7 components of communication

7 components of the communication process: 1. Source [S]

2. Receiver [R]3. Message [M]4. Channel 5. Feedback 6. Situation 7. Noise

5 canons

Five canons of rhetoric:1.Invention2.Organization3.Style4.Understanding5.DeliveryWhich one you worked on the most? How?

Why???? Public Speaking

• Democracy/freedom of speech/civic engagementSchool/Local leadership

• Life skills/critical thinking/problem solving/decision making/conflict/team work/media/

college presentation/critical listening

• Work/job search/employment ladder & communication skills

language

• Powerful• Can harm• Can fight• Can heal• Making friends and enemies• mediate• Organize/classify• Shape thoughts

language

• DescriptiveAttempts to observe no judge• EvaluativeFull of judgments about goodness or badness of

a person/situation

Modes of delivery

1. Extemporaneous Mode: keyword outline or brief notes (a speech in class)

2. Memorized Mode: committed to memory (a political speech)

3. Manuscript Mode: complete presentation is written outno memorization(a wedding toast,

introductions)4. Impromptu Mode:

presenting without advance preparation(at a business meeting)

Impromptu speech

A speech that does not allow substantial planning and practice

Strategies?– Limit your message to 1 or 2 specific things– Connect quickly/effectively/grab attention– Humor/use “we”/be stylish

Ethos-pathos-logos

3 cornerstones of public speaking/ Aristotle•Ethos=source credibility•Pathos=emotional argument•Logos=logical argument

explain

Source credibility=Ethos

• The audience’s perception of your effectiveness as a communicatorWhat do you know?How effectively you communicate your ideas to the audience?

• It is NOT based on your presentation/delivery skills

Trustworthiness

• Part of the source credibility• It is the degree to which the audience

perceives you as an honest and honorable speaker.

• If you present made up facts now, you will not be trusted later.

listening

• Hearing is receiving sounds• Listening is interpreting the message

• Active listening• Avoid distraction• Thoughtfulness

Anxiety?

• Act confidently/have fun/own the room• Know your subject• Care about your subject• See your audience as your friends• See yourself as a successful speaker• Clear your intro-body-conclusion and 3 points

in your head• PRACTICE for confidence

Purpose

General purpose: teach, change, celebrate

Specific Purpose Statement for info speech:My audience will understand/learn the stepsfor taking care a dog.

Audience analysis

–discovering as much as possible about an audience for the purpose of improving communication with them–Occurs before, during, after a

presentation

Analyzing demographic characteristics is part of the audience analysis!

1. Gender: Avoid “genderism” but consider genderSome men/women might feel victimized(Give an example)2. Age: They live, communicate, are informed differently3. Ethnicity: language, culture, history, nation-state; do not discriminateCo-cultures: similar to the majority culture but different behavior, background, beliefs.

demographic characteristics

4. Economic status: wealthier are more conservative5. Occupation: translate jargons into language comestible with other cultures as well6. Education: not equated with level of intelligence7. World view: transcend differences rooted in various life experiences. What does it mean?8. Physical characteristics: ability/disability

Don’t plagiarize

• The intentional use of info from a source without crediting that source

Separate your ideas from others’ ideasDon’t mix the source with your wordsUse correct citationCheck on internet for plagiarism such as

dustball.com

Toulmin model of argument

ClaimAn assertion that is open to question, or the proposition based on reasoning.DataEvidence or proof you provide to support your claim.WarrantThe link between the data and your claim

•Good speeches have multiple warrants supporting the same claim

Be able to identify the components of Toulmin’s Model of Argument in an example

Claim = the topic sentenceData = supporting material

Look for key words: according to…, furthermore…, x said..., numbers and statistics. Warrant = which justifies your claim

Look for key words: therefore, consequently, thus

Supporting materials

Ethical obligation •To find the best source/info•Cite your source/info•Fairly and accurately present the source

Criteria for sources

• Clear• Verifiable/is it verifiable if personal interview?• Competent/does the source have expertise?• Objective/avoid biases• Relevant/address the key pointsHow about web sources?

Six common fallacies

1. Name calling: unfairly labeling people2. Glittering Generality:

(accept an idea without examining the evidence because it looks so good. Example: Bringing democracy to the Arab world.)

3. Bandwagon technique:(the argument: “do because everybody is doing it”)

Six common fallacies

4. Circular reasoning Uses unproven positions to prove each other(He is unhappy because he drinks. He drinks because he is unhappy.)

5. Either/Or everything is binary (two opposite points), nothing is neutral or has multiple positions. (Example: You are either with me or against me.)

6. Post Hoc ( ergo propter hoc)Fallacy“after this; therefore, because of this.”(I saw a black cat before the test. I failed the test after this.

Because I saw a black cat, I failed the test.)

Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern

1. Establish a problem2. explain the causes3. offer a solution

Cause-effect pattern

1. Dog owners did not clean up after their dogs.2. Dog owners let their dogs barking.3. As a result, dog owners are not popular in Athens, Ohio. (Make sure you do not switch to persuasion!)

Logical Reasons Pattern

1. Present the reasons for the problem Because of …2. Therefore … (build your argument)3. End with most important reason.

Don’t switch to Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern. Logical reasoning does not offer solution

Criteria-Satisfaction Pattern

1. criteria and2. show how your proposal will meet those

criteria

full sentence outline

• Be able to construct a full sentence outline for a persuasive speech (correctly labeling all parts), including a correct introduction, transitions, main points, sub points, and a complete conclusion.

• See your You Speak book

Final Exam Objectives 14.

Construct a full sentence outline for a persuasive speech correctly labeling all parts

• Introduction• Transition• Main points• Sub points • ConclusionYou are not expected to provide sources

What holds the presentation together?

• Transitions• Statements/words that bridge previous parts

to the next part• Transitions can be signposts, internal

previews, internal reviews

Parts of a Persuasive Speech outline

IntroductionI. Attention GetterII. Audience Relevance LinkIII.CredibilityIV.PropositionV. Preview of main points

Transition

Parts of a Persuasive Speech outline BODYFirst main point I.---------------------------. First sub-point A.--------------.

first sub-subpoint 1.----------second subsubpoint 2.----------

Second sub-point B.-------------------------

first sub-subpoint 1.----------- second sub-subpoint 2.----------

TransitionSecond main point II.------------------------------ First sub-point A.--------------

first sub-subpoint 1.---------- second sub-subpoint 2.----------

Second sub-point B.------------------------- first sub-subpoint 1.----------- second sub-subpoint 2.-----------

TransitionThird main point III. ------------------------------ First sub-point A.--------------.

first sub-subpoint 1.---------- second sub-subpoint 2.----------

Second sub-point B.------------------------- first sub-subpoint 1.----------- second sub-subpoint 2.-----------

Transition

Parts of a Persuasive Speech outline

ConclusionI. Review Main PointsII.Restate PropositionIII.Decisive Closing

If you need sub-subpoint, this is the correct form for body (This is probably not required in the final exam.

But you never know)I.---------------------------. A.--------------.

1.----------.2.------------.

B.-------------------------.1.-----------.2.--------------------.

TransitionII.------------------------------. A.--------------.

1.----------.2.------------.

B.-------------------------.1.-----------.2.--------------------.

TransitionIII. ------------------------------. A.--------------.

1.----------.2.------------.

B.-------------------------.1.-----------.2.--------------------.

Transition

Watch TED talk for the finalRemember the major arguments

• http://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_shapes_who_you_are