Fernando R. Pedrosa, Ph.D. Prof.-in-charge. Social Stratification Meaning and Nature - Refers to the...
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Social stratification Fernando R. Pedrosa, Ph.D. Prof.-in-charge
Fernando R. Pedrosa, Ph.D. Prof.-in-charge. Social Stratification Meaning and Nature - Refers to the ranking of individuals and groups in any given society
Social Stratification Meaning and Nature - Refers to the
ranking of individuals and groups in any given society. - It is a
basic component of social organization. - It is found in all human
groups. - This is transmitted from one generation to another.
Slide 3
The families are ranked as a whole, so that their positions in
the hierarchy are significant in delimiting the range of resources
and opportunities available to the members. It is also the
hierarchical arrangement and establishment of social categories
that may evolve into social groups as well as statuses and their
corresponding roles.
Slide 4
Social stratification may be viewed as a: 1. Social structure
2. Social process 3. Social problem
Slide 5
Social structure - may be viewed as the differentiation of
statuses and social roles into ranked orders. - this is sometimes
termed by sociologists as institutionalized inequality.
Slide 6
Social Process - it may be viewed as the splitting up of
society into social categories that develop into social groups
cooperating, competing, conflicting for the status quo or social
change.
Slide 7
Social Problem - it involves bitter feelings of discontent and
of strong demands for equality or social justice.
Slide 8
Basic Concepts of Inequality Stratification theorists use
inequality to refer to the situation in which the economic goods in
a society are distributed unevenly among different groups or
categories of people. They argue that economic inequality produces
or leads to other forms of inequality in society, and that these
patterns of inequality, in turn, lead to economic inequality.
Slide 9
Macro concept of Social Stratification 1. Attribution 2.
Stereotype 3. Self-fulfilling prophecy 4. Social comparisons 5. A
fair world 6. Just world
Slide 10
Social Stratification Systems Differentiation - refers to how
things or people can be distinguished from one another. - people
may be differentiated on the basis of the colors of their skin,
color of hair, and the like. Stratification - refers to the ranking
of things or people.
Slide 11
Dimensions of Stratification 1. Wealth and income - the income
of any family depends on what its members earn and what they own. -
what people own is called wealth, and is often inherited; this
consists of the value of everything a person or group owns. -
income refers to how much people get; it is the amount of money one
person or group receives.
Slide 12
- economists view wages and salaries as a return on labor;
interest, dividend, and rent as a return on property. - both income
and wealth are distributed unevenly in our society, but to a
different degree.
Slide 13
2. Inequalities of power - power is the ability to control ones
own life (personal power) and control or influence the actions of
others (social power). - power is a fundamental and inherent
element in all human interaction at every social level. - this can
be used for constructive or selfish ends.
Slide 14
3. Inequalities of prestige - prestige of individuals and
groups may be defined as the social recognition that a person or
group receives from others. - it can be influenced in a number of
ways. - it refers to the esteem, respect, or approval that is
granted by an individual or a collectivity for performance or
qualities they consider above the average.
Slide 15
- prestige provides people with a sense of worth and respect, a
feeling that somehow they are accepted and values by others.
Slide 16
Types of Stratification Open system - also known as class
system. - it has few impediments to social mobility. Close system -
also known as caste system. - status is ascribed, and determined by
people at birth and people are locked into their parents social
position.
Slide 17
Typical of Class System 1. Upper class 2. Upper middle class 3.
Lower middle class 4. Working class 5. Lower class
Slide 18
Upper class have great wealth, often going back for many
generations. 1) Old rich ascribed status through inheritance. 2)
Noveau rich newly-acquired wealth. Recognized by others by
reputation and lifestyle. Have high prestige, and often have an
influence on the societys basic economic and political
structure.
Slide 19
Upper-middle class made up of successful business and
professional people and their families. - have college education,
own property, and have money savings. - live in comfortable homes
in more exclusive areas of a community.
Slide 20
Lower-middle class usually high school or vocational education
graduates with modest incomes; they are the lesser professionals,
clerical and sales workers, and upper-level manual laborers. -
emphasize respectability and security; - have savings, and are
politically and economically conservative.
Slide 21
Working class made up of factory workers and other blue-collar
workers. - are people who keep the countrys machinery going. - are
assembly line workers, auto mechanics, and repair personnel. - live
adequately but with little left over for luxuries. - many of them
have not finished high school.
Slide 22
Lower class are people at the bottom of the economic ladder. -
have little education or occupational skills and are consequently
either unemployed or underemployed. - have many problems, including
broken homes, illegitimacy, criminal involvement, alcoholism, drug-
pushing/addiction, gambling, etc. - have little knowledge of world
events, are not involved with their communities. - due to a variety
of personal and economic problems, they often have no way of
improving their lot in life. - for them life is a matter of
surviving from one day to the next.
Slide 23
Indicators of Social Mobility 1. Power 2. Prestige - esteem -
honor 3. Wealth
Slide 24
Social Mobility This refers to the movement of an individual or
a group within a stratification system that changes the individuals
or groups status in society.
Slide 25
Types of Social Mobility 1. Upward mobility 2. Downward
mobility 3. Horizontal mobility
Slide 26
Geographic Migration Known to sociologists as physical
mobility. It is the movement of people from one geographical spot
to another, and it is a phenomenon of increasing frequency in
modern society.
Slide 27
Types of Geographical Migration 1. Voluntary migration 2.
Forced migration
Slide 28
Reasons for Voluntary Migration 1. Economic factor 2. Political
reason 3. Religious liberty 4. Educational opportunities 5. Natural
calamities
Slide 29
Effects of Migration 1. Diffusion of cultures 2. Biological
mixture 3. Urbanization of the culture
Slide 30
Role Mobility Shifting from role to role called role mobility
Factors affecting social mobility: 1. Hard work 2. Social structure
3. Societal values and norms 4. Level of education 5. Marriage 6.
Luck
Slide 31
Mobility and Social Personality Higher social status is the
result of personal achievement. Since each person has a key role,
this is usually the one in which he/she does the most to achieve
status, but all the groups and roles are possible avenues of
mobility. For example, a woman may move upward, by marriage, into a
higher class or by competence in her profession; a man may rise
into higher social status through his political or educational
career.
Slide 32
But, in many instances, striving for higher status is often
accompanied by certain strains and frustrations. This is so because
in some societies, it is not always true that mobility and
efficiency are rewarded with higher prestige. - Another source of
frustration occurs when the individual does not simply have the
competence to achieve higher status even though he may have a
desire and drive for it and social pressure for upward mobility may
be very strong. The demands may be very strong and the expectations
of group life are often too much for the individual.
Slide 33
For Fichter, the attempt to achieve higher status in
competitive groups sometimes results in an unbalanced social
personality. This occurs when the key role, the main instrument of
higher prestige in any individual, is emphasized at the expense of
the other social roles. It must be noted that downward social
mobility also carried its own social and personal costs. People who
are left behind in the competitive struggle for social status, or
who slip to lower class, suffer strains, frustrations, and
disappointments. If this happens in adulthood, the person finds
adaptation and readjustment to his new position very
difficult.
Slide 34
Education and Social Mobility The amount of education a person
has, constitute one of the most important criteria of social
status, and this is basically in agreement with the facts of social
mobility. In almost all societies, educational attainments are
rising. Those who receive higher education may also use it as a
stepping stone to higher social status.
Slide 35
Social Mobility and Success Success in life is always attached
to upward social mobility. The high value placed upon activity,
success, and quantity will enable one to understand why success is
related to social mobility.
Slide 36
RACE, ETHNICITY, and GENDER
Slide 37
Meaning and nature - is a socially constructed category
composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that
members of society consider important. Race
Slide 38
Race likewise refers to physical characteristics transmitted at
birth to a group of people. This is manifested in the shape of the
head and face, the shape and color of the eyes, the shape of the
nose, lips, and ears, the texture and color of hair, the skin
color, height, blood type and other characteristics.
Slide 39
Ethnicity This refers to a group of people with common cultural
background. The theory of the definition of the situation in ethnic
group relations implies that, what is important is not the physical
characteristics that identify a group but how such relationship
determine the feeling of belonging to each other.
Slide 40
Racial distinctions become meaningful because we attach meaning
to them, and the consequences vary from prejudice and
discrimination to slavery and genocide.
Slide 41
Some people believe that racial differences are real and
important, and behave accordingly, therefore, those differences
become real and important.
Slide 42
Gender This refers to either the masculinity or femininity of
the individual. This pertains more to the psycho-social- cultural
distinction/differences between the male and the female. Sex is the
biological distinction between a male and a female.
Slide 43
Problems in Race and Ethnic Relations 1. Prejudice 2.
Discrimination Causes of Prejudice 1. Stereotyping 2. Ethnocentrism
3. Scapegoating 4. Authoritarian personality
Slide 44
Minority Group Refers to groups subordinated in terms of power
and privilege to the majority of dominant group. In many countries,
being superior in number does not guarantee a group control over
its destiny and assure it of majority status. (pls. refer to
Palispis, 184)
Slide 45
Types of Minority Groups Racial groups - refer to those
minorities, and corresponding majorities who are classified
according to obvious physical differences. The obvious physical
differences may refer to hair color, color of the skin, shape of
earlobe, etc.
Slide 46
Ethnic Groups - these are minority groups who are designated by
their ethnicity based on cultural differences such as language,
attitudes toward marriage and parenting, food habits, and other. -
these groups are set apart from others because of their national
origin or distinctive cultural patterns.
Slide 47
Religious Groups - refer to association with a religion other
than the dominant faith. In this, religion is meant to include a
sacred literature and ritual, institutional and cultist practices,
and essential beliefs and philosophy.
Slide 48
- In connection with this, the following terms have to be
understood: 1. Ecclesia dominant church/religion in a society. 2.
Sect a breakaway group from the ecclesia, ex. Protestantism of
Martin Luther, Aglipayanism of Gregorio Aglipay, Anglicanism of
King Henry VIII, etc. (n.b. the breaking away is known as schism)
3. Denomination once the sect grows in number it eventually becomes
a denomination; this refers to a religious group that tends to
limit its membership to a particular class, ethnic group, or
religious group, or at least to have its leadership position
dominated by members of such a group.
Slide 49
4. Cult a religious group that usually introduces totally new
religious ideas and principles. - usually have charismatic leaders
who expect a total commitment from the cult members, who are
usually motivated by an intense sense of mission. - members must
give up individual autonomy and decision-making.
Slide 50
5. Occult also known as magic and faith healing. - although
majority of the country has been Christianized, there are still
people, even in the urban areas, who depend on the occult as a
means of obtaining inner peace or solving personal problems. - is
derived from the Latin word occultus which means mysterious things
and practices related to supernatural forces beyond the five
senses. - included under this are practices and beliefs in
astrology, magic, witchcraft, numerology, crystal ball gazing,
spiritism and fortune telling.
Slide 51
Prejudice An emotional bias; An irrationally based negative or
occasionally positive, attitude toward certain groups and their
members; Has certain functions: 1. promotes feeling of we-ness of
being part of an in-group; 2. helps define the boundaries of the
group; i.e. the feeling of being special or superior;
Slide 52
Discrimination While prejudice is a subjective feeling,
discrimination is an overt action. May be defined as different
treatment, usually unequal and injurious, accorded to individuals
who are assumed to belong to a particular category or group.
Slide 53
Causes of Prejudice Stereotyping - the tendency to picture all
members of a group in an oversimplified or exaggerated manner. -
process by which all members of a particular category as having the
same qualities.
Slide 54
Scapegoating - the need to find someone or something else to
blame for our troubles. - racial minorities have been frequently
scapegoats in our society.
Slide 55
Authoritarian personality Some members of a majority group
manifest this by bullying inferiors. Is not solely confined to
fascism but also in political extremists of any ideology.
Slide 56
Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Integroup Relations Relations
between racial and ethnic groups that are part of a single group
range from being friendly to murderous. Pluralism - ethnic or
racial or ethnic groups maintain their distinctiveness but treat
one another with respect.
Slide 57
Assimilation - this occurs when a minority group becomes
integrated into the dominant society. Cultural Assimilation - is
the adoption of the dominant groups culture and traditions.
Slide 58
Structural Assimilation - refers to the admission to major
businesses and professions, while primary assimilation refers to
acceptance into private clubs, friendships, cliques, and family
through intermarriages.
Slide 59
Amalgamation - Intermarriages among people from different
ethnic groups.
Slide 60
Pluralism Cultural pluralism may not be always be that easy,
desirable and peaceful because there may be serious problems/issues
that may be encountered, such as: - Ethnic struggle - Genocide -
Slavery - Subjugation - Segregation - Expulsion - Annihilation -
Apartheid
Slide 61
ETHNIC STRUGGLE - This occurs when two or more groups in a
society vie for power and privilege. - This is mostly to develop
when a society is split into two main ethnic or racial groups.
Slide 62
GENOCIDE - This is considered the ultimate solution to
intergroup conflict the mass murder of an ethnic or racial group. -
The best known example of this is Nazi Germanys systematic
extermination of more than 6 million Jews,
Slide 63
SLAVERY - Refers to the treatment of a group of people as
property, rather than as persons. - Slaves may be acquired through
war, conquest, or trade. - This is most likely to develop where
there is a large supply of arable but unused land, and labor is
scarce.
Slide 64
SUBJUGATION - This refers to the control of one group and the
assumption of a position of authority, power, and domination by the
other. - The members of the subordinate groups may accept their
lower status for a time, and even devise indigenous
rationalizations for it.
Slide 65
SEGREGATION - This is actually a form of subjugation. - This
refers to the act, process, or state of being set apart. - It is a
situation that places limits and restrictions on the contact,
communication, and social relations among groups. - In a way, this
is a form of ostracism imposed on a minority by a dominant group. -
There are some groups that prefer to retain their ethnicity like
the Chinese, in which case segregation remains voluntary.
Slide 66
EXPULSION - The process of forcing a group to leave the
territory where it resides. - Can be made indirectly by making life
in the area very miserable, forcing the people to vacate the area.
- May done directly through forced migration. - Is an extreme
attempt to eliminate a certain minority from an area. - Is the most
extreme action one can take against another.
Slide 67
ANNIHILATION - This refers to the deliberate practice of trying
to exterminate a racial or ethnic group. - Has also been referred
to as genocide, a word coined to describe the crimes committed by
the Nazis during WW II. - Is the denial of the right to live of an
entire group of people.
Slide 68
APARTHEID (SOUTH AFRICA) - This has roots in slavery. - Means
separate development according to the language of Afrikaners, the
descendants of Dutch settlers who emigrated to Southern Africa in
the 17 th century. - Its central focus is racial separation. - Is a
philosophy of white supremacy grounded in Africaner history and
religion.
Slide 69
Minority Group Responses 1. Accomodation 2. Reform 3.
Separatism or nationalism 4. Rebellion and revolution
Slide 70
Other Minority Responses 1. Avoidance 2. Acceptance 3.
Assimilation into the majority 4. Aggression
Slide 71
Gender Stratification Refers to personal traits and social
positions that members of a society attach to being male or female.
It is a dimension of social organization, shaping how we interact
with others and how we think of ourselves. Involves hierarchy or
ranking men and women seen thoroughly different from each other in
terms of power, wealth, and other resources. Refers to the unequal
distribution of wealth, power, and prestige between men and
women.
Slide 72
Patriarchy Literally means rule of the father. Is a form of
social organization in which males dominates females. The opposite
of this is contained in mythical tales about societies dominated by
females known as amazons
Slide 73
Sexism Is the belief that one sex is innately superior than the
other. Is the ideological basis of patriarchy. Is built into the
institution of society known as institutional sexism being a part
of the economy. In some countries, women in general are
concentrated in low-paying jobs.
Slide 74
Sexualism The focus is not on the job/profession/sports but on
the private parts of the individual, sensationalizing them (sex
organs) or focusing so much on them through publication, etc.
Slide 75
- It is the belief that women and men have biological different
capacities and that these differences are from a legitimate basis
for unequal treatment. - This is said to be a part of the general
strategy of stratification, which compels one to exclude others on
the basis of category membership as sex and race. - It is likewise
a means of restricting access to scarce resources.
Slide 76
Sexual harassment This is a special form of discrimination that
is especially problematic for female workers and students. This may
mean unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and
other unwanted verbal or physical conduct of sexual nature. This is
different from the legal concept of act of lasciviousness.
Slide 77
SOCIAL CHANGE
Slide 78
Change occurs everywhere. This is a phenomenon that
characterizes the world in which we live. All of us are, therefore,
a part of an ever changing world. Some of these many aspects of
change in our social world are changes in our institutions, changes
in material culture, cultural diffusion, and changes in our
population.
Slide 79
Social change has been defined as the alteration of patterns of
social organization, structure, institutions, and intergroup or
intragroup behaviors over time. This is pervasive in all societies
and affects all individuals, in one way or another. It is also
pervasive in culture, society, and personality.
Slide 80
Culture Change and its Elements - Culture refers to all
alterations/modifications affecting new traits or trait complexes
and to changes in a culture content and structure. - Culture change
involves the following elements: 1. development of oral and written
language and other means of communication; 2. modification of
technology; 3. shifts in economic principles;
Slide 81
4. historical evolution of religious thought and political
ideology. 5. variations in musical styles and in other art forms;
6. transition in scientific theory; 7. alterations in the forms and
rules of social organization.
Slide 82
Technological Change & Social Change These are specific
parts of cultural change. Technological change denotes revisions
that occur in mans application of his technical knowledge and
skills as he adopts himself to his big environment.
Slide 83
This change may be evident in the following: 1. increasing
differentiation in the forms of tools and implements used by man;
2. constant additions to and deletions from the range of
inventions; 3. gradual increase in scientific knowledge; 4.
resulting ability to utilize and exploit the natural environment
for mans needs.
Slide 84
Social change refers to the variations or modifications in the
patterns of social organizations of subgroups within a society, or
of the entire society itself. This may be manifested in the rise
and fall of small groups, communities, or institutional structures
and functions, or changes in the statuses, the roles of members of
the family, work setting, church, government, school, and other
subsystems of the social organization.
Slide 85
Internal Sources of Social Change 1. Innovations - occur when
people acquire new ideas and change the way they do something.
Examples: a) new technology b) new culture c) new social structures
(inventions)
Slide 86
2. Conflicts - much change is produced by conflicts among
groups within a society that may have resulted positive
effects.
Slide 87
3. Growth - in any society, population has become a major
engine driving modern social change. - large populations present
new problems that demand new modes of social organization. For ex.,
small populations may allow direct participation in
decision-making.
Slide 88
4. New ideas - people in advanced industrial societies are
experiencing a shift in values that involves a new definition of
progress. - highly developed countries are moving into an era of
post materialism. - our present emphasis on consumption of goods
and services is giving way to an emphasis on the quality of human
life.
Slide 89
5. Diffusion - direct or indirect contact between members of
two different cultures often leads to change in one or both
cultures. - This process by which this change comes about is
diffusion, because it entails a gradual dissemination of cultural
traits.
Slide 90
Theories of Social Change Evolutionary theory characterized
primarily by an assumption of smooth, cumulative change, often in a
linear fashion, and always in the direction of increasing
complexity and adaptability.
Slide 91
Equilibrium theory characterized by the concept of homeostasis,
and focuses on conditions tending toward stability as a
consequence.
Slide 92
Conflict theory characterized by the assumption that change is
endemic to all social organizations, and focuses on conditions that
tend toward instability as a consequence.
Slide 93
Rise and Fall theory characterized by the assumption that
societies, cultures, or civilization regress as well as grow, and
that all societies do not move in the same direction.
Slide 94
Factors in Social Change Multiple factors underlie the broad
and complex nature of social change.
Slide 95
Display: - rate - direction - form - type - cause - order -
stimulants - barriers in its emergence, development, and
decline
Slide 96
Rate referred to as speed of pace. * All cultures change but
the rates of change vary. Some societies change slowly while others
rapidly. * Some change rapidly for a time and then slows down, and
vice versa for others.
Slide 97
Forms of Social Change this means that social change may or may
not repeated over definite periods of time. - The characteristics
of social change are indicated by the term form, which are two: 1.
Cyclical in which cultures or their parts are repeated over a
considerable period of time. 2. Linear in which cultures or their
specific aspects change in only one direction and never recur.
Slide 98
In reality, no culture is precisely cyclical or linear. What is
possible to determine is whether the changes in the overall culture
or its elements more closely approximate the linear or the cyclical
form. Changes in population size bring about changes in sex ratio,
courtship, and organization. Periods of continuing population
growth can enhance delayed marriage or limited childbearing. Scarce
economic resources and keen competition in the employment arena may
render marriage impractical, with individuals shrinking from family
responsibility and encourage single-blessedness.
Slide 99
Direction of Social Change closely associated with rate and
form is the direction of social change. - The three are measured
according to the objectives that a person or a group wishes to
achieve on a long or short-range basis. - The rapidity or slowness
of social change can be defined in accordance with a tentative
schedule set for the attainment of specific objectives, but which
could contribute toward the fulfillment of a general goal.
Slide 100
Tecnicways means people develop individual and group customs. *
People reorienting themselves to assemble at designated places for
jeep and bus stops, or to line up to pay the cashier or to use
computers, etc., illustrate the formation of tecnicways.
Slide 101
When the different elements of culture catch up with one
another and maintain a balance among themselves for a certain
period, then culture lag fades out.
Slide 102
Modernization Many societies today are involved in the process
of modernization, or change toward the type of society found in the
urbanizing and industrialized nations. This affects politics,
social forms, and even individual psychology.
Slide 103
Many social scientists of today are interested in the patterns
of modernization whether there is a trend toward: 1. Convergence
greater similarity among nations in their institutions; 2.
Divergence greater differences among them, and what effect the
position of a nation in the world economy has on its modernization
effect. (worlds system theory)
Slide 104
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR and SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Slide 105
Collective behavior - is spontaneous, unstructured, and
temporary action by a large number of people who interact with one
another or respond to a common stimulus.
Slide 106
Types of Collective Behavior Mass hysteria involves
uncontrollable emotional reactions to anxiety within a group.
Panics are actions caused by sudden overwhelming need to escape
from danger.
Slide 107
Crazes involves an intense desire to have something that
everyone else appears to be enjoying. Fads is a short-lived but
widely copied outburst of unexpected and often playful behavior.
Fashions are more enduring, widespread, and socially significant
than crazes and fads. What is in is defined by trendsetters. It is
the network of influence that carry the message.
Slide 108
Rumors are unverified items of information. - usually come from
anonymous sources passed on quickly from one person to another. -
these may or may not be correct. - some of these may are
intentionally originated.
Slide 109
Urban Legends are items of modern folklore involving rumors
that resonate to deeply held fears and anxieties regarding aspects
of modern life beyond personal control. Example of this is a story
about certain products that carry satanic symbols, or the missing
lady sold into white slavery or prostitution, or the rumors about
missing children killed, and whose blood is mixed with concrete to
strengthen foundation of public construction of dams, bridges, and
others.
Slide 110
Publics or Mass Audience is a large number of people who share
a common sentiment on some issues. - are more organized than
masses. - have a common attitude toward a particular topic, idea or
individual. - also exercise more critical judgment than masses.
Example, the public opposing death penalty or reproductive health
bill, etc. Members of a public adopt a specific position on a given
issue.
Slide 111
Public Opinion is the actual attitude or position on an issue
that is held by the members of a public. - it is a collective
response to an issue. - originates from direct interaction with
others and from information gathered from the mass media. - is
related to a specific situation; because of this, public opinion
changes as social conditions change.
Slide 112
Censorship refers to the restriction of information; it can
manipulate public opinion. - This happens in many societies. - The
government may deny people information that is harmful to a
position it supports thereby reducing the possibility that public s
may oppose the government interests.
Slide 113
Propaganda refers to the deliberate and calculated presentation
of distorted, one-sided and selective information to the public in
order to change its opinion in desired way.
Slide 114
Seven Methods used in Swaying Public Opinion Name calling
giving something a negative label; is intended to make the audience
reject an idea, person, or a product without analyzing it.
Glittering generality the opposite of name calling; an idea or a
product may be associated with a general ambiguous, but extremely
popular concept or belief. Transfer means associating an idea or a
product with something else that is widely respected, admired, or
desired.
Slide 115
Testimonial involves a famous person who endorses or opposes
some idea or product. Plain folks means identifying the propaganda
with the average person; ex. Erap,para sa mahihirap, seen with the
squatters of Tondo, and eating with them. Card stacking a method in
which one fact or falsehoold supporting a point of view is piled on
top of another; ex. a new product is always presented as the best,
or better than the products of its kind.
Slide 116
Bandwagon means creating the impression that everyone is using
a product or supporting an idea of a person. For ex., political
candidates are always quick in announcing poll results, or results
of survey in their favor. Interest groups an organized public can
become an interest group when people on one side of an issue feel
strongly enough to move beyond letter writing and to seek out
others with similar feelings; these can be easily facilitated at
present with the use of texting messages, etc.
Slide 117
Crowd Is a relatively large and temporary gathering of people
in one place who have a purpose and who are aware of each
other.
Slide 118
Types of Crowds Casual crowd an accidental gathering of people
who are following individual goals in the same place at the same
time (ex. travelers). Expressive crowd is drawn together by a
promise of personal gratification for its members through active
participation in activities and events. Conventional crowd a
gathering in which peoples behavior conforms to well-established
set of cultural norms and in which peoples gratification results
form a more passive appreciation of an event than it does in an
expressive crowd.
Slide 119
Social Movements Are sets of attitudes and self-conscious
actions by people to change society; involve large numbers of
people mobilized to promote or resist social and cultural change;
usually these are in favor of institutional or societal
change.
Slide 120
Types of Social Movements Alternative movements are those that
aim to achieve some limited but specific change in individuals.
Redemptive movements focus on individuals; seek total, not partial,
change. Reformative movements seek change in society, not
individuals.
Slide 121
Transformative movements aim to bring about total change in the
social order. Revolutionary movements strategy and tactics adopted
by various social movements depend on their goals. Good luck! All
the best!!! Prof. Nandy R. Pedrosa, Ph.D. Oct. 7, 2010