FBMK UPM 2012 1 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) CREDITS: 3 (3+0) LECTURER: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd

FBMK UPM 2012 1B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)

BBI 3213 (Speech BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)Communication)

CREDITSCREDITS::3 (3+0) 3 (3+0)

LECTURERLECTURER:: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Faiz AbdullahAssoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Faiz Abdullah

Department of EnglishDepartment of EnglishFaculty of Modern Languages and Faculty of Modern Languages and

CommunicationCommunicationUPMUPM


INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

What is 'communication?What is 'communication? Why study Why study speechspeech communication? communication? Macro/micro functions of speech Macro/micro functions of speech

in communityin community Nature of communicationNature of communication


Unit 1: ObjectivesUnit 1: Objectives

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:At the end of this unit, you should be able to: define communication both as a product and as a define communication both as a product and as a

process;process; explain the difference between ‘communication’ and explain the difference between ‘communication’ and

‘speech communication’;‘speech communication’; describe the relationship between community, describe the relationship between community,

culture, and the ethical dimensions of public speech;culture, and the ethical dimensions of public speech; state the macro and the micro functions of speech state the macro and the micro functions of speech

communication;communication; list the types of communication as well as the broad list the types of communication as well as the broad

areas of communication studies;areas of communication studies; identify the general purposes of speech identify the general purposes of speech

communication.communication.


What is 'communication'?What is 'communication'? As process:As process: "a process by which "a process by which

information is exchanged between information is exchanged between individuals through a common individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or system of symbols, signs or behaviour"behaviour"

As product:As product: "information "information communicated or transferred as a communicated or transferred as a verbal or written message" (E.g. verbal or written message" (E.g. Have you received my Have you received my communication? [i.e. my message?])communication? [i.e. my message?])


Latin root words of 'communication' are Latin root words of 'communication' are cumcum ("with"), and ("with"), and munismunis ("public work"). ("public work").

Gronbeck (1997) notes: "Communities are Gronbeck (1997) notes: "Communities are defined into existence by public talk; defined into existence by public talk; human conversation creates, sustains, human conversation creates, sustains, and alters the sense of community one and alters the sense of community one has with each other" (p. 6). has with each other" (p. 6).


Why study Why study speechspeech communication? communication? Speech, or rather the use of Speech, or rather the use of

language, is the main means by language, is the main means by which we communicate, create which we communicate, create community, and promote diversity community, and promote diversity

‘‘Macro’ functions and ‘micro’ Macro’ functions and ‘micro’ functions of speechfunctions of speech


Macro functions of speech (overall Macro functions of speech (overall community goals):community goals):

To build community: conversation creates, To build community: conversation creates, sustains, and alters the sense of community in sustains, and alters the sense of community in the individualthe individual

To promote and maintain cultural diversity: To promote and maintain cultural diversity: speakers have a right to be heard and treated speakers have a right to be heard and treated as fellow human beings; rights and views of as fellow human beings; rights and views of minorities must be respected; differences minorities must be respected; differences between cultures within a physical community between cultures within a physical community must be respectedmust be respected


Micro functions of speech (specific individual goals):Micro functions of speech (specific individual goals): To define selfTo define self – what it means to be a member of the – what it means to be a member of the

community E.g participating in special days and community E.g participating in special days and occasions involving one’s own community; political occasions involving one’s own community; political rallies; conventionsrallies; conventions

To spread informationTo spread information within and without the within and without the community E.g. conventions, public statements, press community E.g. conventions, public statements, press releases, research presentationsreleases, research presentations

To debate issuesTo debate issues of fact, values, and policy impinging of fact, values, and policy impinging on affairs of the community and the world at large – on affairs of the community and the world at large – verbal combat and controversy has taken the place of verbal combat and controversy has taken the place of armed combat – public debate and dialoguearmed combat – public debate and dialogue

To effect individual and/or group changeTo effect individual and/or group change via via intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, institutional, mass, intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, institutional, mass, and intercultural communication.and intercultural communication.


Overview of speech communication Overview of speech communication process:process:

… … a two-way process between a speaker and a two-way process between a speaker and listener(s) that involves the productive listener(s) that involves the productive skill of speaking and the receptive skill of skill of speaking and the receptive skill of listening. Both the speaker and the listening. Both the speaker and the listener participate listener participate activelyactively in the process: in the process: the speaker encodes the message to be the speaker encodes the message to be conveyed using appropriate language, and conveyed using appropriate language, and the listener decodes (or interprets) the the listener decodes (or interprets) the message. message.


Shared knowledge includes information Shared knowledge includes information about:about:

the common language and its sound the common language and its sound patternspatterns

the time and place of conversationthe time and place of conversation the type of relationship between the the type of relationship between the

communicatorscommunicators facial and body movementsfacial and body movements norms, beliefs, and valuesnorms, beliefs, and values other cultural featuresother cultural features


The Need for Speech TrainingThe Need for Speech Training To function efficiently in job-related To function efficiently in job-related

situations;situations; To communicate effectively in public To communicate effectively in public

forums E.g. neighbourhood meetings, forums E.g. neighbourhood meetings, coffee room discussions, student councils, coffee room discussions, student councils, political forums, public hearings, lecture-political forums, public hearings, lecture-discussions, etc.; anddiscussions, etc.; and

To become a fully-developed, thinking, To become a fully-developed, thinking, and forceful individualand forceful individual


Anxiety in Speech CommunicationAnxiety in Speech Communication State apprehension – specific to State apprehension – specific to

situations and settings (interview situations and settings (interview fear, stage fright, speaking with fear, stage fright, speaking with superiors, etc.)superiors, etc.)

Trait apprehension – related to Trait apprehension – related to speaker’s personality and occurring speaker’s personality and occurring in any communication situationin any communication situation


Ethics of Speaking in PublicEthics of Speaking in Public HonestyHonesty Maximise audience decision-makingMaximise audience decision-making Maximise help, minimise harmMaximise help, minimise harm Ego to serve others, not selfEgo to serve others, not self Obey the lawObey the law Observe cultural norms and values Observe cultural norms and values


General purposes of communicationGeneral purposes of communication:: To discoverTo discover ( (to learn about the self and to learn about the self and

others through social comparisons as well as others through social comparisons as well as knowledge of the worldknowledge of the world

To relateTo relate ( (establish meaningful relationships establish meaningful relationships with others)with others);;

To helpTo help ( (seek assistance from therapists, seek assistance from therapists, counselors, teachers, parents, and friends)counselors, teachers, parents, and friends);;

To persuadeTo persuade ( (manipulate, control, or manipulate, control, or influenceinfluence); and); and

To play or to have funTo play or to have fun (to (to entertain and be entertain and be entertainedentertained


Functional areas of communication:Functional areas of communication: Intrapersonal communicationIntrapersonal communication Interpersonal communicationInterpersonal communication Small group communicationSmall group communication Institutional communicationInstitutional communication Public communicationPublic communication Mass communicationMass communication Intercultural communicationIntercultural communication


Components of Human Components of Human CommunicationCommunication

VerbalVerbal Spoken (Oral language)Spoken (Oral language) Written (Written language)Written (Written language) Paralinguistic (Voice loudness, pitch, Paralinguistic (Voice loudness, pitch,

intonation)intonation)


Non-verbalNon-verbal Sight (Visual)Sight (Visual) Hearing (Auditory)Hearing (Auditory) Touch (Tactile; Haptics)Touch (Tactile; Haptics) TasteTaste Smell (Olfactory)Smell (Olfactory) Space (Proxemic)Space (Proxemic) Time (Temporal)Time (Temporal) Body language (including Kinesics)Body language (including Kinesics)


Principles of Principles of CommunicationCommunication

Communication is a package of signals.Communication is a package of signals.Verbal messages, gestures, or combination of these.Verbal messages, gestures, or combination of these.Packages of verbal and non-verbal behaviours.Packages of verbal and non-verbal behaviours.

Communication is a process of adjustment.Communication is a process of adjustment.Communication takes place as long as the communicators Communication takes place as long as the communicators are using the same system of signals, both verbal and non-are using the same system of signals, both verbal and non-verbal.verbal.Communicators are constantly adjusting and learning new Communicators are constantly adjusting and learning new signals.signals.

Communication involves content and relationship Communication involves content and relationship dimensions.dimensions.The The content content aspect refers to the behavioural outcomes aspect refers to the behavioural outcomes that are expected.that are expected.The The relational relational aspect refers to how the communication aspect refers to how the communication process as well the relationships are to be dealt with and process as well the relationships are to be dealt with and maintained.maintained.


Principles of Principles of Communication (cont’d…)Communication (cont’d…)

Communication sequences are punctuated.Communication sequences are punctuated.Communication acts are continuous transactions but Communication acts are continuous transactions but people break them up to perceive thempeople break them up to perceive themCommunication is a circular process of cause/effect and Communication is a circular process of cause/effect and stimulus/response.stimulus/response.PunctuationPunctuation refers to the tendency for people to break refers to the tendency for people to break up the various communication transactions in sequences up the various communication transactions in sequences of stimulus and response.of stimulus and response.

Communication involves symmetrical and Communication involves symmetrical and complemetary transactions.complemetary transactions.symmetrical relationshipsymmetrical relationship: Two individuals mirror each : Two individuals mirror each other's behaviour so that the relationship is one of other's behaviour so that the relationship is one of equality.equality.complementary relationshipcomplementary relationship: Two individuals engage in : Two individuals engage in different behaviours which are maximised, but together different behaviours which are maximised, but together form a whole.form a whole.


Principles of Principles of Communication (cont’d…)Communication (cont’d…)

Communication is a transactional process.Communication is a transactional process.transactiontransaction: Communication is a process with interrelated : Communication is a process with interrelated components and communicators that act and relate to each components and communicators that act and relate to each other as wholes.other as wholes.Communication is a process; Components are interrelated; Communication is a process; Components are interrelated; Communicators act as wholes.Communicators act as wholes.

Communication in inevitable, irreversible, and Communication in inevitable, irreversible, and unrepeatable.unrepeatable.inevitableinevitable: Communication takes place even though a person : Communication takes place even though a person does not think that he or she is communicating. This applies does not think that he or she is communicating. This applies primarily in the case of non-verbal communication.primarily in the case of non-verbal communication.irreversibleirreversible: Communication goes in one direction, and what : Communication goes in one direction, and what has been communicated cannot be uncommunicated.has been communicated cannot be uncommunicated.unrepeatable:unrepeatable: A given act of communication can never be A given act of communication can never be repeated exactly the same way twice.repeated exactly the same way twice.

Communication is multi-purposefulCommunication is multi-purposeful

Documents

FBMK UPM 2012 1 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) CREDITS: 3 (3+0) LECTURER: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd