Upload
others
View
9
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
US-Taiwan Geoscience workshop
May 28 - Jun 2 2015 | Taipei, Taiwan
Feedbacks and coupling Among
Climate, Erosion and Tectonics
during mountain building
��������� �
Program
1
Feedbacksandcouplingamongclimate,erosionandtectonicsduringmountainbuilding
Feedbacksandcouplingamongclimate,erosionandtectonicsduringmountainbuilding(FACET)
ReportofWorkshopheldinTaipei,TaiwanMay28–June2,2015
The recognition that climatically modulated erosion acts to govern the geodynamic evolution of
active mountain ranges (e.g., Koons, 1987; Beaumont et al., 1992) is arguably one of the most transformative conceptual shifts in the geosciences subsequent to the plate tectonic revolution. We now recognize that topography in tectonically active regions results from a rich and complicated interplay among climatic, tectonic, and geomorphic processes. The building of mountains increases topographic slopes, which directly influences the rate and efficiency of erosional processes (Dietrich et al., 2003). Rising landmasses can also influence climate by altering patterns of airflow (e.g., Ruddiman and Kutzbach, 1989; Ruddiman et al., 1997; Clift et al., 2008; Galewsky, 2009) and heating (e.g., Boos and Kuang, 2010; Poulsen et al., 2010), influencing the magnitude and pattern of precipitation. Feedbacks between the redistribution of mass by climate-driven erosion can influence the state of stress, thermal structure, and subsequent deformation patterns within orogens (Koons, 1987; Dahlen and Suppe, 1988; Willett, 1999; Olive et al., 2014), the very mechanisms that drive the growth of topography. The strength of these various interactions and coupling, however, is still contested.
Central to understanding the connection between climate and tectonics is the ability to quantitatively resolve the interactions among the different systems (i.e., the atmosphere, surface processes, and tectonics). Recent progress in a number of complementary techniques has primed these sub-disciplines to make substantial progress toward resolution of this problem. Such progress includes advances in geochronologic and geochemical analytical techniques (e.g., low-temperature thermochronology, cosmogenic radionuclides, stable isotopes), improved representations of topography (LiDAR, global coverage of high-resolution digital elevation models), refined methods of measuring deformation at spatial and temporal scales relevant to climatic forcing (e.g., Amos et al., 2014), improved methods of paleotopographic reconstruction, and improved resolution and representation of surface processes in numerical modeling of landscape evolution.
Despite significant progress, a number of challenges remain in understanding the directionality and strength of feedbacks between climate, tectonics, and the growth of topography. To identify gaps in our current understanding and articulate strategies for research efforts that will plug those gaps, a 6-day workshop in Taipei, Taiwan. The workshop, “Feedbacks and coupling among climate, erosion and tectonics during mountain building” or FACET, was attended by over 100 American and Taiwanese geoscientists and included 3 days of field trips and 3 days of lectures and working group discussions (http://facet2015.earth.sinica.edu.tw). The workshop started with three broad charges:
1. Identifyoutstandingsciencequestionsandnewresearchdirections2. Defineresearchneedsand/orbarrierstoprogress3. HowcanenhancedUS-Taiwancooperationmeetthoseneeds?
After a one-day field trip to the Dana River gorge (lead by Kristin Cooke and Bruce Shyu; Cooke et
al., 2015), we held a combination of oral presentations and working group discussions interspersed with opportunities to study 74 poster sessions. Lectures were presented at Academia Sinica Auditorium in the Astronomy Mathematics Building at National Taiwan University and posters were displayed in the lobby of the same building, providing easy access for presenters and participants. The oral presentations consisted of two “Keynote” sessions, three “State of the Science” sessions and a final session on “Emerging Tools and Technologies.”
The workshop participants also recognized two areas of emerging science and technology that they thought had transformative potential:
1) Using of unmanned aerial vehicles to create high-resolution 3-D models and 2) Landslide seismology
2
Feedbacksandcouplingamongclimate,erosionandtectonicsduringmountainbuilding
FACET2015Workshop
Events
Event Date PlaceDa-AnFieldTrip May28 Da-AnGorge
ReceptionBanquet May28(18:30) HowardCivilServiceInternationalHouse(14F)福華國際文教會館
OpeningCeremony May29(9:00)AstronomyMathematicsBuilding,(NTUcampus)台大/中研院天文數學館一樓國際會議廳
Symposium May29-31AstronomyMathematicsBuilding(NTUcampus)台大/中研院天文數學館一樓國際會議廳
ConferenceDinner May29(18:30) TheHowardPlazaHotelTaipei台北福華大飯店
TarokoFieldTrip May31–June2 Taroko,Hualien
3
Feedbacksandcouplingamongclimate,erosionandtectonicsduringmountainbuilding
FACET Symposium
Keynote Session I – Feedbacks and Coupling in the Himalaya, Andes and Taiwan 1) Emerging Perspectives on Himalayan Neotectonics Kip Hodges,
2) Climate, Topography, Lithology, Erosion Rate and Tectonics: New Insights from the Himalaya and the Andes
Kelin Whipple
3) The linkage between non-adiabatic cooling, isotopic lapse rates and paleoelevation estimates
Nadja Insel
4) 15 years after Chi-Chi: What we have learned about tectonic and surface processes in Taiwan
Bruce Shyu
Keynote Session II – Understanding Mountain Building in Taiwan through US-Taiwan Collaborations 5) Simultaneous Mountain Building in the Taiwan Orogenic Belt Yuan-His Lee 6) From Surficial Processes to Deep Crustal Deformation in an Active Arc-
Continent Collision Hao Kuo-Chen
7) Not so fast: Slow Erosion, Increasing Relief and Extreme Landscape Disequilibrium in Taiwan
Will Ouimet
8) Climate and topography in East Asia and Taiwan
Huang-Hsiung Hsu
State of the Science I – Atmospheric Processes and Applications to Taiwan 1) Orographic precipitation: An atmospheric dynamics perspective Joe Galewsky 2) Tropical Pacific response to continental ice sheet topography Shih-Yu Lee
State of the Science II – Geomorphic Processes and Applications to Taiwan
3) Climate’s elusive control on chemical weathering: Reevaluating climate-weathering-erosion feedbacks
Jean Dixon
4) Hillslope controls on channel geometry in a developing orogen Brian Yanites 5) Land sliding and its role in shaping landscapes Colin Stark 6) The impact of glacial/interglacial climate changes on fluvial and mass-
wasting processes in the Taiwan’s mountains Meng-Lung Hsieh
State of the Science III – Geochemical Processes and Indicators of Climate-Tectonic Interactions
and Applications to Taiwan 7) The geomorphic aftermath of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and
implications from tectonics and mountain building to hazards and geochemical cycles
Josh West
8) Carbon cycling in this landslide-dominated region and the relationship between PE and CW for assessing the climate change effect
Jr-Chuan Huang
9) Hydrated Volcanic Glass Durability and Isotope Composition Stability on Geologic Timescales
Elizabeth Cassel
10) Organic molecular proxies for the climatic and topographic evolution of a landscape
Michael Hren
Emerging Tools and Technologies
1) Seasonal, long-term, and short-term deformation in the Central Range of Taiwan induced by landslides
Yu-Ju Hsu
2) Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology for geological applications and prospects
Kuo-Jen Chang
3) 2D/3D numerical models of orogenic systems, including erosion and sedimentation
Eh Tan
4
Feedbacksandcouplingamongclimate,erosionandtectonicsduringmountainbuilding
During the initial meeting and discussions that followed the participants confirmed the critical need
to further develop meaningful collaborations between Earth scientists in the US and Taiwan. The participants also recognized three over-arching and interrelated Fundamental Challenges: Ø Howdothebehaviorandevolutionoforogenicsystemsemergefromtheinterplayofsurface
processes,tectonicsandclimate?Ø Whatarethestrengths,directionalitiesandthresholdsofbio-geomorphicfeedbacksduringorogenic
evolution?Ø Howcanweanticipateextremeevents,developresilienceandmitigatenaturalgeohazards?
Toaddressthesechallengestheparticipatesorganizedintosixworkinggroupsthatmetseveraltimesduringtheworkshop:
1. Climatologyandorographicfeedbacks2. Landslides,masstransport,andevent-basedsedimentflux3. Linkagesbetweenerosion,weathering,andglobalgeochemicalcycles4. Erosion,exhumationandorogenevolution5. Geodeticsandactivetectonics6. Lithosphericgeodynamicsand4Dorogenicprocesses
EmergingFieldsofResearch:Twoareasofemergingresearchwithstronginterestfromtheworkshopparticipantswerealsohighlightedduringtheworkshopandsummaries,or“sidebars”,areincludedbelow.
1) Using unmanned aerial vehicles to create high-resolution 3-D models and 2) Landslide seismology
5
Feedbacksandcouplingamongclimate,erosionandtectonicsduringmountainbuilding
Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to Create High-resolution 3-D Models for Geomorphic and Geologic Studies
The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) used in this study is a modified version of the already-available Skywalker X8 fixed-wing aircraft reinforced with carbon fiber rods. The drone is launched by hand, flies and takes photos autonomously, then glides or parachutes back down to the ground by using a pre-programmed flight plan organized by ground control system and controlled by the ground control station and remote controller. The autopilot system is composed and modified from the open source firmware, Ardupilot Mega 2.6 autopilot, and open source software, Mission Planner, transmitted by ground-air XBee telemetry. In order to mosaic orthorectified images and generate high-resolution digital terrain models, the cameras (e.g., Sony a7r, QX100 or QX1) are mounted on the aircraft and programed to take photos autonomously either by spacing or by time. The ground sampling distance of the acquired images is about 5-20cm, depending on the flying height of the drones. This approach permits construction of high-resolution true 3D models with the most realistic ground information. The geoinformatics data created with 3D models then provide detailed ground information that can be used for geomorphological and geological studies (see e.g., Fig 1 and 2). Deffontaines et al. (2016) provide additional examples of research using the UAV.
Contributor: Kuo-Jen Chang, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan References Deffontaines, B., Chang, K.-J., Champenois, J., Fruneau, B., Pathier, E., Hu, J.-C., Lu, S.-T., and Liu, Y.-C., 2016, Active interseismic shallow deformation of the Pingting terraces (Longitudinal Valley – Eastern Taiwan) from UAV high-resolution topographic data combined with InSAR time series: Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, p. 1-17.
Figure1.True3Dmodelofcoastalexposuresoftuffaceoussandstonelayerscontainingnumerousfaultsandjointsets,She-Ti-Ping,CoastalRange,Taiwan.
Figure2.True3DmodelofamassiveofPleistoceneconglomeraticunitshowingwell-definedgeomorphicfeaturesandanorth-strikinglineament(justtotherightofcenter)thatisprobablyafault,99Peaksregion,centralTaiwan
6
Feedbacksandcouplingamongclimate,erosionandtectonicsduringmountainbuilding
LandslideSeismology–AnEmergingFieldinSeismologyIn2009theextremeTyphoonMorakotsweptacrossTaiwan,inundatingtheislandwithupto2.7metersofrainfallandtriggeringdamaginglandslidesthatcausedupto$3.3billionineconomicdamageandover650fatalitiesandmissingpersons(Fig.1A).TheentirevillageofHsiaolinwasburiedbyonespawnedmudfloweventthatresultedinthelossofone-thirdofthevillagepopulation(Fig.1B).ThiscatastrophiceventgeneratedseismicwavesthatwererecordedbyseismicstationsacrossTaiwan(Fig.1C).AnalysisofthesesignalsbyLin(2015)identifiedtheexacttimeofthisevent,itsduration,andinferredkinematicvaluesofflowvelocity,acceleration,andfrictioncoefficient.Themudflowdisplacedapproximately25millioncubicmetersofmaterial(Tsouetal.,2011)thatslidintoHsiaolinvillageatspeedsuptonearly300km/hour.Thisstudyusedtheemergingfieldoflandslideseismology--thestudyofseismicwavesgeneratedbyrockfallsanddebrisflows.Thisfieldhasparallelstoearthquakeseismicitystudies,andoffersopportunitiestodetectandlocatelandslides,definetheiroccurrencetimes,assembleeventcatalogues,andbyusingwaveformanalysistoestimatevolumes/massplusinvertfortransportkinematics.Theseproductscanthenbeusedtostudylandslideprocesses.Futuredirectionsincludecausationstudiesinvolvingintegrationwithweatherorearthquakeseismicityrecordsandstudiesoflandslidedynamicsfromdirectwaveforminversion.Figure1.HsiaolinvillagemudfloweventspawnedbyTyphoonMorakot.(A)SatelliteimageofTyphoon
MorakotwithoutlineofTaiwan.GreendotislocationofHsiaolin;reddotsareTaiwanBATSseismicstations.ImagecourtesyofNASA.(B)AirphotoofMorakotmudflowpath(Lin,2015).(C)Long-periodseismogramsofmudfloweventrecordedupto350kmaway(Lin,2015).Contributors:DavidOkaya,AssociateProfessor(Research),EarthSciences,Univ.ofSouthernCalifornia,CAZhigangPeng,Professor,EarthandAtmosphericSciences,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,GAColinStark,AssociateResearchProfessor,MarineGeologyandGeophysics,Lamont-DohertyEarthObservatory,NYReferencesLin,C.-H.,2015,Insightintolandslidekinematicsfromabroadbandseismicnetwork,EarthPlanetsSpace,
67:8,doi:10.1186/s40623-014-0177-8.TsouC.-Y.,Z.-Y.Feng,andM.Chigira,2011,CatastrophiclandslideinducedbyTyphoonMorakot,Shiaolin,
Taiwan,Geomorphology,127,166-178.
7
Feedbacksandcouplingamongclimate,erosionandtectonicsduringmountainbuilding
Posters
No. Title 1 Does the megathrust earthquake cycle influence long-term uplift
and incision in the Cascadia forearc of Washington? Colin Amos
2 Investigating Landslides and Fluvial Processes in Taiwan using Remote Sensing and Field Studies Lindsey Belliveau
3 Active Dehydration, Delamination and Deformation of Transitional Continental Crust in an Arc-Continent Collision, Taiwan
Tim Byrne
4 Holocene Deposition History of the Backarc-Opening Lanyang Basin, northern Taiwan
Yu-Chang Chan
5 A preliminary study of the inhomogeneous noise source from the non-linear interaction of the ocean current with the continental slope
Emmy Chang
6 Evolution of the Holocene uplifted terraces along the Chihshang Fault, Eastern Taiwan: Interactions between tectonic vertical movement and fluvial sedimentation
Queenie Chang
7 Evidence for stable Sr isotope fractionation by silicate weathering in a small sedimentary watershed in southwestern Taiwan
Hung-chun Chao
8 Transition from mature to collapsed orogen: Perspectives from northern Taiwan
Chih-Tung Chen
9 High-resolution 3-D Shear Wave Upper-crust Structures in Ilan Plain using Ambient Noise Tomography
Kai-Xun Chen
10 Surficial Geological Processes Affecting the Shallow Crustal ThermalStructures: Results from 2D and 3D Seismic Reflection Data Offshore SW Taiwan
Wu-Cheng Chi
11 Exhumation of Metamorphic rocks during the Taiwan Orogeny: A Study of the Daguan Fault between Tailuko and Yuli Belts
De-Cheng Yi
12 Inferring geometry of Taiwan orogenic belt from recent earthquakes
Ray Chuang
13 Rapid slip of the Gyaring Co fault in Central Tibet Chung, Ling-Ho 14 Perched, Post-Glacial Landscapes in the Tropics: Buzzcut or
Relict? Maxwell Cunningham
15 The role of waterfalls and knickzones in controlling the style and pace of landscape adjustment in the western San Gabriel Mountains, California
Roman DiBiase
16 The deformation path partitioning within the multiply deformation area, Tananao complex, Taiwan
Gong-Ruei Ho
17 Feedbacks Among Rifting, Erosion, Lithospheric Rupture, and Crustal Recycling: From the Colorado River to the Salton Trough and Gulf of California
Rebecca Dorsey
18 Sea-level responses to massive sediment redistribution in and around Taiwan
Ken Ferrier
19 Orogenic stress, Cleavage patterns, Kinematics and Topography in the Taiwan Arc-Continent Collision
Donald Fisher
20 Orographic precipitation: An atmospheric dynamics perspective Joseph Galewsky 21 Luminescence in river sediment as a means to quantify sediment
transport rates: theoretical background, model framework, and future testing.
Harrison Gray
8
Feedbacksandcouplingamongclimate,erosionandtectonicsduringmountainbuilding
22 Physical property, textural, and compositional contrasts across the unconformity and major seismic reflectors in the upper plate of the Costa Rica subduction zone
Mari Hamahashi
23 An implication of the seismic sequences of the Chimei Canyon-Fan system in relation to arc- continent collision
Yu-Huan Hsieh
24 Tectonic foliation and the distribution of landslides in the southern Central Range, Taiwan
Chung Huang
25 Climate Impact on Chemical Weathering Intensity in Taiwan River Catchments: Insights from the Lithium Isotope Geochemistry
Kuo-Fang Huang
26 Unroofing patterns detected by multiple thermochronometers on modern detritus of Yarlung- Tsangpo River, southeast Tibet
Shao-Yi Huang
27 Layered deformation in the Taiwan orogen Tzu-Ying Huang, 28 An Empirical Model for Hillslope Sediment Production in
Extreme Rainfall Event Series Yung-Feng Huang,
29 Impacts of Extreme Precipitation on the Sedimentation in Taiwan Reservoirs
Yung-Ling Huang
30 Structural evolution and landscape development adjacent to the alpine fault system, north canterbury, new zealand
Mary Hubbard
31 The linkage between non-adiabatic cooling, isotopic lapse rates and paleoelevation estimates
Nadja Insel
32 Models of Present-day Surface Uplift and Shortening in Taiwan Kaj Johnson 33 A Lithologic Control on Active Meandering in Bedrock Channels Kerri Johnson 34 Understanding the dynamic channel evolution to help guide
sediment management Wei-Cheng Kuo
35 Stratigraphic Architecture and Depositional Evolution of the Plio-Pleistocene Tai-Yuan Collisional Basin, Coastal Range of Eastern Taiwan
Syu-Heng Lai
36 Spatial variability in the degree of climate, tectonic, and erosion coupling in the eastern Himalaya
Isaac Larsen
37 Active tectonics at the front of the Taiwan fold-and-thrust belt – Results from the Chelungpu fault and Tainan anticline
Maryline Le Beon
38 Late Quaternary uplifted terraces around the Longitudinal Valley in eastern Taiwan: Interaction among active faulting, regional uplifting, fluvial sedimentation and their implications on recurring extreme events at hundred-year scale
Jian-Cheng Lee
39 A Role for Oblique Stretching in Exhumation of the Southern Central Range?
Jonathan Lewis
40 Hydraulic and geomorphic controls on evacuation of sediment from seismically induced landslides and implications for prolonged geohazards and tectonic topography
Gen Li
41 Development of a Real-time Earthquake Research Information System in Taiwan
Wen-Tzong Liang
42 Assessing active faulting by hydrogeological modeling and superconducting gravimetry: A case study for Hsinchu Fault, Taiwan
Tzuyi Lien
43 Earthquake-induced crustal gravitational potential energy change in the Philippine area
Jing-Yi Lin
44 Mountain building in eastern Tibet: insights from foreland basin development in western Sichuan
Mian Liu
45 Flux and Fate of Taiwan River-derived Sediments to the Sea: case studies of Lanyang, Choshui, and Kaoping
Paul Liu
9
Feedbacksandcouplingamongclimate,erosionandtectonicsduringmountainbuilding
46 Extrusional Tectonics in Northern Taiwan Chia-Yu Lu 47 Tectonic Evolution of Chingshui Geothermal Field Inferred from
Evidence of Quartz and Calcite Veins Yi-Chia Lu
48 Erosion in the NW Himalaya: controlled by tectonics rather than precipitation
Kristin Morell
49 Active Fault as a barrier of hydraulic conducts in shallow aquifers: insights from hydraulic experiments at the Chihshang fault in eastern Taiwan
Chung-Hsiang Mu
50 Climate-dependent chemical weathering as a control on bedrock river incision
Brendan Murphy
51 Seismic evidence of contrasting styles of typhoon-induced landslides: examples in southwest Japan and implications for quantification of mass budgets
David Okaya
52 Possible interaction of typhoon and earthquakes/tremor in Taiwan Zhigang Peng 53 Present-day crustal deformation in the central segment of the
Longitudinal Valley Fault zone, eastern Taiwan Ruey-Juin Rau
54 Hydroclimatic controls on erosional efficiency: A comparative study between desert and tropical tectonically active mountain ranges
Matthew Rossi
55 Landscape Response to Changes in Dynamic topography Gregory Ruetenik 56 Geomorphology and topography of relict surfaces: the influence
of inherited crustal structure in the northern Scandinavian mountains
Elizabeth Schermer
57 Differential Unroofing Across Southeastern Tibet: Geodynamic Links Between Plateau-Scale Tectonics and Landscape Evolution
Jennifer Schmidt
58 The Heat Source of Geothermal Energy in the Northeast Taiwan Sheng-Rong Song 59 Inversion of High Resolution 3-D Velocity Structures in the Ilan
Plain Using Local Dense Texan Network Po-Li Su
60 The role of hillslope diffusion in landscape evolution: an experimental approach
Kristin Sweeney
61 Isotopic memory of clays reveals sources and timing of geofluids, illustrated by clay gouge from Northern Turkey
Ben van der Pluijm
62 P- and S-wave attenuation structures investigated in Taiwan, for orogenic structure and shallow sediment
Yu-Ju Wang
63 The geomorphic aftermath of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and implications from tectonics and mountain building to hazards and geochemical cycles
A. Joshua West
64 Modeling the Influence of the Last Glacial Maximum Ice Load on the Tectonics of southeast Alaska
Lauren Wheeler
65 Climate, Topography, Lithology, Erosion Rate and Tectonics: New Insights from the Himalaya and the Andes
Kelin Whipple
66 Exhumation of Metamorphic rocks during the Taiwan Orogeny: A Study of the Daguan Fault between Tailuko and Yuli Belts
Robert Wintsch
67 Philippine Sea plate reconstructions using subducted slab constraints: implications for Taiwan tectonics
Jonny Wu
68 Understanding the Dynamic Channel Evolution to Help Guide Sediment Management
Chun-Yao Yang
69 Deformation and Exhumation of the Northern Hsueshan Range, Taiwan
En-Chao Yen
70 High strain rate means high seismic hazard in SW Taiwan? Kuo-En Ching 71 The geochronological timing and alluvium of the tablelands in the Chia-Han Tseng
10
Feedbacksandcouplingamongclimate,erosionandtectonicsduringmountainbuilding
Puli Basin, Taiwan 72 High transient deformation induced by triggered slip and fault-
related folding in SW Taiwan revealed by SAR interferometry and geodetic measurements
Jyr-Ching Hu
73 The spatial pattern of weathering under an actively eroding argillite landscape in Northern California
Daniella Rempe
74 Cenozoic Reconstruction of Magmatism and Basin Development within the South China Sea and Their Implications to Regional Tectonic evolution
Meng-Wan Yeh
11
Feedbacksandcouplingamongclimate,erosionandtectonicsduringmountainbuilding
FACET2015participantsintheAstronomyMathematicsBuilding,(NTUcampus)
台大/中研院天文數學館一樓國際會議廳
FACET2015ParticipantsattheLeaderVillageTaroko立德布洛灣山月邨(太魯閣)