Overview Of Fiber Optic SensorsNEFC Meeting

February 23, 2010

Dave KrohnLight Wave Venture LLC

Outline

• Historical Perspective (Telecom comparison)

• Applications • Overview of Technologies• Market Dynamics• OIDA’s role

Historical Perspective: Telecom versus Sensor Evolution

Market acceptance, wireless impactConsolidation, wireless impact2010

Advent of Distributed SystemsFTTx2005

Broadened Gyroscope Applications; 1st

Oil & Gas SystemsOptical Networks; Market Peaks in 2000 at $18B2000

1st IFOG Applications; 1st Oil & Gas Field Trials

Optical Component Breakthroughs and DWDM1995

1st Industrial DevicesUndersea Systems1990

Military Sensor R&D- gyro and acoustic1st Single Mode Long Haul Systems; Major Infrastructure1985

Laboratory DevicesLaboratory Devices1980

R&D-Military & IndustrialR&D-Telecommunications1975SensorsTelecom

Source Qorex (modified)

Applications

Applications

• Distributed– Energy

• Oil & Gas –– Seismic – Pipeline Monitoring– In Well

• Wind• Geothermal

– Utility • Power Lines

– Military –• Hydrophone • Security• Shipboard

– Homeland Security –• Border • Pipeline• Port• Infrastructure• Chemical

– Industrial • Process Control

• Point– Medical

• Diagnostics• Patient monitoring

– Military –• Gyroscope

– Power utility• Current & voltage

– Biomedical• Drug discovery• Pollution• Bioterrorism

– Spectroscopy• Homeland security• Industrial process

Emphasis is on distributed fiber optic sensing systems but a broader view of photonic based sensors is included

Fiber Optic Sensors in Oil & Gas

• Launch in offshore platform sector- critical wells, demanding performance– 2008 market size approaching $100M

(installed systems and services)

• First commercial systems in 2000; through adoption cycle (most operators/all regions)

• Offered by major oil field services companies: BHI, HAL, SLB, and WFT

• Raman DTS most prevalent

>5 millionOperating Hours>1,000 permanentInstallations175°C, 25kpsiRatings

P/T Gauges, DTS, Flow, SeismicProductsGlobalRegionsOffshore, Secondary & Tertiary RecoverySector

>5 millionOperating Hours>1,000 permanentInstallations175°C, 25kpsiRatings

P/T Gauges, DTS, Flow, SeismicProductsGlobalRegionsOffshore, Secondary & Tertiary RecoverySector

Source - Qorex

Advent of Permanent Ocean Bottom Cable (OBC) Seismic Systems

• Major franchises formed– Optical System– Deployment– Interpretation– Oil Company Sponsors

• Fiber Optics: reach, channel count; reliability• Early growth stage• Between $20-50M cost per field to customer• Large incremental growth potential

Courtesy Petroleum Geo-Services

Source - Qorex

•Seismic reservoir management tool to optimize production

Outlook: Oil & Gas• A typical well is only 30% efficient. With distributed fiber optic

sensors to monitor well health and performance, well efficiencies can be drastically improved providing enhanced oil recovery withpotential extraction from reactivation of old oil wells.

• In addition, seismic sensing systems can better map oil reserves and enhance extraction.

• An area of concern is continued growth in the oil and gas segment. The general industry consensus is that if oil prices are in $70 – $90 per barrel range, smart oil fields are justified.

• With the price of oil dropping from a high of $147/barrel to thecurrent price of about $78/ barrel, the marketplace has slowed.

Wind Energy

Outlook: Wind Energy

• Wind Energy Turbine with Embedded Distributed Fiber optic Monitoring System– Allow larger turbine blades that are more efficient with

improved reliability– Ice build up control improves operating efficiency in

cold climates– Monitors

• Blade ice formation• Rotor imbalance – reduces drive train damage• Lightening strikes• Blade damage

• Rapidly emerging market – 10% - 20% efficiency improvement

Source: Insensys

Smart Grid Concept

Power Grid Monitoring• Need

– Demand for stable continuous power is increasing– Power grid optimization is critical– Prevention of network failure is vital

• Applications– Underground cables– Subsea cables– Transmission & distribution lines– Transformers

• Goals– Ability to predict & locate hot spots as well as mechanical overloads– Run network at a higher load in a reliable manner– Extend lifetime

• Distributed fiber optic sensing systems can provide the monitoring capability

Military Fiber Optic Sensors

The US Military Is The Largest and Most Sophisticated User

of Sensors

Source: Northrop Grumman

Outlook: Military

• FO sensing in various stages of the adoption cycle; currently serving niche but important applications– IFOG Segment

• Major wins; High volume production• Under evaluation for a number of new and retrofit platforms• Significant commercial applications

– Acoustic Segment• Continued growth; hull arrays and upcoming fleet insertion of towed

arrays (high sensor count) • Emerging commercial applications

– Perimeter Security• Used for perimeter penetration alarms• Intrusion identification

• New Applications– Smart shipboard sensor networks– Chemical/ Bio-detection

Fiber Optic Security System

How is it used?

•Buried

•Fence

•Rooftop

Source: Fiber SenSys

Perimeter and Pipeline Security Systems• Single optical fiber as the sensor in a rugged, low cost cable.

Continuous sensing along the entire length• Cable buried around perimeter or mounted on pipeline • Single interrogation unit (node) spaced at 50km intervals• Individual detection zone length (event resolution) 100-500m• Instantaneous detection of multiple simultaneous events of

widely varying intensities• Central display/alarm takes inputs from multiple nodes

~25 Km

~25km

Source:LxSix Photonics

Pipeline Monitoring Versus Pipeline Security

Source: Modified SAIC

Interferometric

Monitoring

Security

Source: LxSix PhotonicsSource: LxSix Photonics

DICAST Concept In a Building

Source: Intelligent Optical Systems

ChemicallyActive

Coating

Optical Fiber

So S1

Outlook: Security

• 1000s of first generation systems deployed and operating– Perimeter intrusion detection

• New applications– Perimeter intruder identification– High growth potential in major infrastructure security

initiatives• Pipeline and critical asset security

– Pipeline monitoring– Pipeline security

• Cargo containers• Wide area surveillance• Chemical/bio-agent detection

• Highly competitive technologies (wireless - mote)

Bridge Monitoring

Vibration Signature –No Crack at Joint

Damped Vibration Signature –Crack at Joint

Critical Joint (Gusset*)

Span 2Span 1

Input Vibration Signal

Static Strain Sensors can measure strain and deflection

Distributed Interferometric sensors can monitor vibration

* Suspected failure point in Minneapolis bridge failure

A Typical Tunnel Layout Using Raman Scattering (DTS) Technology

DTS unit

Client alarm system

Access shafts

Road (or rail) way

Utility sub-way

Exit tunnels

Optical fiber sensing cable

Tunnel Control RoomRemote Incident Room

Client master PC

- remote DTS control- data acquisition- local data storage- historian data review

Tunnel real-time temperature profile display

Ethernet or MODBUSTunnel

real-time temperature profile DTS unit

Client alarm system

Access shafts

Road (or rail) way

Utility sub-way

Exit tunnels

Optical fiber sensing cable

Tunnel Control RoomRemote Incident Room

Client master PC

- remote DTS control- data acquisition- local data storage- historian data review

Tunnel real-time temperature profile display

Ethernet or MODBUSTunnel

real-time temperature profile

Outlook: Smart Infrastructure• 83% of the United States transportation infrastructure in not capable of

meeting the needs of the next 10 years

• Other countries have been more aggressive in infrastructure development and monitoring. The United States is lagging behind

• There are a broad range of infrastructure sensing applications in transportation that are not being met. Many of these vital assets are aging or not adequately monitored with the potential for catastrophic failure.

– Bridge failure in Minneapolis, Minnesota was due to a structural failure. – Fire safety problems, with recent life-loss fires, in road tunnels

• NIST has recognized the need and is funding innovative research for the development of infrastructure monitoring and inspection technologies

– NIST through its Technology Innovation Program (TIP) will fund the development of a network of distributed, integrated sensor architectures that will monitor bridges, roadways, tunnels, dams and other critical infrastructure applications

– Many of these applications can be facilitated by using fiber optic sensors

• Monitoring bridges and tunnels using distributed fiber optic sensors to monitor strain, vibration, temperature provides key benefits

Industrial & Medical Segment:Diverse Applications and Markets

Outlook: Medical & Industrial

• Diverse markets and applications, steady growth • FO sensing products currently serve applications that

leverage attributes of FO (form factor, EMI/RFI, etc.)– Medical

• Temperature (MRI; Intra-aortic and Intracraneal Pressure)• Majority of applications are for point sensors

– Industrial• Smart machines

– Hot spot detection– Vibration signature

• Manufacturing process control-– All measurands (temperature / pressure / strain / displacement / other)– Chemical spill monitoring– Many applications are for point sensors

• New applications– Chemical/ bio-detection

• Food process• Pharmaceutical process

Technology

Distributed Fiber Optic SensorBasic Architectures

• Fiber optics: bandwidth/distance capability to support multiple sensors/channels on single fiber

Point Sensor

Fully Distributed Sensor

Distributed Point Sensor

Source: MCH Engineering

Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing Technologies

• Several fiber optic technologies have been used for structural health monitoring and surveillance with positive results.

• Distributed fiber optic sensing technologies include:– Bragg gratings– Raman scattering– Brillouin scattering – Interferometric approaches

Input Signal

Reflected Signal

Bragg Grating

Strain Induced Spectral Shift

Optical Fiber

Source

WavelengthDetectionSystem

Bragg Gratings

Wavelength 1 Wavelength 2 Wavelength 3 Wavelength 4

Grating Lines Fiber

Bragg Grating SensorsPerformance•Resolution - < 0.5 microstrain•Long term accuracy - <1%•Up to 20 sensing points in C band•Can monitor low frequency dynamic strain•Temperature resolution of 1oC •Strain / temperature discrimination is required

Raman Scattering&

Brillouin Scattering

• Scattering processes used for sensing applications– Raman scattered magnitude is

temperature dependent– Brillouin lines are temperature and strain

sensitive

T, ε T, ε

Raman Scattering Performance

• Only measures temperature and is independent of strain.

• The temperature resolution is 0.5oC• The measurement range is up to 15 km

with a 1 meter spatial resolution (up to 25km with a 1.5 meter resolution) of the location of the temperature perturbation

Brillouin Scattering Performance• The measurement range of up to 30 km. • The sensing point associated with a physical

perturbation can be resolved to 1 meter on a 10 km length, but accuracy is reduced as distance increases.

• The strain resolution is 20 microstrain. However, more advanced detection schemes can have a strain resolution of 0.1 microstrain.

• The temperature resolution is 0.5oC• While Brillouin scattering is an excellent strain sensor

technology, the response time is about 1 second; and therefore, is not suitable for vibration measurements.

Interferometric Sensing Schemes

Source: NRL

Interferometric Sensing Performance

• Long term accuracy - <1%• Resolution - < 0.01 microstrain• Position Resolution – 1 meter in 10 Km

length• Can monitor dynamic strain over a broad

range of frequencies – vibration signature

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors

Interferometric Bragg Grating Raman (DTS)

∆ Phase

•Temp•Strain

•Vibration

∆λ

•Temp•Strain

•Vibration

∆ Intensity

•Temp

∆λ

•Temp•Strain

Brillouin (DTSS)

Multi PointContinuous Multi Point Continuous Continuous

Sensor Market Overview• Each segment was built from a bottoms-up standpoint with input from

multiple contacts (Work in progress)• The marketplace is fragmented, but many of the applications use a common

technology base (interferometric, DTS, DTSS , BGT)• Many applications are in a commercial phase• The current economic environment has impacted growth and slowed market

development• The general consensus is that growth will be in the 10% to 25% range as it

recovers from the 2009 downturn• Driving factors for growth will be

– Oil prices and the need for new oil reserves– Alternative energy sources– Improved security– Smart infrastructure– Government funding

• There are negative factors– Competing non photonic technologies (MEMS, wireless, etc)– Cost– Economic environment

• The need for advanced sensing systems is real and now!

Summary

• Distributed fiber optic sensing systems are in a commercialization phase in oil & gas, wind energy, military and homeland security including smart infrastructure

• Wider spread use will require lower cost products and further development of standards

• The economic downturn has had an impact on market growth

• A preliminary market survey has indicated a downturn in 2009 with moderate to strong growth through 2013

OIDA’s Role in the Photonics Sensor Industry

• Provide an industry voice• Identify and track market dynamics including evolving

needs, segmentation, size and barriers • Identification of government needs and funding

opportunities• Provide formal road mapping workshops• Facilitate potential strategic partnerships for technology

development• Provide assistance in standards activities in conjunction

with NIST• Work with OSA and SPIE to promote the sensor industry• Encourage companies and organizations to participate in

OIDA’s Photonic (Fiber Optic) Sensor Consortium• Over 50 active participants