FAW Management in Brazil II

Celso OmotoUniversity of São Paulo

celso.omoto@usp.br

150 yearsExpert Technical MeetingWorldwide Experiences and Best Practices for

FAW management in AfricaLocation: RAF (Accra, Ghana)

Dates: 18-20 July 2017

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

• Tropical agriculture: implications for IPM

• Current status of Spodoptera frugiperda resistanceto insecticides and Bt crops in Brazil

• Recommendations for Africa

OUTLINEClick t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP

Major crop seasonBefore 1990’s

Spodoptera frugiperdaClick t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Available at: http://www.economist.com/node/16886442

The miracle of Cerrado

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Source: CONAB

Maize Production Area in Brazil (1990-2016)(million of hectares)Clic

k to buy N

OW!PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP

1st season2nd season

Winter

Crop growing seasons

» 5.6 million ha» 9.9 million ha

Cotton» 1.0 million ha

Source: Conab / IBGE (2015)

Soybean» 33 million ha

MaizeMaize

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Credit: Paulo E. Saran

S. frugiperdain cotton and soybean cropsClic

k to buy N

OW!PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

IrrigationClic

k to buy N

OW!PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Agricultural Landscape inWestern Bahia, Brazil

Source: Círculo Verde

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Maize production areas

1st season 2nd season

Source: Conab (2016)

9,9 Mi ha5,6 Mi ha

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Soybean and Cotton Production Areas

Source: Conab (2016)

Soybean Cotton

33 Mi ha 1 Mi ha

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Maize

Spodoptera frugiperdaHelicoverpa zeaStink bugs and other bugsWhitefliesSpider mites

Cotton

Spodoptera frugiperdaS. eridaniaS. cosmioidesHelicoverpa armigeraChloridea virescensChrysodeixis includensStink bugs and other bugsWhitefliesSpider mites

Soybean

Spodoptera frugiperdaS. eridaniaS. cosmioidesHelicoverpa armigeraChloridea virescensChrysodeixis includensStink bugs and other bugsWhitefliesSpider mites

Cross-Crop PestsClick t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Goiás

MinasGerais

São Paulo

Resistance Monitoring1996-2017

BahiaMato Grosso

Mato Grossodo Sul

Paraná

Rio Grandedo SulSpodoptera frugiperda

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Group IRAC Classification

Organophosphates 1BPyrethroids 3

Benzoylureas 11Spinosyns 5

Carbamates 1AIndoxacarb 22ADiamides 28

Bacillus thuringiensis 16

Resistance Risk Assessment of Spodopterafrugiperda to insecticides

Sf NPV

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Freq

uenc

yof

Res

ista

nce

(%)

Omoto et al. (in prep.)

Insecticide Resistance MonitoringSpodoptera frugiperdaClic

k to buy N

OW!PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Freq

uenc

yof

Res

ista

nce

(%)

Omoto et al. (in prep.)

Insecticide Resistance MonitoringSpodoptera frugiperda

Bt maize

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Chemical Class IRAC Classification

Organophosphates 1BPyrethroids 3

Benzoylureas 11Spinosyns 5

Carbamates 1AIndoxacarb 22ADiamides 28

Bacillus thuringiensis 16

High f(R)

Low tohigh f(R)

Insecticide Resistance Status of Spodopterafrugiperda in BrazilClic

k to buy N

OW!PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Bt Adoption × Field-Evolved Resistance

Tabashnik et al. (2013)

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Crop Bt protein Inect Pest Location Year ofApproval

Time toResistance

Cotton Cry1Ac Helicoverpa zea USA 1996 6 yrs

Maize Cry1Ab Busseola fusca SouthAfrica 1998 8 yrs

Maize Cry1F Spodopterafrugiperda

PuertoRico 2003 3 yrs

Cotton Cry1Ac Pectinophoragossypiella India 2002 6 yrs

Maize Cry3Bb1 Diabroticavirgifera virgifera USA 2004 7 yrs

Tabashnik et al. (2013)

Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt cropsClic

k to buy N

OW!PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

2013/14 p2013/14 p

Source: CÉLERES® | % of total maize area | Updated in August 2013

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 p

Total 1st Season 2nd Season

Adoption of transgenic maize technology in Brazil(% cultivated area)Clic

k to buy N

OW!PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Spodoptera frugiperdaFall armyworm

Helicoverpa zeaCorn earworm

Diatraea saccharalisSugarcane borer

Bt maize in Brazil:Key Target Pests at Risk

• Cry1Ab (2007)• Cry1F (2008)• Vip 3A (2009)• Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 (2009)• Cry1Ab + VIP3Aa20 (2010)• Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 + Cry1F (2010)• Cry1Ab + Cry1F (2011)• Cry1Ab + Cry1F + Vip3Aa20 (2015)

10% structured refuge

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

https://gmoera.umn.edu/

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Frequency of Resistance - S. frugiperdaRio Verde, Goiás, Brazil

Freq

uenc

yof

resi

stan

ce(%

)Clic

k to buy N

OW!PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Frequency of Resistance - S. frugiperdaRio Verde, Goiás, Brazil

Freq

uenc

yof

resi

stan

ce(%

)Clic

k to buy N

OW!PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Monitoring susceptibility of S. frugiperda to Cry1F

Farias et al. (2014)

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Discriminating concentration: 2.000 ng cm-2

Frequency of Resistance of S. frugiperda to Cry1F

Farias et al. (2014)

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

S. frugiperda / Cry1F

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

Prob

it

Concentration (ng cm-2)

Farias et al. (2014)

Susceptible StrainLC50 = 3.62 ng / cm2

Cry1F-Resistant StrainLC50 > 20,000 ng / cm2

Resistance Ratio > 4,000-fold

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Crop Bt protein Inect Pest Location Year ofApproval

Time toResistance

Cotton Cry1Ac Helicoverpa zea USA 1996 6 yrs

Maize Cry1Ab Busseola fusca SouthAfrica 1998 8 yrs

Maize Cry1F Spodopterafrugiperda

PuertoRico 2003 3 yrs

Cotton Cry1Ac Pectinophoragossypiella India 2002 6 yrs

Maize Cry3Bb1 Diabroticavirgifera virgifera USA 2004 7 yrs

Modified fromTabashnik et al. (2013)

Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt crops

MaizeCry1F

Cry1AbSpodopterafrugiperda Brazil 2007/2008 3-4 yrs

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

• Not a high-dose Bt crop

• Low refuge compliance

• High selection pressure imposed by Btcrop

High Risk of Resistance EvolutionClic

k to buy N

OW!PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Bt crop Refuge

Susceptible

Resistant

High Dose + Refuge AreaClick t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Susceptibleor

Resistant?

SusceptibleResistant

è Depend on the Bt protein and concentrationexpressed in the plant

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

% Mortality(Probit)

Log Concentration of Bt toxin

SS RS RR

A

Concentration A Resistance is functionally DOMINANT

Low dose or high dose?Low or High DoseClic

k to buy N

OW!PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

% Mortality(Probit)

Log Concentration of Bt toxin

SS RS RR

A B

Concentration A Resistance is functionally DOMINANT

Concentration B Resistance is functionally RECESSIVE

Low dose or high dose?Low or High DoseClic

k to buy N

OW!PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Allele frequency:

f(R) = p = 0.001 (10-3)f(S) = q = 0.999

Genotypic frequency: in 1 million

f(RR) = p2 = 0.000001 1

f(RS) = 2pq = 0.001998 1,998

f(SS) = q2 = 0.998001 998,001

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Farias et al. (2015)

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

% Mortality(Probit)

Concentration of Cry1F

SS RS RR

High Efficacyè kill 100% of SS individuals but is not a high-dose eventSome RS individuals can survive on Bt maize plants

Spodoptera frugiperdaCry1F è High Efficacy

Farias et al. (2015)

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Bernardi et al. (2015)

VT-PRO Maize (Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2)PowerCore Maize (Cry1F, Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2)

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Bt technologies in BrazilClic

k to buy N

OW!PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Bernardi et al. (2016)

SS

RS

RR

Resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda toVip3Aa20Clic

k to buy N

OW!PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Bt Non-Bt

REFUGE IN THE BAG (RIB)Clic

k to buy N

OW!PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Bt Non-Bt

Suscetiblel

Resistant

REFUGE IN THE BAG (RIB)Clic

k to buy N

OW!PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

• Implementation of IPM at regional level• Understand genetic diversity of FAW populations in Africa• Understand FAW population dynamics in different countries

in Africa (Crop-free period)• Exploit biological control agents (preserve native ones)• Emergency use permit of insecticides: Do not register

insecticides with history of resistance (No pyrethroid!!!); useseed treatment; prefer selective insecticides (Bt sprays, SfNPV, botanicals etc)

• Host Plant Resistance• Prefer Bt crops expressing at least 2 proteins with different

mode of action. Do not use RIB; Exploit alternative hostplants; Use Bt maize as trap crop (Before major crop season)

Recommendations for AfricaClick t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Che

mic

alM

etho

ds

Beh

avio

ralM

etho

ds

Gen

etic

Met

hods

Hos

tPla

ntR

esis

tanc

e

NATURAL MORTALITYNATURAL MORTALITY

THRESHOLD LEVELTHRESHOLD LEVEL

SAMPLINGSAMPLING

TAXONOMYTAXONOMY

Con

trol

Tact

ics

CLIMATIC FACTORSCLIMATIC FACTORS

Bio

logi

calM

etho

ds

Reg

ulat

ory

Met

hods

Cul

tura

lMet

hods

IPMClic

k to buy N

OW!PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Academia Industry

Farmers, Dealers,Consultants

Farmers, Dealers,Consultants

Implementation of IPM

è Joint EffortsèGovernment Regulators

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Sustainable Pest Management Programs inTropical Agroecosystems

150 years

Department of Entomology and AcarologyLuiz Queiroz College of Agriculture

University of São Paulo

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com

Celso OmotoAv. Pádua Dias, 11Piracicaba, SP BrazilZip Code: 13418-900Phone: 55 (19) 3447-8715Email: celso.omoto@usp.br Thank you!

Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software.c

om Click t

o buy NOW!

PDF-XChange

ww

w.tracker-software

.com