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Top feed companies report positive market signals
Digital edition: www.fi -digital.com
Further contraction for EU compound feed production
Poultry offers comfort in hard year for Brazil’s feed industry
Protecting performance when using DDGS in pig diets
WATTAgNet.com SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010
The leading anim
al agricultu
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WATTAgNet.com SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010Volume 31 Number 6
Features
Departments
Cover picture: © JDoore / BigStock.com
12 Top feed companies report positive market signalsFollowing far from easy market conditions, many of the world’s larger feed producers are starting to report an upturn.
16 Further contraction for EU compound feed productionWhile remaining weak, this year could still see an improvement on 2009.
18 Get ready for EuroTier 2010The ninth edition of the German animal husbandry exhibition is only weeks away.
20 Poultry offers comfort in hard year for Brazil’s feed industryDespite a diffi cult year, poultry feed production is forecast to be the bright spot for the local animal nutrition industry.
24 Protecting performance when using DDGS in pig dietsCareful management and diet supplementation may avoid oxidative stress and reduced performance
28 Ergot alkaloids of increasing concernErgotism can occur in all animal species and its impact on production should not be underestimated.
| 1
SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010 | WATTAgNet.
4 Focus on feed
6 Feed world news
32 Products
35 Marketplace
36 Advertisers’ Index
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You can’t please all of the people all of the time. Sometimes, you can’t seem to please any of them at all!
The Euoepean Commission’s latest pro-posals in the genetically modified organisms (GMO) saga would appear to have pleased very few.
The president of the European Compound Feed Manufacturers’ Federation (FEFAC), Patrick Vanden Avenne, has noted that the Commission proposal is a proactive attempt to move out of the political deadlock regard-ing the implementation of EU GM legislation. Beyond this, however, he has expressed his “deep concern”.
Expected for some months, in July the Commission proposed offering Member States the freedom to allow, restrict or ban the cultivation of GMOs on part or all of their territory.
The proposals would leave the authori-zation system unchanged, but would allow Member States to take into account local, regional, and national conditions when adopting co-existence measures, ie where GM crops are sufficiently segregated from non-GM varieties.
H e a l t h a n d C o n s u m e r Po l i c y Commissioner John Dalli, commenting on the proposals, said: “Experience with GMOs so far shows that Member States need more flexibility to organize the co-existence of GM and other types of crops, such as conven-tional and organic crops.”
He continued that the Commission was delivering on its promise to present a com-prehensive proposal on future policy for GM cultivation and that follow-up actions on the
proposals would be carried out by the end of this year.
Open doorOpposition to the proposals, however, has
come from various quarters. Environmental lobby group Friends of the Earth has argued that in speeding up the authorization proc-ess, Member States are being promised the right to ban GM cultivation – if they reduce their opposition during the EU-level authori-zation process.
“While the European Commission is seemingly offering countries the right to im-plement national bans, in reality the proposal aims to do the opposite – opening Europe’s fields to GM crops, and we urge countries to reject this deal as it stands,” Friends of the Earth says.
Doors closingUK farming union NFU is also unhappy
with the proposals. It emphasizes that the plans would give individual Member States the immediate power to set coexistence rules on a regional or national level without any scientific basis in order to restrict or ban cultivation.
The union argues that the latest propos-als set a dangerous precedent and that they
threaten the EU internal market. NFU chief science and regulatory affairs
adviser Dr Helen Ferrier says: “Instead of giv-ing reassurances to support an effective and rigorous authorization process for GM crops across the EU, this proposal is all about enabling countries to ban the growing of GM crops.”
However, beyond the current confusion surrounding the proposals, the longer-term effects could be far more serious.
Mr Vanden Avenne comments that the Commissions plans “may further exacerbate
feed supply problems to EU livestock farm-ers due to the high EU dependence on vital protein imports. This will further erode their competitiveness, ultimately leading to the export of the EU livestock sector”.
He also raised the urgent need of the EU compound feed and premix industry for a clear, practical “technical solution”, regarding trace levels of risk-assessed GM crops not yet authorized in the EU.
“EU livestock farmers and feed manufac-turers have already paid a very high price due to the absence of practical threshold levels.
No doubt the follow-up actions over the remaining months of the year will be closely watched – and we will return to the saga again next year!
by Mark Clements • [email protected]
EU proposals allowing Member States to rule on GM crops win few supportersRather than breaking Europe’s GMO deadlock, the bloc’s
latest proposals could make matters more complicated still.
Focus on feed
“The new proposals may actually further
increase legal uncertainties for feed manufacturers.”
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AMINORED® – because it’s all about what’s inside.AMINORED® provides a Rapid Evaluation of Digestibility in heat processed materials. For improved feed quality. For smaller safety margins. For more efficient feed usage and real cost savings. AMINORED® – the quality check for your raw ingredients.
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WATTAgNet.com | SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010
Feed world newsEU fines 13 chemical producers $228M for price fixingEuropean Union regulators fined 13 chemical producers a total of €175.6 million ($227.5 million) for fixing the price of animal feed phosphates, according to The Associated Press.
A statement by the European Commission said secret agree-ments to coordinate prices, allo-cate customers and market shares and set quotas were in place from March 1969 to February 2004, when Finland chemicals manufacturer Kemira Oyj spoke up. Tessenderlo Chemie NV of Belgium was hit with the largest fine of €83.7 million.
Russia’s temporary export ban on grain emphasizes the need to maintain productive agriculture in home markets, says UK farming body NFU.
NFU combinable crops board chair-man Ian Backhouse said: “Wheat prices are up by 70% on prices in June this year, rising 11% on Thursday, August 5, alone. Heavy rain is being blamed for wiping out the wheat crop in Canada and today’s announcement from Russia comes after the worst drought in more than a hun-dred years, which has devastated crops both there and in the Ukraine.”
He continued that it was impos-sible to speculate on the impact that the dramatic market movement would have, and added that it served to show how important it was to maintain and
develop home production capacity in grain when faced with unpredictable supply from overseas.
“Events in this past week, resulting in extreme market movements, underline the importance of a vibrant domestic grain industry and a strong European ag-ricultural policy that focuses on delivering a more productive, competitive sector to ensure food security both at home and abroad,” Mr Blachouse said.
Drought and wildfires are thought to have devastated more than a third of the cultivable land in Russia, and the export ban is due to start on August 15.
The Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has described the move as “expe-dient” to keep domestic prices low and to maintain cattle numbers.
Monsanto Co. has agreed to continue to keep its Roundup Ready soyabeans under export through 2012. The company said it will support international registrations for
four years longer than intended. Some in the industry want further action to make sure these seeds remain available. Monsanto has been promoting its new
Roundup Ready 2 soyabean seed saying it produces better yields. But customers have balked because the more expensive seeds have lower-than-expected yields.
Russian grain export ban highlights need for domestic supply
Monsanto to extend Roundup Ready exports
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Your BusinessDriven by Innovations
Exhibition Grounds Hanover / Germany
16 – 19 November 2010
Hotline: +49(0)69/24788-265
www.eurotier.deD e c e n t r a l
including
The world´s top event for animal production
More than 1,700 international manufacturers on 170,000 m2 exhibition floor space
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WATTAgNet.com | SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010
8 |
Feed World News
Kiotech adds senior nutritionist. Feed additive fi rm Kiotech has appointed Lucy Waldron as the fi rm’s fi rst senior nutritionist
Raul Kohan to head Merial-Intervet. Sanofi -aventis and Merck & Co. Inc. have appointed Raul E. Kohan as chief executive offi cer of its proposed joint animal health venture. The fi rm, Merial-Intervet would combine Merial and Intervet/Schering-Plough.
Animal Science Products makes two hires. Sasanka Pedapudi has joined the Animal Science Products Inc. as laboratory manager, and Stephen Morcom has joined the company’s sales team.
APPO
INTM
ENTS
Do we understand how to feed the world? The question has been raised by Novus International in its white paper Methionine Global Outlook: The Next Decade.
Novus vice president marketing and sales Giovanni Gasperoni notes that today’s consumers are increasingly remote from animal production, and consequently lack understanding of where animal protein comes from.
This lack of understanding can lead to confusion between which animals are pets and which are production animals, and lead to legislation that that makes production more diffi cult and costly.
The world’s growing demand for animal protein will be met through in-tensive production, and it is important that consumers understand this. The white paper will help to educate pro-
ducers and suppliers in this regard, Mr Gasperoni notes.
While the current economic environ-ment may not be the most conducive to expanding animal production, it should be seen as a temporary blip - long term growth will continue upwards.
Growth rates may be slower in the future, but the trends in animal produc-tion and consumption will be positive. Illustrative of this is that demand for methionine over the next decade is expected to be in the region of 2.5% per annum, an obvious increase, but below the 3.4-3.5% recorded over the last 10 years.
Listen to Mr Gasperoni talk in detail about the publication in our exclusive podcast Methionine: Global Outlook podcast: www.wattagnet.com/novu-saugust.html
Novus: Feeding the world a challenge
Corn demand will outweigh wheat in 2010-2011 feed harvestMore maize (corn) and less wheat will be used in the world’s feeds in harvest year 2010-2011, suggests the latest market review from the International Grains Council (IGC).
Feed manufacturers are ex-pected to make sharp reductions to reduce their use of wheat because of lower availability and higher prices after a smaller crop, with world wheat production in 2010 projected to be down to 651 million mt from 677 million mt in 2009. However, there should be a fi rm demand for maize to include in animal feeds. The IGC projects the total feed use of corn to rise from last year’s 478 million mt to 483 million mt in 2010/11, since a record crop of 823 million mt is in prospect.
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Feed World News
Large quantities of rice stockpiled by the govern-ment in Japan may be sold to Japanese feed manufac-turers as an alternative to imported maize (corn), says Masachika Murai, director of the rice policy division at the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Tokyo.
Domestic rice consump-tion has fallen with the de-crease in Japan’s popula-tion and the volume held by growers and distributors is the largest for seven years, so that the government is struggling to sell surplus supplies from its reserve of about 1 million mt.
Japan’s feed indus-try imports 12 million mt of maize annually, mainly from the US. Mr Murai sug-gested that a large part of this corn usage could be replaced by up to 700,000 mt of rice from the govern-ment’s stores. The industry is ready to use more than a million tons of rice as an alternative to imported corn if the price is affordable, he claimed. It already buys from the government about 300,000 mt per year of rice that has been imported un-der an agreement by Japan to grant minimum market access to rice-exporting countries.
Japan sees a feed solution to rice surplus
SeptemberS M T W T F S
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OctoberS M T W T F S
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10 11 12 13 14 15 1617 18 19 20 21 22 23
24/31 25 26 27 28 29 30
September 29: Ukraine International Ex-hibition for Animal Farming 2010, Kiev, Ukraine, www.animal-farmingexpo.com
October 5: AquaFair 2010, Brazil, www.aquafair.com.br
October 5: Aquaculture Europe 2010, Porto, Portugal, www.eason-line.org
October 13: 5th Interna-tional Conference on Agricultural Statistics 2010, Kampala, Ugan-da, www.icas-v.org
CALE
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SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010 | WATTAgNet.com
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GrainCorp buys AWB in all-share deal. GrainCorp of Australia has a $770 million, all-share deal to buy its smaller rival AWB. The deal usurped the hopes of U.S. commodities fi rm Gavilon Group, who had long tried to get a 50-50 grain trading joint venture with AWB.
DSM holds 2010 Nutrition Forum. Roughly 160 participants from 40 countries attended the forum, which focused on sustainability questions and gaining a broad-based future perspective in long-term decision making.
Vion acquires Innovative Proteins. Vion has acquired Innovative Proteins located in Maquoketa, Minn., from Land’ O-Lakes. The new Vion subsidiary will be operated under the Sonac name. In the U.S., the company will distribute gelatin products derived from a Vion food group subsidiary, Rousselot.
KnowMycotoxins.com launches short course. KnowMycotoxins.com has launched a new page on its website featuring a Mycotoxin Short Course. The resource includes video lectures that address key challenges of identifying and dealing with mycotoxins: regulations, sampling, the most simple and sophisticated ways of testing.
IN B
RIEF
The rising cost of wheat, barley and soya, the main ingredients in pig feed, is expected to push the British pig industry back into the red by the fi nal quarter of 2010, according to a new report from the British Pig Executive (BPEX).
And it warns that, as the grain market is global, other European pig producing nations are also likely to experience hard times in the near future.
“Based on current and forecast prices for wheat, barley and soya, it is anticipated that the cost of English pig produc-tion will rise from £137.2 per kg in June this year to £146.35 by November 2010, which means negative returns for every pig slaughtered, subject to future movements of the pig price,” says the report.
It continues that this grim prediction follows reports of the worst drought for 130 years hitting Russian grain crops, which has made the world nervous about the availability of wheat from Russia and the Black Sea region.
There is also concern about the poorer-than-expected yields of barley in Europe and the Black Sea region, as well as robust international demand for soyabean, especially from China, which could push prices up, in spite of an anticipated record US crop in 2010.
Rising feed prices raise alarm
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WATTAgNet.com | SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010
After a difficult start to 2009, market condi-tions for the world’s feed manufacturers have generally improved over the last 12 months. The effects are reflected in the an-nual reports of the companies covering their most recent full fiscal year. Many describe a gradual easing of the struggle to maintain volumes, against the background of a slow recovery in animal numbers and farm profit-ability after the successive miseries of high grain prices and economic recession.
The accompanying Table provides our latest review of annual production tonnag-es for enterprises around the world making at least one million metric tons per year.
A name high on the list - Land O’Lakes Purina - has expressed the view from the US that 2009 had been a challenging year for the feed business. Although the co-operative kept its position as the No. 1 US animal feed manufacturer by size, it saw a 13% drop in livestock feed volumes that was reckoned to be due especially to lower commodity prices in the milk and beef markets. Feed sales for 2009 were US$3.4 billion, down from US$3.9 billion in 2008.
American poultry integrator Tyson Foods produces broiler diets at 33 feed mills in the US. Its chief executive, Donnie
Smith, has told stockmarket analysts this year that the company remains optimistic for the 2010-2011 period. It expects favour-able domestic market conditions for pro-tein to continue for the remainder of fiscal 2010 and into fiscal 2011, with a lift from increased consumer demand for chicken alongside better cattle and pig prices due to reduced supplies.
Notable successesAmong the big players in other coun-
tries, however, there have already been some notable successes in growing feed sales. The Netherlands has provided an ex-ample in the shape of De Heus, whose lat-est annual report showed a 2.2% increase in its domestic Dutch compound feed
production to over 1.9 million mt thanks especially to higher sales to egg and cattle sectors. The company also reported that, although its domestic feed sales for broilers stagnated in the first six months of 2009, this was followed by strong growth in the second half of the year.
De Heus now reckons to operate in over 45 countries. In fact, under half (11 out of 30) of its feed mills are located in the Netherlands. The total output from all plants in 2009 exceeded 3 million mt. Its European business has been further boosted recently by the acquisition by Poland-based De Heus sp.zoo of the animal nutrition activities of Evialis Polska, which produces complete feeds at two Polish locations.
Top companies by Peter Best
Top feed companies report positive market signalsFollowing far from easy market conditions, many of the world’s larger feed producers are starting to report an upturn.
Specialized feed player
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The world’s major feed producers by volume, showing business type and nationality.
Source: Rabobank/Feed International.
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SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010 | WATTAgNet.com
Netherlands-based Nutreco pointed out that while the group’s multinational feed operations suffered a 3.7% decrease in vol-ume in 2009 compared with 2008, this had been due entirely to market weakness in the six months January to June. The decline in the first half year was as large as 7.1%, but was followed by a recovery of 3.4% in the July to December period. Lately, the group has said European feed volumes in the first six months of 2010 continued the more positive trend of the latter part of 2009.
Nutreco was one among several names on our list of the largest feed manu-facturers to have made acquisitions in the past year. In its case this particu-larly involved the purchase of Cargill’s 12 Agribrands animal feed mills and related businesses in Spain and Portugal, rep-resenting an annual production of about 700,000 mt. Put with the Nutreco group’s existing Spanish operation Nanta, it re-sulted in its Iberian presence increasing to 28 mills producing about 3.5 million mt/year – therefore exceeding the 2.5 million mt made annually at the 10 mills of Dutch group member Hendrix.
Eastern promiseFor Nutreco, there was also the acqui-
sition of a 51% shareholding in Fri-Ribe, a Brazilian animal nutrition and fish feed company, and more recently another move in aquaculture when it took full owner-ship of Vietnamese fish feed manufacturer Tomboy Aqua Feed that has two mills in Ho Chi Minh City and Long An province making feeds for shrimp and fish.
Cargill, meanwhile, has followed up the opening of its US$12.5 million 250,000 mt/year animal feed mill in Efremov, Russia, with the addition of its sixth aquaculture feed mill in Vietnam, the 60,000 mt/year Mekong Delta plant taking the company’s total production capacity at Vietnamese sites to 720,000 mt/year. Additionally, Cargill is expanding the capacity of a mill at Sura Mica in Romania to 50,000 mt/year and it has joined with a South African feed manu-facturer in entering the market in Zambia.
World feed manufacturers making more than 1 million mt per year of complete feeds in 2009. Company Headquarters Volume (x million tons)
Charoen Pokphand (CP Group) Thailand 23.2Cargill USA 15.9New Hope Group China 13.0Land O’Lakes Purina USA 10.1Tyson Foods USA 10.0Brasil Foods Brazil 9.9Nutreco Netherlands 8.7Zen-noh Co-operative Japan 7.5East Hope Group China 6.5Hunan Tangrenshan Group China 4.9AB Agri UK 4.7Guangdong Wen’s Group China 4.1Glon France 3.6DLG Denmark 3.5Smithfield Foods USA 3.4Provimi Netherlands 3.2DaChan/East Asia Group China 3.0De Heus Netherlands 3.0ADM Alliance Nutrition USA 2.9Bachoco Mexico 2.8Frangosul Brazil 2.8Veronesi Italy 2.8InVivo NSA France 2.7Marubeni-Nisshin Japan 2.7Agravis Raiffeisen Germany 2.6Cehave Landbouwbelang Netherlands 2.6Perdue Farms USA 2.4Seara Brazil 2.4BOCM Pauls UK 2.3Deutsche Tiernahrung Cremer Germany 2.3Mitsubishi Nosan Japan 2.3Betagro Thailand 2.2ForFarmers Netherlands 2.2JD Heiskell USA 2.2San Miguel Philippines 2.2Chubu Japan 2.0Agrifirm Netherlands 1.8Kent Feeds USA 1.8Kyodo Feed Japan 1.8Japfa Comfeed Indonesia 1.7CJ Cheil Jedang Korea 1.6Ridley Agriproducts Australia 1.6Terrena France 1.6Meadow Feeds South Africa 1.5Nutrea Nutrition Animale France 1.5Southern States Co-op USA 1.5Viterra Canada 1.5Proconco Vietnam 1.4Ridley Inc Canada 1.4Aveve Belgium 1.3Bröring Unternehmensgruppe Germany 1.3Nippon Formula Feed Japan 1.2Lantmännen Lantbruk Sweden 1.1Mega Tierernahrung Germany 1.1Epol South Africa 1.0Itochu Japan 1.0
Top feed companies for industrial production
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Other big players further developing their interest in Vietnam include Indonesia’s Japfa Comfeed, which will soon operate four Vietnamese feed plants with the open-ing of a 4,000 mt/week mill in Binh Thuan province. Directors of Japfa Comfeed have indicated a target of growing in Vietnam over the next five years to the produc-tion of one million tons of feed annually. Also from Indonesia is publicly-listed PT Malindo Feedmill, which has made news twice over - once when a 1.3% equity in-terest was bought by Leong Hup Holdings Bhd of Malaysia and again when it said its new US$10.8 million Indonesian mill being opened this year could produce 360,000 mt annually, virtually doubling the com-pany’s present production capacity. The plant is due to start supplying the Sumatra and West Java areas of the country by the end of 2010.
The biggest feed-producing con-glomerate both in Asia and worldwide
– Charoen Pokphand Foods (CPF) of Thailand – was described recently by chief executive Adirek Sripratak as being on course to raise annual sales from last year’s nearly US$5 billion to a new high of US$5.6 billion. CPF has invested in a suc-cession of new markets including Russia and parts of Africa and also India. It cal-culates that the 150,000 mt/year output in 2010 from its three Indian aquafeed mills puts it in the No. 1 spot in aquaculture nationally.
But probably the biggest headline of the past year came when a report quoted Virote Kumpeera, of related company Bangkok Feedmill, as saying that the CP group’s mills in all countries in 2009 rep-resented a combined manufacturing ca-pacity of 24 million mt/year. What is more, he indicated that the latest mill-building projects would be increasing the group’s potential annual feed tonnage to 25.2 mil-lion mt. At this level its nearest competitor may soon be another Asian company in the form of New Hope from China. A
statement from New Hope this year has suggested that the fast-growing group was likely to increase its total feed production from 13 million mt in 2009 to more than 16 million mt in 2010.
Consolidation and competitionAcquisitions and expansion by feed
manufacturers around the world have been joined by more mergers, as enterprises seek the size and structure they will need to face future market conditions. Recently, for example, members of Dutch farm co-operatives Cehave Landbouwbelang and Agrifirm approved a plan to merge into a new co-op to be known as Agrifirm. Together, the founding organisations will give it a feed presence of about 4.5 million mt/year. A large slice of their combined
Top feed companies For more:On consolidation and integration, visit:www.WATTAgNet.com/17336.html
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014-1009FItop_C2201R13325.BK.indd 14 8/23/2010 9:28:47 PM
| 15activities is being integrated into new sub-sidiary companies called Agrifirm Feed and Agrifirm Plant that will enter the market in January.
Cehave Landbouwbelang could al-ready claim to be one of the larger animal nutrition businesses in Europe, achieving a total feed volume in 2009 of 4.2 million mt that included nearly 2.63 million mt of compounds. With production sites in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Hungary, Poland and China, it is a global exporter of premixes, nutritional supplements and concentrates.
Within the past few months it has moved to market leadership in Hungary, its local subsidiary Kabai Táp acquiring Hungarian feed manufacturer Pannonmill-Takarmány from Austrian group LLI (Leipnik-Lundenburger Invest Beteiligungs AG). Pannonmill’s two mills can make 70,000 mt of compound feeds per year, raising the total annual feed manufacturing capacity of Cehave Landbouwbelang’s Feed Hungary to 200,000 mt. The co-
op also has been re-organising its Feed Netherlands and Feed Germany opera-tions to reduce costs and boost future effectiveness.
The challenge it has identified in Europe, in remarks echoed by other European players, is the growing competi-tion to the industrialised compounds trade from on-farm feed mixing. Its annual report for 2009 spoke of Dutch pig-producer farmers in particular responding to cost pressures by making their own feeds. Future volumes were also suggested to be at risk from European Union rules on animal welfare.
Cehave reported that its sales of poul-try feeds in the Netherlands had dropped
by 14% compared with 2008, partly because of a continuing decrease in the national number of chickens as producers invested in new husbandry systems that required a larger surface area per bird.
Swedish co-op Lantmännen Lantbruk has a partnership agreement with Cehave subsidiary CCL on testing and develop-ment of feeds. Lantmännen, itself pro-ducing over a million metric tons of feeds again in 2009, similarly warned in its annual report about the trend to more on-farm feed production and resulting lower volumes for compound mills. The report added, the lower volumes mean that the feed business needs to optimise opera-tions to remain competitive. In Lantmännen feed operations this has meant some mill adjustments, but also a renewed focus on differentiated products such as by offering specific feed types to climate-conscious farmers. A range called Notfor Nara was launched with the guarantee that none of the ingredients used had been grown out-side Europe.
Future volumesmay be at risk fromEU welfare rules.
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European compound feed production could further contract by 1% this year, warns the European Feed Manufacturers Federation (FEFAC).
The less than positive prediction is, nevertheless, be improvement on the contraction that took place last year, when output contracted by 3.8% to 147.6 million mt.
Continuing difficultiesFEFAC points to a number of drivers
for the compound feed market this year, including a continuation of the difficul-ties in the dairy sector, despite a modest increase in milk prices, the end to the downward trend in the pig production cycle, and a continued recovery in con-sumer demand for poultry products.
Additionally, the federation says, the current forecasts for the EU cereals har-vest this year indicate relatively low quota-tions for new crop grains, while soyabean prices are expected to remain stable. The announced increase in global quotations due to record harvests in South America is likely to be offset by a less advantageous dollar/euro exchange rate and as a conse-quence, FEFAC expects that production of cattle feed will contract by 2%, and that pig feed will be down by 1%, while production
of poultry feed will stabilize. In 2009, production estimates for
the EU 27 (excluding Greece, Malta, and Luxembourg) reveal that compound feed production for all animal species was, unsurprisingly, affected by the economic downturn. Cattle feed production declined by some 6%, pig feed was down by 5% and poultry feed output fell by 1%. Turnover recorded by the European compound feed industry is thought to have been worth €40 billion (US$52.3 billion) last year.
Commenting at FEFAC’s annual gen-eral meeting earlier this year, outgoing president, Pedro Correa de Barros, noted
that the global financial crisis had taken its toll on livestock consumption and there-fore feed production and that consumer confidence had to plummeted to histori-cally low levels, resulting in consumers losing their “appetite” for healthy animal products.
He continued that Europe’s dairy farm-ers had gone though the deepest market crisis since the beginning of the Common Agricultural Policy, while the pig sector had done little better. The financial crisis, he said, had prolonged the downturn in the market cycle, leaving farmers in very poor financial condition.
European outook by Mark Clements
Further contraction for EU compound feed productionWhile remaining weak, this year could still see an improvement on 2009.
Belgium CzechRepublic
GermanyDenmark
Spain
France
Hungary
Italy
IrelandNetherlands Portugal
RomaniaPoland
United Kingdom
AustriaCyprus
Estonia
Finland
LithuaniaLatvia
SwedenSlovenia
Slovek Republic
BulgariaOthers
Source: FEFAC
14.014.033.553.5 33.333.333.003.0
7.07.0
14.214.22.02.0 .55.5
.7.7
.7.7
3.3.32.2..2
4.44.4.4.222.2
1.31.31.31.3
14.114.1
44.04.0
21.321.3
18.618.674.74.7
20.320.3
62.62.62.66.06.0
7.67.6
EU compound feed production results for 2009
Provisional estimates made earlier this year, show the compound feed production for the EU‑27 in 2009 at 144 million mt, i.e. 4.5% below the figure for 2008 (150.6 million mt). The significant downturn affected all animal species, in particular cattle feed (around ‑8%), pig feed (‑6%) and, to a lesser extent poultry feed (‑1%).
Belgium CzechRepublic
GermanyDenmark
Spain
France
Hungary
Italy
IrelandNetherlands Portugal
RomaniaPoland
United Kingdom
AustriaCyprus
Estonia
Finland
LithuaniaLatvia
SwedenSlovenia
Slovek Republic
BulgariaOthers
Source: FEFAC
14.014.033.553.5 33.333.333.003.0
7.07.0
14.214.22.02.0 .55.5
.7.7
.7.7
3.3.32.2..2
4.44.4.4.222.2
1.31.31.31.3
14.114.1
44.04.0
21.321.3
18.618.674.74.7
20.320.3
62.62.62.66.06.0
7.67.6
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The crisis in the dairy sector triggered a severe contraction in demand for com-pound feed, particularly in the third and fourth quarters, while the economic crisis had amplified the downward slope of the pig production cycle.
Low market quotations for cereals last year resulted in farmers seeing few incen-tives to put their cereals on to the market, and so preferred to use them on farm. Consumers last year, tended to switch to
less expensive sources of animal protein. While no country was immune to the
downturn, its impact on feed production varied from country to country.
Regional variationSpain and France now rank almost
equally for the position of Europe’s largest compound feed producer in terms of total output. Spain recorded a relatively small contraction in output last year, will pro-
Cattle Pigs Poultry Milk replacers Others Total
Country 2009 2010 %tav 2009 2010 %tav 2009 2010 %tav 2009 2010 %tav 2009 2010 %tav 2009 2010 %tav
Germany 5,876 5,910 0.6 8,923 9,164 2.7 5,169 5,225 1.1 145 145 0.0 716 718 0.3 20,829 21,162 1.6
France 5,003 4,581 -8.4 5,894 5,532 -6.1 8,472 8,335 -1.6 384 341 -11.2 1,539 1,461 -5.1 21,292 20,250 -4.9
Italy 3,480 3,440 -1.1 3,180 3,150 -0.9 5,445 5,500 1.0 155 160 3.2 1,570 1,560 -0.6 13,830 13,810 -0.1
Nether-lands
3,330 3,250 -2.4 5,920 5,800 -2.0 3,600 3,500 -2.8 740 725 -2.0 450 440 -2.2 14,040 13,715 -2.3
Belgium 1,097 1,022 -6.8 3,580 3,425 -4.3 1,326 1,270 -4.2 44 44 0.0 138 139 0.7 6,185 5,900 -4.6
United Kingdom
4,799 4,803 0.1 1,494 1,477 -1.1 6,239 6,225 -0.2 1 0 -100.0 1,303 1,310 0.5 13,836 13,815 -0.2
Ireland 2,131 1,986 -6.8 633 640 1.1 486 475 -2.3 6 6 0.0 400 416 4.0 3,656 3,523 -3.6
Denmark 997 975 -2.2 2,867 2,775 -3.2 550 550 0.0 0 0 174 170 -2.3 4,588 4,470 -2.6
Spain 6,740 6,740 0.0 9,500 9,350 -1.6 4,400 4,400 0.0 0 0 909 910 0.1 21,549 21,400 -0.7
Portugal 805 780 -3.1 955 925 -3.1 1,380 1,435 4.0 0 0 270 270 0.0 3,410 3,410 0.0
Austria 393 400 1.8 232 240 3.4 446 450 0.9 0 0 235 230 -2.1 1,306 1,320 1.1
Sweden 930 895 -3.8 385 370 -3.9 525 520 -1.0 1 1 0.0 150 145 -3.3 1,991 1,931 -3.0
Finland 600 590 -1.7 345 335 -2.9 305 295 -3.3 0 0 65 50 -23.1 1,315 1,270 -3.4
Cyprus 111 110 -0.9 13 12 -7.7 62 62 0.0 0 0 109 108 -0.9 295 292 -1.0
Czech Republic
502 480 -4.4 929 910 -2.0 1,039 1,020 -1.8 4 4 0.0 367 358 -2.5 2,841 2,772 -2.4
Estonia 40 40 0.0 140 140 0.0 48 48 0.0 0 0 2 2 0.0 230 230 0.0
Hungary 530 510 -3.8 1,580 1,500 -5.1 1,755 1,800 2.6 0 0 205 205 0.0 4,070 4,015 -1.4
Latvia 38 40 5.3 111 110 -0.9 159 160 0.6 0 0 17 17 0.0 325 327 0.6
Lithuania 32 26 -18.8 71 82 15.5 245 285 16.3 3 2 -33.3 13 14 7.7 364 409 12.4
Poland 670 670 0.0 1,370 1,498 9.3 4,340 4,442 2.4 0 0 370 390 5.4 6,750 7,000 3.7
Slovak Republic
206 180 -12.6 214 200 -6.5 223 210 -5.8 0 0 12 10 -16.7 655 600 -8.4
Slovenia 95 95 0.0 110 110 0.0 260 260 0.0 0 0 12 12 -3.3 477 477 -0.1
Bulgaria 35 40 14.3 205 210 2.4 410 440 7.3 0 0 18 20 11.1 668 710 6.3
Romania 130 155 19.2 1,400 1,500 7.1 1,530 1,650 7.8 0 0 12 12 0.0 3,072 3,317 8.0
Europe 27* 38,570 37,718 -2.2 50,051 49,455 -1.2 48,414 48,557 0.3 1,483 1,428 -3.7 9,056 8,967 -1.0 147,574 146,125 -1.0
*Excluding Luxemburg, Greece and Malta.
-:no forecast available; 2005-2004 figures.
2009-2010 Industrial compound production (estimates 1,000t)
FEFAC experts predict a further reduction in cattle and pig feed this year, and a stabilsation in poultry feed. While performance will vary from country to country, overall the federation predicts a contraction of 1% compared with 2009.
While no country was immune to the downturn, its impact varied from country to country
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WATTAgNet.com | SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010
duction falling by 2.6%. Germany, France, Italy and the Netherlands all recorded falls of between 3.6% and 6.1%.
Cattle and pig feed production went down in almost all countries, whereas poultry feed production increased in Italy,
Belgium, Hungary, Poland and Portugal, but dropped in France, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain.
Broader pictureHowever, economic issues are not the
only difficulties that European producers are having to confront. In his departure speech, Mr Correa de Barros expressed his deep frustration at the industry’s lack of success in convincing the public authorities of the need to urgently adopt a “technical solu-tion” for the presence of not yet authorized events in feed and food imports.
“Doing nothing is probably politically cor-rect, but I am sure it is the most irresponsible solution as our livestock farmers are the ones who have to pay the bill,” he said.
In his inaugural address to FEFAC members, incoming president Patrick Vanden Avenne noted that the competi-tiveness of European livestock production needed to be increased, and that livestock producers and the feed sector needed to produce more, and better, with less.
He said: “Resource efficiency is the key driver of our industry. We will pursue the development of precompetitive R&D projects leading to the adoption of new feed technology and feed formulation strategies seeking to further improve feed efficiency.”
Feed productionTo learn more about European compound
feed production, read: Europe’s compound feed output stable this year
www.WATTAgNet.com/15895.html
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WATTAgNet.com | SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010
Animal production exhibition EuroTier is fast approaching. Taking place from November 16-19 this year at the Hannover Exhibition Grounds, more than 1,700 ex-hibitors from 47 countries will be taking part in the event.
Alongside the commercial exhibition, more than 170 discussion forums are planned for this year’s event, meaning that there will be something for everyone.
There will also be numerous forum platforms for the leading animal species addressing current trends in specific sec-tors. These will include the EuroTier Pig Event, the EuroTier Dairy Event, and the International Poultry Event, to be held in the Convention Centre on November 15, the eve of the exhibition’s opening.
November 15 will see an international panel discussion for the poultry industry and the Central Association of German Poultry Producers will hold its annual gen-eral meeting.
The World Poultry Show does not
return to EuroTier until 2012, however, the show’s organizers note that, this year, they have already registered strong interest from companies active in the pig sector, and that stand bookings are up from those compa-nies active in feedstuffs, animal health and veterinary medicines. EuroTier is thought to be the biggest exhibition of its kind for feed-stuffs and veterinary medicines.
The event also promises to be a show-case for latest developments in machinery, installations and farm inputs for animal hus-bandry. This year will again see an impartial and international Commission of Experts appointed by the German Agricultural Sociert DLG select EuroTier Innovations from the new products submitted by exhibi-tors and award Gold and Silver medals.
The last edition of Eurotier saw a record number of visitors - 130,000 – attend the event. Despite the economic downturn, attendance was up by 11%, with 22,000 visitors coming from abroad.
While the show caters to all species, the pig industry is particularly important at EuroTier. In 2008, pig production and as-sociated industries covered nearly half the exhibition space with a hall of 21,000 m2
dedicated to exhibits of equipment for pig units and another 5,200 m2 highlighting breeding organizations and reproduction techniques.
Almost the same amount of floor space, 20,000 m2, was dedicated to feed, feed components and animal health, with an additional 8,000 m2 for companies supplying equipment used in storage, mill-ing, mixing and pelleting of feed.
There will be an increased emphasis in the pig industry at this year’s event as, from January 1, 2013, all pregnant sows in the EU must be kept in groups.
New buildings already have to satisfy the new requirements for sow keeping, but to help inform producers BFL, an agricul-tural organization devoted to promoting agricultural building construction and opti-mizing livestock management conditions, is joining the DLG in addressing the issue and will be showing various solutions for the new requirement in a special “Sow well being – in group housing” initiative on a 500 m2 exhibition stand.
EuroTier will also host the second Chinese-European Pig Summit, on November 17.
Show preview by Mark Clements
Get ready for EuroTier 2010The ninth edition of the German animal husbandry exhibition is only weeks away.
Visitors from some 80 countries are expected to visit the Hannover show grounds for this year’s Eurotier, taking place November 16-19.
EuroTier 2010November 16-19, 09:00 - 18:00Exhibition Grounds Hannover, Germanywww.eurotier.deTo find out more about EuroTier 2010, watch: More to see at EuroTierwww.WATTAgNet.com/16527.html
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SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010 | WATTAgNet.com
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WATTAgNet.com | SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010
The Brazilian feed industry was affected by the turmoil in the world economy last year just like any other sector, says Ariovaldo Zani, CEO of the Brazilian Feed Industry Association, Sindirações.
The performance of the sector was in marked contrast to that recorded in 2008. Last year saw total production fall to 58.4 million mt, a decrease of 5%, whereas 2008 saw production expand by 10% to reach some 58.7 million mt, with in-creased demand coming from all livestock sectors. Despite a strong performance for 2008 as a whole, the 2009 downturn was already becoming evident as 2008 began to draw to a close.
From January to September, demand for feed in Brazil rocketed, achieving a growth rate touching 17%, yet from September to December 2008, demand fell sharply as the effects of the credit crunch began to be felt.
This contraction in demand continued into 2009. During the first quarter, feed production fell by 15% in comparison with the same quarter the year before, and de-clined by 20% in comparison with the last
quarter of 2008. Despite this contraction, there were hopes early in the year that total output could have been some 5% higher.
Zani points out that reduced consumer expenditure resulted in less consump-tion of animal protein. This had an impact along the entire production chain, affecting fertiliser suppliers, agrochemical and seed suppliers, along with animal nutrition sup-pliers, livestock producers, exporters and food retailers.
Poultry the exceptionPoultry feed production accounts for
55% of total feed output in Brazil and this segment fared less badly than oth-ers. Feed for broilers increased by 0.7% last year, to stand at 27.8 million mt. Sindirações notes that the number of broil-ers in the country last year remained more or less stable, which fed through into this small expansion in demand.
Demand for layer feed, however, fared
better. Layers consumed 4.82 million mt, an increase of 4.2% on 2008, and this growth was due to an expansion in the country’s laying flock. The second half of the year proved stronger than the first, and at six months into 2008, demand was only 1% higher. As a result of this increase in bird numbers, however, the price of eggs fell back during the first half of the year, and stayed low for the remainder of the year.
Sindirações is reasonably confident that the sector will expand this year, fore-casting that total demand for feed and petfood could expand by some 3.5%. Nevertheless, there remain factors that could act as a drag on demand, and, clearly, the fortunes of the feed industry are tied to those of the poultry industry.
Stable poultry production Poultry production in Brazil coped
well with the economic crisis. Estimates made at the end of last year by the União
Brazilian market by Mark Clements
Poultry offers comfort in hard year for Brazil’s feed industryDespite a difficult year, poultry feed production is forecast to be the bright spot for the local animal nutrition industry.
Broilers LayersNutritional additives 2009 2010* 2009 2010*Vitamins 20,203 21,658 3,548 3,994
Trace minerals 5,887 6,311 1,119 1,257
Aminoacids 94,341 101,140 16,825 18,898
Zootechnical additives 3,249 3,483 618 694
Technological additives 21,827 23,400 4,150 4,661
Sensorial additives 0
Coccidiostats 22,172 23,770 4,365 4,903
Total additives 167,679 179,763 0 30,624
Carriers 29,687 31,827 4,953 6,198
Overall 197,366 211,590 35,577 40,605Source: Sindirações *Forecast
Micro-ingredients demand - MT
Demand for all micro-ingredients is expected to be higher this year.
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Brasileira de Avicultura (UBA) put the total produced at 10.962 million mt, i.e. more or less the same as the record set in 2008.
Per capita chicken consumption was thought to similarly be at the same level as 2008, coming in at 38.9 kg.
Ariel Mendez, president of UBA, notes that there were still difficulties in winning credit and that, at the height of the crisis, resources simply disappeared. However, with the problems of 2009 behind it, the Brazilian industry hopes to achieve the same level of production this year as last.
“We know that the year ahead will be one where the economy recovers, and it is exactly for this reason that the poultry sec-tor must proceed with caution. It is likely that we will achieve the same production levels as last year,” he says.
Overall demand for poultry feed this year could be in the region of 2%, but longer term the outlook is more positive. Zani points out that the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) forecasts that the world population will be more than 9 billion by 2050 and that the amount of food produced will need to dou-ble. Poultry meat production could increase by 120%.
Pig feedDemand for pig feed reached 15.3 mil-
lion mt during 2009 - flat in comparison with 2008. Despite negative expectations, do-mestic consumption of pork reached 14kg
per capita and pork exports rose by 15%. To help offset the effects of lower prices,
producers chose to control costs through small additions to nutritional technology.
Dairy and beefDairy cattle feed demand stood at 4.4
million mt last year, a contraction of 8% in comparison with 2008. This decrease was the result of weak demand worldwide for dairy products and due to the fact that Brazil imported large quantities of milk powder during the first three months of the year.
Poor market conditions continued throughout the year, in part due to farm-ers restricting milk availability, but also because of poor weather conditions in the South and Northwest of the country.
Beef cattle feed fell by 7% during 2009, in part because farmers resisted moving cattle to feedlots while expecting higher prices for finished cattle, but also because of the overvaluation of the Brazilian cur-rency, which fed through into less demand for exports, which in turn made conditions more difficult for some slaughterhouses.
Aquaculture Fish and shrimp feed demand during
2009 once more surprised analysts and achieved 380,000 mt, confirming the high growth rate of the industrial aquaculture sector. Volumes were 17% up on 2008.
In the case of shrimp, consumption in-creased only in the last quarter of the year as cheaper prices encouraged consumers to buy. Some 90% of the shrimps raised in 2009 was consumed domestically, while in 2006, 65% went to export markets.
Overcoming difficulties One of the great challenges facing animal
producers, Mr Zani notes, is reducing the length of time that it takes to rear an animal to slaughter using practices that do not dam-age the long-term future of food production.
The feed industry is helping to meet these challenges through offering alterna-tives and ever-more specific products, and additives that can improve performance while minimising waste. Additionally, for example, mathematical modelling using non-linear programming rather than least-cost formulations helps to improve performance and profitability through additives.
The Brazilian economy grew at its fast-est rate in at least 14 years in the first three months of this year. Gross domestic prod-uct (GDP) rose by 9% compared with the same period a year earlier. This growth has largely been driven by internal demand and could well lead to inflation pressures that have been feared.
However, despite the small increase in demand forecast for poultry feed, the price of poultry feed is expected to be stable for the remainder of the year.
Segment 2009 2010* %Avian 32.64 33.39 2.3 Broilers 27.82 28.38 2.0 Layers 4.82 5.01 4.0Swine 15.33 15.94 4.0Cattle 6.78 7.28 7.3Cats & dogs 1.93 2.01 4.3Equine .56 .58 3.4Aqua .38 .43 12.9Others .74 .75 1.2Total livestock feed 58.4 60.4 3.5Mineral Supplements 1.8 1.9 5.0Overall 60.2 62.3 3.5
Source: Sindirações *Forecast
Feed production (million MT)The Brazilian feed market by species 2009
Source: Sindirações
Broilers45%
Minor others2%
Swine25%
Equines1%
Layers8%
Cats & dogs3%
Mineral supplement3%
Dairy8%
Beef4%
Aquatics1%
5%
1%4%ment
3%ts & dogs3%
Layers8%
quines1%
%
Swine25%
Minor oth2%
The Brazilian feed market by species 2009
The poultry industry continues to dominate the Brazilian feed market.
Demand for poultry feed is expected to remain steady this year, while feed for other species is expected to see a bounceback from the difficulties of 2009.
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Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) formulations were thought to be an inferior option for swine diets, but in recent years new processing techniques and improved quality control measures have created more consistent nutrient profi les to formu-late cost-effective diets.
DDGS levels, health concernsIn some markets, DDGS inclusion
rates are reaching 40% in gestation diets, 20% in lactation diets and 30% or more in growing-fi nishing diets.
“Diets containing DDGS should be formulated on the basis of digestible amino acids and digestible phosphorus,” says Hans Stein, extension swine nutrition-ist, University of Illinois. “In general, 10% DDGS can replace approximately 4.25% soybean meal and 5.7% corn if 0.1% crys-talline lysine is included in the diet.”
According to Stein, DDGS can be in-cluded in nursery pig, growing-fi nishing pig and sow diets at the rate of 20% and at the rate of 40% for gestating sows.
“At these inclusion rates, excellent performance of pigs has been reported provided that diets were formulated on the basis of digestible amino acids,” Stein says. “Greater inclusion rates are possible, but may not always maximize pig performance.”
Driven by ingredient costs, inclusion rates of 30% or greater in growing-fi nishing diets have become more commonplace.
But are pigs still performing optimally when DDGS are included at the higher end of the spectrum?
“We have fi eld reports of producers experiencing a growth loss of 10 to 15 pounds during the growing-fi nishing pe-riod, or that the growth period when they increase DDGS levels is extended by about a week when high levels of DDGS are used,” says Dr Brad Lawrence, technical services manager for Novus International.
“There have also been reports of late-term abortions following administration of certain vaccines when high levels of DDGS are fed in gestation, as well as incidences of
foot pad lesions during fi nishing. The most frequent reports are of an increased inci-dence of Mulberry Heart Disease symptoms in offspring from sows fed high DDGS diets.”
Why the challenge?When pigs consume secondary oxida-
tion products, feed intake can drop off, leading to additional concerns because nutrient needs are no longer being met. In three studies evaluating the feed intake and palatability impact of DDGS inclu-sion in diets of growing pigs, researchers from Kansas State University concluded that, regardless of source, feed intake is decreased when DDGS is included in the diets. Although it seems that the metabo-lizable energy content of DDGS is com-
DDGS by Lori Weaver
Protecting performance when using DDGS in pig diets
Do pigs still perform optimally when DDGS are included at the higher end of the spectrum?
Careful management and diet supplementation may avoid oxidative stress and reduced performance.
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Naturally ahead
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parable to that of corn, feed consumption may affect pig performance, even when DDGS is included at low concentrations in diet formulations.
Feed intake reduction causes a decline in consumption of proper nutrients vital in help-
ing growing pigs manage oxidative stress. Oxidative stress arises when production of harmful free radical compounds exceeds the body’s natural ability to detoxify them.
Changes in cellular fatty acid profiles
A pig is what it eats, or at least it is as
far as fatty acid profiles are concerned. In fact, one of the most common challenges voiced by producers with respect to DDGS use is the increased attention to iodine value, an indicator of the unsaturated fat content, in the carcass.
Unsaturated fats are more prone to oxidation. The cell membranes from pigs fed 3% corn oil from a diet containing 30% DDGS are more prone to oxidative damage than cell membranes from pigs fed a typi-cal corn-soy diet getting traditional choice white grease. When these cell membranes are damaged, there is an unseen cost in both energy and amino acids to repair or replace these cells. This repair process harms growth, decreases feed efficiency and raises production costs.
Managing vitamin E statusVitamin E is critical for maintaining oxi-
dative balance. Recent work with sows fed an unstabilized animal/vegetable fat blend showed that supplementation with an anti-oxidant, when fed at 0.5 pounds per ton, improved serum vitamin E status 25%.
It is believed that vitamin E, in conjunc-tion with selenium, works to form the free radical first line of defense. Vitamin E status of the pig is also affected by supply of selenium for normal vitamin E “recycling.” A deficiency of vitamin E and selenium is often seen with Mulberry Heart Disease symptoms in suckling and weaned pigs, a condition that has been associated with feeding high levels of DDGS in some cases. Inclusion of DDGS at higher levels requires careful management of vitamin E status.
Organic selenium is used in the North American pork industry to improve the sele-nium status of offspring. It was thought that increased levels in milk resulted in subse-quent increased selenium intake in the suck-ling pig and a building of selenium stores in tissues for the post-weaning period. Analysis of milk samples shows some evidence of reduced levels of selenium secreted in milk when feeding higher levels of DDGS.
Reducing risk of sulfur antagonistsCompared to the concentrations of sul-
fur in corn, that in DDGS, like many other nutrients, is magnified at least three-fold due to manufacturing. DDGS high in sulfur can result in decreased uptake and ab-
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sorption of copper and selenium. Feeding a high-quality organic mineral supplement containing copper can provide a highly stable and available form of organic cop-per that stays intact through the low pH environment of the gut.
Selenium in organic forms is vital to keeping a pig’s system in oxidative bal-ance. Selenium is a key mineral co-factor for glutathione peroxidase, which converts hydrogen peroxide to safe compounds for the body. Research with lactating sows has shown that supplementation with a se-lenium-enriched yeast at 0.3 ppm increas-es milk selenium by about 0.04 µg/ml.
Mycotoxins risk magnifi ed?There is evidence that mycotoxins can
be concentrated three times in DDGS compared to the grain itself. Recent stud-ies have shown that consumption of afl a-toxins could have a dramatic impact on liver oxidation markers as well as serum vitamin E status.
A dramatic increase in daily myco-toxin intake may occur when mycotoxins are concentrated in DDGS and then the distillers grains are included in the diet at 30-60%, presenting a signifi cant oxidative challenge to the pig.
Many mycotoxins are biotransformed in the liver. Free radicals are produced when mycotoxins are consumed, that negatively affect oxidative balance. The work by Harper et al., (2009) found that use of a clay-based fl ow agent alone or use of a synthetic antioxidant blend could improve serum vitamin E status in the face of afl a-toxin challenge.
This research confi rms that even when a product is used that restores feed intake in the face of mycotoxins, enough myco-toxin can still be absorbed to potentially harm oxidative balance and potentially result in negative health consequences to the animal. The best mycotoxin manage-ment plan minimizes mycotoxin absorption in conjunction with a synthetic antioxidant blend than can improve vitamin E status.
Production economics are driving in-creased DDGS use in all phases of pork production. The economic benefi ts of using DDGS when formulating pig diets should not be ignored. But the price to be paid for that lower input cost comes with
the need for more careful management. One of the main risks associated with
feeding high levels of DDGS may be com-promised oxidative balance affected by mycotoxins, potential oxidation products, alterations in the tissue fatty acid profi le to more unsaturated fatty acids, and decreased selenium and copper status.
Maintaining oxidative balance requires a strategic approach to combat specifi c challenges associated with feeding condi-tions and diet ingredients.
Lori Weaver is a writer and editor based in Lexington, Kentucky, US.
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Ergot is a fungal disease that primarily af-fects rye, triticale, barley and wheat, and which adversely affects the health and productivity of livestock.
The fungus in question produces the ergot responsible for the ergot alkaloid group of mycotoxins and parasitizes the seed heads of plants at the time of flower-ing. It is often seen in years where wet weather prevails in the spring and early summer, during the flowering stage of ce-real crops or when low temperatures are present during grain fill.
Ergot infection reduces grain quantity and quality. It replaces grain kernels with poisonous alkaloid-containing ergot scle-rotia - hardened bodies that are formed by the fungus.
Despite using cleaning techniques at mills, ergot alkaloids have been detected in surveys worldwide. Fungal endophytes (Neotyphodium coenophialum), which infect perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceous) also produce alkaloids that impair animal health and performance. Animals grazing these pastures can lose body condition, and have low conception rates and lower survival of offspring.
Additionally, body temperatures are elevated and reduced blood flow to ex-tremities can result in death of these tis-sues. In mammals, ergot alkaloids affect immune and reproductive systems as well as the central and sympathetic nervous systems as some possess hallucinogenic properties.
Ergotism is one of the oldest known mycotoxicoses. Ergot alkaloids exert toxic effects in all animal species, and the most prominent toxic signs can be attributed to the interaction of ergot alkaloids with adrenergic, serotinergic and dopaminer-gic receptors. Recently, ergot alkaloids have gained considerable relevance due to, amongst other things, ergopeptine producing endophytes causing breeding problems in animals. The amount and pattern of alkaloids produced varies be-tween fungal strains, the host plant and geographical region.
The term ergot alkaloid refers to a di-verse group of some 40 toxins.
Toxicity in animalsAnimals can be exposed to complex
mixtures of ergot alkaloids in many typical production systems. This mixture results from the fact that the kinds of alkaloids present in grains and their levels can vary widely. Consequently, it is practically impossible to determine the exposure to individual toxins.
Due to the fact that animals are exposed to a multiplicity of alkaloids when consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue, a combined alkaloid effect has been suggested. In addi-tion to vasoconstriction, other symptoms re-ported as typical include gangrenous chang-es, neurotoxic signs including convulsions, abortions and death. Moreover, reduced prolactin secretion and consequently agalac-tia are major adverse effects in animals.
Ergot alkaloids by Katia Pedrosa and Karin Grießler
Ergot alkaloids of increasing concernErgotism can occur in all animal species and its impact on production should not be underestimated.
Cows in the shade suffering heat stress at 22C.
Hybrid rye contaminated with ergots.
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PigsNegative effects of
ergot alkaloids have been observed in sows fed sor-
ghum grain infected with sorghum ergot (17% C. africana ergot sclerotia) before far-rowing. Symptoms included shrunken ud-ders, lack of colostrum production, signs of oestrus and dead piglets due to starva-tion. Sows fed the grain after farrowing showed severe reductions in milk produc-tion due to low levels of prolactin.
Moreover, agalactia (due to the inter-ference in the release of prolactin), feed refusal and consequent reduced weight gain are classical signs of poisoning by rye ergot (C. purpurea). Other frequently noted symptoms include strong uterotonic effects, causing stillbirths and reduced pregnancy rate.
Other studies have reported nega-tive effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems due to higher blood pressure causing vasoconstriction. Defining the tolerable level of ergot in diets for weaned pigs is important to help use infected grains safely. A trial with ergot alkaloids to evaluate the performance and clinical symptoms in weaned pigs found that the maximum tolerable levels of ergot in the diet were 0.10 and 0.05% based on average daily gain and average daily feed intake, respectively, which corresponds to 1.04 mg to 2.07 mg of total alkaloids per kg diet.
PoultryTrials in poultry have
found that chickens fed contaminated diets (150 or
300 mg ergotamine/kg) exhibited poor feath-ering and developed gangrenous lesions on the toes when exposed to a continuous, temperature environment (22C). These birds consumed less feed and water and grew poorly, and these effects were exacerbated on exposure to a higher temperature (35C).
In birds, prolactin is involved in incuba-tion behavior and broodiness. Ingestion of ergotamine results in reduced circulating prolactin concentrations resulting in re-duced circulating concentrations of gona-dotropins and thus ovarian regression. In layers, feed intake and egg production are significantly reduced when ergot sclerotia (2%), from rye or triticale are included in the diet. Other studies have found that chick-ens fed with diets containing 2.5 and 5.0% sclerotia exhibited respiratory difficulties, diarrhea, and death. Blackening of beaks, claws and feet, followed by necrosis of these parts were the most obvious signs.
Birds fed grains containing ergot´s sclerotia have been seen to be reluctant to move; their feet were uniformly dark, red-dish purple, and they were slightly dehy-drated. They also exhibited purplish-black claws, toes, shanks and beaks on several three day old chicks.
CattleSymptoms of ergot poi-
soning are more pronounced when animals are kept out-
side under varying weather conditions. Adult ruminants are considered less
susceptible to mycotoxins, since the alka-loids are metabolized quickly. The rumen microbes may be influenced in their activity in deactivating the alkaloids by varying feed intake and passage rates through the rumen.
It has been found that approximately 94% of the alkaloids ingested by cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue were found in urine and the remaining 6% was in the bile. Usual symptoms of acute poisoning are lameness and gangrene due to constriction of the blood vessels and occasional convul-sions. Cattle fed ergot infected sorghum had reduced ability to shed heat, which in turn reduced feed intake and growth.
Poor reproductive performance or de-creased pregnancy and calving rates have also been reported. Reduced testicular de-velopment and sperm production in males fed endophyte-infected fescue seed has also been reported.
Toxic effects from cattle consuming endophyte infected fescue are manifested by one of three main pathologic condi-tions: fescue foot, fat necrosis, or summer syndrome.
Fescue foot occurs mostly during cooler weather (<15C) and is characterized by rough hair coat, emaciation, limb swelling, development of necrotic tissue, and slough-ing of tail and ear tips in extreme cases. Fat necrosis, or lipomatosis, results in deposi-tion of hard, necrotic mesenteric fat around the intestinal tract, leading to impaired digestive function and sometimes death. Summer syndrome is the most prevalent and well-studied condition caused by graz-ing endophyte-infected fescue, where cattle suffer reduced feed intake and average daily gain. Chronic ingestion of low levels of the toxins may result in overall decreases in productivity through decreased milk production, reduced weight gain, diarrhea, reduced reproductive efficiency, spontane-ous abortion and heat stress. Studies have reported that, in late pregnancy, abortions occurred 7-11 days following exposure to ryegrass pasture heavily infested with ergot.
Researchers have reported that feed-ing tall fescue hay containing a high level of
For a more detailed examination of ergotism, read: Ergot alkaloids – a tour through the complex family of mycotoxins of increasing concern.www.WATTAgNet.com/17359.html
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ergovaline can reduce the performance of lactating dairy cows even with relatively cool temperatures and at a relatively high dietary ratio of concentrate to roughage. In the rumen fluid, concentrations of isovalerate, propionate and ammonia nitrogen are significantly influ-enced as is the amount of protein ruminally undegraded; conversely, the fermentation of neutral detergent fiber, tends to increase with the ergot supplementation at higher levels of feed intake, which might indicate a modifica-tion in the microbial population.
SheepLambs kept outdoors
administered aqueous suspensions of milled ergot
from C. purpurea (0.75 g sclerotia/kg body weight) have shown signs of dullness, inap-petence, high pulse rate, diarrhea, edema of the hind legs and tail, as well as lameness.
Post-mortem findings have included inflammation and necrosis of the forestom-
ach and intestinal mucosa. Ergovaline ingestion suppresses feed intake, re-duces serum prolactin level, and reduces thermoregulatory function, which leads to increased body and decreased skin temperatures, elevated respiration rates and reduced live weight gain. Endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii)-infected perennial ryegrass causes high loss of ewes and weaned lambs and seriously disrupts breeding goals, increases lameness in sheep and cattle and elevates the inci-dence of pregnancy toxemia.
Ewes pastured on high endophyte-con-taining fescue before breeding take longer to conceive or have a reduced conception rate and experience embryonic mortality.
The effects of ergot alkaloids in animals
are diverse and can impair the health and productivity of animals, and result in eco-nomic losses for producers. The total alka-loid content, as well as the level of individual alkaloids, varies; therefore, it is difficult to obtain specific data on exposure to individ-ual toxins of certain animal species as well as to set safe levels. Despite that only a few countries have set limits for individual ergot alkaloids in food or feed, recommendations for levels of ergot sclerotium (dormant winter form of the fungus Claviceps purpurea) are being used. Thus, the limit refers to the weight of ergot kernels per total commodity weight, and not toxin concentration.
The use of high-quality feedstuffs to re-duce toxicosis of ergot alkaloids in livestock is the first step in avoiding problems they can cause, but inclusion of a mycotoxin counter-acting product could also be considered.
Ergot alkaloids
Katia Pedrosa and Karin Grießler are product managers with Biomin Hold-ing GmbH.
Quality feed is the first step to avoid problems
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Spiroflow Systems Bulk Bag Super Discharger
Spiroflow Systems introduces the Model T11 Bulk Bag Super Discharger. The Model T11 is built of stainless steel and can be stripped down within minutes by two plant employees, according to
the company. Optional massagers help promote material flow, a dust cabinet of-fers containment during discharge and V-shaped pinch bars provide automated opening and closing of the bag. All major components, fixtures and fittings can be dismantled by hand and reassembled without the use of tools.
www.spiroflowsystems.com
Dorner AquaGard 7360 Center Drive Conveyor
Dorner’s AquaGard 7360 series conveyor platform now comes with a center drive mo-tor option. According to the company, this
option can result in a belt lifespan up to five times longer than end drive models. Other specifications include the ability to handle loads up to 500 pounds, belt speeds up to 300 feet per minute, belt widths between 4 inches to 52 inches and conveyor lengths up to 83 feet.
+1.262.367.7600www.dorner.com
Alltech Bioplex ZincAlltech’s Bioplex Zinc 15% OA is now
Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) listed. OMRI listed products may be used in operations that are certified under the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Organic Program. Bioplex Zinc can now be used by organic farming operations throughout the U.S.
+1.859.885.9613www.alltech.com
Product news32 |
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SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010 | WATTAgNet.com
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Wire Belt Co. CompactGridWire Belt Co. offers CompactGrid. This
conveyor belt is made of stainless steel and designed to replace plastic modular belts. It has a 70% open area to better protect prod-ucts from harmful pathogens, according to the company. It is accepted by USDA NSF/ANSI/3-A hygiene standards.
+1.603.644.2500www.wirebelt.com
Industrias Vepinsa S.A. de C.V. Florafil
Industrias Vepinsa S.A. de C.V. offers Florafil. It is a pigmentation product that contains extracts from marigold flowers and red peppers. It comes in both a powder and liquid form, and is available in different pig-ment concentrations.
+52.668.816.0500www.thebeautyofyellow.com
Muyang Group SFSP132 hammer millMuyang Group offers the SFSP132
hammer mill. It is designed for feed pre and post grinding. It is available in many different capacities. It has a water-drop chamber with W-shape secondary grinding structure. It features a one-step screen hold-down device and fully open sliding door. This machine is also customizable.
+86.514.878.48880www.muyang.com
Spectronics Corp. Spectroline BIB-150P ultraviolet lamp
Spectronics Corp. offers the Spectroline BIB-150P ultraviolet lamp. Designed to highlight the presence of trace amounts of rodent urine and feces, the lamp also reveals oil, grease, dust and other contaminants. Weighing 3¼ pounds, the lamp features high UV intensity, polymer housing, built-in bal-last bulb and a vinyl-coated, stainless-steel wraparound heat guard.
+1.800.274.8888www.spectroline.com
AB Vista Finase EC bacterial 6-phytase
AB Vista’s Finase EC bacterial 6-phytase has gained official registration in South Africa. This registration follows the product’s launch across the European Union. Finase
EC offers improved phosphate and other phytate-bound nutrient availability, as well as a reduced environmental impact from phosphate excretion.
+0.1672.517.650www.abvista.com
GhangZhou Wisdom Bio-Technology Co. Ltd. Wisdem Golden-Y
GhangZhou Wisdom Bio-Technology Co. Ltd. offers Wisdem Golden-Y. This feed-addi-tive for the pigmentation of chickens comes as a yellow powder. It contains Xanthophylls and marigold flower extracts.
+86.203.205.8201 www.zhiteqi.com.cn
Spiroflow Systems Inc. Flexible Screw Conveyor & bulk handling accessories
Spiroflow Systems Inc. offers a Flexible Screw Conveyor and bulk handling acces-sories. The conveyor moves bulk dry solids and other ingredients at a higher rate using a faster rotation of its spiral screw. Accessories include three types of massagers with side, base and corner options to help move 95% of compacted or difficult flow materials and fill bulk bags faster.
+1.704.291.9595 www.spiroflowsystems.com
Brandt Agricultural Products Auger Max Bin Sensor
Brandt Agricultural Products offers the Auger Max Bin Sensor in its grain handling line. It features a wearable, wireless pager that beeps, vibrates and flashes when the grain pile has reached the auger, and a high contrast light and red rear light for transport.
+1.306.791.7555
Products
034-1009FIprod_C2201R13319.BK.indd 34 8/23/2010 9:35:12 PM
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