FEFAC OIE Global Conference on Aquatic Animal Health June 28 th, 2011 1 Aquatic animal feeds, challenges and opportunities

FEFAC

OIE Global Conference on Aquatic Animal HealthJune 28th, 2011 1

Aquatic animal feeds, challenges and opportunities

FEFAC

What is FEFAC?

3OIE Global Conference on

Aquatic Animal HealthJune 28th, 2011

Autumn 2002: European Commission «Strategy for the sustainable development of European Aquaculture» and European Parliament Public Hearing on «Aquaculture in the EU»Aquaculture attracting growing attention from public and regulators focusing on food safety and sustainability issues

At the same time:Aquaculture regulated by some 150 Community regulations coordinated framework and simplified regulation neededEU feed legislation based on land animals, not to specific needs and conditions of the aquafeed sector

Therefore:2003: FEFAC set up dedicated Fish Feed Committee

FEFAC Fish Feed CommitteeA short history



President: Alberto Allodi, Italy

Vice-president: Karl Tore Mæland, Norway

Task:

Identifying a common approach to address and solve sector problems related to EU feed legislation

Strengthen relationship among stakeholders along the Aqua value chain

Currently, around 20 members and fish feed experts from the EU countries as well as Norway attending (2-3 annual meetings)

FEFAC Fish Feed Committee



The challenge ahead

Half of the people that ever lived on the planet are alive at this moment in time

World population predicted to reach 9 billions by 2050 Demand for animal proteins is set to increase towards Western

consumption levels (according to USDA figures this means 92 kg of meat, 7 kg of fish, 272 kg of dairy and 254 eggs a year)

With our present technological abilities and taking such issues into account as biodiversity, sustainability and climate change, we would need four planets Earth to meet this demand!



Food security in perspective:the sustainability issue

”Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Definition of sustainability given in the Report of the Brundtland Commission, ‘Our Common Future', published on behalf of the United Nations by Oxford University Press, 1987.



challengechallenge opportunityopportunity

Aquafeeds: challenges and opportunities

Formulated feeds deliver high safety standards both for farmed fish and final consumer (“One Health”)

There are challenges to be addressed, in order to secure adequate supply of sustainable formulated fish feeds which can support further growth of aquaculture



EATiP is an international non-profit association dedicated to DEVELOPING, SUPPORTING and PROMOTING aquaculture and, especially and specifically, technology and innovation in aquaculture in Europe so as to:

Establish a strong relationship between aquaculture and the consumer

Assure a sustainable aquaculture industry

Consolidate the role of aquaculture in society

– Sustainable development –the EATiP approach

http://www.eatip.eu/



Base formulation of Future Fish Feeds on solid knowledge of fish nutritional requirements, and expand the number of well characterized and sustainable raw materials which can be used

Advanced novel feed technologies to produce cost effective feed with improved quality

Understand and minimize negative effects of alternative diets on fish health and welfare

Adapt and utilize advanced methods to understand and model nutritional responses

Resolve strategic research problems in fish nutrition

– Sustainable development –EATiP goals on fish feeds

http://www.eatip.eu/



– Sustainable development –solid knowledge of fish nutritional requirements

Amino acid Requirement (% protein)

Gilthead seabream European seabass

Arg <2.6 4.1

His ? ?

Ile ? ?

Leu ? ?

Lys 5.0 4.8

Met+Cys 4.0 4.4

Phe ? ?

Thr ? 2.6

Trp 0.6 0.5

Val ? ?



Reduction fisheries have not increased over the last 20 years;

An increased share of fish meal / oil is allocated to aquaculture;

Aquaculture is using more than 50% of fish meal and 90% of fish oil in the world.

New growth has to be based on fishmeal / oil replacement!New growth has to be based on fishmeal / oil replacement!

– Sustainable development –expand the number of available raw materials



Potential “new” raw material sources:

Plant protein concentrates

LABPs and PAPs

GM derived-plant proteins

Algae

– Sustainable development – expand the number of available raw materials



Plant protein concentratesSoy, rape, ….– The drive for plant oils (bio-diesel and human food), creates huge

quantities of cheap plant protein that can be upgradedBio-energy development leads to increased production of wheat- and corn- gluten (being starch used for bio-ethanol production)Plant protein concentrates have shown to be good FM replacers, but the issue is the balance between price competitiveness and availability




LABPs limited possibilities for use in aqua feeds:Non-ruminant blood productsCollagen proteins (fats)Hydrolysed feather meal

Market acceptance still a challenge

PAPs potential availability estimated at 1.3-1.5 millions t/year in EU now wasted or underutilized!Good nutritional value for farmed fish and no food safety or fish health issuesRegulation under revision


LABPs and PAPs: the EU example



Genetically modified plant raw materials

2nd and 3rd generation GM plants on their way into the market

• Protein- and amino acid-enriched

• ω3 fatty acid composition

• Reduced amount of anti nutritional factors

Consumer resistance and political obstruction mainly in Europe




Algae


The actual source of DHA in the marine food web

Sustainable

Traceable

Contaminants-free

Consistent product quality

Predictable pricing



Aquaculture not only consumes fish – it also produces fishWe should use less fish protein in the feed than fish protein produced through aquaculture!

Aquaculture as Net Fish Protein Producer



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1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2009 2010 Potential

Kg

How far are we?

Kg salmon protein produced versus fish protein used in feed



GM plants/algae the way to fill the EPA-DHA gap?

Requirements for EPA + DHA (adapted from Sadasivam Kaushik, INRA)

per individual 500 mg/day

World population of 6 billions 3 000 t /day

Annual Need 1 095 000 t/year

Availability

Global fisheries 100 000 000 t/year

Edible, 50% 50 000 000 t/year

Fat content, 5% 2 500 000 t/year

EPA+DHA, 15% 375 000 t/year

Deficit > 700 000 t/year



A balance must be found between different indicators of environmental performance!

– Sustainable development –where is the priority?



Health and welfare assessment always included in experimental protocols for FM/FO replacement trials

An example: replacing fish oil with a proper and balanced blend of vegetable oils has very minor effects on the immune response and does not affect survival in sea bream

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H50

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nit

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– Sustainable development – effect of alternative diets on fish health and welfare

From Montero et al., 2003From Montero et al., 2003



Specific nutrients may positively impact fish health

An example: MOS supplementation increases gut microvilli density and length in gilthead seabream (Dimitroglou et al., 2010)

– Sustainable development – strategic issues in fish nutrition



Essential for Food safety & quality, Fish health & welfare and the environment.

Registration of fish feed additives is too much a burden; Problem is urgent in case of emerging species;Currently no innovations for fish feed additives;Competitive issue (e.g. phytase + astaxanthin allowed in most 3rd countries).

– Sustainable development –Legislative constraints to be addressed

Additives for farmed fish: the EU example

Examples:Phytase: only allowed in salmonid feeds, no other species;

Enzymes: more than 100 approved for animal feed; only one (phytase) for fish feed (salmonids);

Histidine: more than 5 years to register (only salmon);

Astaxanthin: only allowed in salmonid grower diets;




Undesirable substances: the EU example

Revision of Directive 2002/32/EC on undesirable substances has progressively adapted max. limits for key contaminants in the aquafeed chain

FEFAC members have implemented the European guide for compound feed and pre-mixture manufacturers assessed by DGSANCO (EFMC) to apply HACCP-based Risk assessment for feed production

FEFAC’s fishfeed committee has set up a dedicated Task Force on Contaminants to provide an interface with EFSA and the EU Standing Committee of the food chain

FEFAC conducted a 1st EU workshop on contaminants in Aquaculture in February 2006



BUT since Maximum limits traditionally have been based on feed for land animals, further adjustments are needed to reflect conditions in aquaculture (e.g).:

Max. limit on endosulfane for fishfeed should be aligned on the base of new aquaculture specific risk assessment studies;

Accumulation of limits for so many substances (39 max. limits) will make sourcing of raw materials extremely complex and challenging;

EU legislation on undesirable substances adds app. 8% extra-cost to EU producers who are not on a level playing field with 3rd country competitors not facing the same constraints


Undesirable substances: the EU example



The importance of international standards

International standards (OIE, Codex) play a major role in ensuring feed safetyFEFAC developed its own Code of Good Manufacturing Practices



Sustainable aquaculture needs sustainable feed supplyInnovative formulations, based on new research findings and alternative raw materials allow fish farmers to become “net fish protein producers”, without compromising fish health and welfareSafe, healthy and sustainable seafood from aquaculture will contribute to feeding a growing world population!

Aquatic animal feeds,challenges and opportunities

FEFAC

Thank you for your attention

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FEFAC OIE Global Conference on Aquatic Animal Health June 28 th, 2011 1 Aquatic animal feeds, challenges and opportunities