Ferry Reserve Holiday Park - Holiday & Caravan … Melaleuca leucadendra, all of which provide a continuity of nectar resources that have enabled Noisy Miners to establish permanent

Ferry Reserve Holiday Park Vegetation Management Plan

Prepared for the

North Coast Accommodation Trust

by

Idyll Spaces Environmental Consultants

21 Titans Close, Bonville 2441

02 6653 4190

[email protected]

October 2013

Vegetation Management Plan for Ferry Reserve Holiday Park

Idyll Spaces Environmental Consultants October 2013 2

Table of Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3

Background ....................................................................................................................................... 3

Location, zoning and geology ........................................................................................................ 3

Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Flora and fauna habitats in the Park ............................................................................................. 4

Biodiversity Context ........................................................................................................................ 4

Vegetation communities ................................................................................................................. 6

1. Forest Red Gum and Swamp Oak ......................................................................................... 6

2. Broadleaved paperbark Low Open Forest ........................................................................... 8

3. Mangrove ................................................................................................................................ 10

4. Exotic lawns and gardens ..................................................................................................... 10

Conservation values ................................................................................................................... 12

High conservation value vegetation ............................................................................................ 12

Threatened Communities and Populations ............................................................................... 13

Threatened flora species ................................................................................................................ 13

Threatened fauna habitat .............................................................................................................. 13

Vegetation management in the Park .......................................................................................... 16

Laws affecting vegetation management ..................................................................................... 16

Future vegetation management ................................................................................................... 17

Strategic assessment .................................................................................................................. 17

Action Plan for vegetation in the Park ........................................................................................ 18

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 20

Photographs .............................................................................................................................. 21

Appendix 1. Recommended native plant species for landscaping in Ferry Reserve Holiday Park ... 22

Figures and Tables

Figure 1. National Parks estate in the Ferry Reserve locality ........................................................................ 5

Figure 2. BSC mapped wildlife corridors in the Ferry Reserve locality ....................................................... 5

Figure 3. Aerial photograph of the Park showing vegetation communities and mature trees ................. 9

Figure 4. BSC High Conservation Value vegetation on and adjoining Ferry Reserve ............................. 12

Figure 5. Areas of the Park identified as suitable locations for planting of replacement trees ............... 19

Table 1. Occurrence in the Park of habitat for Threatened Fauna ............................................................... 14



Introduction

Background

The North Coast Accommodation Trust has engaged Idyll Spaces Environmental

Consultants to assess the conservation status of native vegetation and prepare a Vegetation

Management Plan (‘VMP’) for vegetation in Ferry Reserve Holiday Park (‘the Park’).

The VMP has been prepared to manage the impacts of removal of key habitat trees that have

become unsafe and to inform a Landscape plan currently in preparation.

Recommendations for vegetation management actions and priorities in the Park are made in

response to consideration of the conservation status of vegetation in the Park and the

landuse zoning of the Park.

Under that zoning the vegetation of the Park is subject to the requirements of the Native

Vegetation Act 2003 (NV Act). Under the NV Act pruning and lopping of native vegetation

and slashing of groundcover that do not kill the native vegetation are permitted, and

exemptions from the Act include weed management, planted gardens, utilities, crown land

management activities and those parts of native vegetation that constitute imminent risk to

persons.

Location, zoning and geology

The Park is located in Brunswick Heads between the Brunswick River to the north, the

Pacific Motorway to the east and Riverside Crescent to the south (Figure 3).

It is located on flat low-lying land mapped as occurring on interbarrier creek deposits of

marine sand laid down within earlier deposits of barrier dunes by tidal and aeolian

processes (Troedson &Hashimoto 2004). Soil is mapped as the Tyagarah soil landscape and

comprises strongly acid podzols and acid peats that are poorly drained and of low fertility.

The Park has been cleared of most original native vegetation, but there are occasional

remnant forest red gum trees and stands of swamp oak (Photograph 1). Together with

planted native and introduced trees in operational areas this vegetation contributes to the

natural character of the Park (Photograph 2).

The zoning of the Park is currently being resolved but it is expected that it will be zoned RE1

Public Recreation in the new Byron Shire LEP.



Methodology

Assessment of the conservation status of vegetation in the Park relied on:

a survey of trees and associated fauna habitats in the Park;

targeted searches for threatened flora species, populations and ecological

communities including those listed as threatened under New South Wales Threatened

Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) or the Environment Protection and Biodiversity

Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) known or predicted to occur within 10km of the

Park;

review of Byron Shire Council environmental mapping;

a map of vegetation in the Park prepared with the aid of field inspection and aerial

imagery;

a review of other relevant documents including TSC Act preliminary and final

determinations and habitat descriptions for relevant species on the NSW Office of

Environment and Heritage Threatened Species Profile Database.

Flora and fauna habitats in the Park

Biodiversity Context

The Park is located in the NSW North Coast biogeographic region which has internationally

recognised biodiversity values. The region supports a high diversity of endemic species,

threatened species, endangered ecological communities and species at their distributional

limits.

The Park is within 200 metres of various parts of the Brunswick Heads Nature Reserve

(Figure 1).

Although it has been substantially modified by removal of all understorey vegetation and

establishment of mown exotic lawns, vegetation in part of the Park contains remnant and

regrowth vegetation that provides potential habitat for various mobile terrestrial fauna. It is

connected by a belt of contiguous forest vegetation along the Brunswick River to the west

but is separated from adjoining areas of forest by the Pacific Motorway to the east and the

Brunswick River to the north. Mapped wildlife corridors, including those for aquatic species

of the Brunswick River, are shown in Figure 2.



Figure 1. National Parks estate in the Ferry Reserve locality

Figure 2. BSC mapped wildlife corridors in the Ferry Reserve locality



Vegetation communities

The Park includes minor remnants of native forest vegetation with all native understorey

vegetation removed (Photograph 1) but consists mostly of an artificial community of native

and introduced trees and shrubs over exotic lawns (Photograph 2). No native vegetation is

mapped for the Park by Byron Shire Council (BSC) (http://www.byron.nsw.gov.au/byron-

shire-environmental-mapping).

The most extensive remnants are of forest red gum and swamp oak, but a small area of

broadleaved paperbark occupies swampy ground in the south-eastern extremity of the

study area and there is a narrow strip of mangroves along the foreshore in the north-eastern

part.

1. Forest Red Gum and Swamp Oak

Structure & Composition

Consists of open forest remnants and isolated trees with forest red gum Eucalyptus

tereticornis to around 25 metres tall and often a lower stratum of swamp oak Casuarina glauca

to 15 metres (Photograph 1).

Three other remnant tree species are represented in the Park by single trees; grey ironbark E.

siderophloia, pink bloodwood Corymbia intermedia and swamp box Lophostemon suaveolens.

Other tree species found in the Park, many of which are not the result of natural

regeneration but have been planted within the operational area of the Park but frequently

occur in association with the above species, include tuckeroo Cupaniopsis anacardioides, small-

leaved fig Ficus obliqua, cheese tree Glochidion ferdinandii and broadleaved paperbark

Melaleuca quinquenervia. There are also other native plants appropriate to the setting and

ecosystem such as cabbage palm Livistona australis, hoop pine Araucaria cunninghamii, and

plum pine Podocarpus elatus.

The ground layer vegetation consists of naturalised exotic grasses, which are regularly

mown except in dense stands of swamp oak or on steeper slopes associated with the

riverbank and table drains.

Habitat, Ecology & Dynamics

Remnant stands occur along the bank of the Brunswick River and along a large table drain

on the southern edge of the Park adjoining Riverside Drive. The riverbank is exposed to

wind and the adjoining habitats experience tidal and storm surges of salt water.

Mature forest red gums also occur as isolated trees within the Park. Several smaller

examples are structurally defective and will need to be treated or removed for public safety.

http://www.byron.nsw.gov.au/byron-shire-environmental-mapping

http://www.byron.nsw.gov.au/byron-shire-environmental-mapping



Two larger examples are overmature, have numerous branch hollows and are approaching

the end of their lifespan. Hollows are important fauna habitat elements.

Mature forest red gums provide an important winter nectar resource for mobile fauna.

Swamp oaks play an important role in bank stabilisation by means of their dense

interlocking root systems and ability to sprout from exposed roots.

Classification, Mapping & Conservation status

Remnants of the forest red gum and swamp oak community fall within the 'Coastal

Floodplain Wetlands' vegetation class of Keith (2004). The Biometric Vegetation Type is

‘Forest Red Gum - Swamp Box of the Clarence Valley lowlands of the North Coast’.

The dominant tree species are similar to those described in paragraph 4 of the Final

Determination to list ‘Subtropical Coastal Floodplain Forest of the NSW North Coast

bioregion’ as an Endangered Ecological Community (EEC) in Part 3 of Schedule 1 of the TSC

Act (1995). The forest red gum and swamp oak community and associated remnant trees in

the Park are therefore considered to meet the floristic assemblage requirements of the

Determination.

However, the geology mapping indicates that the soils are infertile and have developed on

marine sands laid down by tidal processes rather than alluvial soils deposited by overland

flow and as such may not meet the edaphic criteria as indicated in the Determination (Gales

Holdings Pty Limited v Tweed Shire Council [2008] NSWLEC 209). This can only be

confirmed by a site-specific soil survey.

Impacts

Other areas of this community occur east and west of the Park and it is likely that it once

extended throughout most of the Park.

In the Park many large remnant trees have probably already been lost. The ground layer has

been subjected to mowing and replacement by exotic grasses.

Many specimens of introduced natives and exotics have been planted. The introduced

natives include bottlebrushes Callistemon viminalis, silky oak Grevillea robusta and weeping

paperbark Melaleuca leucadendra, all of which provide a continuity of nectar resources that

have enabled Noisy Miners to establish permanent residence and has resulted in their

excluding most other bird species. In addition, M. leucadendra is thought to hybridise with

the local endemic species M. quinquenervia, which is an important fauna resource. These

species should therefore be scheduled for eventual removal and replaced by local native

species that produce fruits rather than nectar.



In the western extremity of the Park riverbank erosion is causing slumping of soil and both

forest red gum and Swamp Oak are falling into the river. Further east in the Park this

problem has been arrested by provision of rock armouring of the bank.

Threats

The major current threat to this community is gradual loss of the dominant trees to erosion

as well as to decline and removal associated with aging. Unless efforts are made to control

erosion of the riverbank and replace those trees lost to arboricultural intervention, the entire

vegetation community is likely to eventually be replaced by introduced vegetation.

In the longer term storm surges are also likely to be a threat. For this reason it is important

that existing native vegetation, which is adapted to this environment, is retained so as to

enable it to survive storm events.

2. Broadleaved paperbark Low Open Forest


A low open forest to around 10 metres tall dominated by broadleaved paperbark Melaleuca

quinquenervia. The midstratum is more or less absent. The ground layer vegetation consists

mostly of sparse cover of exotic grasses.


This community occurs on a swampy low-lying area south-east of the Park. All trees are

young and have apparently regenerated naturally following earlier disturbance.


Broadleaved paperbark is a characteristic dominant species of the Endangered Ecological

Community (EEC) ‘Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal Floodplains’ and this community

is likely to meet the floristic assemblage requirements for that EEC. As is the case for the

forest red gum and swamp oak community, the broadleaved paperbark community may not

necessarily be considered EEC as it does not appear to satisfy the edaphic criteria.

Impacts

Communities such as the Melaleuca quinquenervia Low Open Forest of the study area are

common in the locality on low-lying parts of floodplains and on coastal sandplains. The

community is usually robust to occasional disturbance and able to regenerate naturally. No

disturbance to this community is likely to arise from the Park or its operations.

Threats

The only likely threat to this community is future weed invasion, especially from vigorous

vines, or shrubs such as groundsel bush or winter senna.



Figure 3. Aerial photograph of the Park showing vegetation communities and mature trees



3. Mangrove


A small stand of low open woodland to around 10 metres consisting mostly of grey

mangrove Avicennia marina.


Occupies saline mud in the intertidal zone in the north-east of the study area and along the

edge of the Brunswick River generally. The species is widespread and common throughout

its range in Australia and the world and is a fast growing hardy species. It is threatened by

the loss of mangrove habitat throughout its range, primarily due to extraction and coastal

development.


Mangroves are protected in NSW and a permit of required from NSW DPI to undertake

works or activities that may harm them.

Impacts

Mangroves may once have been more extensive along the Park riverfront, however erosion

control works in the form of rock armouring of the river bank in response to erosion has

probably excluded them from establishing in that section of the Brunswick River.

Threats

Given their legally protected status and value as fish habitat and bank stabilisation there are

no current or likely threats to mangroves in the study area.

4. Exotic lawns and gardens

An artificial community extending over the main operational areas of the Park and

occupying areas that would once have supported forest red gum – swamp oak open forest.

Lawns are the most extensive form of vegetation throughout the Park. They consist mainly

of exotic grasses grown for their salt tolerance and resistance to wear.

There are many exotic shrubs in the Park which are used to screen buildings and demarcate

various areas, particularly the golden cane palm. Trees are mostly native but include the

introduced natives bottlebrush, silky oak and weeping paperbark as well as a large exotic

camphor laurel.

Impacts

The exotics and introduced natives represent missed opportunities for maintenance of fauna

habitat and have contributed to threats in the Park such as the preponderance of Noisy

Miners in the bird fauna.



Threats

Camphor laurel is a threat to existing forest habitat in the locality.

Noisy Miners in the Park represent a threat to the utility of the Park and adjoining forested

lands as a habitat corridor for other bird species. ‘Aggressive exclusion of birds from

woodland and forest habitat by abundant Noisy Miners’ was listed as a key threatening

process on Schedule 3 of the TSC Act on 27 September 2013.



Conservation values

High conservation value vegetation

BSC has mapped a narrow strip of high conservation value (HCV) vegetation along the

northern boundary of the study area adjoining the Brunswick River, and fragments along

the eastern boundary adjoining the Pacific Motorway (Figure 4).

Figure 4. BSC High Conservation Value vegetation on and adjoining Ferry Reserve study area (shaded green)

Within the Park HCV vegetation includes remnant forest red gum and swamp oak, and

broadleaved paperbark. low open forest; adjoining the Park they also include mangrove and

other estuarine habitats.



Threatened Communities and Populations

There are two communities in the Park that satisfy floristic assemblage requirements for

EECs: forest red gum and swamp oak remnants and isolated forest red gum trees may be

part of the EEC ‘Subtropical Coastal Floodplain Forest of the NSW North Coast bioregion’,

and the broadleaved paperbark low open forest may be part of the EEC ‘Swamp Sclerophyll

Forest on Coastal Floodplains’. In the absence of a soil survey to confirm whether or not this

is the case, this report adopts the precautionary principle and assumes these EECs do occur

in the Park.

No threatened populations of species recorded in the Park or with potential habitat in the

Park are recorded for the locality or are likely to occur in the Park.

Threatened flora species

No threatened flora species were detected in the Park. Because of the small size and

scattered distribution of remnants and the disturbance regime associated with operation of

the Park they are unlikely to establish there.

Threatened fauna habitat

Of the threatened fauna recorded in the locality there is habitat in the Park for Osprey,

Collared Kingfisher, Mangrove Honeyeater, Koala, Grey-headed Flying-fox, Greater

Broadnosed Bat and Southern Myotis (Table 1. Occurrence in the Park of breeding and

foraging habitat for Threatened Fauna recorded within 10km of the Park (marine and

aquatic species excluded)The Park is also potential habitat for Black Bittern and Black-

necked Stork.

Of these, records for all except Southern Myotis are rare in the locality. The presence of only

one tree species known to be browsed by Koala and the paucity of records of other species

indicate that the importance of the Park as habitat for these species in the locality is likely to

be low.



Table 1. Occurrence in the Park of breeding and foraging habitat for Threatened Fauna recorded within 10km of the Park (marine and aquatic species excluded)

Class Scientific name Common name Status

Habitat type Habitat description Occurrence of habitat in study area

Aves Pandion haliaetus Osprey V Breeding habitat Emergent living or dead trees or artificial towers within 3 km of foraging habitat

Yes

Foraging habitat Open protected water adjoins study area

Shelter/roosting/refuge

Structures on shorelines as vantage points for hunting and for resting

Yes

Aves Todiramphus chloris Collared Kingfisher

V Breeding habitat Usually hollows in large mangrove trees, sometimes in hollows or arboreal termite nests in Eucalyptus or Melaleuca adjacent to mangroves or estuarine foraging habitat.

Possible

Foraging habitat Mangrove associations and other associated littoral estuarine habitats.

Yes


As breeding and foraging habitat Yes

Aves Ixobrychus flavicollis Black Bittern V Breeding habitat Vegetation bordering water bodies or watercourses including Mangroves

Possible

Foraging habitat as per breeding habitat Possible


as per breeding habitat Possible

Aves Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus

Black-necked Stork

E1 Breeding habitat Live or dead tree within or near foraging habitat. Usually isolated, live, paddock trees in NSW, but also in paperbarks and occasionally low shrubs within wetlands.

Possible

Foraging habitat Shallow open freshwater or saline wetlands and estuarine habitats, including swamps, floodplains, watercourses, wet heathland, wet meadows, farm dams, saltmarsh, mud- and sand-flats, mangroves.

adjoins study area


As foraging and breeding habitat combined. adjoins study area

Aves Lichenostomus fasciogularis

Mangrove Honeyeater

V Breeding habitat Mangrove vegetation associations of coasts, estuaries and offshore islands.

Yes

Foraging habitat Mangrove vegetation associations and adjacent coastal vegetation or, occasionally, coastal parks and gardens.

Yes




Not known.

Mammalia

Phascolarctos cinereus Koala V Breeding habitat eucalypt woodlands and forests no

Foraging habitat Feed on the foliage of more than 70 eucalypt species and 30 non-eucalypt species; in any one area will select preferred browse species

Possible


n/a

Mammalia

Pteropus poliocephalus Grey-headed Flying-fox

V Breeding habitat Canopy trees associated with rainforest, or coastal scrub or riparian or estuarine communities and with sufficient forage resources available within 40km.

no

Foraging habitat Most Yes


Patches of forest with canopy trees within 40 kilometres of forage resource.

no

Mammalia

Scoteanax rueppellii Greater Broad-nosed Bat

V Breeding habitat Likely to be as per roosting habitat Yes

Foraging habitat Forests woodlands and wetlands adjoins study area


Live or dead hollow-bearing trees, under exfoliating bark, or in buildings

Yes

Mammalia

Myotis macropus Southern Myotis V Breeding habitat Likely to be as per roosting habitat Yes

Foraging habitat waterbodies (including streams, or lakes or reservoirs) and fringing areas of vegetation

adjoins study area


Live and dead hollow-bearing trees, under bridges or other artificial structures, in caves, or in dense foliage

Yes



Vegetation management in the Park

Laws affecting vegetation management

Clearing of native vegetation in NSW is regulated under the provisions of the Environment

Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EPA Act) and the Native Vegetation Act 2003 (NV Act).

The EPA Act requires that, where an activity is likely to significantly affect threatened

species, populations or ecological communities, or their habitats, or critical habitat, a species

impact statement must be prepared. In deciding whether there is likely to be a significant

effect on threatened species, populations or ecological communities, the seven-part test of

significance must be applied as set out in the EPA Act and the TSC Act.

The subject land is proposed to be zoned RE1 - Public Recreation. Any clearing of vegetation

in this zone is subject to the provisions of the NV Act. As such, the clearing of vegetation in

the Park is regulated by the Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority (CMA)

rather than the local Council.

Under the NV Act activities such as pruning of woody vegetation and slashing of

understorey vegetation that do not kill native vegetation are not considered to be clearing.

There are also NV Act exemptions for certain activities relevant to Park management,

including clearing to the minimum amount necessary to reduce imminent risk to persons or

property, and the construction, operation and maintenance of infrastructure.

All native fauna and many species of native flora also have some degree of legal protection

under the NPW Act. Mangroves are protected under the Fisheries Management Act.

Pursuant to the provisions of SEPP Infrastructure 2007, development for any purpose may

be carried out without consent on land that is a reserve within the meaning of Part 5 of the

Crown Lands Act 1989, by or on behalf of the Director-General of the Department of Lands, a

trustee of the reserve or (if appointed under that Act to manage the reserve) the Ministerial

Corporation constituted under that Act or an administrator, if the development is for the

purposes of implementing a plan of management adopted for the land under the Act

referred to above in relation to the land.

http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/xref/inforce/?xref=Type%3Dact%20AND%20Year%3D1989%20AND%20no%3D6&nohits=y



Future vegetation management

Strategic assessment

The following assessment is a summary of the issues to be considered in the management of

vegetation in the Park. It provides the basis for identifying and prioritising actions required

to ensure that native vegetation in the Park is managed sustainably. The list is derived from

this and other studies. The issues are not ranked and do not indicate priority.

STRENGTHS

Shade, protection and fauna habitat offered by native vegetation.

Natural beauty of existing native vegetation.

WEAKNESSES

Presence of environmentally inappropriate plants facilitates the key threatening

process ‘Aggressive exclusion of birds from woodland and forest habitat by

abundant Noisy Miners’.

No current landscape plan to address the issues of erosion or environmentally

inappropriate plants.

Bank erosion and inappropriate arboricultural practices have contributed to the loss

of environmentally significant trees.

OPPORTUNITIES

Preparation of a landscape plan utilising native plants characteristic of local

vegetation communities to replace exotics and introduced natives.

Appropriate treatment of bank erosion.

Assessment and arboricultural intervention to manage impacts of Park operation on

trees as outlined in Australian Standard 4970.

Apply the hierarchy of avoid, minimise and mitigate to impacts on native vegetation.

THREATS

Environmentally inappropriate plants

Aging and decaying trees.

Ongoing loss of native tree cover.



Action Plan for vegetation in the Park

General:

1. Incorporate native trees into landscaping areas.

2. Where remnant forest red gum trees are required to be removed they should be replaced

with trees of the same species at the ratio determined by the approval authority in the

areas identified in Figure 5. The criteria for a tree replacement under the Byron Shire

Biodiversity Conservation Strategy (2004) are:

o 1:1 for native trees of low ecological/heritage/aesthetic value;

o 1:5 for native trees of medium ecological/heritage/aesthetic value;

o 1:10 for native trees of high ecological/heritage/aesthetic value.

3. Maximise the lifespan of remnant native trees in and adjoining operational areas by

providing arboricultural inspection, reporting and intervention as required to meet AS

4970.

4. Maintain an up to date plan showing locations of existing trees.

5. Minimise impacts on remnant foreshore vegetation.

Bush Regeneration, Weed Control and Landscaping:

1. Use local native plant species which are characteristic of the vegetation community

(listed in Appendix 1) for assisted regeneration and landscaping.

2. Undertake an ongoing program of removing inappropriate or exotic garden plants from

landscaped areas and replacing with native species selected from the species list in

Appendix 1.

3. Minimise incursion of vehicles into critical root zones of remnant trees and areas of

native vegetation.

4. Avoid damaging basal bark and exposed roots with brush cutters and mowers.

5. Ensure that the impact of tree pruning is appropriately assessed and that pruning is

undertaken by a suitably qualified arborist.

New developments:

1. Properly assess any new development in the holiday park potentially impacting on

native vegetation as required by the EPA Act, TSC Act and the NPW Act.

2. Mitigate impacts of new developments by means of offsets and appropriate

arboricultural interventions.

3. Use local native plant species (Appendix 1) rather than exotics wherever the native

species can perform the required role in the landscape.

4. Ensure ropes for tents and annexes are not secured to established trees.



Figure 5. Areas of the Park identified as suitable locations for planting of replacement trees



Bibliography

Byron Shire Council. Local_Environmental_Study_LES_2008-Figure_7_-

_Soil_Landscapes_Plan.pdf

Dept of Environment & Conservation 2004: Threatened Species Survey and Assessment:

Guidelines for developments and activities (Working Draft). DEC Sydney

Keith D 2004. Ocean shores to desert dunes: The native vegetation of New South Wales and the

ACT. DEC Hurstville

Scientific Committee 16/12/04. Subtropical coastal floodplain forest of the NSW North Coast

bioregion - endangered ecological community listing. DEC Hurstville.

Scientific Committee 17/12/04. Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal Floodplains of the NSW

North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions. DEC Hurstville.

Troedson, A., Hashimoto, T.R. (eds) 2004. NSW Coastal Quaternary Geology Data Package (on

CD-ROM), New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Mineral Resources,

Geological Survey of New South Wales, Maitland.

Wrigley J & M Fagg 1996. Australian Native Plants – propagation, cultivation and use in

landscaping. Sixth Edition. Reed Melbourne.



Photographs

Photograph 1 (above): remnant stands of forest red gum and swamp oak beside the Brunswick River

Photograph 2 (below): native and introduced trees in operational areas of the Park



Appendix 1. Recommended native plant species for

landscaping in Ferry Reserve Holiday Park

Recommended tree species have been selected from the list of characteristic species in the

Determinations for Subtropical coastal floodplain forest and Swamp sclerophyll forest on coastal

floodplains, together with a selection of hardy rainforest trees from the locality.

Botanical name growth form *reference common name comments Centella asiatica

ground cover 105 pennywort Crinum pedunculatum water feature/ground

cover 154 stream lily Cynodon dactylon ground cover

couch grass

Dianella caerulea ground cover 159 flax lily Dianella longifolia ground cover 159 flax lily Dichelachne micrantha ground cover

plume grass

Dichondra repens ground cover 107 kidney weed Gahnia clarkei or G. sieberiana water feature/ground

cover 218 sawsedge Hibbertia scandens twiner/ground cover 115 guinea flower Juncus kraussii water feature/ground

cover

sea rush Lomandra longifolia ground cover 120 mat rush Microlaena stipoides ground cover

weeping grass

Phragmites australis water feature/ground cover 228 common reed

Themeda australis ground cover

kangaroo grass Cordyline rubra shrub 309 palm lily Eupomatia laurina shrub 334 copper laurel Hibiscus diversifolius shrub 384 swamp hibiscus Melaleuca alternifolia shrub 417 snow in summer Pittosporum revolutum

shrub 456 rough-fruited pittosporum

Acronychia imperforata small tree 509 logan apple Callistemon salignus small tree 531 pink tips Cryptocarya laevigata small tree 544 glossy laurel Hibiscus tiliaceus small tree 579 cottonwood Mallotus discolor small tree 587 yellow kamala occurs in Park

Syzygium australe small tree 608 brush cherry

Casuarina glauca medium tree 538 swamp oak common in Park

Cryptocarya triplinervis medium tree 544 three-veined laurel Cupaniopsis anacardioides medium tree 544 tuckeroo occurs in Park

Drypetes deplanchei medium tree 550 yellow tulipwood Dysoxylum mollissimum medium tree 550 red bean Elaeocarpus obovatus medium tree 552 hard quandong Glochidion ferdinandii medium tree 573 cheese tree occurs in Park

Glochidion sumatranum medium tree 574 umbrella cheese tree occurs in Park

Harpullia pendula medium tree 577 tulipwood Litsea australis medium tree 584 green bollywood occurs in Park

Lophostemon suaveolens medium tree 586 swamp box occurs in Park Melaleuca quinquenervia

medium tree 588 broadleaved paperbark occurs in Park



Planchonella australis medium tree 599 black apple

Podocarpus elatus medium tree 599 plum pine

occurs in Park

Scolopia braunii medium tree 605 flintwood

Syzygium luehmannii medium tree 611 riberry occurs in Park

Syzygium moorei medium tree 612 durobby Corymbia intermedia large tree 541 pink bloodwood occurs in Park

Eucalyptus siderophloia large tree

grey ironbark occurs in Park Eucalyptus tereticornis

large tree 565 forest red gum dominant tree in Park

Ficus obliqua large tree 568 small-leaved fig occurs in Park Archontophoenix cunninghamiana tall palm 521 bangalow palm

Livistona australis tall palm 584 cabbage palm common in Park

Araucaria cunninghamii tall tree 520 hoop pine occurs in Park

*Reference is to page in Wrigley & Fagg (Sixth Edition)

Documents

Ferry Reserve Holiday Park - Holiday & Caravan … Melaleuca leucadendra, all of which provide a continuity of nectar resources that have enabled Noisy Miners to establish permanent