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analysis of feed check valve
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CONTENTS
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Check valve definition
Industrial application
Types of valve and its application
Selection of check valve
Feed check valve
Application
Design and analysis explanation
Introduction about pro-E and analysis Finite element analysis
Photography
Conclusion
Reference
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
In fast moving world the time is very important criteria. But in the manual
program time takes more and more for every work in the world
In the production department drawing is very important for design the
various parts. In the manual work, its takes more time and is also very difficult to
draw various components compare to CAD. So, to avoid these difficulties, CAD
implements for quick & accurate design. Computer aided design have various
packages are Auto CAD, Pro-E, etc.
Auto CAD is using for 2D drawing and Pro-E is the latest implement in
CAD, Which is especially using for 3D modeling. Most of the industry Pro-E is
using for creating a new Design and modification of existing Design.
Before to start the production we can visualize entire parts and assembly
view of the model by using Pro-E. We were design the entire part of FEED
CHECK VALVE and assembled it.
Ansys software is used for analyzing the 3d modeling objects. The ANSYS
program has much finite element analysis, capabilities, ranging from a simple,
linear, static analysis to a complex non – linear, transient dynamic analysis.
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CHECK VALVE
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CHECK VALVE
Check valves are mechanical valves that permit gases and liquids to flow in
only one direction, preventing process flow from reversing. They are classified as
one-way directional valves. Fluid flow in the desired direction opens the valve,
while backflow forces the valve closed. The mechanics of check valve operation
are not complicated.
Check (non-return) valves are installed in pipelines to allow flow in one
direction only; helping to protect equipment and processes. The operation, benefits,
applications and selection of different designs, including lift, disc, swing and wafer check valves are explained in this tutorial.
The printable version of this page has now been replaced by
The Steam and Condensate Loop Book
View the complete collection of Steam Engineering Tutorials
Check valves, or non-return valves, are installed in pipeline systems to allow
flow in one direction only. They are operated entirely by reaction to the line fluid
and therefore do not require any external actuation. In this text, the expected, or
desired direction of flow is termed 'forward flow', flow in the opposite direction is
'reverse flow'.
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INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
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INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
Pump
The check valves on this steam locomotive are located under the small dome
between the chimney and the main dome. check valves are often used with some
types of pumps. Piston-driven and diaphragm pumps such as metering pumps and
pumps for chromatography commonly use inlet and outlet ball check valves. These
valves often look like small cylinders attached to the pump head on the inlet and
outlet lines. Many similar pump-like mechanisms for moving volumes of fluids
around use check valves such as ball check valves. The feed pumps or injectors
which supply water to steam boilers are fitted with check valves to prevent back-
flow.
Industrial processes
Check valves are used in many fluid systems such as those in chemical and
power plants, and in many other industrial processes. Check valves are also often
used when multiple gases are mixed into one gas stream. A check valve is installed
on each of the individual gas streams to prevent mixing of the gases in the original
source. For example, if a fuel and an oxidizer are to be mixed, then check valves
will normally be used on both the fuel and oxidizer sources to ensure that the
original gas cylinders remain pure and therefore nonflammable.
Domestic use
Some types of irrigation sprinklers and drip irrigation emitters have small
check valves built into them to keep the lines from draining when the system is
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shut off. Also used with most home made snowmakers. Check valves used in
domestic heating systems to prevent vertical convection, especially in combination
with solar thermal installations, also are called gravity brake.
Rainwater harvesting systems that are plumbed into the main water supply of a
utility provider may be required to have one or more check values fitted to prevent
contamination of the primary supply by rainwater.
The application of mathematics to the operation of check valves is of
relatively recent origin. Pool, Porwit, and Carlton40 describe a calculation methodfor check valves with a hinged disc that involves setting up the equation of motion
for the disc and applying to that the deceleration characteristic of the flowing fluid
within the system. Before the equation of motion for the disc can be written,
certain physical constants of the valve must be known. The calculation determines
the reverse flow velocity at the instant of sudden shut-off.
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TYPES OF VALVE AND APPLICATION
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TYPES OF VALVE AND APPLICATION:
Ball Check Valves
Double Check Valves
Global Style Silent Check Valves
Hydraulic Check Valves
Submersible Check Valves
Ductile Iron Check Valves
Swing Check Valves
Wafer Check Valves
Stainless Steel Check Valves
Plastic Check Valves
Auto Drain Check Valves
There are a number of reasons for using check valves, which include:
Protection of any item of equipment that can be affected by reverse flow,
such as flow meters, strainers and control valves.
To check the pressure surges associated with hydraulic forces, for example,
water hammer. These hydraulic forces can cause a wave of pressure to run
up and down pipe work until the energy is dissipated.
Prevention of flooding.
Prevention of reverse flow on system shutdown.
Prevention of flow under gravity.
Relief of vacuum conditions.
Although check valves can effectively shut off reverse flow, they should never
be used in place of an isolation valve to contain live steam, in a section of pipe.
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As with isolation valves, there are a number of different check valve designs, each
suited to specific applications. The different types of check valve and their
applications are discussed in this tutorial, along with the correct sizing method.
Ball Check Valves
Ball check valves contain a ball that sits freely above the seat, which has
only one through hole. The ball has a slightly larger diameter than that of the
through hole. When the pressure behind the seat exceeds that above the ball, liquid
is allowed to flow through the valve. But once the pressure above the ball exceeds
the pressure below the seat, the ball returns to rest in the seat, forming a seal that
prevents backflow.
Double check valve
A double check valve or double check assembly (DCA) is a backflow
prevention device designed to protect water supplies from contamination. It is also
a valve used in air brake systems on heavy trucks.
Usage in Water Supply: In the case of usage in water supply, it consists of two
check valves assembled in series. This employs two operating principles: firstly
one check valve will still act, even if the other is jammed wide open. Secondly the
closure of one valve reduces the pressure differential across the other, allowing a
more reliable seal and avoiding even minor leakage.
Small valves may be so compact as to be barely noticeable, particularly when they
are integrated into the bodies of existing taps (faucets). Larger check valves may
be installed with ball valves at the ends, for isolation and testing. Often, test cocks
(very small ball valves) are in place to attach test equipment for evaluating whether
the double check assembly is still functional.
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The double check valve assembly is suitable for prevention of back pressure and
back siphon age, but is not suitable for high hazard applications. It is commonly
used on lawn irrigation, fire sprinkler and combi boiler systems. If the hazard is
higher, even a relatively low hazard such as using antifreeze in the fire sprinkler
system, then a more reliable check valve such as a reduced pressure zone device
may be mandated.
Hydraulic Check Valve
The function of a check valve is to prevent flow in one direction and allow
flow in the other direction. Check valves commonly use a poppet and light spring
to control flow as shown in the figure below. If P1A1> P2A2 + spring force +
friction, then flow occurs in the direction of the arrows. If P1A1< P2A2 + spring
force + friction, then the poppet would be pushed to the left, against the stop,
prohibiting flow in the reverse direction.
He most common method for designing a check valve is illustrated in the Figure 1.
Different manufacturers may utilize other design approaches. For example, another
type of check valve is a ball that pushes against a spring. Operation is similar to the
check valve shown in Figure 1 except a ball replaces the piston.
Check valves are used in hydraulic systems anytime flow in a selected direction is
not desirable or may create a problem.
Parallel Pump Installations – to prevent outlet flow from one pump at a slightly
higher pressure from flowing to the other pump (see Figure 3). In this type of
pump installation, one of the two check valves is designed to open at a slightly
higher pressure than the other. For example, say the left pump is powered by
the aircraft’s engine and the right pump is power by an electric motor. In this
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type of application the engine driven pump generally has a larger flow capacity
over that of the electrical driven pump. The electrical driven pump is intended
as a backup for the engine driven pump. In this case the check valve on the
electrical driven pump could be set to open (crack) about 50 psi more than the
engine driven pump. This will ensure the engine driven pump supplies the
system leakage flow during periods of no hydraulic flow demands and will also
help reduce electrical motor noise variability.
When considering the use of a check valve, the following factors should be
evaluated:
Pressure Rating – make sure the valve is rated appropriately for the system
pressure
Regulation Range –
go into and out of the checked flow position
Pressure Drop Across the Valve – this will affect design pressure available to
downstream components and thus, the sizing of those components
Temperature Rating – valve should be rated for fluid temperatures and applicable
environmental temperatures
Valve Materials – valve should be sufficient to pass proof and burst testing, not be
susceptible to corrosion and other environmental considerations, operate properly
under temperature extremes
Seals/Clearances – affects overall reliability of the valve. Some valves may not use
seals and will maintain tight clearances between piston and housing to minimize
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leakage through the valve. The design characteristics can be affected by
environmental conditions and aging/wear over time.
Leakage – what is the leakage through the valve in the checked position under all
environmental conditions?
Failure Modes – the dominant failure modes consist of the piston jamming in
either the open or the closed position. Clogging is also a possibility.
Lift check valves
Lift check valves are similar in configuration to globe valves, except that thedisc or plug is automatically operated. The inlet and outlet ports are separated by a
cone shaped plug that rests on a seat typically metal; in some valves, the plug may
be held on its seat using a spring. When the flow into the valve is in the forward
direction, the pressure of the fluid lifts the cone off its seat, opening the valve.
With reverse flow, the cone returns to its seat and is held in place by the reverse
flow pressure.
If a metal seat is used, the lift check valve is only suitable for applications
where a small amount of leakage, under reverse flow conditions, is acceptable.
Furthermore, the design of a lift check valve generally limits its use to water
applications, subsequently they are commonly used to prevent reverse flow of
condensate in steam traps and on the outlets of cyclic condensate pumps.
The main advantage of the lift check valve lies in its simplicity, and as the
cone is the only moving part, the valve is robust and requires little maintenance. In
addition, the use of a metal seat limits the amount of seat wear. The lift check
valve has two major limitations; firstly, it is designed only for installation in
horizontal pipelines, and secondly, its size is typically limited to DN80.
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The piston-type lift check valve is a modification of the standard lift check
valve. It incorporates a piston shaped plug instead of the cone, and a dashpot is
applied to this mechanism. The dashpot produces a damping effect during
operation, thereby eliminating the damage caused by the frequent operation of the
valve, for example, in pipeline systems, which are subject to surges in pressure, or
frequent changes in flow direction (one example would be a boiler outlet).
Swing check valves
A swing check valve consists of a flap or disc of the same diameter as the
pipe bore, which hangs down in the flow path. With flow in the forwards direction,
the pressure of the fluid forces the disc to hinge upwards, allowing flow through
the valve. Reverse flow will cause the disc to shut against the seat and stop the
fluid going back down the pipe. In the absence of flow, the weight of the flap is
responsible for the closure of the valve; however, in some cases, closure may be
assisted by the use of a weighted lever. As can be seen from Figure 12.3.2, the
whole mechanism is enclosed within a body, which allows the flap to retract out of
the flow path.
Swing check valves produce relatively high resistance to flow in the open
position, due to the weight of the disc. In addition, they create turbulence, because
the flap 'floats' on the fluid stream. With abrupt changes in flow, the disc can slam
against the valve seat, which can cause significant wear of the seat, and generate
water hammer along the pipe system. This can be overcome by fitting a damping
mechanism to the disc and by using metal seats to limit the amount of seat wear.
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Wafer check valves
Both lift and swing check valves tend to be bulky which limits their size and
makes them costly. To overcome this, wafer check valves have been developed. By
definition wafer check valves are those that are designed to fit between a set of
flanges. This broad definition covers a variety of different designs, including disc
check valves and wafer versions of swing or split disc check valves.
Disc check valves
The disc check valve consists of four main components: the body, a disc, a
spring and a spring retainer. The disc moves in a plane at right angles to the flow
of the fluid, resisted by the spring that is held in place by the retainer. The body is
designed to act as an integral centering collar that facilitates installation. Where a
'zero leakage' seal is required, a soft seat can be included.
When the force exerted on the disc by the upstream pressure is greater than
the force exerted by the spring, the weight of the disc and any downstream
pressure, the disc is forced to lift off its seat, allowing flow through the valve.
When the differential pressure across the valve is reduced, the spring forces the
disc back onto its seat, closing the valve just before reverse flow occurs. This is
shown in Figure. The presence of the spring enables the disc check vale to be
installed in any direction.
Swing type wafer check valves
These are similar to the standard swing check valves, but do not have the
full-bodied arrangement, instead, when the valve opens, the flap is forced into the
top of the pipeline. Subsequently, the flap must have a smaller diameter than that
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of the pipeline, and because of this, the pressure drop across the valve.
Swing type check valves are used mainly on larger pipeline sizes, typically above
DN125, because on smaller pipelines the pressure drop, caused by the disc
'floating' on the fluid stream, becomes significant. Furthermore, there are
significant cost savings to be made by using these valves on larger sizes, due to the
small amount of material required for the construction of the valve.
There is however one problem with using larger size valves; due to their
size, the discs are particularly heavy, and therefore possess a large amount of
kinetic energy when they close. This energy is transferred to the seat and processfluid when the valve slams shut, which could cause damage to the seat of the valve
and generate water hammer.
Cast Iron Check Valves
Flomaton Corporation manufactures Cast Iron Check Valves with high
strength epoxy coated ductile iron body (1”-2” have cast steel body), disc and
follower with threaded female x female connection.
Flomaton’s ductile iron series 80DI are one of the most popular valves in the water
well industry today. They are specifically designed for use with submersible
pumps or other applications where it is necessary for the check valve to be
installed in the well casing. The 80DI series valves will provide excellent service
in any application where a conventional check valve is recommended and isvertically mounted. For general installations, request bulletin #810.
Click on a link below to view cast iron check valve applications and specifications
and to enter a RFQ.
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Wafer check valve applications
Wafer check valves are becoming the preferred type of check valve for most
applications, due to their compact design and relatively low cost. The following is
a list of some of their most common applications:
Boiler feed lines - The check valve is used to prevent boiler water being
forced back along the feed line into the storage tank when the feed pump
stops running. Furthermore, a disc check valve with a heavy-duty spring and
a soft seat can be fitted in the boiler feed line to prevent flow under gravity
into the boiler when the feed pump is shut off.
Steam traps - Other than with steam traps discharging to atmosphere, check
valves should always be inserted after a steam trap to prevent back flow of
condensate flooding the steam space. The check valve will also prevent the
steam trap from becoming damaged by any hydraulic shock in the
condensate line. It should be noted that when using blast discharge type
steam traps, the check valve should be fitted at least 1 m downstream of thetrap.
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SELECTION OF CHECK VALVES
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SELECTION OF CHECK VALVES
Most check valves are selected qualitatively by comparing the required
closing speed with the closing characteristic of the valve. This selection method
leads to good results in the majority of applications. However, sizing is also a
critical component of valve selection, as discussed in the following. If the
application is critical, a reputable manufacturer should be consulted.
Check Valves for incompressible Fluids
These are selected primarily for their ability to close without introducing an
unacceptably high surge pressure due to the sudden shut-off of reverse flow.
Selecting these for a low pressure drop across the valve is normally only a
secondary consideration. The first step is qualitative assessment of the required
closing speed for the check valve. Examples of how to assess the required closing
speed in pumping installations are given in this page. The second step is the
selection of the type of check valve likely to meet the required closing speed, as
deduced from page.
Check Valves for Compressible Fluids
Check valves for compressible fluids may be selected on a basis similar to
that described for incompressible fluids. However, valve flutter can be a problem
for high lift check valves in gas service.
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FEED CHECK VALVE
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FEED CHECK VALVE:
A feed check valve is one of the important boiler mountings. It helps to
regulate the supply of feed water to the boiler and thus enables to maintain
constant water level. It is usually fitted in the feed pipe line close to the boiler shell
so as to lie just below the normal water level. The feed water is pumped into the
boiler through the feed check valve which prevents its flowing back due to
pressure in the boiler.
The following figure shows one of the simple types of the feed check valves
used in the boiler feed systems. It is assembled to the feed water pipe line with its
horizontal flange bolted to the flange of the inlet pipe and vertical flange bolted to
the flange bolted to the flange of the delivery pipe. A gun metal valve seat in the
part takes its seating on the valve seat such that its webs project sufficiently long
into the valves seat so as to be well guided during its lift and fall. The amount of
the feed water flowing through the check valve depends on the lift of the valve
which in turn depends on the gap between the lower end of the spindle which is
screwed through the cover and the top of the valve. This gap can be varied by
turning the handle fitted at the top of the spindle and secured to it using a
hexagonal nut and washer. The cover is fitted to the body by six studs and
hexagonal nuts. To prevent the leakage of the steam between the spindle and the
cover a gland is mounted on the cover, so as to retain the packing in the stuffing
box provided in the cover, and connected to it by the studs and the hexagonal nuts.
Feed water RegulatorFeed water is the water to be supplied into steam boiler. Requirement of feed
water is regulated by ABMA (American Boiler Manufacturing Association). Water
treatment is one of step in this requirement. Temperature of feed water influence
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efficiency of steam boiler, higher temperature will increase the efficiency, so feed
water heater is required in the feed water system.
Amount of feed water is maintained to keep steam boiler on the range of
NOWL (Normal Operation Water Level). Maintain water level is totally important
to keep steam boiler safe from both short term overheating or long term
overheating and also damage turbine generator.
There are three types of feed water regulators commonly used in the power
plant system. The type of feed water regulator is generally used based on function,
size, and the principal working. The following below are the feed water regulator
type
1. Thermostatic Expansion Regulator
This type is feed water regulator which uses inclined tube and connects it
between feed water control valve and boiler. If the water level in the boiler
indicates low level, the tube will get expansion, so the feed water control valve will
supply the feed water.
2. Hydraulic Regulator
This type is feed water regulator which consist tube, fin, and jacket. This
regulator use tube which be connected between water column in the steam drum
and feed water control valve. When water level show low level which means that
amount of steam steam is higher than water, the steam will enter the tube, at the
certain temperature and pressure, the valve will open to supply feed water into
steam boiler .
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3. Float Regulator
This type is feed water regulator which uses floating equipment like a ball and
connects it to the boiler. The floating ball will move up and down parallel with
water level in the boiler. A connecting system must be set up between thisequipment and the feed water control to maintain the steam boiler water level in
the range NOWL.
1. The boiler feed water regulator valve used in many power plants is required
to transition from feed pump recirculation to operation of the unit. Not only
is the valve used to initially fill the steam drum, it is also used to control
flow during normal operation when the steam drum is under pressure. This
valve, therefore, must address cavitations during initial operation and
provide adequate range ability to address the entire feed water requirements.
Turndowns of at least 75:1 are common.
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APPLICATION
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APPLICATION
Building Maintenance
Compressor DischargeCondensate Lines
Chemical Processing
Boiler Feed & Discharge
Compressor Discharge
Food Beverage & Drug
AutoclavesBoiler Feed & Discharge
MiningBoiler Feed & DischargeMine Dewatering
Petroleum Production & Refining
Boiler Feed & DischargeCompressor Discharge
Petroleum Production & Refining
Pump Discharge
Steam Lines
Power Generation
Boiler Feed & DischargeCompressor Discharge
Primary Metals
Chemical LinesCompressor Discharge
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DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
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DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
The main objective of this project is to design and analysis the feed check
valve. Here we take to analysis the feed check valves temp distribution on our
design. The design model is done in the Pro.e software and the design part is saved
in IGES format. It is imported to ansys software. The details of element attributes
such as element type and material properties. Then the volume is meshed using
meshing option load values (temp) are added to the required surfaces. The
solution is carried out using ansys solver. Finally the results are obtained
by using general post processer.
Material and its properties:
Material: cast steel
Properties:
Density: 7850 kg/mm^3
Specific heat: 419 J/kg k
Youngs modulus: 2.07*10^11 Gpa
Poisson ratio: 0.29
Thermal conductivity: 46.7 w/m’c
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INTRODUCTION TO CAD/CAM
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INTRODUCTION TO CAD/CAM
CAD/CAM is a term which means computer-aided design and computer-
aided manufacturing. It is the technology concerned with the use of digital
computers to perform certain functions in design and production. This technology
is moving in the direction of greater integration of design and manufacturing, two
activities which have traditionally been treated as district and separate functions in
a production firm. Ultimately, CAD/CAM will provide the technology base for the
computer-integrated factory of the future.
Computer – aided design (CAD) can be defined as the use of computer
systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a
design. The computer systems consist of the hardware and software to perform the
specialized design functions required by the particular user firm. The CAD
hardware typically includes the computer, one or more graphics display terminals,
keyboards, and other peripheral equipment. The CAD software consists of the
computer programs to implement computer graphics on the system plus application
programs to facilitate the engineering functions of the user company. Examples of
these application programs include stress-strain analysis of components, dynamic
response of mechanisms, heat-transfer calculations, and numerical control part
programming.
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THE DESIGN PROCESS
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THE DESIGN PROCESS:
The process of designing is characterized by six identifiable steps or phase
1. Recognition of need
2. Definition of problem
3. Synthesis
4. Analysis and optimization
5. Evaluation
6. Presentation
APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS FOR DESIGN:
The various design-related tasks which are performed by a modern
computer-aided design system can be grouped into four functional areas:
1. Geometric modeling
2. Engineering analysis
3. Design review and evaluation
4. Automated drafting
Geometric modeling
In computer-aided design, geometric modeling is concerned with
the computer- compatible mathematical description of the geometry of
an object. The mathematical description allows the image of the object
Components in an assembly, or highlight dimensions, or a host of
other purposes
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Engineering analysis
CAD/CAM systems often include or can be interfaced to engineering
analysis software which can be called to operate on the current design model.
Examples of this type are
1. Analysis of mass properties
2. Finite element analysis
The analysis may involve stress – strain calculations, heat-transfer
computations, or the use of differential equations to describe the dynamic behavior
of the system being designed.
A steady state thermal analysis may be either linear, with constant material
properties; or non linear, with material properties that depend on temperature. The
thermal properties of most material do vary with temperature, so the analysis
usually is non linear, including radiation effects also makes the analysis non linear.
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INTRODUCTION ABOUT PRO-E AND
ANALYSIS
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INTRODUCTION ABOUT PRO-E AND ANALYSIS
PRO-E:
Pro-Engineer is a powerful application. It is ideal for capturing the designintent of your models because at its foundation is a practical philosophy. Founder
of this Pro-Engineer is Parametric Technology Corporation. After this version they
are released Pro-E 2000i2, Pro-E 2001, Pro-e Wildfire, Pro-e Wildfire2.0… pro-e
5.0.,In 2011, PTC rebranded Pro/Engineer as Creo Parametric. The current version
of the software is 1.0. Pro/ENGINEER (Pro/E for short) is a commercial
CAD/CAM package that is widely used in industry for CAD/CAM applications. It
is one of the new generation of systems that not only over a full 3-D solid
modeller, in contrast to purely 2-D and surface modellers, but also parametric
functionality and full associativity. This
means that explicit relationships can be established between design variables and
changes can be Pro/ENGINEER is a feature based, parametric solid modeling
program. As such, it's use is significantly different from conventional drafting
programs. In conventional drafting (either manual or computer assisted), various
views of a part are created in an attempt to describe the geometry.
ANSYS:
The ANSYS program has many finite element analysis capabilities, ranging from a
simple, linear, static analysis to a complex non – linear, transient dynamic analysis.
A typical ANSYS analysis has three distinct steps:
Building the model
Applying loads and obtain the solution
Review the results.
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BUILDING THE MODEL:
Building a finite element model requires a more of an ANSYS user’s time
than any other part of the analysis. First you specify the job name and analysis
title. Then, define the element types, real constants, and material properties, and
the model geometry.
DEFINING ELEMENT TYPES:
The analysis element library contains more than 100 different element types.
Each element type has a unique number and a prefix that identifies the element
category. Example: beam, pipe, plant, shell, solid.
DEFINING ELEMENT REAL CONSTANTS:
Element real constant are the properties that depend on the element type,
such as cross sectional properties of a beam element. For example real constants
for BEAM3 , the 2-d beam element, or area, moment of inertia(IZZ), height , shear
deflection constant (SHEAR Z), initial strain (ISTRN) different elements of same
type may have different real constant values.
DEFINING MATERIAL PROPERTIES:
Most elements types require material properties. Depending on the
application, material properties may be:
Linear or non linear
Isotropic, Arthotropic, or an isotropic
Constant temperature or temperature – dependant
As with element type and real constant, each set of material properties has a
material reference number. The table of material reference number verses material
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property set ids called material property table. Within, one analysis you may have
multiple material properties set.
MATERIAL PROPERTY TEST:
Although you can define material properties separately for each element
analysis, the ANSY program enables you to store a material property set in an
archival material library file, then retrieve the set and reuse it in multiple analysis.
The material library files also enable several ANSYS user to share common used
material property data.
OVERVIEW OF MODEL GENERATION:The ultimate purpose of finite element analysis which to recreate
mathematical the behavior of an actual engineering system. In other words, the
analysis must be an accurate mathematical model of a physical prototype. In the
broadest sense, this model comprises all the nodes, elements, material properties,
real constant, boundary conditions, and other features that are used to represent the
physical system.
In ANSYS terminology, the term model generation usually takes on the
narrower meaning of generating the nodes and elements that represent the spatial
volume and connectivity of actual system. Thus, model generation in this
discussion will mean the process of define the geometric configuration model’s
nodes and elements.
The ANSYS program offers you the following approaches to model generation:
Creating a solid model within ANSYS.
Using direct generation Reporting a model created in CAD system.
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MESHING YOUR SOLID MODEL:
The procedure for generating a mesh of nodes & elements consists of three
main steps:
Set the element attributes
Set mesh controls
Generate the mesh controls,
The second step, setting mesh controls, is not always necessary
because the default mesh controls are appropriate for many models. If no controls
are specified, the program will use the default setting on the de size command to
produce a free mesh. As an alternative, you can use the small size feature to
produce a better quality free mesh.
FREE ARE MAPPED MESH:
Before meshing the model, and even before building the model, it is
important to think about whether a free mesh or a mapped mesh is appropriate for
the analysis. A free mesh has no restrictions in terms of element shapes, and has
no specified pattern applied to it.
Compared to a free mesh, a mapped mesh is restricted in terms of the element
shape it contains and the pattern of the mesh. A mapped area mesh contains either
only quadrilateral or only triangular elements, while a mapped volume mesh
contains only hexahedron elements. In addition, a mapped mesh typically has a
regular pattern, with obvious rows of elements. If you want this type of mesh, you
must build the geometry as series of fairly regular volumes and or areas that can
accept a mapped mesh.
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SETTING ELEMENT ATTRIBUTES:
Before you generate a mesh of nodes and elements, you must first define the
appropriate element attributes. That is, you must specify the following
Element type
Real constant set
Material properties set
Element co-ordinate system:
LOADING:
The main goal of finite element analysis is to examine how a structure or
component response to certain loading condition. Specifying the proper loading
conditions, therefore, a key stepping analysis. You can apply loads on the model
in variety of ways in ANSYS program.
LOADS:
The word loads in ANSYS terminology includes boundary.
Coupled field loads are simple case of one of the above loads, where results
from analysis are used as loads in another analysis. For examples you may apply
magnetic forces calculated in magnetic field analysis are force loads in structural
analysis.
HOW TO APPLY LOADS:
You can apply loads most loads either on the solid model (on key points,
line, areas) or on the finite element model ( on nodes and elements). For example,
you can specify forces at a key point or a node. Similarly, you can specify
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convections (and other surface loads) on lines and areas or nodes and element
faces.
No matter how you specify loads, the solver expects all loads to be in term
of finite element model. Therefore if your specify loads on the solid model, the
program automatically transfers them to the nodes and element at the beginning of
the solution.
SOLUTION:
In the solution phase of the analysis, the computer takes over and solves the
simultaneous equations that the finite element method generates. The result of the
solution is a nodal degree of freedom values, which form the primary solution, and
b) derived values, which form the element solution. The element solution is
usually calculated at the elements integration points. The ANSYS program writes
the results to the database as well as to the result file.
Several methods of solving the simultaneous equations are available in the
ANSYS program: frontal solution, sparse direct solution, Jacobi Conjugategradient (JCG solution, incomplete cholesky conjugate (ICCG) solution,
preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) solution, automatic iterative solver
option (ITER). The frontal solver is the default, but you can select a different
solver.
POST PROCESSING:
After building the model and obtaining the solution, you will want answers
to some critical question: will the design really work when put to use? How high
are the stresses in this region? How does the temperature of this part vary with
time? What is the heat loss across my model? How does the magnetic flow
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through this device? How does the placement of this object affect fluid flow? The
post processors in the ANSYS program can help you find answer these questions
and others.
Post processing means reviewing the results of an analysis. it is probably the most
important step in the analysis, because you are trying to understand how the
applied loads affect your design, how good you finite element mesh is, and so on.
DISPLAYING RESULTS GRAPHICALLY:
Graphics display is perhaps the most effective way to review results. You
can display the following types of graphics in post1.
Contour displays
Deformed shape displays
Vector displays
Path plots
Reaction force displays
Particle flow traces.
INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Structural analysis is probably the most common application of the finite
element method. The term structural (or structure) implies not only civil
engineering structures such as bridges and buildings, but also naval, aeronautical
and mechanical structures such as ship hulls, aircraft bodies and machine housings,
as well as mechanical components such as pistons, machine parts and tools.
Types of structural analysis:
The seven types of structural analysis provided by ANSYS are given below.
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1. Static analysis: used to determine displacement, stresses etc. under static
loading conditions. Both linear and non-linear static analyses. Non – Linearity’s
can include plasticity, stress stiffening, large deflection, large strain, hyper
elasticity, contact surfaces, and creep.
2. Modal analysis: used to calculate the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a
structure. Different mode extraction methods are available.
3. Harmonic analysis: used to determine the response of a structure to
harmonically time varying loads.
4. Transient dynamic analysis: used to determine the response of a structure to
arbitrarily time varying loads. All non-linearity’s mentioned under static analysis
above are allowed.
5. Spectrum analysis: an extension of the model analysis, used to calculate stress
and strain due to response spectrum or a PSD input (random vibrations).
6. Buckling analysis: used to calculate the buckling load and determine the
buckling mode shape. Both linear (eigenvalue) buckling and non – linear buckling
analyses are possible.
7. Explicit dynamic analysis – ANSYS provides an interface to the LS-Dyna
explicit finite element programs is used to calculate fast solution for large
deformation dynamics and complex contact problems.
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INTRODUCTION TO THERMAL ANALYSIS:
A steady state thermal analysis calculates the effects of steady thermal loads
on a system or component. Engineer/analysts often perform a steady state analysis
before doing a transient thermal analysis, to help establish initial conditions. A
steady – state analysis also can be the last step of a transient thermal analysis,
performed after all transient effects have diminished.
You use steady – state thermal analysis to determine temperatures, thermal
gradients, heat flow rates, and thermal loads that do not vary over time cause heat
fluxes in an object that. Such loads include the following.
Convections
Radiations
Heat Flow rates
Heat fluxes (heat flow per unit area)
Constant temperature boundaries.
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FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
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FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Finite element analysis (FEA) has become commonplace in recent years, and
is now the basis of a multibillion dollar per year industry. Numerical solutions to
even very complicated stress problems can now be obtained routinely using FEA,
and the method is so important that even introductory treatments of Mechanics of
Materials { such as these modules { should outline its principal features. In spite of
the great power of FEA, the disadvantages of computer solutions must be kept in
mind when using this and similar methods: they do not necessarily reveal how the
stresses are influenced by important problem variables such as materials properties
and geometrical features, and errors in input data can produce wildly incorrectresults that may be overlooked by the analyst. Perhaps the most important function
of theoretical modeling is that of sharpening the designer's intuition; users of finite
element codes should plan their strategy toward this end, supplementing the
computer simulation with as much closed-form and experimental analysis as
possible.
Finite element codes are less complicated than many of the word processing
and spreadsheet packages found on modern microcomputers. Nevertheless, they
are complex enough that most users do to program their own code. A number of
prewritten commercial codes are available, representing a broad price range and
compatible with machines from microcomputers to supercomputers1. However,
users with specialized needs should not necessarily shy away from code
development, and may the code sources available in such texts as that byZienkiewicz2 to be a useful starting point. Most finite element software is written
in Fortran,
but some newer codes such as felt are in C or other more modern programming
languages.
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In practice, a finite element analysis usually consists of three principal steps:
1. Preprocessing:
The user constructs a model of the part to be analyzed in which the geometry
is divided into a number of discrete sub regions, or \elements," connected at
discrete points called nodes. Certain of these nodes will have displacements, and
others will have prescribed loads. These models can be extremely time consuming
to prepare, and commercial codes vie with one another to have the most user-
friendly graphical \preprocessor"
to assist in this rather tedious chore. Some of these preprocessors can overlay a
mesh on a preexisting CAD .so that finite element analysis can be done
conveniently as part of the computerized drafting-and-design process.
2. Analysis:
The dataset prepared by the preprocessor is used as input to the finite
element code itself, which constructs and solves a system of linear or nonlinear
algebraic equations
K[i j] u[ j] = F[i]
Where u and f are the displacements and externally applied forces at the
nodal points. The formation of the K matrix is dependent on the type of problem
being attacked, and this module will outline the approach for truss and linear
elastic stress analyses. Commercial codes may have very large element libraries,
with elements appropriate to a wide range of problem types. One of FEA's
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principal advantages is that many problem types can be addressed with the same
code, merely by specifying the appropriate element types from the library.
3. Post processing:
In the earlier days of finite element analysis, the user would pore through
reams of numbers generated by the code, listing displacements and stresses at
discrete positions within the model. It is easy to miss important trends and hot
spots this way, and modern codes use graphical displays to assist in visualizing the
results. A typical postprocessor display overlay colored contours representing
stress levels on the model.
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PHOTOGRAPHY
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PHOTOGRAPHY
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EXPLODED VIEW
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ANALYSED VIEWS:
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CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION
The design of the project was successfully completed using pro/E. The
problems, which emerged during the design of the machine where successfully
over come using pro/E. The design of the project involved making use of most of
the important features of pro/E is versatile and comprehensive software foe three-
dimensional solid modeling. Protrusion and cut are used as main feature to develop
the components. The components are drawn very using PRO/E. We can change the
size of the component easily by using parametric feature (i.e.) no need for redraw
the components. Analysis has been completed by using the ansys software
efficiently and quickly.
From this we conclude that every work has been completed
confidently with PRO/E and Ansys, and can draw and analyze any complicated
machine drawing efficiently and quickly.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. PTC Series Manual for Pro-E.
2. Machine Drawing by K.R.Gopalakrishna
3. CAD/CAM by Groover.
4. Www. PTC. COM
5. Www. Mech.nwu.edu/ Pro-E /toc.htm
6. www.Ansys.com