INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Bioethanol is a high-octane, water-free alcohol produced from the fermentation of

sugar or converted starch. It is a form of a renewable energy that can be produced from

agricultural feed stocks. It can be made from very common crops such as sugar cane,

potato, manioc, and corn. However, there has been considerable debate about how useful

bioethanol will be in replacing gasoline. It is most often used as a motor fuel, mainly as a

biofuel additive for gasoline.

Butanol may be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine. Because its

longer hydrocarbon chain causes it to be fairly non-polar, it is more similar to gasoline

than to ethanol. Butanol has been demonstrated to work in vehicles designed for use with

gasoline without modification. Additionally, butanol production from biomass and

agricultural byproducts could be more efficient than ethanol or methanol product.

Banana has many functions. It contains vitamin B6, vitamin C, manganese and

potassium. Consumption of bananas may be associated with reduce risk of colorectal

cancer, breast cancer and renal cell carcinoma. And the part of it has many uses too. The

fruits can be used for flavorings. The heart is used as the vegetable usually in Asian

country. And the leaves are used as ecologically friendly disposable food containers or as

plates.

There was a study by Mr. Robert Allan Buendia and Mr. Jesse Lance Jariel from

Cavite National Science High School. They have proven that the peelings of banana can

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be a feedstock for bioethanol production. So that prompted the researchers to find another

part of banana that can be an alternative source for bioethanol and biobutanol production.

B.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to determine if there is any possibility to produce bioethanol and

biobutanol oil from the sap of Saba (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan (Musa balbisiana) trunk.

A. Is alcohol present in Saba (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan (Musa balbisiana) sap?

B. What are the impurities present in the Saba (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan (Musa

balbisiana) sap?

C. How much volume of bioethanol and biobutanol can be obtained from 2kg of Saba (Musa

paradisiaca L.) and 1 kg of Butuhan (Musa balbisiana) trunk?

C. HYPOTHESIS

NULL HYPOTHESIS

There is no alcohol present in the sap of Saba (Musa paradisiaca) and Butuhan

(Musa balbisiana) trunk.

The impurities present in the sap of Saba (Musa paradisiaca) and Butuhan (Musa

balbisiana) trunk do not significantly differ.

There is no difference in the volume of bioethanol and biobutanol that can be

obtained from 2kg of Saba (Musa paradisiaca L.) and 1 kg of Butuhan (Musa

balbisiana) trunk.

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ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

There is an alcohol present in the sap of Saba (Musa paradisiaca) and Butuhan

(Musa balbisiana) trunk.

The impurities present in the sap of Saba (Musa paradisiaca) and Butuhan (Musa

balbisiana) trunk significantly differ.

There is a difference in the volume of bioethanol and biobutanol that can be

obtained from 2kg of Saba (Musa paradisiaca L.) and 1 kg of Butuhan (Musa

balbisiana) trunk.

D. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In this current generation, fuel is often use. And sometimes, we experience the shortage

in fuel due to the lack of supply from its resources. In this matter, the higher pricing of it will

come up and also relate the increase of food prices. And because of that it will make a great

impact to all of us.

The significance of this study is when the researchers used the sap of banana trunk for

producing a bioethanol gas; the researchers are not just helping Mother Nature to be clean, we

are also relating the matter of reusing the unused things that we can see in our environment.

Banana trees are commonly seen in our country, and sometimes, some of it are wasted and we

could just see that the trunk is already drying. Ethanol is much less likely to catch fire and less

possibility to explode in case of fuel leakage. It has also low green house gases emission.

We avoided the fires that may occur while we used an ethanol gas.And we can buy the ethanol

gas less expensive than the commonly used gas.

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This is why the idea of using banana sap for bioethanol and biobutanol production came

up on the researchers.

E. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The main objective of this study is to produce bioethanol and biobutanol from the sap of

Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan (Musa balbisiana) trunk. Having an identified the

banana as an alternative source of a fuel that can be used to operate a vehicle. It is not within the

scope of this study the growing problems in fuel the study ends with the researcher’s product that

will address to feasibility of producing a bioethanol and biobutanol from the sap of Saba (Musa

Paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan (Musa balbisiana) trunk.

The fermented extract of the Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan (Musa balbisiana)

trunk was brought to the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Industrial Technology

Development Institute,Standard and Testing Division,Gen. Santos Ave.,Bicutan,Taguig

City,Metro Manila for the Gas Chromatography , for testing its feasibility to produce a

bioethanol and biobutanol.

F. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Saba (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan (Musa balbisiana)

Banana is the common name for herbaceous plants of the genus Musa and for the fruit

they produce. Bananas come in a variety of sizes and colors when ripe, including yellow, purple,

and red.

Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.) bananas have very large, robust pseudo stems that can reach

heights of 20–30 feet (6–9 m). The trunk can reach diameters of 3 feet. The trunk and leaves are

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dark blue-green in color. Like all bananas, each pseudostem flowers and bears fruits only once

before dying. Each mat bears about eight suckers.

Butuhan (Musa balbisiana) is a species of wild banana native to South Asia. It is one of

the ancestors of modern cultivated bananas along with Musa acuminata. It grows lush leaves in

clumps and grows with a more upright habit than most cultivated bananas. Flowers grow in

inflorescences colored red to maroon. The fruit are between blue and green. They are considered

inedible because of the seeds they contain. It may be assumed that wild bananas used to be

cooked and eaten or agriculturalists would not have developed the cultivated banana.

Bioethanol

Bioethanol or Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking

alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug and one of the

oldest recreational drugs. It is best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages; it

is also used in thermometers, as a solvent, and as a fuel. In common usage, it is often referred to

simply as alcohol or spirits. It is a straight-chain alcohol, and its molecular formula is C2H5OH.

Its empirical formula is C2H6O. An alternative notation is CH3–CH2–OH, which indicates that the

carbon of a methyl group (CH3–) is attached to the carbon of a methylene group (–CH2–), which

is attached to the oxygen of a hydroxyl group (-OH). It is a constitutional isomer of dimethyl

ether. Ethanol is often abbreviated as EtOH, using the common organic chemistry notation of

representing the ethyl group (C2H5) with Et.

The fermentation of sugar into ethanol is one of the earliest organic reaction employed by

humanity. The intoxicating effects of ethanol consumption have been known since ancient times.

In modern times, ethanol intended for industrial use is also produced from ethylene.

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Ethanol has widespread use as a solvent of substances intended for human contact or

consumption, including scents, flavorings, colorings, and medicines. In chemistry, it is both an

essential solvent and a feedstock for the synthesis of other products. It has a long history as a fuel

for heat and light, and more recently as a fuel for internal combustion engines. (Myers, 2007)

Biobutanol

Biobutanol, also called biogasoline, is often claimed to provide a direct replacement for

gasoline, because it can be used directly in a gasoline engine. It is butanol from biomass. It may

be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engines.  It is more similar to gasoline than it is

to ethanol. Butanol has been demonstrated to work in vehicles designed for use with gasoline

without modification.

Fermentation

Fermentation is the process of extracting energy from the oxidation of organic

compounds, such as carbohydrates, and using an endogenous electron acceptor, which is usually

an organic compound. In opposite, respiration is where electrons are donated to

an exogenous electron acceptor, such as oxygen, via an electron transport chain. It does not

necessarily have to be carried out in an anaerobic environment. (Klein, et.al, 2004)

 Yeast carries out fermentation in the production of ethanol in beers, wines, and other

alcoholic drinks, along with the production of large quantities of carbon dioxide. Sugars are the

most common substrate of fermentation, and typical examples of fermentation products

are ethanol, lactic acid, lactose, and hydrogen. However, more exotic compounds can be

produced by fermentation, such as butyric acid and acetone.  Fermentation occurs

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in mammalian muscle during periods of intense exercise where oxygen supply becomes limited,

resulting in the creation of lactic acid. ( Voet, D. & Voet, J, 1995)

Gas Chromatography

A gas chromatograph is a chemical analysis instrument for separating chemicals in a

complex sample. It uses a flow-through narrow tube known as the column, through which

different chemical constituents of a sample pass in a gas stream at different rates depending on

their various chemical and physical properties and their interaction with a specific column filling,

called the stationary phase. As the chemicals exit the end of the column, they are detected and

identified electronically. The function of the stationary phase in the column is to separate

different components, causing each one to exit the column at a different time or retention time.

Other parameters that can be used to alter the order or time of retention are the carrier gas flow

rate, column length and the temperature.

In a GC analysis, a known volume of gaseous or liquid analyte is injected into the

"entrance" or head of the column, usually using a microsyringe or solid phase microextraction

fibers, or a gas source switching system. As the carrier gas sweeps the analyte molecules through

the column, this motion is inhibited by the adsorption of the analyte molecules either onto the

column walls or onto packing materials in the column. The rate at which the molecules progress

along the column depends on the strength of adsorption, which in turn depends on the type of

molecule and on the stationary phase materials. Since each type of molecule has a different rate

of progression, the various components of the analyte mixture are separated as they progress

along the column and reach the end of the column at different times or retention time. A detector

is used to monitor the outlet stream from the column; thus, the time at which each component

reaches the outlet and the amount of that component can be determined. Generally, substances

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are identified or qualitatively by the order in which they emerge or elute from the column and by

the retention time of the analyte in the column.

G.Definition of terms

The following terms used in study are defined for clarity and to understand better the

word in the study.

- Banana trunk of Saba and Butuhan – scientific name: Saba (Musa paradisiacal L.)

and Butuhan (Musa balbisiana)., the body of the banana tree which acts as a support for

its big leaves, fruits and heart.

- Alcohol – it is the product of the fermented sap of the banana trunk.

- Bioethanol – is mainly produced by the sugar fermentation process, although it can also

be manufactured by the chemical process of reacting ethylene with steam.

- Biobutanol – Which is also sometimes called biogasoline,is an alcohol that is produced

from biomass feedstocks

- Fermentation – it is the process storing the sap of any substance in a container to gather

with the yeast and sugar in able to get the impurities of it.

- Yeast – is a unicellular fungus

- Gas chromatography – analysis use to separate the chemicals in a complex sample.

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H. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

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Gas Chromatography

Sap of Banana Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan

(Musa Balbisiana) Trunk

Impurity

METHODOLOGY

The following procedures and methods were done to perform the study.

MATERIALS

The following materials were used by the researchers to conduct the study.

1. Extraction

-Gloves, Knife, Graduated cylinder, clean cloth, Chopping board, Blender, Container

2. Fermentation

-Two clear glass bottle (Two for the extract of Butuhan (Musa Balbisiana) and two for

the extract of Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.)).

Yeast, Sugar, Tablespoon

3. Gas Chromatography

-Clear glass bottle (clear glass bottle for the fermented extract).Materials used in the gas

Chromatography Analysis and Impurity.

GENERAL PROCEDURES

1. Extraction

First, the researchers’ garthered the trunk of Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.) at the

Maragondon, Cavite and Butuhan (Musa Balbisiana) at Ternate, Cavite.Then brought in H.

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Ventura.Ternate.Cavite for the extaction. The researchers washed the trunk and cut it into small

pieces with the knife.After cutting, the researchers blended it using blender and then squeeze it

using a clean cloth to get the extract. Finally, the researchers drained the extract to remove the

excess tiny particles from the banana trunk.

2. Fermentation

After getting the sap of Butuhan (Musa Balbisiana) and Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.)

trunk, the researchers transferred the extract from basin to clear glass bottle container for the

fermentation process.The container A¹ was poured with 720 mL.sap of Saba then mixed with

four(4) tbsp. of sugar and two (2) tbsp. of yeast.And A² was poured with 250 mL.sap of Saba

then mixed with two(2) tbsp. of sugar and two (2) tbsp. of yeast.And the container B¹ and B² was

poured with 250 mL.sap of Butuhan then mixed with two(2) tbsp. of sugar and two (2) tbsp. of

yeast.This fermentation had to undergo in two weeks before sending the Gas Chromatography in

the Department of Science and Technology.

3. Gas Chromatography Analysis and Intrinsic Property Analysis

The fermented extract of the Butuhan (Musa Balbisiana) and Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.)

was brought in the Department of Science and Technology, Industrial Technology Development

Institute, Standard and Testing Division, Gen. Santos Ave., Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila

for the Gas Chromatography.

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Flow Chart

The diagram below shows the experimental procedure.

Gathering of materials Sterilizing the materials

Chopping or cuttinginto small pieces the Washed the banana trunkbanana trunk

Extracting Fermentation for3 weeks

Gas chromatography Bring to DOST

Recording of data Analysis of result

Interpretation of data Conclusion

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

TABLE 1

Results of the Identified Impurity using Gas Chromatography Analysis Report of

Banana (Saba and Butuhan) Sap

Type of Alcohol

Percent Volume Over Volume ( %^v/v)

Saba Butuhan

Ethanol 3.60 3.08

Butanol 0.001 0.001

Table No. 1 shows the result of the identified impurity present thru gas chromatography analysis

report of the Banana trunk. Only 3.6% of ethanol and 0.001% of butanol was present on the three

weeks fermented of Banana Musa

Paradisiaca L. wine. It was noted that a 2 kilogram of Banana Musa

Paradisiaca L. can yield one liter of the extract. Having the identified impurity present thru gas

chromatography analysis report of the Banana trunk. Only 3.08% of ethanol and 0.001% of

butanol was present on the three weeks fermented Banana Musa Balbisiana wine. It was noted

that a 2 kilogram of Banana Musa Balbisiana can yield one liter of the extract.

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GRAPH NO.1

PERCENTAGE (%) OF ETHANOL AND BUTANOL PRODUCED BY BANANA (SABA) SAP AFTER TEST IMPURITY

Graph no.1 shows the result of the gas chromatography analysis of report of the ethanol and

butanol produced from Banana Musa Paradisiaca L. wine. Only 3.60% of ethanol was present on

the three-week fermented of Banana Musa Paradisiaca L. wine.And 0.001% of butanol was

present to the extract.

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GRAPH NO.2

PERCENTAGE (%) OF ETHANOL AND BUTANOL PRODUCED BY BANANA (BUTUHAN) SAP AFTER TEST IMPURITY

Graph no.2 shows the result of the gas chromatography analysis of report of the ethanol and

butanol produced from Banana Musa Balbisiana wine. Only 3.08% of ethanol was present on the

three-week fermented of Banana Musa Balbisiana wine. And 0.001% of butanol was present to

the extract.

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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Based on the result that given to the researchers thru gas chromatography analysis of

impurities, the sap of Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.) produced 3.60 %v/v of the ethanol while the

butyl produced 0.001%^v/v and the sap of Butuhan (Musa Balbisiana) produced 3.08 %v/v of

the ethanol while the butanol produced 0.001%^v/v. This result was just noted for three weeks of

fermentation. If the researchers would be give ample time about one month or more to fully

remove the water content of Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan (Musa Balbisiana)

sap ,the greater amount of ethanol and butanol content will be produced thru gas

chromatography.

Thus, the researchers continued to have the observation until the impurities will be

identified which could be potential in the field of medicine as well as source of bio-ethanol gas.

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RECOMMENDATION

After the researchers identified the production of ethanol in Saba and Butuhan sap the

following are hereby recommended: a) fermented sap from two different kinds of banana to

produce more volume of ethanol and butanol and to further eliminate the water content so as to

recover a pure ethanol and butanol content thru gas chromatography. b) To use other impurities

like bioethanol and biobutanol as potential source for commercialization in the field of medicine

and produced energy source of alcogas. c) Since the researchers have proved that the 1 kg of

butuhan can produced almost as exactly volume of ethanol produced by two kilogram of Saba,

the researchers can recommend to use butuhan for more ethanol and butanol production.

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APPENDIX A

The Percent Volume over Volume of Saba Compared to the Percent Volume over Volume of Butuhan in terms of Ethanol

SABA BUTUHAN

ETHANOL 3.60 3.08

TOTAL 3.60 3.08

1. Ho. There is no significant difference between the percent volume over volume in ethanol

of saba and butuhan.

2. Ha. There is a significant difference between the percent volume over volume in ethanol

of saba and butuhan

3. a= 0.05

4. Test Statistic:

T-test, Test of Indipendent

C.V.=

5. Computation:

SABA X2 BUTUHAN Y2

ETHANOL 3.60 12.96 3.08 9.4864

TOTAL 3.60 12.96 3.08 9.4864

X= 3.60 Y= 3.08

T=

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df= nx + ny – 2 = 1+1-2= 0 Sx = 0 Sy = 0

T=

T= 0

5. Decision: Accept Ho.

Therefore, There is no significant difference between the percent volume over volume in

ethanol of saba and butuhan.

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APPENDIX B

The Percent Volume over Volume of Saba Compared to the Percent Volume over Volume of Butuhan in terms of Butanol

SABA BUTUHAN

BUTANOL 0.001 0.001

TOTAL 0.001 0.001

1. Ho. There is no significant difference between the percent volume over volume in

butanol of saba and butuhan.

2. Ha. There is a significant difference between the percent volume over volume in butanol

of saba and butuhan

3. a= 0.05

4. Test Statistic:

T-test, Test of Indipendent

C.V.=

5. Computation:

SABA X2 BUTUHAN Y2

ETHANOL 0.001 0.00001 0.001 0.00001

TOTAL 0.001 0.00001 0.001 0.00001

X= 0.001 Y= 0.001

T=

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df= nx + ny – 2 = 1+1-2= 0 Sx = 0 Sy = 0

T=

T= 0

5. Decision: Accept Ho.

Therefore, There is no significant difference between the percent volume over volume in

butanol of saba and butuhan.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

- Myers, Richard L.; Myers, Rusty L. (2007). The 100 Most Important Chemical Compounds: a Reference Guide. Westport, Conn.: Green Wood Press. p. 122

- Harris, Daniel C. (1999), “24. Gas Chromatography”, Quantitative Chemical Analysis (Fifth ed.) W.H. Freeman and Company, pp. 675-712

- Dan Koeppel, Banana: The Fate of the Fruit that Changed the World (New York: Hudson Street Press, 2008), pp. 51- 53.

- Montpellier, Emile Frison (2003). “Rescuing the banana.” New Scientist. Retrieved 2006.

- Robinson, J. (ed) “The Oxford Companion to Wine” Third Edition pg. 267-269. Oxford Univerrsity Press 2006.

- Johnson, H. Vintage: The Story of Wine. pg. 16 Simon and Schuster 1989.

UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH STUDY

- Junio, R.G.et.al. (2011) “Preliminary Production of Ethanol from Pungapong (Amorphophallus Campanulatus Blume.) Stalk Extract usin Gas Chromatography and its Intrinsic Property Analysis. Bucal National High School, Bucal 2, Maragondon, Cavite.

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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Dianne Frances A. De Fiesta is the third child of Mr. Democrito S. De Fiesta and Mrs. Luisa A. De Fiesta. She was born in Cavite City, Cavite on February 28, 1996. She wants to be an engineer.

Gie Ann R. Lozano is the third child of Mr. Alexander F. Lozano and Mrs. Marieta R. Lozano. She was born in Naic, Cavite on September 20, 1995. She likes to play computer games and eat foods.

Bianca B. Ortiz is the first child of Mr. Calixto B. Ortiz and Mrs. Marivic B. Ortiz. She was born in Bacolod City, Negros Occidental on July 16, 1996. She likes to read books, surf the net and everything.

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PLANNING CALENDAR

Planned Date Date Completed

1. Choosing Topic June 21, 2011 June 21, 2011

2. Collecting Background Information

June 26, 2011 July 5, 2011

3. Formulating Problem and Hypothesis

July 7, 2011 July 12, 2011

4. Designing for Experiment

July 14, 2011 July 17, 2011

5. Getting Materials ready for Experiment

July 18, 2011 July 19, 2011

6. Approval at SRB-IRB July 19, 2011 July 21, 2011

7. Test Conducted July 22, 2011 August 8, 2011

8. Making the Data Table August 12, 2011 August 20, 2011

9. Recording the Data August 22, 2011 August 29, 2011

10. Stating the Results of Test Conducted

September 6, 2011 September 8, 2011

11. Drawing the Conclusion

January 9, 2012 January 12, 2012

12. Compiling Biography January 13, 2011 January 14, 2011

13. Finishing All the Manuscript

January 15, 2012 January 17, 2012

14. Making the Display Board

January 24 ,2012 January 29 ,2012

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