“GSM Based Advance Car Security System”

CAPSTONE PROJECT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Requirement for the award of the Degree of

BECHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN (Electronics and Communication Engineering)

By

Poonam Sharma (11002049) Astha Kumari (11009723) Ashish Kumar (11004948)

Amrita Dwivedi (11012383) Aman Thakur (11001720)

PROJECT GROUP NO. ECERG033

Under the Guidance of Mr. Lavish Kansal

(School of Electrical &Electronics Engineering) Lovely Professional University Month and Year of Submission

(May 2014)

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CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Poonam Sharma, Astha Kumari, Ashish Kumar, Amrita Dwivedi, Aman Thakur has completed objective formulation of Capstone project titled, “GSM Based Advance Car Security System” under my guidance and supervision. To the best of my knowledge, the present work is the result of her/his original investigation and study. No part of the capstone has ever been submitted for any other degree at any University. The capstone project is fit for submission and the partial fulfillment of the conditions for the award of degree of Bachelor of technology (ECE). (Signature) Mr. Lavish Kansal Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Punjab. Date:

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DECLARATION We, Poonam Sharma, Astha Kumari, Ashish Kumar, Amrita Dwivedi, Aman Thakur students of Bachelor of Technology under Department of Electronics & Communications of Lovely Professional University, Punjab, hereby declare that all the information furnished in this capstone project report is based on our own intensive research and is genuine.

This capstone does not, to the best of our knowledge, contain part of our work which has been submitted for the award of our degree either of this university or any other university without proper citation.

Poonam Sharma (11002049) Astha Kumari (11009723) Ashish Kumar (11004948) Amrita Dwivedi (11012383) Aman Thakur (11001720) Date:

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PREFACE With the ongoing electronics and communication revolution where the innovations are taking place at the blink of an eye, it is impossible to keep pace with the emerging trends. Excellence is an attitude that whole of the human race is born with. It is the environment that makes sure that whether the result of this attitude is visible or otherwise. A well planned properly executed and newly generated project help this world to experience the power of knowledge. During this project, the students get the real, firsthand experience for working in the actual environment of ECE. Most of the theoretical knowledge that has been gained during the course of their studies is put to test here. We had the opportunity to have a real experience, which increased my sphere of knowledge to a great extent. We were entrusted with a real life project, working on which had finally made me step into the ongoing innovations and revolution in the world of communication.

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ABSTRACT

The revolution of Mobile and Technology has made ‘GSM based car security system’ .The car security system is prominent worldwide. But it is not so much secure system. Every car owner wants maximum protection of his car; otherwise thief can easily trap the car. So, by combing the idea of mobile and car security system we are talking about GSM based car security system. Aim of the project is to try the save the car. The name project itself suggests that it is based on GSM. So this GSM based car security system is works when someone tries to steal your car immediately this security system be alert and send SMS on your mobile through GSM modem, so you getting the information immediately and you can save your car. In this system it sense four parameters for security: (1) Pressure sensing, (2) Gas sensing (3) door locking system and (4) Engine lock system. This system sends SMS through GSM modem at every sensing point. Microcontroller ATMEGA16, which is a low-cost and highly-reliable system, is used in this project. By making necessary changes in the software we can alter the working of the system. The project is aimed at developing the security of car against Intruders, Gas Leak and Fire. In any of the above four cases any one met while you are not using your car than the device sends SMS to the emergency no provided to it. The report consists of a background into the area of at mega microcontroller and mobile communication, how they are interfaced to each other and AT (Attention) commands set used in communication. GSM Based Home Security System adopts voice dais of GSM network to send control command and receive alarm distantly. When a signal is perceived by detectors, the detectors will send an alarm signal to system right away. The system then sends alarm to its pre-set mobile phone numbers, and temporarily dials the pre-set telephone/mobile phone numbers spontaneously.GSM Based Home Security System is used to watch the area as well as the property using GSM cellular technology. With all these above mentioned features, this GSM base car security system is more advantageous as compared to the simple car security system. The main objective of GSM Based Car Security is to alert the owner by the phone or cell phone. In This System we are Proving DOOR Switch Magnetic latch based When the DOOR Opens this will give signal to Automation Then GSM Modem Dials to 10 Mobile No stored in the memory one by one.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have taken efforts in this capstone project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organization. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. We are highly indebted to Mr. Lavish Kansal for his guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their support in completing our project. We would like to express our gratitude towards our parents & member of lovely professional university for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help us in completion of this project. We would like to express our special gratitude and thanks to all our friends for their support.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE NO. CERTIFICATE…………………………………………………………………………….. I DECLARATION…………………………………………………………………………... II PREFACE………………………………………………………………………………….. III ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………... IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………………. V LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………... IX LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………………. XI LIST OF ABBREVATIONS………………………………………………………………. XII CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Basic Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.2 About the Project…………………………………………………………………... 2 1.2.1 Functional Requirements…………………………………………………... 2 1.3 Basic Algorithm in Project…………………………………………………………. 4 1.4 Component used in Project………………………………………………………… 5 CHAPTER 2 SENSORS AND THEIR DESCRIPTION 2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………… 6 2.2 Criteria to choose sensor…………………………………………………………… 6 2.2.1 Classification of sensors…………………………………………………… 6 2.2.2 Classification based on property…………………………………………… 7 2.2.3 Classification based on application………………………………………… 7 2.2.4 Classification based on power or Energy supply…………………………... 7 2.2.5 Current and future applications based classification………………………. 7 2.2.6 Sensors used in the project…………………………………………………. 8 2.3 MQ-6 (flammable gas detector)…………………………………………………….. 8 2.3.1 Features…………………………………………………………………….. 8 2.3.2 Connections…………………………………………………………………9 2.3.3 Basic test circuit……………………………………………………………. 9 2.3.4 Working process…………………………………………………………… 10

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2.3.5 Working of circuit diagram………………………………………………… 10 2.3.6 Applications………………………………………………………………... 11 2.4 Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor………………………………………………………. 11 2.4.1 Piezoelectricity……………………………………………………………... 11 2.4.2 Piezoelectric effect…………………………………………………………. 12 2.4.3 Piezoelectric pressure sensor………………………………………………. 13 2.3.4 Working process…………………………………………………………… 14 2.4.5 Working of Pressure sensor………………………………………………... 14 2.4.6 Applications………………………………………………………………... 15 2.5 IR (infrared) sensor…………………………………………………………………. 15

2.5.1 Features…………………………………………………………………….. 16 2.5.2 IR LED (as a transmitter)…………………………………………………... 16 2.5.3 TSOP & photodiode (as receiver)………………………………………….. 17 2.5.4 Features of TSOP…………………………………………………………... 17 2.5.5 How it looks like…………………………………………………………… 17 2.5.6 How IR sensor photo modules work……………………………………….. 17 2.5.7 Photodiode…………………………………………………………………. 18 2.5.8 Working mechanism (ir led and photodiode)……………………………… 18 2.5.9 Working of the circuit diagram for ir sensor………………………………. 19 2.5.10 Applications………………………………………………………………... 20 CHAPTER 3 Engine Lock Systems 3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………… 21 3.2 Basic Methodology Used For Module……………………………………………... 22 3.2.1 Working of the module…………………………………………………... 22 CHAPTER 4 Microcontroller (ATMEGA 16) 4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………… 24 4.4.1 Serial USART……………………………………………………………… 24 4.2 Pin Configuration…………………………………………………………………... 24 4.3 Block diagram……………………………………………………………………… 24 4.4 Serial Communication……………………………………………………………... 26 CHAPTER 5 GSM MODULE 5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………… 31 5.1.1 General features………………………………………………………….. 31 5.1.2 Specifications for SMS via GSM………………………………………… 31 5.1.3 Interfaces…………………………………………………………………. 31 5.1.4 Introduction………………………………………………………………. 32 5.1.5 Applications……………………………………………………………… 32 5.1.6 Features…………………………………………………………………... 33 5.1.7 Package includes…………………………………………………………. 33

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5.2 Guide to operate……………………………………………………………………. 33 CHAPTER 6 OTHER COMPONENTS 6.1 Capacitor…………………………………………………………………………… 36 6.1.1 Different types of capacitors……………………………………………….. 36 6.2 Resistor…………………………………………………………………………….. 37 6.2.1 Resistor making……………………………………………………………. 37 6.3 Potentiometer………………………………………………………………………. 38 6.4 LM324……………………………………………………………………………... 39 6.4.1 Features…………………………………………………………………….. 39 6.5 LM358……………………………………………………………………………... 40 6.5.1 Features…………………………………………………………………….. 40 6.6 L293D……………………………………………………………………………… 40 6.6.1 Features…………………………………………………………………….. 41 6.7 NE555 Timer IC…………………………………………………………………… 41 6.7.1 Operation of 555 timers in three different modes………………………….. 42 6.7.2 Features…………………………………………………………………….. 42 6.8 DC Motor…………………………………………………………………………... 42 6.8.1 Working principle………………………………………………………….. 43 6.9 7805(voltage regulator)…………………………………………………………….. 43 6.9.1 Specifications………………………………………………………………. 44 6.9.2 Advantages…………………………………………………………………. 44 CHAPTER 7 FINAL PROJECT REVIEW 7.1 Software Used For Project…………………………………………………………. 45 7.2 Final Hardware of the Project……………………………………………………… 45 7.3 Progress Report of Project…………………………………………………………. 46 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................... 47 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………. 48

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LIST OF FIGURES S.NO. NAME OF FIGURES PAGE NO.

1. Main out Look of GSM Based Car Security System………………………………… 2 2. Block diagram of project……………………………………………………………... 3 3. Flow chart of the working algorithm of project……………………………………… 4 4. Flammable gas sensor………………………………………………………………… 8 5. Internal structure……………………………………………………………………… 9 6. Basic Test Loop………………………………………………………………………. 10 7. Heating Process (a)…………………………………………………………………… 10 8. Heating Process (b)…………………………………………………………………… 11 9. Circuit diagram of gas sensor………………………………………………………… 12 10. Piezoelectricity……………………………………………………………………….. 12 11. Piezoelectric Effect…………………………………………………………………… 13 12. Piezoelectric Diaphragm……………………………………………………………... 15 13. Circuit diagram of pressure sensor…………………………………………………… 16 14. IR LED sensor………………………………………………………………………... 17 15. IR Transmitter............................................................................................................... 17 16. TSOP Pins……………………………………………………………………………. 18 17. Photodiode…………………………………………………………………………… 19 18. IR signal reflection from different surfaces………………………………………….. 20 19. Circuit diagram of ir sensor…………………………………………………………... 21 20. DC motor……………………………………………………………………………... 23 21. Circuit diagram for module of engine lock…………………………………………... 24 22. Pin Diagram…………………………………………………………………………... 25 23. Block diagram………………………………………………………………………... 26 24. Addressing……………………………………………………………………………. 26 25. At mega 16 ustart pin………………………………………………………………… 27 26. Formula for baud rate………………………………………………………………… 30 27. Interfacing GSM modem with microcontroller………………………………………. 32 28. For sending message………………………………………………………………….. 34 29. Reading……………………………………………………………………………….. 34 30. For call receiving……………………………………………………………………... 35 31. Symbol of capacitor…………………………………………………………………... 36 32. Different capacitor……………………………………………………………………. 37 33. Resistor……………………………………………………………………………….. 37 34. Potentiometer…………………………………………………………………………. 38

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S.NO. NAME OF FIGURES PAGE NO.

35. Pin connection of LM324…………………………………………………………….. 39 36. Pin configuration of LM358………………………………………………………….. 40 37. Pin configuration of L293D…………………………………………………………... 41 38. Pin configuration of 555……………………………………………………………… 42 39. Working principle of motor…………………………………………………………... 43 40. Pin configuration of 7805…………………………………………………………….. 44 41. Final circuit diagram of project………………………………………………………. 46 42. Progress report of project…………………………………………………………….. 46

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LIST OF TABLES S.NO. NAME OF TABLE PAGE NO. 1. Component details……………………………………………………………………... 5 2. Color combination of resistor………………………………………………………….. 30

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS S.NO. ABBREVIATIONS FULL NAME

1. GSM Global System For Mobile Communication 2. AVR Advance Virtual Risc 3. RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computing 4. IC Integrated Circuit 5. IR Infrared 6. DC Direct current 7. DTC Discharge Time Constant 8. PCB Printed Circuit Board 9. OP-AMP Operational Amplifier 10. USART Universal Synchronous Asynchronous

Receiver and Transmission/ Transmitter 11. SMS Short Message Service

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 BASIC INTRODUCTION CAR security has been a major issue where crime is increasing and everybody wants to take proper measures to prevent intrusion. In addition, there is need to automate car so that the user can take the advantage of technological advancement. This project presents a model that will provide security to their home, office or cabin etc via SMS using GSM technology. Keeping in view the rapid growth of wireless communication we are inspired to work on this project. The idea behind this project is to meet the upcoming challenges of the modern practical applications of wireless communication and to facilitate our successors with such splendid ideas that should clear their concept about wireless communication and control system. The applications of GSM Based car security system are quite diverse. There are many real life situations that require control of different devices remotely and to provide security. There will be instances where a wired connection between a remote appliance/device and the control unit might not be feasible due to structural problems. In such cases a wireless connection is a better option. Basic Idea of our project is to provide GSM Based security even if the owner is away from the restricted areas. For this we adopted wireless mode of transmission using GSM. Beside this there are many methods of wireless communication but we selected GSM in our project because as compared to other techniques, this is an efficient and cheap solution also, we are much familiar with GSM technology and it is easily available. The GSM modem provides the communication mechanism between the user and the microcontroller system by means of SMS messages. This project is designed to provide ubiquitous access to the system for the security using extensive GSM technology for communication purposes and microcontroller for device control. The highlights of our system are the long range of communication and password security. The security is provided by sending a message to our access number, controlling and acknowledgement is done through SMS code between our access number and the authenticated user. This system consists of a GSM modem for sending and receiving the SMS, microcontroller which is controlling the entire system. It can be installed at any desired location e.g., office (to protect important files and document), banks (to protect cash in locker) etc. The microcontroller is an existing, challenging, and growing field; it will pervade industry for decades to come. To meet the challenges of this growing technology, we will have to conversant with the programmable aspect of the microcontroller. Programming is a process of problem solving and communicating in a strange language of mnemonics. The projects could be developed significantly faster and much easily using a microcontroller.

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Figure 1.1: Main out Look of GSM Based Car Security System

After analyzing the security conditions in current day nation, this paper proposes a systematic framework that is based on the GSM and Embedded System for improving security management. It based on the Microcontroller and GSM detection of anyone to enter in the car. This framework takes account of several key aspects such as vehicle owner authentication, identity authentication, security workflow, etc. The proposed framework has the following advantages: low cost, high performance, easy to implement, and strong security control pattern. In addition, this paper proposes a dynamic security strategy that is about authorizing user ID and conforming the rightful owner of the object else action is to be taken place.

1.2 ABOUT THE PROJECT Car security has been a major issue where crime is increasing and everybody wants to take proper measures to prevent intrusion. In addition, there is need to automate car so that the user can take the advantage of technological advancement. This project presents a model that will provide security to their home, office or cabin etc via SMS using GSM technology. Keeping in view the rapid growth of wireless communication we are inspired to work on this project. The idea behind this project is to meet the upcoming challenges of the modern practical applications of wireless communication and to facilitate our successors with such splendid ideas that should clear their concept about wireless communication and control system. 1.2.1 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS The following is a list of functional requirements of the control unit/module. The control unit will have the ability to connect to the cellular network automatically.

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The control unit will be able to receive text messages and will be able to parse and

interpret text messages and instructions to be sent to the microcontroller. The microcontroller within the control unit will issue its command to the electrical

appliances through a simple control circuit. The control unit will control the electrical appliances.

Figure 1.2: Block Diagram of Project

In above block diagram we have different blocks. First we will discuss about the gas sensor block. This block consists of mq6 flammable gas detector which will sense any kind of flammable gas like LPG, isobutene, propane gases which may cause suffocation or fire in the car. In this block include an op-amp (as comparator) which will compare the output of the gas sensor with threshold value adjusted by a potentiometer of 10kohm and give the logic 1 to the microcontroller. Receiving command from the microcontroller GSM modem sends SMS to registered mobile number. Similarly the second block which is pressure sensor will tell about any theft who tries to sit on seat of the car. It consists of lm324 op amp and potentiometer. The generated voltage due to pressure will be compared and accordingly the logic is given to microcontroller and message is transmitted by GSM to mobile. IR sensor block will inform about the opening of the door of car by any unauthenticated user. In this block we have used a ir led as a transmitter and a photo detector as receiver. If anybody tries to open the door owner will receive the SMS from GSM modem. Last block of the project gives demonstration of engine of the car. This block consists of a DC motor as engine, switch (key)

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and l293D used for making motor compatible with the microcontroller. If any theft tries to insert the key, the engine starts for few seconds and inform owner by sending alert message. By setting up this project in car we can experience the highly defined security system in your car.. This tends to utilize the availability of GSM network, mobile phone and electronics circuit to achieve an automated system which is programmed to work as a thinking device to accomplish this purpose. With this if anyone tries to steal a vehicle then in fraction of seconds a text alert or message is sent to the registered or stored mobile communication number reporting of tempering with vehicle. 1.3 BASIC ALGORITHM USED IN PROJECT

Figure 1.3: Flow Chart of the Working Algorithm of Project

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Assuming that the control unit is powered and operating properly, the process of Controlling a device connected to the interface will proceed through the following steps; 1. The remote user sends text messages including commands to the receiver. 2. GSM receiver receives messages sent from the user cell phone. 3. GSM receiver decodes the sent message and sends the commands to the microcontroller. 4. Microcontroller issues commands to the appliances and the devices connected will switch ON/OFF. The basic algorithm of this project is that whenever interrupt is generated by the external components to the microcontroller. Microcontroller will serve that interrupt first by suspending its work. The microcontroller will send command to GSM which will generate SMS and notify owner by sending message. 1.4 COMPONENTS USED IN THE PROJECT

Table 1.4.1: Component Details

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CHAPTER 2: SENSORS AND THEIR DESCRIPTION 2.1 INTORDUCTION Most companies and individuals use some or other type of electronic security device to protect themselves and their assets. These devices can range from a simple car alarm or intercom system at home to a hi-tech electronic security system to monitor the area and provide safety and security assurance to individuals. Although there are a number of electronic security devices available, they all need to work in unison in order to create an effective security solution. There are various types of sensors available which are installed to detect movement in an area and different sensors are used for indoor and outdoor applications. In order for all the sensors to detect various threats and alert the occupants that their safety and security may be compromised, the sensors are connected to a main panel or distribution board that triggers an alarm. The alarm may be silent so as not to alarm the occupants or intruder or it may be very audible. A sensor is a technological device or biological organ that detects, or senses, a signal or physical condition and chemical compounds. In electronic terms a sensor may be a device that detects the presence or absence of something e.g. a PIR sensor controlling security lights or a magnetic device used to sense the opening of a door on a burglar alarm system. Other types of sensor may be used to measure parameters such as light or heat or in the case of a microphone to convert audible sound into an electrical signal which can then be used to drive speakers. 2.2 CRITERIA TO CHOOSE A SENSOR There are certain features which have to be considered when we choose a sensor. They are as given below: Accuracy Environmental condition - usually has limits for temperature/ humidity Range - Measurement limit of sensor Calibration - Essential for most of the measuring devices as the readings changes with

time Resolution - Smallest increment detected by the sensor Cost Repeatability-The reading that varies is repeatedly measured under the same environment

2.2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORS The sensors are classified into the following criteria: Property Application Power or energy

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Transduction principle is the fundamental criteria which are followed for an efficient approach. Usually, material and technology criteria are chosen by the development engineering group. 2.2.2 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PROPERTY IS AS GIVEN BELOW: Temperature - Thermistors, thermocouples, RTD’s, IC and many more. Pressure - Fiber optic, vacuum, elastic liquid based manometers, electronic. Level Sensors - Differential pressure, ultrasonic radio frequency, radar, thermal

displacement. Proximity and displacement - LVDT, photoelectric, capacitive, magnetic, ultrasonic. Biosensors - Resonant mirror, electrochemical. Gas and chemical - Semiconductor, Infrared, Conductance, Electrochemical. 7. Acceleration - Gyroscopes, Accelerometers. Others - Moisture, humidity sensor, Speed sensor, mass, Tilt sensor, force, viscosity.

2.2.3 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON APPLICATION IS AS GIVEN BELOW: Industrial process control, measurement and automation Non-industrial use – Aircraft, Medical products, Automobiles, Consumer electronics,

other type of sensors.

2.2.4 SENSORS CAN BE CLASSIFIED BASED ON POWER OR ENERGY SUPPLY REQUIREMENT OF THE SENSORS: Active Sensor - Sensors that require power supply are called as Active Sensors. Example:

LiDAR (Light detection and ranging), photoconductive cell. Passive Sensor - Sensors that do not require power supply are called as Passive Sensors.

Example: Radiometers, film photography.

2.2.5 IN THE CURRENT AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS, SENSORS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO GROUPS AS FOLLOWS: Accelerometers - These are based on the Micro Electro Mechanical sensor technology.

They are used for patient monitoring which includes pace makers and vehicle dynamic systems.

Biosensors - These are based on the electrochemical technology. They are used for food testing, medical care device, water testing, and biological warfare agent detection.

Image Sensors - These are based on the CMOS technology. They are used in consumer electronics, biometrics, traffic and security surveillance and PC imaging.

Motion Detectors - These are based on the Infra Red, Ultrasonic, and Microwave technology. They are used in videogames and simulations, light activation and security detection.

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2.2.6 SENSORS USED IN THE PROJECT AS FOLLOW:

1. MQ6-flammable gas sensor 2. Piezoelectric pressure sensor 3. IR sensor (door lock sensor.

2.3 MQ-6 (FLAMMABLE GAS DETECTOR) Now a day the use of inflammable materials like LPG, Methane, propane, alcohol etc. is increasing fast and leakage is common due to extensive use of non standard instruments. The danger increases when leakage occurs in closed area. This causes mainly "asphyxia" means lack of oxygen causes suffocation. If the amount of leakage is enormous this causes the death of individuals. To prevent serious damage to the living beings earliest detection of leakage is important. but here is a solution for detecting the inflammable gas leakage. The circuit uses a gas sensor (MQ-6) which can detect the presence of LPG, propane, methane and other combustible materials. but here is a solution for detecting the inflammable gas leakage. The circuit uses a gas sensor (MQ-6) which can detect the presence of LPG, propane, methane and other combustible materials. Sensitive material of MQ-6 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower conductivity in clean air. When the target combustible gas exist, the sensor’s conductivity is higher along with the gas concentration rising. Please use simple electro circuit, Convert change of conductivity to correspond output signal of gas concentration. MQ-6 gas sensor has high sensitivity to Propane, Butane and LPG, also response to Natural gas. The sensor could be used to detect different combustible gas, especially Methane; it is with low cost and suitable for different application.

Figure 2.1: Flammable Gas Sensor

2.3.1 FEATURES: High sensitivity to LPG, iso-butane, propane Small sensitivity to alcohol, smoke. Fast response Stable and long life

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2.3.2 CONNECTIONS: Connecting five volts across the heating (H) pins keeps the sensor hot enough to function correctly. Connecting five volts at either the A or B pins causes the sensor to emit an analog voltage on the other pins. A resistive load between the output pins and ground sets the sensitivity of the detector. Please note that the picture in the datasheet for the top configuration is wrong. Both configurations have the same pin out consistent with the bottom configuration. The resistive load should be calibrated for your particular application using the equations in the datasheet, but a good starting value for the resistor is 20 k.

Figure 2.2: Internal Structure

2.3.3 BASIC TEST CIRCUIT The below is basic test circuit of the sensor. The sensor needs to be put 2 voltages, heater voltage (VH） and test voltage (VC). VH used to supply certified working temperature to the sensor, while VC used to detect voltage (VRL) on load resistance (RL) whom is in series with sensor. The sensor has light polarity, VC need DC power. VC and VH could use same power circuit with precondition to assure performance of sensor. In order to make the sensor with better performance, suitable RL value is needed.

Figure 2.3: Basic Test Loop

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2.3.4 WORKING PROCESS This section will show about the internal working process of gas sensor-mq6. If coil is heated up

Figure 2.4: Heating Process (a)

SnO2 ceramics will become the semi - conductor, so there are more movable electrons, which means that it is ready to make more current flow.

Figure 2.5: Heating Process (b)

Then, when the gas molecules in the air meet the electrode that is between alumina and tin dioxide, ethanol burns into acetic acid then more current is produced. So the more alcohol molecules there are the more current we will get. Because of this current change, we get the different values from the sensor

2.3.5 WORKING OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAM- Modification made in the circuit diagram: instead of usinglm358 we have used lm324 as comparator. And we have not used the speaker. We connect output of the lm324 with microcontroller. The operation of lm324 and lm358 is similar. They only differ in such a way that lm324 is 14 pin IC having four op-amp comparators and lm358 is 8 pin IC having two op amp comparators in its packed internal structure.

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The op-amp LM324 is designed in a comparator mode which compares the signal received from the sensor to a threshold voltage (reference voltage). Potentiometer of 10kΩ is connected at pin no. 2.It is set at 2V (reference voltage). The voltage 2V is equal to output voltage of gas sensor in normal air condition i.e. in absence of gas. LM324 compares two input i.e. preset voltage i/p at inverting end with gas sensor o/p voltage at non-inverting end. In absence of gas the output voltage of gas sensor is 2V thus overall output voltage of op-amp will be 0V.

Figure 2.6: Circuit Diagram of Gas Sensor

In presence combustible gases input voltage reduces and output voltage of gas sensor increases thus creating difference between two input voltages of op-amp. Thus output voltage of LM324 LED glows showing the presence of combustible gas.

2.3.6 APPLICATIONS Domestic gas leakage detector Industrial Combustible gas detector Portable gas detector They are suitable of detecting LPG, iso-butane, propane, LNG; avoid the noise of alcohol

and cooking fumes and cigarette smoke.

2.4 PEIZOELECTRIC PRESSURE SENSOR

2.4.1 PIEZOELECTRICITY

To generate a useful output signal, our sensors rely on the piezoelectric effect. ("Piezo" is a greek term which means "to squeeze.") When the piezoelectric elements are strained by an external force, displaced electrical charge accumulates on opposing surfaces. Figure 1 illustrates the displacement of electrical charge due to the deflection of the lattice in a naturally piezoelectric quartz crystal.The larger circles represent silicon atoms, while the smaller ones represent oxygen

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Crystalline quartz, either in its natural or high-quality, reprocessed form, is one of the most sensitive or stable piezoelectric materials available.

Figure 2.7: Piezoelectricity

2.4.2 PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT When pressure (stress) is applied to a material it creates a strain or deformation in the material. In a piezoelectric material this strain creates an electrical potential difference, a voltage. The effect is reversible. When an electric potential is applied across two sides of a piezoelectric material, it strains. Both effects were discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880-1. The piezoelectric effect is found in materials with a specific electrical crystalline structure. These are known as piezoelectric materials. Many different sizes and shapes of piezoelectric materials can be used in piezoelectric sensors. The red represents the piezoelectric crystals, while the arrows indicate how the material is stressed. Accelerometers typically have a seismic mass, which is represented by the gray color. A more complete description of sensor structures is given in the next section. The compression design features high rigidity, making it useful for implementation in high frequency pressure and force sensors. Its disadvantage is that it is somewhat sensitive to thermal transients. The simplicity of the flexural design is offset by its narrow frequency range and low over shock survivability. The shear configuration is typically used in accelerometers as it offers a well balanced blend of wide frequency range, low off axis sensitivity, low sensitivity to base strain and low sensitivity to thermal inputs.

Figure 2.8: Piezoelectric Effect

Piezoelectric sensing elements have essentially no deflection and are often referred to as solid-state devices. It is for this reason that piezoelectric sensors are so rugged and feature excellent

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linearity over a wide amplitude range. In fact, when coupled with properly designed signal conditioners, piezoelectric sensors typically have a dynamic amplitude range (i.e.: maximum measurement range to noise ratio) on the order of 120 dB. This means that a single accelerometer can measure acceleration levels as low as 0.0001 g's to as high as 100 g's! NOTE:-A final important note about piezoelectric materials is that they can only measure dynamic or changing events. Piezoelectric sensors are not able to measure a continuous static event as would be the case with inertial guidance, barometric pressure or weight measurements. While static events will cause an initial output, this signal will slowly decay (or drain away) based on the piezoelectric material or attached electronics time constant. This time constant corresponds with a first order high pass filter and is based on the capacitance and resistance of the device. This high pass filter ultimately determines the low frequency cut-off or measuring limit of the device. Equations: The generated voltage from a piezoelectric material can be calculated from the following Equation.

V = Sv * P * D ……...….. (2.3.1) Where V = Piezoelectric generated voltage (Volts)

Sv = Voltage sensitivity of the material (Volt *meters / Newton P = Pressure (N/m2)

D = thickness of material (meters)

Voltage sensitivity values are provided with the material when received from the manufacturer. Different materials and different geometry cuts give different sensitivities.

2.4.3 PIEZOELECTRIC PRESSURE SENSOR

Piezoelectric crystals develop a potential difference (i.e. voltage is induced across the surfaces) whenever they are subjected to any mechanical pressure. These sensors have the crystal mounted on a dielectric base so that there is no current leakage. Attached to the crystal is a horizontal shaft to which a diaphragm is connected. Whenever the diaphragm senses pressure, it pushes the shaft down which pressurizes the crystal and voltage is produced.

Figure 2.9: Piezoelectric Diaphragm

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The quartz crystals of a piezoelectric pressure sensor generate a charge when pressure is applied. However, even though the electrical insulation resistance is quite large, the charge eventually leaks to zero. The rate at which the charge leaks back to zero is dependent on the electrical insulation resistance. In a charge mode pressure sensor used with a voltage amplifier, the leakage rate is fixed by values of capacitance and resistance in the sensor, by low-noise cable, and by the external source follower voltage amplifier used. In the case of a charge mode pressure sensor used with a charge amplifier, the leakage rate is fixed by the electrical feedback resistor and capacitor in the charge amplifier. In a pressure sensor with built-in ICP electronics, the resistance and capacitance of the crystal and the built-in ICP electronics normally determine the leakage rate. That is why only dynamic pressure can be measured with piezoelectric pressure sensors. Discharge time constant (DTC): When leakage of a charge (or voltage) occurs in a resistive-capacitive circuit, the leakage follows an exponential decay. A piezoelectric pressure sensor system behaves similarly. The value of the electrical capacitance of the system (in farads) multiplied by the value of the electrical resistance (in ohms) is called the Discharge Time Constant (in seconds). DTC is defined as the time required for a sensor or measuring system to discharge its signal to 37% of the original value from a step change of measure. The DTC of a system relates to the low-frequency monitoring capabilities of a system. A long discharge time constant is useful because it allows quasi-static operation during calibration or measurement of certain long-duration pressure pulses.DTC charge mode system: In a charge mode system, the DTC is usually determined by the settings on an external charge amplifier. PCB Series 460 Charge Amplifiers feature a short, medium, and long time constant switch from which DTC is selected. It is assumed that the electrical insulation resistance is large; otherwise, drift occurs. Therefore, to minimize this drift, the pressure sensor connection point and cable must be kept clean and dry. 2.4.4 WORKING OF PRESSURE SENSOR In our project pressure sensor circuit described here senses pressure variation or mechanical strain and responds by sounding a speaker. It can be used at prohibited places to alert any unwanted entry. Such sensors can be placed on the floors of these places and whenever an intrusion would occur, the speaker would go off. This circuit in this project takes input from a piezo diaphragm which is provided to non-inverting pin of op-amp in LM324 (pin3). The inverting input of the op-amp is grounded through R1 (1k ). The op-amp is thus configured to be used in non-inverting mode. This means that the output is in phase with the input of op-amp. If someone tries to walk over a restricted area, the pressure variations of the feet are sensed by the piezo sensor which gives the analog output. This output is amplified by the op-amp and its gain depends on the input resistors R1 (1k ) and R2 (3.3k ) in accordance with the relation: G = (1 + R2/R1). The output of op-amp is sufficient enough to drive a speaker, connected to its output, after getting filtered by a capacitor C1 (10uF).

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Figure 2.10: Circuit Diagram of Pressure Sensor

But in our project circuit we have made some modification in circuit diagram that is instead of using speaker, we have used potentiometer and a led to show output of the voltage produce due to pressure generation on piezoelectric diaphragm. Potentiometer is used to set the threshold value. 2.4.5 APPLICATIONS Ultrasonic transmitters and receivers. Frequency references. Temperature sensors (resonant frequency changes with temperature) Accelerometers (used with a seismic mass) Microphones and loudspeakers (small loudspeakers with poor audio characteristics

beepers) Pressure sensor Force sensor

2.5 IR (INRARED) SENSOR An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain characteristics of its surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting infrared radiation. It is also capable of measuring heat of an object and detecting motion. Infrared waves are not visible to the human eye. In the electromagnetic spectrum, infrared radiation is the region having wavelengths longer than visible light wavelengths, but shorter than microwaves. The infrared region is approximately demarcated from 0.75 to 1000µm. The wavelength region from 0.75 to 3µm is termed as near infrared, the region from 3 to 6µm is termed mid-infrared, and the region higher than 6µm is termed as far infrared. Infrared technology is found in many of our everyday products. E.g. TV

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has an IR detector for interpreting the signal from the remote control. Key benefits of infrared sensors include low power requirements, simple circuitry, and their portable feature.

Figure 2.11: IR LED Sensor

2.5.1 FEATURES: Size: square, 7mm by 8mm detector area Price: $2.00 at the Ad fruit shop Output: 0V (low) on detection of 38KHz carrier, 5V (high) otherwise Sensitivity range: 800nm to 1100nm with peak response at 940nm. Frequency range is

35KHz to 41KHz with peak detection at 38KHz Power supply: 3-5V DC 3Ma

2.5.2 IR LED (AS A TRANSMITTER) IR Transmitter and Receiver pair can be easily made using 555 Timer, IR LED andTSOP1738 IR Receiver. This can be used for remote controls, burglar alarms etc. The PCM carrier frequency of TSOP1738 is 38 KHz, so we want to design a astable multivibrator of 38KHz. This can be done by using 555 Timer. 555 Timer is wired as an Astable Multivibrator. The 100μF capacitor (C1) is used to reduce ripples in the power supply. 1st and 8th pins of 555 are used to give power Vcc and GND respectively. 4th pin is the reset pin which is active low input; hence it is connected to Vcc. 5th pin is the Control Voltage pin which is not used in this application, and hence it is grounded via a capacitor to avoid high frequency noises through that pin. Capacitor C2, Resistors R1, R2 determines the time period of oscillation. Capacitor C2 charges to Vcc via resistors R1 and R2. It discharges through Resistor R2 and 7th pin of 555. The voltage across capacitor C2 is connected to the internal comparators via 2nd and 6th pins of 555. Output is taken from the 3ed pin of the IC. Please read the article Astable Multivibrator using 555 Timer for more detailed working. Charging time constant of the capacitor (output HIGH period) is determined by the expression 0.693(R1+R2)C2 and discharging time constant (output LOW period) is determined by 0.693R2C2. They are approximately equal.

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Figure 2.12: IR Transmitter

2.5.3 TSOP & PHOTODIODE (AS RECEIVER) The TSOP17…. ± series are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote control systems. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy package is designed as IR filter. The demodulated output signal can directly be decoded by a microprocessor. TSOP17… is the standard IR remote control receiver series, supporting all major transmission codes. Members of TSOP17xx series are sensitive to different centre frequencies of the IR spectrum. For example TSOP1738 is sensitive to 38 kHz whereasTSOP1740 to 40 kHz centre frequency. 2.5.4 FEATURES: Photo detector and preamplifier in one package Internal filter for PCM frequency Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance TTL and CMOS compatibility Output active low Low power consumption High immunity against ambient light Continuous data transmission possible (up to 2400 bps) Suitable burst length 10 cycles/burst

2.5.5 HOW IT LOOKS LIKE -

Figure 2.13: TSOP Pins

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2.5.6 HOW IR SENSOR PHOTO MODULES WORK- The TSOP 1738 is a member of IR remote control receiver series. This IR sensor module consists of a PIN diode and a pre amplifier which are embedded into a single package. The output of TSOP is active low and it gives +5V in off state. When IR waves, from a source, with a centre frequency of 38 kHz incident on it, its goes low Lights coming from sunlight, fluorescent lamps etc. may cause disturbance to it and result in undesirable output even when the source is not transmitting IR signals. A band pass filter, an integrator stage and an automatic gain control are used to suppress such disturbances. 2.5.7 PHOTODIODE A photodiode is a type of diode which detects light. We can think of it as having a very high resistance when no light is falling on it. As we increase the intensity of light incident on it, the current through it gradually increases too. So, by increasing the incident light on a photodiode, we convert it into a normal low value resistor, which conducts current.

Figure 2.14: Photodiode

We should note here that a photodiode looks exactly like an LED, sometimes, with a dark blue or black film on the outer casing (Please look at the picture below), but we make use of it in reverse bias, that means opposite in configuration as in the case of an LED. You can refer to the diagram above for the connections of the photodiode, but remember to connect it in reverse bias. 2.5.8 WORKING MECHANISM (IR LED AND PHOTODIODE) An IR sensor is basically a device which consists of a pair of an IR LED and a photodiode which are collectively called a photo-coupler or an opto-coupler. The IR LED emits IR radiation, reception and/or intensity of reception of which by the photodiode dictates the output of the sensor. Now, there are so many ways by which the radiation may or may not be able to reach the photodiode. An Indirect Incidence technique is used in this project which is described as below. High school physics taught us that black colour absorbs all radiation, and the color white reflects all radiation. We use this very knowledge to build our IR sensor. If we place the IR LED and the photodiode side by side, close together, the radiation from the IR LED will get emitted straight in the direction to which the IR LED is pointing towards, and so is the photodiode, and hence there will be no incidence of the radiation on the photodiode. Please refer to the right part of the

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illustration given below for better understanding. But, if we place an opaque object in front the two, two cases occur: REFLECTIVE SURFACE: If the object is reflective, (White or some other light colour), then most of the radiation will get reflected by it, and will get incident on the photodiode. For further understanding, please refer to the left part of the illustration below.

NON-REFLECTIVE SURFACE: If the object is non-reflective, (Black or some other dark color), then most of the radiation will get absorbed by it, and will not become incident on the photodiode. It is similar to there being no surface (object) at all, for the sensor, as in both the cases, it does not receive any radiation.

Figure 2.15: IR Signal Reflection from Different Surfaces 2.5.9 WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR IR SENSOR USED IN PROJECT: The transmitter part of the sensor project is an Infrared (IR) Led which transmits continuous IR rays to be received by an IR receiver. The output of the receiver varies depending upon its reception of IR rays. Since this variation cannot be analyzed as such, therefore this output can be fed to a comparator. Here operational amplifier (op-amp) of LM 358 is used as comparator. When the IR receiver does not receive signal the potential at the inverting input goes higher than that that at non-inverting input of the comparator (LM 358). Thus the output of the comparator goes low and the LED does not glow .When the IR receiver receives signal the potential at the inverting input goes low. Thus the output of the comparator (LM 358) goes high and the LED starts glowing. ResistorR1 (100 ), R2 (10k ) and R3 (330 ) are used to ensure that minimum 10 mA current passes through the IR LED, photodiode and normal LED, respectively. Resistor VR2 (preset=5k ) is used to adjust the output. Resistor VR1 (preset=10k ) is used to set the sensitivity of the circuit.

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Figure 2.16: Circuit Diagram of IR Sensor

2.5.10 APPLICATIONS Thermograph, communications, and alcohol testing. Biological systems, photo biomodulation, and plant health. Gas detectors/gas leak detection flame detection. Anesthesiology testing and spectroscopy. Petroleum exploration and underground solution. Rail safety.

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CHAPTER 3: ENGINE LOCK SYSTEM

3.1 INTORDUCTION In Present days thefts in automobile is increasing at rapid rate. So to protect automobiles we developed system “Vehicle engine locking system using embedded based GSM technology” which is operated by using ATMEGA16 microcontroller with GSM module. It is very cheap and simpler compared to other antitheft vehicle locking systems. The Global system for mobile communications (GSM) is the most popular and accepted standard for mobile phones in the world. It operates in 900 MHz frequency. Many people use GSM service across the world. The usage of the GSM standard makes international roaming very common between mobile users, by accessing subscribers to use their mobile phones in many areas of the world. The designed & developed system is installed in the vehicle. An interfacing mobile is also connected to the microcontroller, which is in turn, connected to the engine. Once, the vehicle is being started, the information is being used by the vehicle owner for further processing. The information is passed onto the central processing insurance system which is in the form of the SMS. By reading the signals received by the mobile, one can control the ignition of the engine; say to lock it or to stop the engine immediately. The main concept in this design is introducing the mobile communication into an embedded system. The designed unit is very simple & low cost. The entire designed unit is on a single chip. on any attempt of theft the system sends a text message to the device owner, demobilizes the system (car) . With this, the car is always protected. The total absence of sufficient security personnel in a packed car is a great discomfort to car owners. This insecurity has paved way to increasing rate of stealing packed cars – even with security. In order to enhance an improved and life risk free security system, the purpose of this study is to aid a better security system of cars with the use of GSM. This system monitors one’s car against theft, and has a text message sent to the car owner, telling him that his car is being tampered, and at which part of the car (either doors or boot) is being tampered. The system will also demobilize the car (that is stopping the car from moving), set up an message for the people around to notice what is happening.

Figure 3.1: DC Motor

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Engine locking system is the very important module of our project as all the three sensors are interfaced with this module and it is also having its own property of blocking the engine whenever unwanted trial of inserting key is found. DC motor is used to represent an engine in the project which operates on 12V supply. 3.2 BASIC METHOLOGY USED FOR MODULE The entire system is installed in the engine along with GSM modem. After giving the power supply and checking the status of the GSM, we will insert a key, which is represented as a switch in the project and the motor will start rotating as soon as the motor will start, a message “Key is inserted” is transmitted by the controller to the GSM and GSM will transmit this message to owner’s mobile. If the thief attempts number of trial to start the engine, But in our project we have made automatic blocking of engine. If someone tries to insert the key, owner will get a message of insertion of key. As soon as the key is inserted, the engine will block after 5 seconds. In this way, there is no need to send the message back to GSM to block the system because engine will automatically block. 3.2.1 WORKING OF THE MODULE In our electronic project we want to control a DC Motor with Atmega16 Microcontroller. We can’t connect a DC Motor directly to a microcontroller due to following reasons. A microcontroller can’t supply the current required for the working of DC motor. ATmega16 Microcontroller can source or sink currents up to 40mA but the requirement

for DC Motor is much more than that. The negative voltages created due to back emf of the motor may affect the

proper functioning of the microcontroller. You may need to control the direction of rotation of the motor by changing the polarity of

the motor supply. The operating voltage of the DC Motor may be much higher than the operating voltage of

the microcontroller.

To solve these problems you may use transistorized H Bridge in which freewheeling diodes are used to avoid problems due to back emf. Thus it requires minimum four transistors, diodes and resistors for each motor. It is better to use readymade ICs such as L293D or L293 instead of making your own H Bridge, which simplifies your project. L293D is a Quadruple Half H-Bridge driver commonly used for motor driving. We needn’t connect any transistors, resistors or freewheeling diodes. All the four outputs of this IC are TTL compatible and output clamp diodes are provided to drive inductive loads. L293D can provide

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up to 600mA current, in the voltage raging from 4.5 to 36v. L293 is a similar IC which can provide up to 1A in the same voltage range.

Figure 3.2: Circuit Diagram for Module of Engine Lock

Motor Supply is given to the Vs pin of L293D and motor is connected to the first pair of drivers, which is enabled by connecting EN1 to logic HIGH. Vss pin is used to provide logic input to L293D. Control signals is given by using Atmega32 microcontroller which operates at 5V, hence Vss is connected to 5V.

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CHAPTER 4: MICROCONTROLLER (ATMEGA 16)

4.1 INTRODUCTION The ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega16 achieves through puts approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. It is high performance low power atmel 8bit microcontroller. It has following characteristics-

131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers Fully Static Operation Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments 16 Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory 512 Bytes EEPROM 1 Kbyte Internal SRAM Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1) Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation Programming Lock for Software Security

4.2 PIN CONFIGURATIONS The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. Port A (PA7toPA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive

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characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

Figure 4.1: Pin Diagram

Port B (PB7 ...PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active even if the clock is not running. Port C (PC7..PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs. Port D (PD7...PD0 ) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. RESET ( Reset Input). A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.

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XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier. 4.3 Block Diagram The block diagram of the atmega16 with all its essential parts is given as follow as:

Figure 4.2: Block Diagram

4.4 SERIAL COMMUNICATION Serial communication (Data receive) using AVR Microcontroller (ATmega16) USART There are two methods for serial data communication (i) Synchronous and (ii) Asynchronous communication. In Synchronous communication method complete block (characters) is sent at a time. It doesn’t require any additional bits (start, stop or parity) to be added for the synchronization of frame. The devices are synchronized by clock. And in asynchronous communication data transmission is done byte by byte i.e., one byte at a time. The additional bits are added to complete a frame. In synchronous communication the frame consists of data bits while in asynchronous communication the total number of bits in a frame may be more than the data bits.

Figure 4.3: Addressing

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We are using full duplex communication between ATMEGA 16 microcontroller and GSM module SIM900. Atmega16 is equipped with three different kinds of serial communication peripheral systems: 4.4.1 SERIAL USART Serial USART provides full-duplex communication between the transmitter and receiver. Atmega16 is equipped with independent hardware for serial USART communication. Pin-14 (RXD) and Pin-15 (TXD) provide receive and transmit interface to the microcontroller.

Figure 4.4: At Mega 16 USTART Pins

Atmega16 USART provides asynchronous mode of communication and do not have a dedicated clock line between the transmitting and receiving end. The synchronization is achieved by properly setting the baud rate, start and stop bits in a transmission sequence. Start bit and stop bit: These bits are use to synchronize the data frame. Start bit is one single low bit and is always given at the starting of the frame, indicating the next bits are data bits. Stop bit can be one or two high bits at the end of frame, indicating the completion of frame

Baud Rate: In simple words baud rate is the rate at which serial data is being transferred. Atmega16 USART has following features:

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Different Baud Rates Variable data size with options ranging from 5bits to 9bits. One or two stop bits. Hardware generated parity check. USART can be configured to operate in synchronous mode. Three separate interrupts for RX Complete, TX complete and TX data register

empty.

USART Registers To use the USART of Atmega16, certain registers need to be configured. UCSR: USART control and status register. It’s is basically divided into three parts UCSRA, UCSRB and UCSRC. These registers are basically used to configure the USART. UBRR: USART Baud Rate Registers. Basically use to set the baud rate of USART UDR: USART data register

i. UCSRA: (USART Control and Status Register A)

RXC (USART Receive Complete): RXC flag is set to 1 if unread data exists in receive buffer, and set to 0 if receive buffer is empty. TXC (USART Transmit complete): TXC flag is set to 1 when data is completely transmitted to Transmit shift register and no data is present in the buffer register UDR. UDRE (USART Data Register Empty): This flag is set to logic 1 when the transmit buffer is empty, indicating it is ready to receive new data. UDRE bit is cleared by writing to the UDR register.

ii. UCSRB: (USART Control and Status Register B)

RXCIE: RX Complete Interrupt Enable,

When 1 -> RX complete interrupt is enabled.

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When 0 -> RX complete interrupt is disabled.

CIE: TX Complete Interrupt Enable, When 1 -> TX complete interrupt is enabled

When 0-> TX complete interrupt is disabled UDRIE: USART Data Register Empty Interrupt Enable, When 1 -> UDRE flag interrupt is enabled.

When 0 -> UDRE flag interrupt is disabled. RXEN: Receiver Enabled,

When 1 -> USART Receiver is enabled. When 0 -> USART Receiver is disabled.

TXEN: Transmitter Enabled, When 1 -> USART Transmitter is enabled. When 0 -> USART Transmitter is disabled.

iii. UCSRC: (USART Control and Status Register C)

The transmitter and receiver are configured with the same data features as configured in this register for proper data transmission.

URSEL: USART Register select. This bit must be set due to sharing of I/O location by UBRRH and UCSRC UMSEL: USART Mode Select, When 1 -> Synchronous Operation When 0 -> Asynchronous Operation UPM [0:1]: USART Parity Mode, Parity mode selection bits. USBS: USART Stop Select Bit, When 0-> 1 Stop Bit When 1 -> 2 Stop Bits UCSZ [0:1]: The UCSZ [1:0] bits combined with the UCSZ2 bit in UCSRB sets size of data frame i.e., the number of data bits. The table shows the bit combinations with respective character size

iv. UDR: (USART Data Register)

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The USART Data receive and data transmit buffer registers share the same address referred as USART UDR register, when data is written to the register it is written in transmit data buffer register (TXB). Received data is read from the Receive data buffer register (RXB).

v. UBRRH & UBRRL (USART Baud Rate Registers)

The UBRRH register shares the same I/O address with the UCSRC register, the differentiation is done on the basis of value of URSEL bit. When URSEL=0; write operation is done on UBRRH register. When URSEL=1; write operation is done on UCSRC register. The UBRRH and UBRRL register together stores the 12-bit value of baud rate, UBRRH contains the 4 most significant bits and UBRRL contains the other 8 least significant bits. Baud rates of the transmitting and receiving bodies must match for successful communication to take place. UBRR register value is calculated by the following formula

Figure 4.5: Formula for Baud Rate

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CHAPTER 5: GSM MODULE 5.1 GSM 300 AT GLANCE The SIM300 is a complete Tri-Band/Quad-Band GSM/GPRS solution in a SMT module. SIM300D/340D with a tiny configuration can fit almost all the space requirements in your industrial applications, especially for slim and compact handset applications. 5.1.1 GENERAL FEATURES Dimension: 33mm x 33mm x 3mm Weight: 7.8 g Control via AT commands (GSM 07.07, 07.05 and SIMCom enhanced AT

Commands) SIM application toolkit Supply voltage range 3.4V...4.5V Low power consumption Normal operation temperature: -30 °C to +80 °C Restricted operation temperature: -30 °C to -40 °C and +80 °C to +85 °C Storage temperature: -45°C to +90°C

5.1.2 SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMS VIA GSM Point-to-point MO and MT SMS cell broadcast Text and PDU mode

5.1.3 INTERFACES Interface to external SIM 3V/1.8V Two analog audio interfaces RTC backup Serial interface and debug interface LCD interface Keypad interface Antenna connector and antenna pad

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5.1.4 INTRODUCTION GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications: originally from Group Special Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems in the world. GSM differs from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus GSM is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This also facilitates the wide-spread implementation of data communication applications into the system. GSM also pioneered low-cost implementation of the short message service (SMS), also called text messaging, which has since been supported on other mobile phone standards as well. The standard includes a worldwide emergency telephone number feature.

Figure 5.1: Interfacing GSM Modem with Microcontroller

This GSM300 Modem can accept any GSM network operator SIM card and act just like a mobile phone with its own unique phone number. Advantage of using this modem will be that you can use its RS232 port to communicate and develop embedded applications. Applications like SMS Control, data transfer, remote control and logging can be developed easily. The modem can either be connected to PC serial port directly or to any microcontroller. It can be used to send and receive SMS or make/receive voice calls. It can also be used in GPRS mode to connect to internet and do many applications for data logging and control. In GPRS mode you can also connect to any remote FTP server and upload files for data logging. This GSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play quad band GSM modem for direct and easy integration to RS232 applications. 5.1.5 APPLICATIONS SMS based Remote Control & Alerts Security Applications Sensor Monitoring GPRS Mode Remote Data Logging

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5.1.6 FEATURES Highly Reliable for 24x7 operation with Matched Antenna Status of Modem Indicated by LED Simple to Use & Low Cost Quad Band Modem supports all GSM operator SIM cards

5.1.7 PACKAGE INCLUDES GSM Modem - Assembled & Tested GSM Antenna 12V/1.5A SMPS

5.2 QUICK START GUIDE Insert SIM card: Press the yellow pin to remove the tray from the SIM cardholder. After properly fixing the SIM card in the tray, insert the tray in the slot provided. Connect Antenna: Screw the RF antenna if not already connected. Connect RS232 Cable to PC/MCU: (Cable provided for RS232 communication). Default

baud rate is 9600 with 8-N-1, no

Hardware handshaking. Connect the power Supply (12V 1A) to the power input of board. Polarity should be

Center +ve and outer –ve DC jack.

Network Led indicating various status of GSM module e.g. Power on, network registration & GPRS connectivity. After the Modem registers the network, led will blink in step of 3 seconds. At this stage

you can start using Modem for your application. AT commands can be sent to control GSM Modem.

5.2.1 GUIDE TO SEND AND RECEIVE SMS For sending SMS in text Mode: AT+CMGF=1 press enter AT+CMGS=”mobile number” press enter Once The AT commands is given’ >’ prompt will be displayed on the screen.

Type the message to send via SMS. After this, press “ctrl+Z” to send the SMS. If the SMS sending is successful, “ok” will be displayed along with the message number.

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Figure 5.2: For Sending Message

For reading/receiving SMS in the text mode: AT+CMGF=1 Press enter AT+CMGR= no.

Number (no.) is the message index number stored in the sim card. For new SMS, URC will be received on the screen as +CMTI: SM ‘no’. Use this number in the AT+CMGR number to read the message.

Figure 5.3: Reading

5.2.2 GUIDE TO MESSAGE RECEIVING +CMTI: "SM", 3Notification sent to the computer. Location 3 in SIM memory

AT+CMGR=3 <Enter>AT command to read the received SMS from modem

+CMGR: "REC READ","+91xxxxxxxxxx",,"04/08/28,22:26:29+40" Haifa is the new SMS received by the GSM modem AT command to clear the memory location in the GSM modem..AT+CMGD=3 <Enter> To clear the SMS receive memory location in the

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GSM modem. If the computer tries to read an empty/cleared memory location, a +CMS ERROR: 321 will be sent to the computer. 5.2.3 GUIDE TO VOICE CALLING Initiating outgoing call:

o ATD+ mobile number; <enter key> For disconnecting the active call:

o ATH <enter key> For receiving incoming call:

o ATA <enter key>

Figure 5.4: For Call Receiving

Note: The modem automatically sets to the baud rate of the first command sent by the host system after it is powered up. So there is no need for setting the baud rate using commands. Before you start using the modem, please make sure that the SIM card you inserted support the needed features and there is enough balance in SIM POWER SUPPLY REQUIREMENT Use DC Power Adaptor with following ratings

DC Voltage: 12V DC Current Rating at least: 1A DC Socket Polarity: Centre +ve& Outside –ve Current consumption in normal operation 250mA, can rise up to 1Amp peak while

transmission so your power supply should be able to handle at least 1Amp current. Power supply is included in the packaging of this product.

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CHAPTER 6: OTHER COMPONENTS 6.1 CAPACITOR A capacitor is a passive two terminal component which stores electric charge. This component consists of two conductors which are separated by a dielectric medium. The potential difference when applied across the conductors polarizes the dipole ions to store the charge in the dielectric medium. The circuit symbol of a capacitor is shown below:

Figure 6.1: Symbol of Capacitor

The capacitance or the potential storage by the capacitor is measured in Farads which is symbolized as ‘F’. One Farad is the capacitance when one coulomb of electric charge is stored in the conductor on the application of one volt potential difference. The charge stored in a capacitor is given by

Q = CV…………… (6.1.1)

Where Q - charge stored by the capacitor C - Capacitance value of the capacitor V - Voltage applied across the capacitor 6.1.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAPACITORS: Electrolytic capacitor Polyester Film capacitor Ceramic capacitor

There are many capacitors like tantalum capacitor etc. we have used above mentioned capacitor in project

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Figure 6.2: Different Capacitor

6.2 RESISTORS A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. Resistors may have fixed resistances or variable resistances, such as those found in thermistors, varistors, trimmers, photo resistors and potentiometers. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohm's law:

……………(6.2) where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms (symbol: Ω).

Figure 6.3: Resistor

6.2.1 RESISTOR MAKING: Resistance value is marked on the resistor body. Most resistors have 4 bands. The first two bands provide the numbers for the resistance and the third band provides the number of zeros. The fourth band indicates the tolerance. Tolerance values of 5%, 2%, and 1% are most commonly available.

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Table 6.2.1: Colours Combination Resistor

COLOR DIGIT MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE TC Silver

x 0.01 ±10%

Gold x 0.1 ±5%

Black 0 x 1

Brown 1 x 10 ±1% ±100*10-6/K

Red 2 x 100 ±2% ±50*10-6/K Orange 3 x 1 k

±15*10-6/K

Yellow 4 x 10 k

±25*10-6/K Green 5 x 100 k ±0.5%

Blue 6 x 1 M ±0.25% ±10*10-6/K

Violet 7 x 10 M ±0.1% ±5*10-6/K Grey 8 x 100 M

White 9 x 1 G

±1*10-6/K

6.3 POTENTIOMETER Potentiometers (also called pots) are variable resistors, used as voltage or current regulators in electronic circuits. By means of construction, they can be divided into 2 groups: coated and wire-wound. With coated potentiometers, (figure 1.6a), insulator body is coated with a resistive material. There is a conductive slider moving across the resistive layer, increasing the resistance between slider and one end of pot, while decreasing the resistance between slider and the other end of pot.

Figure 6.5: Potentiometer

Wire-wound potentiometers are made of conductor wire coiled around insulator body. There is a slider moving across the wire, increasing the resistance between slider and one end of pot, while decreasing the resistance between slider and the other end of pot. Coated pots are much more common. With these, resistance can be linear, logarithmic, inverse-logarithmic or other, depending upon the angle or position of the slider. Most common are linear and logarithmic

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potentiometers, and the most common applications are radio-receivers, audio amplifiers, and similar devices where pots are used for adjusting the volume, tone, balance, etc. Wire-wound potentiometers are used in devices which require more accuracy in control. They feature higher dissipation than coated pots, and are therefore in high current circuits. Potentiometer resistance is commonly of E6 series, including the values: 1, 2.2 and 4.7. Standard tolerance values include 30%, 20%, 10% (and 5% for wire-wound pots). Potentiometers come in many different shapes and sizes, with wattage ranging from 1/4W (coated pots for volume control in amps, etc) to tens of watts (for regulating high currents). Several different pots are shown in the photo 1.6b, along with the symbol for a potentiometer.

6.4 LM324 Single Supply Quad Operational Amplifiers. The LM324 series are low−cost, quad operational amplifiers with true differential inputs. They have several distinct advantages over standard operational amplifier types in single supply applications. The quad amplifier can operate at supply voltages as low as 3.0 V or as high as 32 V with quiescent currents about one−fifth of those associated with the MC1741 (on a per amplifier basis). The common mode input range includes the negative supply, thereby eliminating the necessity for external biasing components in many applications. The output voltages range also includes the negative power supply voltage. 6.4.1 FEATURES:

Short Circuited Protected Outputs True Differential Input Stage Single Supply Operation: 3.0 V to 32 V Low Input Bias Currents: 100 nA Maximum (LM324A) Four Amplifiers Per Package Internally Compensated Common Mode Range Extends to Negative Supply Industry Standard Pin outs

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Figure 6.6: Pin Connection of LM324 Each amplifier is biased from an internal−voltage regulator which has a low temperature coefficient thus giving each amplifier good temperature characteristics as well as excellent power supply rejection. 6.5 LM358 The LM358 consist of two independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltage. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. Application areas include transducer amplifier, DC gain blocks and all the conventional OP-AMP circuits which now can be easily implemented in single power supply systems. Unique Characteristics: 1. In the linear mode the input common-mode voltage range includes ground and the output voltage can also swing to ground, even though operated from only a single power supply voltage. 2. The unity gain cross frequency is temperature compensated. 3. The input bias current is also temperature compensated. 6.5.1 FEATURES: Available in 8-Bump micro SMD chip sized package, internally frequency compensated for unity gain Large dc voltage gain: 100 dB Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz (temperature compensated)

Figure 6.7: Pin Configuration of LM358

6.6 L293D The L293 and L293D are quadruple high-current half-H drivers. The L293 is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. Both

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devices are designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply applications. All Inputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a complete totem-pole drive circuit, with a Darlington transistor sink and a pseudo- Darlington source. Drivers are enabled in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN. When an enable input is high, the associated drivers are enabled, and their outputs are active and in phase with their inputs. When the enable input is low, those drivers are disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state. With the proper data inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full-H (or bridge) reversible drive suitable for solenoid or motor applications. On the L293, external high-speed output clamp diodes should be used for inductive transient suppression. A VCC1 terminal, separate from VCC2, is provided for the logic inputs to minimize device power dissipation. The L293and L293D are characterized for operation from 0°C to 70°C.

Figure 6.8: Pin Configuration of L293D

6.6.1 FEATURES: Wide Supply-Voltage Range: 4.5 V to 36 V. Separate Input-Logic Supply. Internal ESD Protection and Thermal Shutdown. High-Noise-Immunity Inputs. Functionally Similar to SGS L293 and SGS L293D Output Current 1 A Per Channel (600 mA for L293D) Peak Output Current 2 A Per Channel (1.2 A for L293D)

6.7 NE555 TIMER IC

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The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. 6.7.1 OPERATION OF 555 TIMERS IN THREE DIFFERENT MODES: Monostable Mode is great for creating time delays. In this mode an external trigger causes the 555 timer to output a pulse of an adjustable duration. Jump straight to an example circuit for monostable mode. Astable Mode outputs an oscillating pulse signal/waveform. In this mode the output of the 555 timer is switching between high and low states at a tunable frequency and pulse width. Bi-stable Mode causes the 555 timer to toggle its output between high and low states depending on the state of two inputs.

Figure 6.9: Pin Configuration of 555 Timer

6.7.2 FEATURES: It operates from a wide range of power supplies ranging from + 5 Volts to + 18 Volts

supply voltage. Sinking or sourcing 200 mA of load current. The external components should be selected properly so that the timing intervals can be

made into several minutes along with the frequencies exceeding several hundred kilo hertz.

The output of a 555 timer can drive transistor-transistor logic (TTL) due to its high current output.

It has a temperature stability of 50 parts per million (ppm) per degree Celsius change in temperature, or equivalently 0.005 %/ °C.

6.8 DC MOTOR

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Electrical motors are everywhere around us. Almost all the electro-mechanical movements we see around us are caused either by an A.C. or a DC motor. Here we will be exploring this kind of motors. This is a device that converts DC electrical energy to a mechanical energy. 6.8.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE It is based on the principle that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming's Left-hand rule and whose magnitude is given by Force, F = B I l Newton ………….. (6.9.1) Where B is the magnetic field in Weber/m2. I is the current in amperes and l is the length of the coil in meter. The force, current and the magnetic field are all in different directions. This DC or direct current motor works on the principal, when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque and has a tendency to move. This is known as motoring action. If the direction of electric current in the wire is reversed, the direction of rotation also reverses. When magnetic field and electric field interact they produce a mechanical Force.

. Figure 6.10: Working Principle of Motor

The direction of rotation of a this motor is given by Fleming’s left hand rule, which states that if the index finger, middle finger and thumb of your left hand are extended mutually perpendicular to each other and if the index finger represents the direction of magnetic field, middle finger indicates the direction of electric current, then the thumb represents the direction in which force is experienced by the shaft of the dc motor. 6.9 7805 (VOLTAGE REGULATOR)

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The 78xx (sometimes L78xx, LM78xx, MC78xx...) is a family of self-contained fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits. The 78xx family is commonly used in electronic circuits requiring a regulated power supply due to their ease-of-use and low cost. For ICs within the family, the xx is replaced with two digits, indicating the output voltage (for example, the 7805 has a 5 volt output, while the 7812 produces 12 Volts). The 78xx line is positive voltage regulators: they produce a voltage that is positive relative to a common ground.

Figure 6.11: Pin Configuration of 7805

6.9.1 SPECIFICATIONS: Input Voltage: 7-36V Maximum Output current: 1A 3 Maximum Power dissipation: 15W(at 25degree C) Package Type: TO220

6.9.2 ADVANTAGES

78xx series ICs do not require additional components to provide a constant, regulated source of power, making them easy to use, as well as economical and efficient uses of space. Other voltage regulators may require additional components to set the output voltage level, or to assist in the regulation process

78xx series ICs have built-in protection against a circuit drawing too much power. They have protection against overheating and short-circuits, making them quite robust in most applications. In some cases, the current-limiting features of the 78xx devices can provide protection not only for the 78xx itself, but also for other parts of the circuit.

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CHAPTER 7: FINAL PROJECT REVIEW 7.1 SOFTWARES USED FOR PROJECT DEVELOPMENT The following softwares are used for project development: WINAVR PROTEUS

WINAVR is for testing our programming details, debugging the error and for simulation of the code. PROTEUS is used to test our hardware of the project. WINAVR: This software is used for developing the logic or program code in C language.

WinAVR is not just one tool, like many other software names. WinAVR is instead a set of tools, these tools include AVR-GCC (the command line compiler), AVR-LIBC (the compiler library that is essential for AVRGCC), AVR-AS (the assembler), AVRDUDE (the programming interface), avarice (JTAG ICE interface), AVR-GDB (the de-bugger), programmers notepad (editor) and a few others. These tools are all compiled for Microsoft Windows and put together with a nice installer program.

PROTEUS: It combines advanced schematic capture, mixed mode SPICE simulation, PCB layout and auto routing to make a complete electronic design system intelligent schematic input system.

7.2 FINAL HARDWARE OF THE PROJECT Figure represents the final snapshots of our Capstone Project (CAR SECURTY SYSTEM) a single PCB consists of a piezoelectric sensor module which is used for pressure recognition and a Gas sensor module which is used as Gas detector in the project. The modules are connected to a microcontroller by Bit connectors. The second PCB consist of an IR sensor module which is used for door locking concept and the PCB at the center is the brain of the project consist of microcontroller ATmega16 and LM324 which is used to convert the data in to TTL logic understandable by microcontroller. The green colored PCB is the GSM module which is used for

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transmission and reception of the messages. A DC motor is used in order to represent the engine of a car. All the modules are placed on a white cardboard for proper synchronization and for proper connections to make it functional.

Figure 7.1: Final Hardware Snapshot of Project

7.3 PROGRESS REPORT OF THE PROJECT

Figure 7.2: Progress Report

Total duration of work done and the amount of time taken by each and every module is represented by the above Pi-Chart and the different colors represents the different aspects of the project done by the members of our group and the numerical values represent the number of days

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invested for analysis of project, case study of project, study of components used, implementation of circuits, software programming, interfacing of circuits, verification and improvement and report formation.

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CONCLUSION This project presents the design and the implementation of a wireless car security system. All devices and wireless trans-receiver module are adoptable. The system has a friendly system user interface and employs some method to reduce the power consumption. Communication of the system is complete wireless, which makes the system easy to install and use. The system is low cost low power consumption and easily operable .in addition, the wireless trans receiver modules enable the system to Transfer other information such as voice and picture rather than just alarm signal. As result, the system can highly be expanded to other application. The system is secured with a login password. As a future work, we are currently working to establish more secure system by researching a proper wireless security protocol.

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