FIBER COMPOSITION AND LIPID PEROXIDATION IN NATURAL-INGREDIENT AND PURIFIED DIETS FOR LABORATORY

ANIMALS Valentina Caprarulo, Matteo Ottoboni, Carlotta Giromini, Eleonora Fusi, Federica

Cheli, Luciano Pinotti

Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA University of Milan

Introduction 1/3 Types of diets

• NATURAL INGREDIENT

DIETS (NID): – Raw materials and by products

• PURIFIED DIETS (PD): – Pure ingrendients, such as casein

• CHEMICALLY DEFINED

DIETS (CDD): – Aminoacidas, essential fatty acids

(EFAs), vitamins

Physical form of diets

• Pelletted

• Extruded

• Liquid htt

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Introduction 2/3 Fiber (NRC 1995)

• Dietary fiber has not been

shown to be required by

the rat.

• Its inclusion in diets may

be potentially beneficial.

• The effects elicited by

fiber depend on the

properties of the fiber

source (i.e., viscosity,

solubility, fermentability).

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Introduction 3/3

Lipid (NRC 1995)

• Lipids are required by

rodents to provide

Essential Fatty Acids

(EFAs).

• Dietary fat is an energy

source and a carrier for

fat-soluble vitamins.

• Diet acceptability.

Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs)

Aim

• The aim of this study was to evaluate

nutritional value

fiber composition (CF, NDF “Neutral Detergent Fiber”)

fat quality (Peroxide value)

in rodent diets.

Materials and Methods

• 10 Samples

• NATURAL INGREDIENT DIETS (NID)

• PURIFIED DIETS (PD)

• Source

• Biomedicine research inst.

• Feed industry (involved in FEEDNEEDS

project)

Materials and Methods: ingredient list

1 NID

Wheat, Soybean Meal, Corn, fish meal, corn gluten feed, wheat bran, milk whey powder, alfalfa meal,

Yeast, Calcium Carbonate, Soybean Oil, Sodium Chloride, Dicalcium Phosphate, Magnesium Oxide

Flour hazelnut skins.

2 NID Wheat, corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, soybean oil, calcium carbonate, dicalcium

phosphate, yeast, sodium chloride, corn gluten meal, Magnesium oxide.

3 NID Wheat, corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, soybean oil is, Calcium Carbonate,

Dicalcium Phosphate, Yeast, Sodium Chloride, Corn Gluten Meal, Magnesium Oxide.

4 NID Wheat, milk powder, potato starch, soybean meal, soybean oil Dicalcium Phosphate, Sodium

Bicarbonate, Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium Oxide, Flour hazelnut skins. , Wood Epicea,

5 NID Wheat, corn, soybean meal, corn gluten feed, straw, wheat, fish meal, alfalfa meal, Dicalcium

Phosphate, Calcium Carbonate, Sodium Chloride, Whey Powder, Soybean Oil, Flour skins hazelnut.

Materials and Methods: ingredient list

6 NID Wheat, corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, wheat bran, corn gluten meal, soybean oil, calcium carbonate,

dicalcium phosphate, yeast, sodium chloride, hazelnut flour skins.

7 NID

Wheat, Corn, Menadione sodium bisulfite, corn gluten meal, sulphate of copper, wheat middlings,

Priridossina Hydrochloride, Soybean Oil, Riboflavin, Calcium Carbonate, Thiamin monohydrate,

calcium phosphate, vitamin A, Yeast, Calcium iodate , L-lysine, vitamin B 12, iodized Salt, folic Acid,

Magnesium oxidised, Biotin, Choline Chloride, Vitamin D3, dl-methionine, cobalt carbonate, calcium

propionate, l-tryptophan, vitamin E. EXTRUDED

8 PD Sucrose, casein powder, Corn Starch, Corn Oil, Dicalcium Phosphate, Sodium Chloride, Potassium

Sulphate, Magnesium oxide

9 PD Corn Starch, Maltodextrin, Casein powder, sucrose, soybean oil, calcium carbonate, monopotassium

phosphate, sodium chloride, potassium sulfate, magnesium oxide

10 PD Corn Starch, Maltodextrin, Casein powder, Olive Oil, Sucrose, Calcium Carbonate, Sodium Chloride,

Magnesium Oxide

NATURAL

INGREDIENT DIETS

PURIFIED

DIETS

ENERGY

SOURCE

• Wheat

• Corn • Corn Starch

PROTEIN

SOURCE

• Soy

• Animal meal (milk or

fish meal)

• Casein

LIPID SOURCE • Soy oil

• Corn oil

• Soy oil

• Olive oil

ANALYSIS

Dry Matter AOAC 930.15 ed 18 th 2005

Crude Protein (CP) AOAC 2001.11 ed18th 2005

Ether Extract (EE) DM 21/12/1998 GU n

31 08/02/1999 Suppl. 13

Ash AOAC 942.05 and 18 2005

FIBER ANALYSIS

Crude Fiber (CF) AOAC Approved Procedure Ba 6a-2005

NDF AOAC 2002.04 ed 20th 2003

LIPID ANALYSIS

Peroxide Value NGD 35 del 1976 and AOAC 965.33

Results: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS NID

*Expressed on Dry Matter

*Expressed on Dry Matter

Results: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS PD

COMPARISON BETWEEN

CRUDE FIBER AND NDF

Average CF

NID 4,5%

PD 2,3%

Average NDF

NID 19,9%

PD 3,5%

Discussion 1/1

CRUDE FIBER & NDF:

• NID diets: big distance CF 4,5%; NDF

20%.

• PD diets: values very closed CF 2,3%; NDF

3,5%.

• CF and NDF suggest different information

and in NID diet is recommended to get

both values.

Peroxide Value

25,9 - 187,6 meq O2/

Kg fat

Ether Extract • Average EE

NID 5,4% and PD 7,6% (5-6%).

• Range 3,4 – 12,5 different

ingredients and quality inclusion.

Discussion 1/2

LIPID:

• Lipid content did not affected systematically

peroxidases values.

• In both groups high peroxide values (>100

meq O2/Kg fat) have been measured in low fat

content diets (2.81 up to 5% of ether extract).

• Peroxide value was lower in PDs diet than in

NIDs one (25.90 vs 120.60 meq O2/Kg fat).

Discussion 2/2

• Low fat content do not prevent lipid

peroxidation.

• Fat sources (olive oil vs soybean oil) as well as

technological treatments (i.e. extrusion,

radiation and sterilisation) may affect fat

quality and stability.

CONCLUSION

FIBER

• NID > PD.

• Quantitative and

qualitative (e.g. NDF)

evaluation is

recommended.

LIPID

• Lipid sources have to be

considered (e.g. corn oil,

soybean oil, olive oil).

• Technological treatments

• Peroxides value can provide

further information.

• The lipid oxidation and

rancidity can reduce diet

acceptability.

• Quantitative and qualitative

evaluation is recommended

• Inclusion of antioxidant

maybe required.

NID vs PD

• Not easy to compare.

• NID and PD value is in

line with NRC (1995).

TBA Value mg malondialdehyde (MDA)/ 100 g

Valutazione del grado di ossidazione attraverso la formazione

dei prodotti secondari dell’ossidazione