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February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
NUCLEAR POWER:
SECURE ENERGY
for the
21st CENTURYMike Corradini
Nuclear Engineering & Engineering Physics
Nuclear Power:Villain or Victim; M.Carbon, Pebble Beach Publishers (2002)Decision-Makers’ Forum: A Unified Strategy for Nuclear Energy (2004)
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
Need for a Unified Energy StrategyInternationally: Population continues to increase worldwide Energy usage growing at similar rates (1-2%/yr*) Electrical energy usage increasing faster (>3%/yr*)
Nationally: Abundant & secure energy is critical to our future Continued & growing concern of fossil fuel emission Alternative energy technologies must be considered Need to ensure energy security with bipartisan initiatives and executive priority for nuclear energy *EIA (2002)
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
SUSTAINABILITY ISSUESConditions for Sustainability:
Acceptable area usage Minimal by-product streams Economically feasible technology Large supply of the energy resource Neither the power source itself nor the
technology to exploit it can be controlled by a few nations/regions (people/countries/regions)
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
Wind0.79
PV
0.12
Solar
Thermal
0.08
Hydro0.07-0.37
Power Plant Land Use Required (km2 / MW)
Source: J. Davidson (2000)
Nuclear0.001/0.01
Biomass5.2
Geothermal0.003
Coal0.01/0.04
1000 MW POWER PLANTS RUNNING AT 100 % CAPACITY
(8766 GWh/year)
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
1000 MWe-yr Power Plant Emission* Coal Gas NuclearSulfur-oxide ~ 1000 mt Nitrous-oxide ~ 5000 mt 400 mtParticulates ~ 1400 mtTrace elements ~ 50 mt** <1 mtAsh ~ 1million mtCO2 > 7million mt 3.5mill. mt** TRACE: e.g., Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic
Spent Fuel 20-30 mt
Fission Products ~1-2 mt *Source: EIA (2002)
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS Construction/Operation/Fuel Preparation
(kg CO 2 / kWh)
Hyd
ro Geo
ther
mal
Co
al
Nat
ura
l Gas
So
lar-
PV
Nu
clea
r
Win
d
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
(kg
CO
2/k
Wh
)
0.004 0.0250.06
0.025
0.38
0.47
0.0220.1
0.790.58
1.04
* Source: J. Davidson (2000)
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
50-75
12
532 2
56
2
19
14
4 4
108 7
17
Solar-PV
NuclearCoal
Gas Hydro Wind
Biomass
Geothermal
Solar Thermal
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Cost of Electricity (cents/kWh)
Cost of Electricity (Global Average) (¢/kWh)
* Source: J. Davidson (2000)
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
Top 10 Nuclear Countries (1999)
727.9
375306.9
160.4110.9 97.8 91.2 70.4 70.1 67.4
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
US France Japan Germany Russia KoreaRP
UK Canada Sweden Ukraine
billi
on k
ilow
att-
hou
rs
U.S. nuclear electricity generation is:
as large as France and Japan (#2 and #3) combined; and
larger than the other 7 nations in the top 10 combined
Source: IAEA
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
Record U.S.Nuclear Electricity Production
'90'94
'98'99
'00
'01
'02
577
640674
728754
769 780
Source: EIA
(Bil
lio
ns
of
Kil
ow
att-
ho
urs
)
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
'80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
Capacity Factor (%)
Industry Capacity FactorContinues at Record Level
86.8% in 1999
89.6% in 2000
90.7% in 2001
91.7% in 2002
License Renewal:Extends Value
ApprovedCalvert Cliffs 1,2Oconee 1,2,3Arkansas Nuclear One Unit 1Hatch 1,2Turkey Point 3,4
2003Arkansas Nuclear One Unit 2Browns Ferry 2,3Farley 1,2Dresden 2,3Quad Cities 1,2Cook 1,2 Nine Mile Point 1 ,2
2004Brunswick 1, 2Beaver Valley 1,2PilgrimDavis-BesseMillstone 2,3
2005Susquehanna 1,2
Already filedNorth Anna 1,2Surry 1,2Catawba 1,2McGuire 1,2Peach Bottom 2,3St. Lucie 1,2Fort CalhounRobinson 2SummerGinna
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
Safety of Current Nuclear Plants There has not been a loss of life in the US due to commercial
nuclear plants (TMI released a small amount of radiation)
Chernobyl accident - a terrible accident with a bad design These plants are now closed or redesigned for operation
Russian nuclear plant operations are being assisted by IAEA
Regional deregulation of the electricity industry introduces
challenges to continue & enhance the safety of nuclear plants. - Upgrades of power plant equipment and reliable replacement schedule
- Risk-informed decision making by the industry should be cost-effective
US nuclear plants are now self-insured via Price-Anderson Act
and we should renew Price-Anderson legislation for long-term
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
Nuclear Power High Level Waste (HLW) All nuclear fuel cycle waste (except HLW) has been safely
and reliably disposed through DoE and NRC regulations; milling, enrichment, fabrication by-products as LLW
Since 1982, US law ‘defines’ spent nuclear fuel as a HLW, since reprocessing has not occurred since 1976 (Japan & Europe currently reprocess spent nuclear fuel for recycle)
Spent fuel is currently stored at ~105 nuclear power plant sites (~ 2000 mt/yr; total ~50,000 mt) & is planned to be stored/buried at one site in the US (Yucca Mtn)
All nuclear electricity is taxed at 1mill/kwhre for a HLW fund (~$0.8 billion/yr; total fund ~ $20 billion)
Reassert criteria, achieve licensing & begin operation of Yucca
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
Evolution of Nuclear Power Systems
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Gen IV
Generation IVGeneration IV
Enhanced Safety
Improved Economics
Minimized Wastes
Proliferation Resistance
Enhanced Safety
Improved Economics
Minimized Wastes
Proliferation Resistance
Gen I
Generation IGeneration I
Early PrototypeReactors
•Shippingport•Dresden,Fermi-I•Magnox
Gen II
Generation IIGeneration II
Commercial PowerReactors
•LWR: PWR/BWR•CANDU•VVER/RBMK
Gen III
Generation IIIGeneration III
AdvancedLWRs
•System 80+•EPR
•AP1000•ABWR
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
Nuclear Energy: Defense-in-Depth
Reliable Operation- Safety is foremost
- ‘Doing it right’
Credible Regulation- Risk-based stds.
- Public access
Improving Engr.System Designs
-Instrumentation- Materials
- New plants (GenIII) require predictable plant licensing processes
- Enhance and reestablish a vibrant human infrastructure
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
Nuclear Safety Enhanced Current nuclear power plants have high levels of
safety: i.e., reliable operation, low occupational radioactivity dose to workers and with minimal risk and health effects from severe accidents.
Future nuclear reactor systems will meet and exceed safety performance of current reactors.
Decay heat removal, minimize transients and allow time for operator actions are the keys to successful safety performance.
Advanced LWR’s will be simplified, thus more economic and continue to minimize emissions
Deploy advanced light-water reactor systems (GenIII)
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
Advanced LWR: AP-1000
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
Advanced LWR: ESBWR
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
Generation IV Reactor Systems Safety: must meet and exceed current nuclear
power plant reliability, occupational radiation exposure and risk of accident consequences
Sustainability: minimize waste streams during spent fuel disposal or reprocessing and recycle
Proliferation and Physical Protection of facilities Economics: continue to reduce the total cost of
electricity ($/Mwhr-e) to remain competitive with leading technologies (e.g., gas, coal and wind)
Develop and demo advanced reactors & fuel cycles (GenerationIV)
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
Very-High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR)
oCharacteristicso High temperature coolanto 900 - 1000°C outlet temp.o 600 MWtho Water-cracking cycle
oKey Benefito High thermal efficiencyo Hydrogen production by
water-cracking by High-Temp Electrolysis or Thermo-chemical decomposition
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
Process Heat for Hydrogen Production
Nuclear HeatNuclear HeatHydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen
H2O22
1
900 C400 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
S (Sulfur)Circulation
SO 2+H2O+
O221
H2SO 4
SO 2+
H2OH2O
H2
I2
+ 2HI
H2SO 4
SO 2+H2OH2O
+
+ +
I (Iodine)Circulation
2H I
I2
I2
WaterWater
Nuclear HeatNuclear HeatHydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen
H2O22
1 O22121
900 C400 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
S (Sulfur)Circulation
SO 2+H2O+
O221
H2SO 4
SO 2+
H2OH2O
H2
I2
+ 2HI
H2SO 4
SO 2+H2OH2O
+
+ +
I (Iodine)Circulation
2H I
I2
I2
WaterWater
L
Liquid Metal
Hydrogen
CxHy
Carbon Recycle
200 C 1000 C
Thermochemical Processes
LM Condensed Phase Reforming (pyrolysis)
Aqueous-phase Carbohydrate
Reforming (ACR)
H2, CO2
CATALYST
AQUEOUS CARBOHYDRATE
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
Hi-Temp. Electrolysis Process
Porous Anode, Strontium -doped Lanthanum Manganite
Gastight Electrolyte, Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia
Porous Cathode, Nickel -Zirconia cermet
2 H20 + 4 e- → 2 H2 + 2 O=
2 O=→ O2 + 4 e-
2 O=
↓
H2O↓ ↑
H2
O2↓
4 e-→
Interconnection
H2O + H2 →
← Ο2
Next Nickel-ZirconiaCermet CathodeH2O↓
↑H2
Porous Anode, Strontium-doped Lanthanum Manganite
Gastight Electrolyte, Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia
Porous Cathode, Nickel -Zirconiacermet
2 H20 + 4 e- → 2 H2 + 2 O=
2 O=→ O2 + 4 e-
2 O=
↓
H2O↓ ↑
H2
O2↓
4 e-→
2 2 290 v/o H O + 10 v/o H90 v/o H O + 10 v/o H2 10 v/oH2O + 90 v/oH210 v/oH2O + 90 v/oH2
Interconnection
H2O + H2 →
← Ο2
Next Nickel-ZirconiaCermet CathodeH2O↓
↑H2
Porous Anode, Strontium-doped Lanthanum Manganite
Gastight Electrolyte, Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia
Porous Cathode, Nickel -Zirconiacermet
2 H20 + 4 e- → 2 H2 + 2 O=
2 O=→ O2 + 4 e-
2 O=
↓
H2O↓ ↑
H2
O2↓
4 e-→
Interconnection
H2O + H2 →
← Ο2
Next Nickel-ZirconiaCermet CathodeH2O↓
↑H2
Porous Anode, Strontium-doped Lanthanum Manganite
Gastight Electrolyte, Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia
Porous Cathode, Nickel -Zirconiacermet
2 H20 + 4 e- → 2 H2 + 2 O=
2 O=→ O2 + 4 e-
2 O=
↓
H2O↓ ↑
H2
O2↓
4 e-→
2 2 290 v/o H O + 10 v/o H90 v/o H O + 10 v/o H2 2 2 290 v/o H O + 10 v/o H90 v/o H O + 10 v/o H90 v/o H O + 10 v/o H90 v/o H O + 10 v/o H2 10 v/oH2O + 90 v/oH210 v/oH2O + 90 v/oH210 v/oH2O + 90 v/oH210 v/oH2O + 90 v/oH2
Interconnection
H2O + H2 →
← Ο2
Next Nickel-ZirconiaCermet CathodeH2O↓
↑H2
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
GAS-COOLED REACTOR
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
Nuclear Power Fuel Cycle[1000 MWe-yr – (A) Once Thru (B) U-Pu recycle] IAEA-1997
Mining/Milling
Convert/Enrichment
Fuel Fabrication
Reactor (1000MWe)
Reprocessing Plant
Milling waste stream
Conv/Enrich Waste Tails
Fuel Fabrication Waste
Spent Fuel as Waste
Reprocessing Waste (FP)
U3O8 &daughters(A)10 mt (B) 6mt
UF6 &daughters(A) 167mt(B) 0.5mt
(A) 205mt (B)120mt
(A) 37mt (B)11.5mt
(A) 36.8mt (B) 36.4mt (U-Pu)
(A) 35.7 mt U, 0.32mt Pu(B) 36mt U, 0.5mt Pu
(B) 1.1 mt U, 5kg Pu
UO2 & daughters(A) 0.2mt (B) 0.16mt
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
Liquid-Metal Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR)Characteristics
• Na, Pb or Pb/Bi coolant• 550°C to 800°C outlet
temperature• 120–400 MWe
Key Benefit• Waste minimization and
efficient use of uranium resources
February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future
To Advance the Use of Nuclear Energy: Ensure energy security with bipartisan initiatives and an
executive branch priority on nuclear energy Enact long-term Price-Anderson legislation Demonstrate predictable nuclear plant licensing processes Reassert criteria, achieve licensing & begin operation of
Yucca Mountain Repository Deploy current light-water reactors in the U.S. (Gen-III) Develop/demonstrate advanced reactors & fuel cycles (GenIV) Reestablish a vibrant educational infrastructure
=>Build public confidence and support for nuclear energy