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FDOT Aviation Pavement Inspection Training
FDOT Aviation Pavement Inspection Training
Module 2 – Pavement Fundamentals – Overview
Module 2 – Pavement Fundamentals – Overview
Florida Department of Transportation
Statewide PavementManagement Program
Florida Department of Transportation
Statewide PavementManagement Program
2
Purpose (of Pavements)Purpose (of Pavements)
To carry traffic:
Safely
Smoothly
Efficiently
To carry traffic:
Safely
Smoothly
Efficiently
3
Pavement TypesPavement Types
• Rigid
• Flexible
• Composite
• Rigid
• Flexible
• Composite
4
Pavement Types – Concrete SurfacedPavement Types – Concrete Surfaced
• Rigid1.Portland cement concrete
2.Stabilized or unbound subbase
3.Stabilized or natural subgrade
• Rigid1.Portland cement concrete
2.Stabilized or unbound subbase
3.Stabilized or natural subgrade
5
Pavement Types – Asphalt SurfacedPavement Types – Asphalt Surfaced
• Flexible1. Asphalt concrete
2. Base (stabilized, unbound)
3. Subbase (stabilized,unbound)
4. Subgrade (stabilized,natural)
• Composite1. Asphalt overlay
2. Rigid system
• Flexible1. Asphalt concrete
2. Base (stabilized, unbound)
3. Subbase (stabilized,unbound)
4. Subgrade (stabilized,natural)
• Composite1. Asphalt overlay
2. Rigid system
6
Pavement MaterialsPavement Materials
• Rigid – materials (Portland cement and aggregates)– Very strong, durable
– Expensive to repair
• Rigid – materials (Portland cement and aggregates)– Very strong, durable
– Expensive to repair
7
Pavement Structural BehaviorPavement Structural Behavior
• Rigid• Rigid
8
Pavement MaterialsPavement Materials
• Flexible – materials (asphalt cement and aggregates)– Strength affected by temperature
– Relatively easy to repair
• Flexible – materials (asphalt cement and aggregates)– Strength affected by temperature
– Relatively easy to repair
9
Pavement Structural BehaviorPavement Structural Behavior
• Flexible• Flexible
10
What is Performance/Failure?What is Performance/Failure?
• General Categories of Distress:– cracking, distortion, disintegration, loss of skid resistance
• Causes– Environment:
• Swell, blowups (Non-Load, including drainage and environmental effects)
– Load (too much traffic or weak structure (or both))• Alligator, corner breaks, joint spalls
– Construction/materials related• Bleeding, crazing/map cracking
• General Categories of Distress:– cracking, distortion, disintegration, loss of skid resistance
• Causes– Environment:
• Swell, blowups (Non-Load, including drainage and environmental effects)
– Load (too much traffic or weak structure (or both))• Alligator, corner breaks, joint spalls
– Construction/materials related• Bleeding, crazing/map cracking
11
Drainage, Subgrade and Base FailureDrainage, Subgrade and Base Failure
Potholes &Heaving
Potholes &Heaving
Weathering &Surface Deterioration
Weathering &Surface Deterioration
Why and How Pavements FailWhy and How Pavements Fail
12
Load Associated Failures Cracking, Alligatoring, Rutting
Load Associated Failures Cracking, Alligatoring, Rutting
Why and How Pavements FailWhy and How Pavements Fail
13
Pavement Preservation ConceptsPavement Preservation Concepts
• Right treatment, Right pavement, Right time
• Includes maintenance, rehabilitation and reconstruction
• Built upon a Pavement Management System
• Right treatment, Right pavement, Right time
• Includes maintenance, rehabilitation and reconstruction
• Built upon a Pavement Management System
14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Time
Pav
emen
t C
on
dit
ion
Pav
emen
t C
on
dit
ion Optimal timing for rehabilitationOptimal timing for rehabilitation
Pavement Management….Pavement Management….GoodGood
SatisfactorySatisfactory
FairFair
PoorPoor
Very PoorVery Poor
FailedFailed
SeriousSerious
15
Pavement Management What & Why?Pavement Management What & Why?
• Decision support tool
• Identifies sections needing treatment
• Allows cost-effective prioritization and allocation of resources
• Decision support tool
• Identifies sections needing treatment
• Allows cost-effective prioritization and allocation of resources
16
Pavement Management Why?Pavement Management Why?
• Planning
• performance prediction
• prioritization
• budgeting
• Maintenance
• identify repair needs
• track effectiveness of repairs
• Planning
• performance prediction
• prioritization
• budgeting
• Maintenance
• identify repair needs
• track effectiveness of repairs
17
Elements of a Pavement Management System (PMS)
Elements of a Pavement Management System (PMS)
• Database – inventory,
– condition,
– traffic,
– maintenance and rehab (M&R)
• history, cost
• Analysis & Reporting tools
• Database – inventory,
– condition,
– traffic,
– maintenance and rehab (M&R)
• history, cost
• Analysis & Reporting tools
18
Factors Indicative of Pavement Condition
Factors Indicative of Pavement Condition
• Visible: surface distress, smoothness, friction
• Non-Visible: load response, material strength, environmental effects on materials; load-related damage
• Visible: surface distress, smoothness, friction
• Non-Visible: load response, material strength, environmental effects on materials; load-related damage
19
Measures of Pavement ConditionMeasures of Pavement Condition
• Visual condition survey; drainage and shoulder survey
• Ride quality (smoothness/roughness) measurement
• Safety (skid/friction measurement)
• Structural capacity – surface deflection measurement
• Visual condition survey; drainage and shoulder survey
• Ride quality (smoothness/roughness) measurement
• Safety (skid/friction measurement)
• Structural capacity – surface deflection measurement
FDOT PMS uses visual condition surveyFDOT PMS uses visual condition survey
20
PCI for Airports PCI for Airports
• ASTM Standard D-5340-04
• 16 years of refinement before selection– USACE ’70’s
– FAA
• Accepted as an ASTM Standard Practice
• ASTM Standard D-5340-04
• 16 years of refinement before selection– USACE ’70’s
– FAA
• Accepted as an ASTM Standard Practice
21
Components of the Standard Components of the Standard
• Distress definitions
• Deduct curves
• PCI Calculation Procedure
• Distress definitions
• Deduct curves
• PCI Calculation Procedure
22
PCI Procedure PCI Procedure
• Inspect sample unitsInspect sample units– Determine deduct valuesDetermine deduct values
– Determine allowable number of deducts (m)Determine allowable number of deducts (m)
– Compute the total deduct value (TDV)Compute the total deduct value (TDV)
– Perform the correction for multiple distresses (if necessary)Perform the correction for multiple distresses (if necessary)
– Compute the PCI for each sample unit (S.U.)Compute the PCI for each sample unit (S.U.)
– Calculate area-weighted average the S.U. PCI’s for the sectionCalculate area-weighted average the S.U. PCI’s for the section
• Send to FDOT for entry and PCI calculationSend to FDOT for entry and PCI calculation
• Inspect sample unitsInspect sample units– Determine deduct valuesDetermine deduct values
– Determine allowable number of deducts (m)Determine allowable number of deducts (m)
– Compute the total deduct value (TDV)Compute the total deduct value (TDV)
– Perform the correction for multiple distresses (if necessary)Perform the correction for multiple distresses (if necessary)
– Compute the PCI for each sample unit (S.U.)Compute the PCI for each sample unit (S.U.)
– Calculate area-weighted average the S.U. PCI’s for the sectionCalculate area-weighted average the S.U. PCI’s for the section
• Send to FDOT for entry and PCI calculationSend to FDOT for entry and PCI calculation
23
FDOT InspectionsFDOT Inspections
• Locate SU for inspection – use Network Definition drawing– Wheel and paint to identify
• Locate centroid of SU – Obtain and record GPS coordinates
• Perform distress data collection using PDA (handheld) or PenTablet (paper forms always for backup)
No need for curves or calculations – all computerized
• Locate SU for inspection – use Network Definition drawing– Wheel and paint to identify
• Locate centroid of SU – Obtain and record GPS coordinates
• Perform distress data collection using PDA (handheld) or PenTablet (paper forms always for backup)
No need for curves or calculations – all computerized
24
Network Definition Drawing
25
26
Network Definition Drawing - DetailNetwork Definition Drawing - Detail
27
Locate A Specific Sample UnitLocate A Specific Sample Unit
• Where is 6105 106 ?– Measure 300 feet from RW end to SU 106
• Mark corners of “begin” end of SU
• Measure forward 50 ft to end of SU
• Mark Corners of end of SU
• Where is 6105 106 ?– Measure 300 feet from RW end to SU 106
• Mark corners of “begin” end of SU
• Measure forward 50 ft to end of SU
• Mark Corners of end of SU
106106
Section 6105:Samples are 50 ft long106 is 6 Samples from endMeasure forward 300 ft to begin 106
Start
28
What is a Centroid?What is a Centroid?D
irec
tio
n o
f S
urv
ey
GPS this spotGPS this spot
SU 101
SU 102
SU 100
29
What is a Centroid?What is a Centroid?
½
Dir
ecti
on
of
Su
rvey
GPS this spotGPS this spot
SU 101
SU 102
SU 100
½
½ ½
30
Paper FormsPaper Forms
CRG 6105CRG 6105 CRGCRG9/9/079/9/07
100100 12001200
106106 50005000
RWRW
31
Paper FormsPaper Forms
21002100
100100
JAX 6100JAX 6100 JAXJAX1/10/071/10/07
1515 2020
2020
150150 42004200RWRW
32
Field Maps and GISField Maps and GIS
• Use network definition drawings to locate sample units
• Record undocumented new construction
• Modifications to the proposed sampling plan and additional sample units.– If pavement abandoned do not survey
– If new pavement record dimensions, surface type and survey during this inspection
• Use of Geographic Information System and the global positioning system (GPS) to assist in locating sample units (always have wheel for backup)
• Use network definition drawings to locate sample units
• Record undocumented new construction
• Modifications to the proposed sampling plan and additional sample units.– If pavement abandoned do not survey
– If new pavement record dimensions, surface type and survey during this inspection
• Use of Geographic Information System and the global positioning system (GPS) to assist in locating sample units (always have wheel for backup)
33
Safety Considerations During Pavement Inspections
Safety Considerations During Pavement Inspections
Safety requirements for personnel conducting airside pavement inspections
1. Notify airfield prior to arrival
2. Check in on arrival
3. Ask about local communication and operations issues: UNICOM radio
4. Never one-person survey(make sure someone is aware you are on the field and they are watching you)
Safety requirements for personnel conducting airside pavement inspections
1. Notify airfield prior to arrival
2. Check in on arrival
3. Ask about local communication and operations issues: UNICOM radio
4. Never one-person survey(make sure someone is aware you are on the field and they are watching you)
34
Data Quality – Accuracy and Consistency
Data Quality – Accuracy and Consistency
How to maintain quality, accuracy and consistency of field inspections?
1.Training
2.Planning
3.Always have the field manual
4.Resurvey and compare every day – 2-3 SU for each person/crew
How to maintain quality, accuracy and consistency of field inspections?
1.Training
2.Planning
3.Always have the field manual
4.Resurvey and compare every day – 2-3 SU for each person/crew
35
Review / Questions?Review / Questions?