusters (ACV) – 1977
SRN-Series Integrated Lift & Propulsion (ACV & SES) – 1962 SRN-Series Integrated Maneuvering Controls (ACV) – 1962 US Navy XR-Series of Experimental SES – 1962-85 Bell Skimmer Shrouded Propellers (ACV) – 1964 Aerojet General Application of Water Jet Propulsion (SES) – 1966 Aerojet General Ride Control (SES) – 1966 Aerojet 100A, Bell 100B and Rohr 3KSES Programs – 1967-79 Hovermarine GRP Hull Mass Production (SES) – 1968
SOME OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS1962 to 1977
HDL Bag-Finger Skirt (ACV & SES) – 1962 Denny D-2 GRP Hulls (SES) – 1962 Airscrew-Weyroc Centrifugal Fans (ACV & SES) – 1962
BHC/HW Air-Cooled Diesel, Auto-Welded Structure for AP.1-88 (ACV) – 1982 Griffon Hovercraft Ltd starts World’s Largest Range of ACVs – 1982 LCAC Erosion Protected Propeller and Fan Blades (ACV) – 1984 Brodrene Aa Cored Composite Structures (SES) – 1986 BLA Compact Axial-Flow Water Jets (SES) – 1988 ABS Hovercraft Ltd M-10 with Advanced Composites (ACV) – 1994 BLA Deep Skirt (ACV) – 1995 BLA Wake-Adapted Shrouded Airscrews (ACV) – 2003 Japan’s Ogasawara 460-ft Techno-Superliner (SES) – 2005 Russia’s Murena E-Class Landing Craft (ACV) – 2005 IMAA Partial Air Cushion Catamaran, PACSCAT (SES) – 2008
SOME OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS1978 to 2008
BHC Low-Pressure Responsive Skirts (ACV) – 1978Bell BH-110 Medium Displacement Sidehulls (SES) – 1978 BLA Whole-Craft Design Synthesis Tools (ACV & SES) – 1978
VA1, 1960 (UK)
CC 1 AND 2, 1960 & 1961 (UK)
CC 2, 1961 (UK)
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SR-N2, 1961 (UK)First Integrated Lift & Propulsion & Maneuvering Control System
VICKERS VA-2, 1961 (UK)
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VA3, 1962 (UK)First ACV Passenger Ferry
SR-N3, 1963 (UK)
BELL SKMR-1, 1963 (USA)First ACV with Shrouded Props
BELL SKMR-1 (USA)
HD1, 1963 (UK) With Inclined Finger Skirt
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SR-N6 AND SR-N5, 1965 & 1964 (UK)
SR-N5, 1964 (UK)With Peripheral Jet Skirt
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BHC SR-N4, 1968 (UK)With Bag-Finger Skirt
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BHC SR-N4, 1968 (UK)
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BHC BH-7, 1969 (UK)
BELL LACV-30, 1969 (USA/CANADA)Modular Construction for Transportability
JEFF(A), 1977 (USA)First ACV with Welded Aluminum Structure
JEFF(B), 1977 (USA)First ACV with Rotatable Bow Thrusters
BHC AP-188, 1982 (UK) Air-Cooled Diesel-Powered and Auto-Welded Aluminum Structure
LCAC, 1984 (USA)
GRIFFON-HOVERWORK 4000 TD (UK)
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POMORNIK, 1986 (ZUBR-CLASS USSR)
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ABS M-10, 1994 (UK)
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DASH 400, 1998 (UK)
DENNY D1 SES, 1961 (UK)
DENNY D2 SES, 1962 (UK)First SES Passenger Ferry and First of GRP
HD1 CONVERTED TO SES, 1963 (UK)
US NAVY XR-1 SES, 1963 (USA)First High-Speed SES
US NAVY XR-1D SES, 1974 (USA)
US NAVY XR-3 SES, 1967 (USA)
HM2 SES, 1968 (UK)
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HM2
BELL SES 100B, 1972
AEROJET SES 100A, 1972 (USA)
3KSES (USA)
US NAVY XR-5 SES, 1973 (USA)
BELL-HALTER BH-110 SES, 1978 (USA)First Commercial SES in USA
SES-200, 1982 (USA)
CIRR 120P SES, 1987 (NORWAY)First Cored FRP SES
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DERGACH SES, 1987 (USSR)Largest Military SES
CORSAIR SES,1989 (GERMANY) Modular Construction including MTU Diesels
Suspended in Modules from the Overhead
AGNES 200 SES, 1990 (FRANCE)
AGNES 200 SES, 1990 (FRANCE)
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SMYGE SES, 1991 (SWEDEN)
OKSOY & ALTA-CLASS, 1993 (NORWAY)Mine Hunters and Sweepers
OKSOY SES, 1993 (NORWAY)
P960 SES, 1997 (NORWAY) 55-knot Skjold Military Patrol SES
IMAA 1/3rd -Scale FLC Manned Model (UK) Partial Air Cushion Catamaran, PACSCAT (SES)Operating at High Speed in Scale SS4 Head Seas
PACSCAT 2010 (UK)
Click for Web Source
JAPAN’S TSL-A140 OGASAWARA SES, 2005Largest Fast Ferry of any kind
MORE RECENT TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS
CUSHION SEALS PROPULSION MANEUVERING CONTROL DESIGN SOFTWARE
SKIRT SYSTEMSCross-Section of JEFF Craft Skirts
SIDE SKIRT BOW SKIRT
DEEP SKIRT DESIGN
DEEP SKIRT DESIGNSubjected to Extensive Sub-Scale Test Prior to Committing to
Full-Scale Prototyping
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NOT ALL IS GOODMaterial Delamination after 100 operating hours on the prototype skirt.
Issue also showed up on the Canadian Coast Guard AP.1-88/400 and the Hoverspeed SR.N4 MKIII.
All three craft used the same natural rubber material.
Suspected that Fatigue was the Primary Failure Mode.
NOT ALL IS GOODFEA analysis of an inflated finger indicated Stress Concentrations and areas of Large Deformations.
Stress Map Deflection Map
THINGS GET BETTERFEA analysis indicated that a modification of the Design & Lofting Process would correct this.
Deflection Map before Modification
Deflection Map after Modification
SECOND & THIRD GENERATION DESIGNS
2nd Generation T-2000 Skirt had 440+ hours on original bow and side fingers.
Stern corner and stern fingers replaced after approximately 300 hours.
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SECOND & THIRD GENERATION DESIGNS
Believe that Additional Performance Improvements are Possible
.
Head-Sea Operation in Sea-State 3
THE OVERALL POWERING CHALLENGEDiminishing Transport Efficiency with Speed
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
1,000.0
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0Speed (Volumetric Froude Number)
Monohull
Catamaran
SWATH
Hydrofoil-Foil
SES
ACV
HydroPlane
Miss BudweiserHydroPlane
JGH
RV Triton Trimaran
InCat 050 HSV-X1
InCat Jervis Bay
Jetfo il Hydrofo il
VISBY MonoHull
Bazan B60 Cat
KNM Skjold SES
Aker T2000 ACVStena HSS 1500 SemiSWATH
Aus tal III MEF Cat
IOWA Monohull
Offs hore Racer Monohull
THE POWERINGTHE POWERING
CHALLENGECHALLENGE
W.V P
SPEED (VOLUMETRIC FROUDE NUMBER)
Circle Q
Circle K
TODAY’S SOLUTIONS
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
1,000.0
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0Speed (Volumetric Froude Number)
WVP
Monohull
Catamaran
SWATH
Hydrofoil-Foil
SES
ACV
HydroPlane
Miss BudweiserHydroPlane
JGH
RV Triton Trimaran
InCat 050 HSV-X1
InCat Jervis Bay
Jetfo il Hydrofoil
VISBY MonoHull
Bazan B60 Cat
KNM Skjold SES
Aker T2000 ACVStena HSS 1500 SemiSWATH
Aus tal III MEF Cat
IOWA Monohull
Offs hore Racer Monohull
70-kt ACV
40-kt SEMI-SWATH40-kt SEMI-SWATH
70-kt ACV
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55-kt
SES
100-kt OFFSHORE RACERS
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170++-kt HYDROPLANES
DUCTED PROPULSORS
Typically, designs are developed for free-stream conditions. Ignores Installation
Effects. Full-scale trials
experience indicates that these designs typically produce Significantly Less Thrust than expected.
TOOL VERIFICATION
LCAC propulsor analyzed prior to starting new design.
Checked against known performance.
Results compared favorably.
LCAC CFX Computational Model
CFX for LCAC at 25 knots (Midway Station 7’6”)
AIR FLOW INTO PROPULSOR
View from Bow View from Aft
Leading Edge of Shroud
BOW THRUSTER NOZZLES Bow Thrusters are used on many modern ACV’s
Enhance Maneuverability Augment Thrust from Main Propulsors Provide Some Redundancy to Main Propulsors
BOW THRUSTER NOZZLES
Typical Bow Thruster Nozzle Easy to Manufacture Aerodynamically
Inefficient Easy Bend versus
Hard Bend Large Over-Turning
Moment on Bearing
BOW THRUSTER NOZZLES
Aerodynamically Efficient Cascade
Significant Reduction in “Over-Turning” Moment on Bearing
Reduced Visual & Radar Signature
Complex to Manufacture
Low-Profile Bow Thruster
Full-Scale Trials Verified Aerodynamic Efficiency
ACV DESIGN TOOLDesigning With Respect to Cost
SUMMARY & THE WAY AHEAD NEW SKIRT
Lower drag, reduced powering, more reliable, less cost. Extra depth, improved seakeeping /overland operations.
NEW LIFT FANS Higher efficiency, more compact & quieter.
NEW PROPULSORS Higher power absorption, more efficient.
NEW BOW THRUSTERS More efficient, less vulnerable, reduced loading.
NEW SES Lower cost, more reliable PACSCAT solution.
ACV & SES DESIGN & ASSESSMENT TOOL Reduced cost, easier to assess technology options. Easier to assess cost impact of operational requirements.
WHAT’S LEFT Lighter weight systems, better skirt material, stability, ride,
collision avoidance, less noise, improved RMA & lower cost.
Questions?