Faster CHP gas engine start with less emission · The participants in the project are • PonPower • Jenbacher • Wärtsila • Rolls Royce • National Environmental Research

Faster CHP gas engine start with less emission

An analysis of emissions during start and stop of natural gas engines, state of art 2005/2006

Project Report 1 November 2006

Faster gas engine start with less emission An analysis of emissions during start and stop of natural gas engines, state of art 2005/2006

Torben Kvist Jensen & Steen D. Andersen

Danish Gas Technology Centre Hørsholm 2006

Title : Faster CHP gas engine start with less emission

Report Category : Project Report

Author : Torben Kvist Jensen and Steen D. Andersen

Date of issue : 30-11-2006

Copyright : Danish Gas Technology Centre

File Number : 727-71; h:\727\71 start stop\rapporter og notater\stat-stop delrapport 1.doc

Project Name : Start-stop projekt

ISBN : 87-7795-301-0

DGC-report 1

Table of Contents Page

1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 2

2 Conclusions........................................................................................................................... 4

3 Measurements and examined engines................................................................................... 5 3.1 Determination of exhaust gas flow.................................................................................. 6

3.1.1 Sensitivity of flow models....................................................................................... 8 3.1.2 Compensation for incomplete combustion............................................................ 10 3.1.3 Assessment of method and measurements ............................................................ 14

3.2 Results ........................................................................................................................... 18 3.2.1 Differences in emissions from different CHP units .............................................. 22

4 References........................................................................................................................... 25

Appendix A. List of participants ................................................................................................... 26

Appendix B. Description of measuring equipment and methods.................................................. 27

Appendix C. Figures of the emissions .......................................................................................... 30

Appendix D: Emission factors for all CHP units .......................................................................... 66

DGC-report 2

1 Introduction

The liberalised energy market results in new challenges. In countries like Denmark where a substantial amount of power is produced by wind tur-bines, there is a requirement for fast up- and downloading [1]. Gas engine based CHP units have excellent performance characteristics in this respect [2]. Previous investigations have shown that an increased number of starts and stops of gas engine based CHP units will lead to higher emission of UHC, NOx and CO [3]. In this work, 12 combined heat and power producing gas engine units were chosen for further analysis. The units were selected to be representative for the installed capacity of power production from natural gas engines in Denmark. The objectives of the project is to

• evaluate the influence of start and stop on emission factors for natu-ral gas engines.

• develop shorter start and stop procedures for gas engine sites facili-tating the plants participation on the power market (regulation).

• optimise the start/stop procedure in respect of achieving significant emission reductions.

This report deals the evaluation of the influence of start and stop on the emissions.

The emission of CO, NOx and UHC from these CHP units was measured during starts and stops. This report analyzes the measurements conducted. The relative influence of start on stop on the overall emission will be deter-mined. The measurements have been reported for all examined CHP units individually. The participants in the project are

• PonPower • Jenbacher • Wärtsila • Rolls Royce • National Environmental Research Institute, DMU

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• Danish Gas Technology Centre, DGC. Measurements have been conducted by Steen D. Andersen, DGC in coop-eration together with engine manufactures. Jan de Wit has made the Q/A works. All persons involved are listed in Appendix A The work is financially supported by the Danish gas companies and ENERGINET.DK (former Eltra) as a part the PSO programme.

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2 Conclusions

The emissions of NOx, CO and UHC were measured during start and stop from 12 various stationary lean burn natural gas fired engines installed at different combined heat and power (CHP) units in Denmark. The units have been chosen to be representative for the natural gas engine based power production in Denmark. The influence of start and stop on the overall emis-sion was determined from the obtained data. The investigation showed that the influence of an increased number of starts and stops will affect the overall emissions differently. Compared to steady-state full-load operation two starts per day will increase the emissions as shown below:

CO will be increased from -1% to 76%. The average is + 7%. NOx will be increased from -3% to 9%. The average is + 1%. UHC will be increased from 0% to 8%. The average is + 3%.

Some of the differences are due to different engine make and type, but the main reason is different control strategies of the engines during start and stop. Low emission during start and stop was observed for both open-chamber and pre-chamber engines. The analysis showed that on average there were practically no differences between cold and warm start on the influence of the emissions for open chamber engines. For pre-chamber engines the emission levels were higher for both CO and NOx for cold start compared to warm start.

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3 Measurements and examined engines

The 12 CHP units that are chosen as being representative for the natural gas engine based power production in Denmark vary in different ways as for instance size and type. Characteristics of the engines are given in Table 1.

Table 1. Data of the examined engines.

Unit Make Type* Size #1 Wärtsilä 16V25SG P 3140 MWe #2 Wärtsilä 18V34SG P 6060 MWe #3 Rolls Royce KVGS-18G4 P 3110 MWe #4 Rolls Royce KVGS16V-G4 P 2700 MWe #5 Rolls Royce KVGS18V-G4 P 3470 MWe #6 Jenbacher JMS 620 GS-N-LC P 3047 MWe #7 Jenbacher JMS 316 GS-N-LC O 736 MWe #8 Jenbacher JMS 320 GS-N-LC O 922 MWe #9 Caterpillar G3516 O 1047 MWe #10 Caterpillar G3520 O 1900 MWe #11 Caterpillar G3612 P 2875 MWe #12 Caterpillar G3616 P 3750 MWe

* O: Open chamber P: Pre-chamber For each of the 12 units the concentration of CO2, O2, CO, NOx and UHC (Unburned Hydro Carbons) was measured in dried exhaust gas. CO2 and CO was measured by an infrared absorption analyser (IR), O2 was measured using a paramagnetic anasyser, NOx was measured by chemiluminiscence (CLD) and expressed as NO2 equivalents. UHC was measured by a flame ionization detector (FID) and expressed as CH4 equivalents. Further information about the emission measurements are given in Appen-dix B.

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Influence of start and stop on the emissions The effect of a start and a stop sequence on the total emission from an en-gine depends on the concentration of the emission components as well as on the flow of exhaust gas during the start/stop sequence. Knowing the flow of exhaust gas and the measured time resolved concentra-tion of the specie i it is possible to determine the mass flow of the specie i released during a start or a stop sequence lasting from t1 to t2 as

∫ ⋅= 2

1

t

t iexhausti dtCVm && Eq. 1

3.1 Determination of exhaust gas flow

During each of the conducted measurement programs both emissions and the natural gas consumption was measured. Knowing the gas consumption, the measured O2 and CO2 concentration in the exhaust gas and the natural gas composition it is possible to determine the exhaust gas flow

NG

exhaustNGexhaust V

VVV ⋅= && Eq. 2

Where

exhaustV& is the volume flow of exhaust gas

NGV& is the measured volume flow of natural gas

Complete combustion of natural gas can be described as

( )( ) 22222

22

76,31

76,3

2NAFOAFOHXCOX

NOAFNG

stoicstoicOHCO

stoic

λλ

λ

+−++⎯→⎯

++

R 1

Where NG is natural gas

stoicAF is the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio (mole/mole)

2COX is the amount of CO2 produced by combustion of one mole of natural

gas

OHX2

is the amount of H2O produced by combustion of one mole of natural

gas.

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For Danish natural gas with the composition shown in Table 2 the values of the combustion properties used in the formulas are

19,2=stoicAF , 14,12

=COX , 12,22

=OHX

Table 2 Main components of Danish natural gas January 2006. Higher hydrocarbons are given as C4H10 [4].

Component Average Vol.%

CH4 89,64

C2H6 5,86

C3H8 2,3

C4H10 1,18

N2 0,29

CO2 0,73 From the conducted measurements, the fuel composition and the fuel con-sumption it is possible to determine the exhaust gas flow. The combustion in engines will not be complete. Small amounts of CO will be formed and un-burned fuel will escape the combustion. Assuming that the fuel will either be oxidised completely or will remain completely unburned an expression for the exhaust gas flow can be deduced from the combustion equation R 1

( ) OHOCOCOstoicCO

OCOCOstoic

NG

Exhaust XYXYAFX

YXYAFV

V2

2222

222 121,0221,0

−+−⋅−

+= Eq. 3

where

2COY and 2OY are the measured fraction of CO2 and O2, respectively, in the

dried exhaust gas. This expression (Eq 3) takes incomplete combustion into account and the degree of fuel conversion, convX , can be described as

22

2

2

1

COOH

COfuel

air

conv YX

YVV

X+

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+

=

DGC-report 8

Incomplete combustion due to CO formation is not accounted for, but this is only of importance at fuel rich combustion conditions. All the engines in this study are lean-burn engines which do not operate at fuel rich conditions. However, this expression is rather sensitive to inaccuracies in the measure-ment of CO2 and O2. Therefore, three other expressions have been deduced and compared. The expressions are all deduced from the overall reaction expression, R 1, and depends on the CO2 concentration or the O2 concentra-tion, or both the CO2 and the O2 concentration.

( )2

2

2CO

COCO

fuel

exhaust

YX

YV

V= Eq. 4

( ) ( )OH

O

OOHOCOO

fuel

exhaust XY

YXYXY

VV

2

2

2222

21

21,0½

−+−

−−+= Eq. 5

( ) OHOHCO

OCOOCO

fuel

exhaust XXYYXYY

VV

222

2222

1½176,4, −+⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ += Eq. 6

3.1.1 Sensitivity of flow models

In order to examine the flow model sensitivity to possible inaccuracy of the measurements the CO2 and the O2 concentrations in the dry combustion products were calculated for complete combustion using R 1 for different excesses of air. The effect of an inaccurate measurement is simulated by multiplying the calculated true value by a factor different from 1 and using this perturbated value (pert) instead of the calculated value (calc) of CO2 and O2 in the expressions Eq. 3-Eq. 6. Figure 1-Figure 3 show that the ex-pression including the effect of incomplete combustion (Eq. 3) is very sensi-tive to inaccurate measurements. It is seen that Eq. 6 depending on both the measured concentration of CO2 and O2 generally gives satisfying results in all examined cases.

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-0,5

-0,4

-0,3

-0,2

-0,1

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0 0,05 0,1 0,15

O2, dry gas

Erro

r of f

unct

ion

-0,5

-0,4

-0,3

-0,2

-0,1

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0 0,05 0,1 0,15

O2, dry gas

Erro

r of f

unct

ion

Figure 1 Sensitivity of O2 on flow expressions

-0,5

-0,4

-0,3

-0,2

-0,1

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0 0,05 0,1 0,15

O2, dry gas

Erro

r of f

unct

ion

-0,5

-0,4

-0,3

-0,2

-0,1

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0 0,05 0,1 0,15

O2, dry gas

Erro

r of f

unct

ion

Figure 2 Sensitivity of CO2 on flow expressions

-0,5

-0,4

-0,3

-0,2

-0,1

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0 0,05 0,1 0,15

O2, dry gas

Erro

r of f

unct

ion

-0,5

-0,4

-0,3

-0,2

-0,1

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0 0,05 0,1 0,15

O2, dry gas

Erro

r of f

unct

ion

Figure 3 Sensitivity of CO2 and O2 on flow expressions

In some of the conducted measurements it was necessary to dilute the sam-pled exhaust gas by N2 in order to be able to determine the high concentra-

Eq. 3 Eq. 4 Eq. 5 Eq. 6

O2,pert = 1,05O2,calc

Eq. 3 Eq. 4 Eq. 5 Eq. 6

O2,pert = 0,95O2,calc

Eq. 3 Eq. 4 Eq. 5 Eq. 6

Eq. 3 Out of scale Eq. 4 Eq. 5 Eq. 6

CO2,pert = 1,05CO2,calc CO2,pert = 0,95CO2,calc

CO2,pert = 0,95CO2,calcO2,pert = 1,05O2,calc

CO2,pert = 0,95CO2,calcO2,pert = 0,95O2,calc

Eq. 3 Eq. 4 Eq. 5 Eq. 6

Eq. 3 Eq. 4 Eq. 5 Eq. 6

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tion of UHC or CO. Figure 3 shows that Eq. 6 is not sensitive to inaccurate measurements as long as the measured CO2-O2 ratio is correct. This means that incorrectly determined dilution ratios will not affect the result of the exhaust gas flow calculation. 3.1.2 Compensation for incomplete combustion

From the figures above it is seen that expression Eq. 6 gives satisfying re-sults despite inaccuracy of measurements. The expression is, however, only valid for complete combustion. Incomplete combustion affects the concen-tration of O2 and CO2 in the dry exhaust gas in different ways. Presence of unburned components as UHC and CO means that the amount of O2 and CO2 in the exhaust will differ compared to complete combustion. Further-more, presence of UHC will increase the total amount of dry exhaust gas as hydrogen is bonded in the fuel instead of water that will by condensed be-fore analysis of gas composition. Instead of using the measured value of YCO2 and YO2 directly it is possible to compensate by using what the values would have been if the oxidation were complete. Combustion of 1 mole of CO results in 1 mole of CO2, and 0,5 mole O2 is consumed. As UHC are measured as C1 equivalents, combustion of 1 mole of UHC results in 1 mole of CO2. The consumption of O2 depends on the composition of the UHC. Earlier measurements have shown that the UHC composition is similar to the composition of the fuel for lean-burn natural gas engines [3]. Therefore, the equivalent CO2 and O2 values can be found as

UHCCOCOCO YYYYeq

++=2,2

Eq. 7

xeq NOUHCfuel

COOO YYCH

YYY +⎟⎟⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜⎜⎜

⎝

⎛+−−=

415,0

2,2

Eq. 8

The exhaust gas can now be determined by Eq. 9 and Eq. 10. Eq. 9 includes the effect of incomplete combustion on the fuel composition. The effect on the total amount of exhaust gas due to the presence of UHC is included in Eq. 10.

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⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−+⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+= OHOH

CO

OCO

fuel

exhaust XXYY

XV

Veq

eq

22,2

,2

21½176,4 Eq. 9

UHCOHOH

CO

OCO

fuel

exhaust

YXXY

YX

VV

eq

eq

−⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−+⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

5,05,01½176,4

22,2

,2

2

Eq. 10

The term UHCY−5,0

5,0 is an empirical relation.

In order to examine the quality of the expression when the combustion is incomplete a set of data has been made for various excess air ratio (λ) and degree of combustion (X) from R 1. The set ups are shown in Table 3. It is assumed that all unburned is present as unburned fuel and not as CO. The calculated UHC, CO2 and O2 concentration in the dry exhaust gas and the exhaust gas-fuel ratio are given in Table 3.

Table 3 Calculated values of O2, CO2, UHC concentration and the volume flow of the dry exhaust gases relative to fuel consumption at dif-ferent combinations of excess air ratios and degree of combustion

YO2 YCO2 Vexhaust/VNG YUHC λ=1,0, X=1,0 0,0% 12,1% 9,4 0,0% λ=1,0, X=0,97 0,7% 11,7% 9,4 0,4% λ=1,0 X=0,8 4,5% 9,3% 9,8 2,3% λ=1,5, X=1,0 7,5% 7,8% 14,6 0,0% λ=1,5, X=0,97 7,9% 7,5% 14,6 0,2% λ=1,5, X=0,8 10,2% 6,1% 15,0 1,5% λ=2,0, X=1,0 11,1% 5,7% 19,8 0,0% λ=2,0, X=0,97 11,4% 5,6% 19,9 0,2% λ=2,0, X=0,8 13,0% 4,5% 20,2 1,1% λ=2,0, X=0,5 15,8% 2,7% 20,8 2,7% λ=5,0, X=0,2 19,9% 0,4% 52,7 1,7%

The error of Eq. 6, Eq. 9 and Eq. 10 are shown in Table 4 and are calculated as

valueTruevalueCalculatedvalueTrueError −

=

From Table 4 it is seen that it is necessary to compensate for incomplete combustion and that satisfying results are obtained by compensating both exhaust gas composition and amount.

DGC-report 12

Table 4 Error of the different examined expressions at different conditions

Error Eq. 6 No effects of incom-

plete combustion included

Error Eq. 9 Effect of gas composition

included

Error Eq. 10 Effect of gas com-

position and amount included

λ=1,0, X=1,0 0% 0,4% 0,4% λ=1,0, X=0,97 -2% 1,1% 0,4% λ=1,0 X=0,8 -22% 4,9% 0,3% λ=1,5, X=1,0 0% 0,2% 0,2% λ=1,5, X=0,97 -3% 0,7% 0,2% λ=1,5, X=0,8 -23% 3,2% 0,2% λ=2,0, X=1,0 0% 0,2% 0,2% λ=2,0, X=0,97 -3% 0,5% 0,2% λ=2,0, X=0,8 -23% 2,4% 0,2% λ=2,0, X=0,5 -94% 5,5% 0,1% λ=5,0, X=0,2 -380% 3,5% 0,0%

As Eq. 10 shows satisfying results despite inaccurate measurement and in-complete combustion this expression is used for the conducted analysis. Using the described method for determining the exhaust gas flow and the adjustment of measurements it is possible to determine the flow rate of, for instance, UHC. In Figure 4 is shown the calculated exhaust gas flow, the measured UHC concentration and the mass flow of UHC. The figure shows a peak UHC concentration, 14.000 mg/m3n (or 44.000 mg/m3n @5%O2) just after start-up of the engine. Despite the UHC peak occurs when the load and the exhaust gas flow are low it will affect the overall start sequence UHC emissions significantly.

DGC-report 13

0

5

10

15

20

25

13:52:19 13:56:38 14:00:58

Time

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3 (n)/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s

Figure 4 Example of the measured UHC emission, the calculated exhaust gas flow and the calculated flow of UHC. CHP unit #11 during a warm start.

Figures like Figure 4 are shown for CO, NOx and UHC for all the 12 exam-ined CHP units in Appendix C. The 14.000 mg/m3(n) is the highest measured UHC concentration in the exhaust gas system, but the highest actual concentration is even higher. This is due to dissipation. Dissipation occurs both in the exhaust gas system and in measurement system. The latter is in this case the most pronounced. The effect of dissipation is illustrated in Figure 5 that for constructed data shows a short peak concentration and how the measured concentration could ap-pear. It is seen that there is a time delay and how the measured concentra-tion is broadened out due to dissipation compared to the true value. There is accounted for the time delay (described later) is but not for the dissipation. The measured peak concentration is significantly lower than the true maxi-

O2 CO2

UHC flow UHC conc.

Exhaust gas flow

DGC-report 14

mum concentration.

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

0 1 2 3 4Time

Con

cent

ratio

n

True concentration

Measured concentration

Figure 5.True and measured concentration. Constructed data.

For the purpose of determining the mass flow of the different emissions as it is done in this work the measured concentration accurate enough because the flow of exhaust gas increases and decreases slowly compared to the dis-sipation. What is determined in this work corresponds to the area below the curves and that is the same for the two curves. From the calculated flow of CO, NOx, UHC and the fuel consumption emis-sion factors (fuel consumption specific emissions, unit: g/MJ) were calcu-lated during start, stop and normal operation for the three mentioned com-ponents. 3.1.3 Assessment of method and measurements

Response time of measurements The concentration of the different measured species in the exhaust gas is measured using different instruments. Therefore, the response time is differ-ent for the different components. The response time of the measured com-ponent is shown in Table 5. The response time is here defined as the time passing from a change occurring at the sampling point in the exhaust gas system till 90% of the change is registered by the different instruments.

Table 5 Response time of the measurement system for measured compo-nents (T90)

O2 CO NOx UHC CO2 13 sec 20 sec 30 sec 13 sec 20 sec

DGC-report 15

Incomplete combustion Incomplete combustion is accounted for by applying equivalent O2 and CO2 concentrations (Eq. 7 and Eq. 8) instead the measured concentrations di-rectly for determining the exhaust gas flow. The difference between the measured and equivalent concentrations is shown in Figure 6. The emission factors have been determined with and without compensation for incomplete combustion (see Table 6). This shows that the effect of incomplete combus-tion on the calculated exhaust gas flow must be taken in to account.

0

5

10

15

20

25

13:53:46 13:56:38 13:59:31 14:02:24 14:05:17

time

CO

2, O

2 / %

Figure 6 Measured and compensated values of CO2 and O2. The compensa-

tion is described by Eq. 7 and Eq. 8. CHP unit #11, warm start.

Dilution of sampled exhaust gas Due to very high peak concentrations during start-up and shut-down it was necessary to dilute the exhaust gas by pure N2 in order to be able to measure the concentration of the components CO, UHC and NOx. The dilution ratio is determined from the measured concentration of CO2 and O2 with and without dilution. For lean combustion of a carbon containing fuel there will be a certain relation between the CO2 and the O2 concentrations in the ex-haust gas depending on the excess of air and the fuel composition. This rela-tion is shown for the applied natural gas in Figure 7 together with the meas-ured CO2 and O2 based on the measured dilution ratio. As the CO2 concen-tration at any excess of air is higher than what is theoretically possible, the dilution ratio is set to 4.3 instead of the measured 4.8. Thereby a satisfying correlation between the theoretical and the measured concentration of CO2 and O2 is obtained.

Measured values Compensated values (Eq. 7-Eq. 8)

O2 CO2

DGC-report 16

A. Measured values

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 5 10 15 20 25O2,eq / %

CO

2,eq

/ %

TeoretiskMålt

TheoreticalMeasured

B. Adjusted for response time

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 5 10 15 20 25O2,eq / %

CO

2,eq

/ %

TeoretiskMålt

TheoreticalMeasured

C. Adjusted for response time and dilution ratio

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 5 10 15 20 25O2,eq / %

CO

2,eq

/ %

TeoretiskMålt

TheoreticalMeasured

Figure 7 Corresponding values of the O2 and CO2 concentrations

The importance of using the correct dilution ratio in the analysis was exam-ined. The emission factors are linearly depending on the dilution ratio as the flow is independent (depends only on the CO2-O2 ratio), see Table 6. From picture B and C in Figure 7 it is indicated that it is relatively easy to adjust for a wrongly determined dilution ratio. Therefore, this will hardly influence the uncertainty of the overall analysis. Early part of start-up Prior to fuel release in the start up process the exhaust system is purged with air due to scavenging or possible forced ventilation. This means that exhaust manifold, silencer, heat recovery boilers and ducting between the engine and the sampling point close to the stack and the gas analysis instruments con-tain maximum amount of air. Due to mixing of the exhaust gas and the air the measured O2-CO2 ratio is higher than the actual ratio in the exhaust gas from the engine. This leads to an unrealistic peak in the calculated exhaust gas flow. In order to compensate for this it is assumed that the engine is op-erated with a constant fuel-air ratio in the first few seconds after ignition. As the exhaust gas flow is determined by the engine speed and the intake pres-sure flow, peaks will normally not occur during a normal start-up sequence.

DGC-report 17

The very first part of the exhaust flow with and without compensation is shown in Figure 8.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

13:55:12 13:55:29 13:55:47 13:56:04 13:56:21 13:56:38

Time

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m3 (n

)/scc

0,00

1,00

2,00

3,00

4,00

5,00

6,00

CO

2 con

c. /

%

Figure 8 Measured CO2 concentration and the calculated exhaust gas flow

with and with out compensation for air in the exhaust gas system prior to ignition. Note the time scale.

The importance of the false flow peak can be seen for CHP unit #11 in Table 6. The influence of the calculated flow peak depends on the emission in the very early part of the start sequence. This varies from engine to en-gine and for the three examined emissions. In this case it has some impor-tance. Therefore the influence of false flow peaks has been eliminated by assuming constant fuel-air ratio during the early part of start-up. Fuel flow The fuel consumption is measured manually from the gas flow meter every 10th second. That leads to a discrete gas flow curve as shown in Figure 9. Three different models of the flow are shown together with the readings. The three models are a “best fit” model and displacements of that model by +30 seconds and -30 seconds, respectively. In order to assess the sensitivity of the chosen fuel flow model the emission factors have been determined by applying the three different models. The result is shown in Table 6. The measured fuel consumption history has been displaced so the fuel consump-tion starts at the same instant as the measured CO2 concentration starts to increase (see Figure 8) and the O2 concentration starts to decrease. That is easy to do accurately. However, due to the quality of the gas flow measure-ments the results of the analysis are subject to a minor uncertainty.

Not compensated Compensated

DGC-report 18

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

13:52:19 13:55:12 13:58:05 14:00:58 14:03:50Time

Fuel

flow

/ m3 (n

)/hcc

Measured

Figure 9 Natural gas flow

Table 6 Sensitivity of different parameters on the emission factor CO

g/MJ NOx g/MJ

UHC g/MJ

Optimised parameters 0,056 0,058 0,86 Not O2-CO2 compensated 0,058 0,061 0,93 Dilution ratio -10% 0,050 0,052 0,77 Dilution ratio +10% 0,061 0,064 0,94 Fuel flow displaced -30 sec. 0,054 0,057 0,86 Fuel flow displaced +30 sec. 0,054 0,054 0,75 Exhaust peak not eliminated 0,060 0,063 0,87

3.2 Results

From the calculated flow of CO, NOx, UHC and the fuel consumption emis-sion factors have been calculated during start, stop and normal operation for the three mentioned components. From the relative duration of a whole op-eration sequence consisting of start, normal operation and stop of the engine an emission factor for the whole sequence was determined. This emission factor relative to the emission factor for normal steady full-load operation is called an emission index. The value 1,00 corresponds to normal operation meaning the start-stop sequences do not affect the emissions and 1,10 means that the emissions are 10% higher over the given period of operation and the given numbers of starts and stops compared to normal full-load operation. The emission factors and the emission indices are given in Table 7 for CHP unit #1. This is shown in Appendix D for all examined units. The emission factors for normal operation are shown in Table 8.

Measured Model - 30sec.Model + 30sec.Model

DGC-report 19

Table 7 Calculated emission factors and emission factors relative to nor-mal operation for CHP unit #1

Hours of operation per day 16 Numbers of starts per day 1

CO

g/MJ NOx g/MJ

UHC g/MJ

Cold start 0,143 0,111 0,653 Varm start 0,077 0,113 0,645 Stop 0,085 0,111 1,312 Normal 0,062 0,139 0,340 Cold start-stop CO NOx UHC Energy Weighted (g/MJ) 0,063 0,138 0,349 Emission index 1,015 0,997 1,026 Varm start-stop CO NOx UHC Energy Weighted (g/MJ) 0,062 0,138 0,349 Emission index 1,005 0,997 1,026

Table 8 Emission factors during normal operation

Normal operation

CHP unit CO

g/MJ NOx g/MJ

UHC g/MJ

#1 0,062 0,139 0,340 #2 0,029 0,111 0,272 #3 0,053 0,225 0,435 #4 0,250 0,155 0,460 #5 0,081 0,132 0,496 #6 0,129 0,058 0,466 #7 0,097 0,212 0,292 #8 0,056 0,167 0,273 #9 0,053 0,288 0,464 #10 0,012 0,096 0,388 #11 0,067 0,062 0,656 #12 0,067 0,073 0,586

The emission indices for the examined CHP units are given in Table 9-Table 11 for one, two and four start-ups per day, respectively.

DGC-report 20

Table 9 Relative influence of start and stop on the total emission of CO, NOx and UHC. 16 hours of operation and one start per day.

Cold start-stop Warm start-stop

CHP unit CO NOx UHC CO NOx UHC

#1 1,01 1,00 1,03 1,00 1,00 1,03

#2 1,01 0,99 1,01 1,01 1,00 1,02

#3 1,02 0,99 1,03 1,01 0,99 1,03

#4 1,01 0,99 1,02 1,02 0,99 1,02

#5 1,01 1,00 1,04 1,00 0,99 1,04

#6 1,01 1,01 1,00 1,02 1,02 1,01

#7 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00

#8 1,01 1,00 1,00 1,01 1,00 1,00

#9 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00

#10 1,38 1,04 1,00 1,29 1,04 1,00

#11 1,00 1,00 1,01 1,00 1,00 1,01

#12 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,01

Table 10 The relative influence of start and stop on the total emission of CO, NOx and UHC. 16 hours of operation and two starts per day.

Cold start-stop Warm start-stop CHP unit CO NOx UHC CO NOx UHC

#1 1,03 0,99 1,05 1,01 0,99 1,05 #2 1,03 0,99 1,02 1,02 1,00 1,03 #3 1,04 0,97 1,05 1,02 0,98 1,07 #4 1,02 0,98 1,03 1,03 0,98 1,04 #5 1,02 1,00 1,07 1,01 0,98 1,08 #6 1,02 1,02 1,01 1,03 1,03 1,02 #7 1,01 1,00 1,00 1,01 1,00 1,00 #8 1,01 1,00 1,00 1,02 1,00 1,00 #9 1,01 0,99 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 #10 1,76 1,09 1,00 1,58 1,08 1,00 #11 1,00 1,00 1,03 1,00 1,00 1,02 #12 1,00 1,00 1,01 0,99 1,00 1,03

DGC-report 21

Table 11 Relative influence of start and stop on the total emission of CO, NOx and UHC. 16 hours of operation and four starts per day.

Cold start-stop Warm start-stop CHP unit CO NOx UHC CO NOx UHC

#1 1,06 0,99 1,10 1,02 0,99 1,11 #2 1,05 0,97 1,05 1,05 0,99 1,06 #3 1,07 0,95 1,11 1,03 0,96 1,14 #4 1,05 0,97 1,07 1,07 0,95 1,08 #5 1,04 0,99 1,15 1,01 0,96 1,16 #6 1,05 1,05 1,02 1,06 1,06 1,03 #7 1,01 1,01 1,01 1,01 1,00 1,00 #8 1,03 1,01 1,01 1,03 1,01 1,01 #9 1,01 0,99 1,00 1,01 0,99 1,00 #10 2,51 1,18 1,01 2,16 1,17 1,00 #11 0,99 1,01 1,05 0,99 1,01 1,04 #12 0,99 1,01 1,02 0,99 0,99 1,05

From Table 9-Table 11 it is seen that the effect of start and stop varies sig-nificantly from engine to engine. Apparently, there is practically no correla-tion between the start-stop emission index and the emission level at normal operation, see Figure 10.

CO

0,80

1,10

1,40

1,70

2,00

0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30Normal emission factor / g/MJ

Sta

rt-st

op e

mis

sion

inde

x Cold start-stop

warm start-stop

NOx

0,90

1,00

1,10

1,20

1,30

0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40Normal emission factor / g/MJ

Sta

rt-st

op e

mis

sion

inde

x Cold start-stop

warm start-stop

UHC

0,90

1,00

1,10

1,20

1,30

0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80Normal emission factor / g/MJ

Sta

rt-st

op e

mis

sion

inde

x Cold start-stop

warm start-stop

Figure 10 Emission index versus the emission factor for all examined CHP units

The engines at CHP unit #4 and #5 are identical except for a different num-ber of cylinders. Similarly, engines #7 and #8 and engines #11 and #12 are identical. Despite the engines being identical, there are significant differ-ences in the emission levels and the sensitivity to start-stop on the overall emissions (see Table 8-Table 11). The engines at CHP unit #7-#10 are open-chamber engines and the rest are pre-chamber engines. The average emission index for the two types of en-

DGC-report 22

gines is shown in. Apparently, pre-chamber engines are more sensitive to start-stop than the open-chamber engines. As CHP unit #10 stands out from the rest (see Table 9-Table 11) this CHP unit is excluded from the calcula-tion of the average emission index. However, the engine at CHP unit #11 is a pre-chamber engine showing that it is possible to obtain low emissions during start and stop with pre-chamber engines.

Table 12 Average emission index for pre-chamber and open-chamber en-gines, respectively. 16 hours of operation and two starts per day. CHP unit #10 is not included, see above.

Pre-chamber Open-chamber

CO NOx UHC CO NOx UHC

Cold start-stop 1,02 1,00 1,04 1,01 1,00 1,00 Warm start-stop 1,01 0,99 1,04 1,01 1,00 1,00 3.2.1 Differences in emissions from different CHP units

In the following, the results from the different CHP units will be examined individually in order to try to extract general information on the influence of excess of air on the emissions during start and stop. CHP unit #1. The relatively high UHC emission index is caused by a period of idling at a high excess of air just before the engine stops. Due to this high UHC concentration the emission index is affected significantly despite the low flow rate. CHP units #2-#4: The emission index of UHC and to some extent CO is relatively high. An explanation could be that the engine is running rather lean just after ignition. The excess of air is slowly decreasing to the desired value. As the engine runs leaner during start and stop the NOx emission will not be adversely affected by additional start-stop sequences. CHP unit #5. Just before the engine stops it is idling for a period of time at a high excess of air. This leads to high UHC emissions. CHP unit #6. The excess of air is reduced during start and stop. During most of the stop sequence the engine runs with constantly decreasing air excess and just before it stops it even runs slightly rich. This leads to both high NOx and high CO emissions. However, the emission measurements carried

DGC-report 23

out at this CHP unit is not very accurate, see Figure 11. Therefore, data for CHP unit #6 is subject to some uncertainty.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 10 20 30O2,eq / %

CO

2,eq

/ %

MåltTeoretisk

Figure 11 Equivalent CO2 and O2 during stop – CHP unit #6

CHP unit #7. The excess of air during start and stop is rather similar to that of CHP unit #6. But on this CHP unit it works very well. There is a short period with fuel rich conditions at very low load just before stop. This leads to slightly increased CO emissions compared to normal operation. CHP unit #8. This is the same type of engine as at CHP unit #7. Apparently, the engine is operated with the same excess of air during start and stop. Similar results are obtained. CHP unit #9 and #10. The air excess strategy for both CHP units is similar to that of CHP units #6-#8 except that the air excess is low for a longer pe-riod during start. This works well for CHP unit #9, but there are very high NOx and CO emissions from CHP unit #10. CHP unit #10 is operated at rather fuel rich conditions for a period of time just after ignition. This leads to the very high CO emissions. Another difference between the two sets of measurements is that the transition period where the excess of air is in-creased from around 1 to around 2 is about twice as long for CHP unit #10 compared to CHP unit #9. During this transition period at moderate air ex-cess a lot of NOx is formed. CHP unit #11 and #12. The engines on these two CHP units are the same except for the number of cylinders. During cold start, the engine at CHP unit #11 is running very lean at idling conditions just after start-up. This causes

Measured Theoretical

DGC-report 24

higher UHC emissions. A warm start and stop with this engine practically does not affect the overall emissions. From analysis it is found that the excess of air during start and stop is very critical for obtaining low emissions. Large variations in the emissions, even for identical engines, are observed. This indicates that not much attention has been paid to the emissions during start and stop. Furthermore, the analysis shows that some operational condi-tions should be avoided in order to obtain low emission during start and stop. Operating the engine close to stoichiometry during a part of start and stop would be a possible path to choose, but if the combustion becomes rich high CO emissions will occur. Just after ignition it is important to adjust the excess of air relatively fast. At λ above 2 higher UHC emissions will occur and at λ between 1.2 and 1.8 the NOx level will be high.

DGC-report 25

4 References

[1] PUDDEL Projektet, slutrapport. Eltra 2005 [2]

de Wit, J.; Andersen S. D. : Gas Engine Operation and Develop-ment Challenges in the Liberalized Energy Markets. Power-Gen Europe 2006.

[3]

Kortlægning af emissioner fra decentrale kraftvarmeværker (Map-ping of emissions from decentral combined heat and power plants. In Danish) . Delrapport 4. ISBN 87-7795-237-5. DGC-rapport April 2003.

[4] http://www.energinet.dk/da/menu/Systemdrift/Gaskvalitet/Variationer+i+gaskvaliteten/Måned+for+måned/MFM_200601.htm

DGC-report 26

Appendix A. List of participants

• DGC o Hanne Frederiksen. Project manager o Per G. Kristensen o Steen D. Andersen o Jan de Wit o Henrik Andersen o Torben K. Jensen

• Pon Power o Jens M. Jakobsen o Flemming Hjøllund

• GE Jenbacher o Jesper Greve Jensen o Jens Hylling Kristensen

• Wärtsila o Bent Iversen o Kent Jensen

• Rolls Royce o Keld Skærbæk Nielsen o Kim Larsen o René Hansen

• National Environmental Research Institute, DMU o Malene Nielsen o Jytte Boll Illerup

• Sikkerhedsstyrelsen, Danish Safety Technology Authority. Not a

project partner. o Anders Knak-Nielsen. Safety aspects.

DGC-report 27

Appendix B. Description of measuring equipment and methods

Flue gas conditioning

The flue gas is conditioned according to processes described below, before flue gas is led to the separate analysers. - condensation in glass bottle at ambient temperature - the flue gas is cooled in a cooling dryer; dew point 2 ± 1°C

– capacity 0 – 10 l/min - filtering in fine filter with an efficiency >99.9% for particles 0.3 μm - distribution by means of flow meters to separate analysers - DGC-No.: 01702 / User instruction B-01701 Oxygen in the flue gas

The content of oxygen in the dry flue gas is measured with a paramagnetic oxygen analyser. The data for the analyser are: Manufacturer: SERVOMEX Model: 570A - paramagnetic Range: 0 - 100 %-vol. Repeatability: < 0.2% O2 Linearity: < 0.3% O2 Calibration: N2 and ambient air DGC-No.: 00202/ User instruction B-00202

DGC-report 28

Carbon monoxide in the flue gas The content of carbon monoxide in the dry flue gas is measured with an infrared absorption analyser. The data for the analyser are: Manufacturer: Hartmann & Braun AG Model: Uras 14 Ranges: 0 - 300 to 0 – 2,500 ppm Range used: 0 – 2,500 ppm Repeatability: ≤ 0.5% of range Linearity: ≤ 1% of range Calibration: N2 and calibration gas containing 1999 respectively 239.9 ppm CO in N2 DGC-No.: 00404/User instruction B-00404 Nitrogen oxides in the flue gas

The content of nitrogen oxides in dry flue gas is measured with a chemilu-miniscence analyser using the principle that nitrogen oxide during reaction with ozone emits light. The data for the analyser are: Manufacturer: Thermo Environmental Corp. Model: 42 CHL - chemiluminiscence Ranges: 0 – 2.5 to 0 – 5,000 ppm in 9 ranges Range used: 0 - 500 ppm Repeatability: 1% of full scale Linearity: ± 1% from 0.05 - 2,000 ppm with air supply to the ozone generator Calibration: N2 and calibration gas containing 401 ppm

NO in N2 DGC-No.: 00305 / User instruction B-00305

DGC-report 29

Hydrocarbons in the flue gas

The content of unburned hydrocarbons in dry flue gas is measured with an analyser using a flame ionisation detector. The data for the analyser are: Manufacturer: AAL (Analysis Automation Limited) Model: 523 Ranges: 0 – 10 to 0 – 10,000 ppm in 7 ranges Range used: 0 – 2,500 Repeatability: ± 1% of range Linearity: ± 1% of range Calibration: N2 and calibration gas containing 2000 ppm CH4 in N2. DGC-No.: 00601 / User instruction B-00601 Carbon dioxide in the flue gas The content of carbon dioxide in the dry flue gas is measured with an infra-red absorption analyser. The data for the analyser are: Manufacturer: Hartmann & Braun AG Model: Uras 14 Ranges: 0 - 5 to 0 – 12 %-vol. Range used: 0 – 12 %-vol. Repeatability: ≤ 0.5% of range Linearity: ≤ 1% of range Calibration: N2 and calibration gas containing 8.01 %-vol. CO2 in N2 DGC-No.: 00404/User instruction B-00404 Dilution arrangement The gas sample has been diluted with pure N2 via a dilution arrangement. The dilution conversion factors are calculated by measuring the O2 and CO2 concentrations before and after the dilution.

DGC-report 30

Appendix C. Figures of the emissions

UHC expressed as CH4 equvalents ind the following; NOx expressed as NO2 CHP unit #1

UHC Emissions during cold start

0

5

10

15

20

25

08:00:58 08:08:10 08:15:22Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s

O2 CO2 Exhaust gas flow UHC UHC / s

NOx Emissions during cold start

0

5

10

15

20

25

08:00:58 08:08:10 08:15:22

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

NOx

conc

. / m

g/m

3(n)

NO

x flo

w /

mg/

s

O2 CO2 Exhaust gas flow NOx NOx / s

CO Emissions during cold start

0

5

10

15

20

25

08:00:58 08:08:10 08:15:22

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s

O2 CO2 Exhaust gas flow CO CO / s

DGC-report 31

UHC Emissions during warm start

0

5

10

15

20

25

13:50:53 13:58:05 14:05:17Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s


NOx Emissions during warm start

0

5

10

15

20

25

13:50:53 13:58:05 14:05:17Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s


CO Emissions during warm start

0

5

10

15

20

25

13:50:53 13:58:05 14:05:17Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 32

UHC Emissions during stop

0

5

10

15

20

25

13:23:31 13:30:43 13:37:55Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

-1000

1000

3000

5000

7000

9000

11000

13000

15000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s


NOx Emissions during stop

0

5

10

15

20

25

13:23:31 13:30:43 13:37:55Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

1000

2000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s


CO Emissions during stop

0

5

10

15

20

25

13:23:31 13:30:43 13:37:55Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

1000

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 33

CHP unit #2 UHC Emissions during cold start

0

5

10

15

20

25

06:25:55 06:33:07 06:40:19 06:47:31 06:54:43 07:01:55Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/

m3(

n)/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UHC

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)U

HC fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

06:25:55 06:33:07 06:40:19 06:47:31 06:54:43 07:01:55

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m

3(n)

/h

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

06:25:55 06:33:07 06:40:19 06:47:31 06:54:43 07:01:55

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 34


0

5

10

15

20

25

14:26:53 14:32:38 14:38:24 14:44:10

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:26:53 14:32:38 14:38:24 14:44:10

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:26:53 14:32:38 14:38:24 14:44:10

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 35


0

5

10

15

20

25

13:39:22 13:42:14 13:45:07 13:48:00 13:50:53 13:53:46

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

13:39:22 13:42:14 13:45:07 13:48:00 13:50:53 13:53:46

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

13:39:22 13:42:14 13:45:07 13:48:00 13:50:53 13:53:46

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 36

CHP unit #3


0

5

10

15

20

25

05:54:14 06:01:26 06:08:38Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

05:54:14 06:01:26 06:08:38

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

NOx

conc

. / m

g/m

3(n)

NO

x flo

w /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

05:54:14 06:01:26 06:08:38

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 37


0

5

10

15

20

25

15:10:05 15:17:17 15:24:29Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

15:10:05 15:17:17Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

15:10:05 15:17:17Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 38


0

5

10

15

20

25

14:45:36 14:52:48 15:00:00Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

-1000

1000

3000

5000

7000

9000

11000

13000

15000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:45:36 14:52:48 15:00:00Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:45:36 14:52:48 15:00:00Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

1000

2000

CO c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

CO

flow

/ m

g/s


DGC-report 39

CHP unit #4


0

5

10

15

20

25

05:12:29 05:19:41 05:26:53 05:34:05Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

05:12:29 05:19:41 05:26:53 05:34:05

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

05:12:29 05:19:41 05:26:53 05:34:05

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 40


0

5

10

15

20

25

13:04:48 13:12:00 13:19:12 13:26:24 13:33:36

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

13:04:48 13:12:00 13:19:12 13:26:24 13:33:36

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

13:04:48 13:12:00 13:19:12 13:26:24 13:33:36Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 41


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

12:40:19 12:47:31 12:54:43 13:01:55

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

12:40:19 12:47:31 12:54:43 13:01:55Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

12:40:19 12:47:31 12:54:43 13:01:55Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 42

CHP unit #5


0

5

10

15

20

25

06:28:48 06:36:00 06:43:12 06:50:24 06:57:36Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UHC

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)U

HC

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

06:28:48 06:36:00 06:43:12 06:50:24 06:57:36

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)NO

x flo

w /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

06:28:48 06:36:00 06:43:12 06:50:24 06:57:36

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 43


0

5

10

15

20

25

14:38:24 14:45:36 14:52:48 15:00:00Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:38:24 14:45:36 14:52:48 15:00:00Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:38:24 14:45:36 14:52:48 15:00:00Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 44


0

5

10

15

20

25

14:02:24 14:09:36 14:16:48 14:24:00 14:31:12 14:38:24Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:02:24 14:09:36 14:16:48 14:24:00 14:31:12 14:38:24Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:02:24 14:09:36 14:16:48 14:24:00 14:31:12 14:38:24Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

1000

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)CO

flow

/ m

g/s


DGC-report 45


0

5

10

15

20

25

14:02:24 14:09:36 14:16:48 14:24:00 14:31:12 14:38:24Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:02:24 14:09:36 14:16:48 14:24:00 14:31:12 14:38:24Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:02:24 14:09:36 14:16:48 14:24:00 14:31:12 14:38:24Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

1000

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 46

CHP unit #6


0

5

10

15

20

25

05:42:43 05:49:55Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

05:42:43 05:49:55

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

NOx

conc

. / m

g/m

3(n)

NO

x flo

w /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

05:42:43 05:49:55

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 47


0

5

10

15

20

25

14:02:24 14:09:36 14:16:48Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:02:24 14:09:36 14:16:48Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:02:24 14:09:36 14:16:48Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 48


0

5

10

15

20

25

13:00:29Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

13:00:29Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

13:00:29Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)CO

flow

/ m

g/s


DGC-report 49

CHP unit #7


0

5

10

15

20

25

06:21:36 06:28:48 06:36:00 06:43:12 06:50:24Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

06:21:36 06:28:48 06:36:00 06:43:12 06:50:24

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

NOx

conc

. / m

g/m

3(n)

NO

x flo

w /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

06:21:36 06:28:48 06:36:00 06:43:12 06:50:24

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 50


0

5

10

15

20

25

10:58:05 11:05:17Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

10:58:05 11:05:17Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

10:58:05 11:05:17Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 51


0

5

10

15

20

25

10:32:10 10:39:22Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

10:32:10 10:39:22Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

10:32:10 10:39:22Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

CO c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

CO

flow

/ m

g/s


DGC-report 52

CHP unit #8


0

5

10

15

20

25

05:42:43 05:45:36 05:48:29 05:51:22 05:54:14 05:57:07Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

05:42:43 05:45:36 05:48:29 05:51:22 05:54:14 05:57:07

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

NOx

conc

. / m

g/m

3(n)

NO

x flo

w /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

05:42:43 05:45:36 05:48:29 05:51:22 05:54:14 05:57:07

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 53


0

5

10

15

20

25

12:40:19 12:41:46 12:43:12 12:44:38 12:46:05Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

12:40:19 12:41:46 12:43:12 12:44:38 12:46:05Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

12:40:19 12:41:46 12:43:12 12:44:38 12:46:05Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 54


0

5

10

15

20

25

12:21:36 12:24:29 12:27:22 12:30:14 12:33:07 12:36:00Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

12:40:19 12:41:46 12:43:12 12:44:38 12:46:05Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

12:40:19 12:41:46 12:43:12 12:44:38 12:46:05Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 55

CHP unit #9


0

5

10

15

20

25

11:38:24 11:45:36 11:52:48 12:00:00 12:07:12Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

-6000

-4000

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

11:38:24 11:45:36 11:52:48 12:00:00 12:07:12

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

NOx

conc

. / m

g/m

3(n)

NO

x flo

w /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

11:38:24 11:45:36 11:52:48 12:00:00 12:07:12

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 56


0

5

10

15

20

25

14:31:12 14:38:24 14:45:36Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:31:12 14:38:24 14:45:36Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:31:12 14:38:24 14:45:36Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 57


0

5

10

15

20

25

14:14:47 14:21:59 14:29:11Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:14:47 14:21:59 14:29:11Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:14:47 14:21:59 14:29:11Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

1000

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)CO

flow

/ m

g/s


DGC-report 58

CHP unit #10 UHC Emissions during cold start

0

5

10

15

20

25

10:43:41 10:48:00 10:52:19 10:56:38 11:00:58

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

10:43:41 10:49:26 10:55:12 11:00:58

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

10:45:07 10:52:19 10:59:31

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

5000

10000

15000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 59


0

5

10

15

20

25

13:12:00 13:16:19 13:20:38 13:24:58

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

1000

2000

3000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

13:12:00 13:16:19 13:20:38 13:24:58Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

3000

6000

9000

12000

15000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

13:12:00 13:16:19 13:20:38 13:24:58

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 60


0

5

10

15

20

25

12:56:10 12:59:02 13:01:55 13:04:48 13:07:41

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

2000

4000

6000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

12:56:10 12:59:02 13:01:55 13:04:48 13:07:41Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

12:56:10 12:59:02 13:01:55 13:04:48 13:07:41Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 61

CHP unit #11


0

5

10

15

20

25

11:57:07 12:04:19Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

11:57:07 12:04:19

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

NOx

conc

. / m

g/m

3(n)

NO

x flo

w /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

11:57:07 12:04:19

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 62


0

5

10

15

20

25

13:52:19 13:59:31Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

13:52:19 13:59:31Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

13:52:19 13:59:31Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 63


0

5

10

15

20

25

13:33:36 13:40:48 13:48:00Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

-1000

1000

3000

5000

7000

9000

11000

13000

15000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

13:33:36 13:40:48 13:48:00Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

13:33:36 13:40:48 13:48:00Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

1000

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)CO

flow

/ m

g/s


DGC-report 64

CHP unit #12


0

5

10

15

20

25

05:38:24 05:45:36 05:52:48 06:00:00

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

05:38:24 05:45:36 05:52:48 06:00:00

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

NOx

conc

. / m

g/m

3(n)

NO

x flo

w /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

05:38:24 05:45:36 05:52:48 06:00:00

Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:55:41 15:02:53 15:10:05Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:55:41 15:02:53 15:10:05Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:55:41 15:02:53 15:10:05Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

500

1000

1500

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)C

O fl

ow /

mg/

s


DGC-report 65


0

5

10

15

20

25

14:26:53 14:34:05 14:41:17 14:48:29Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

-1000

1000

3000

5000

7000

9000

11000

13000

15000

UH

C c

onc.

/ m

g/m

3(n)

UH

C fl

ow /

mg/

s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:26:53 14:34:05 14:41:17 14:48:29Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exh

aust

gas

flow

/ m

3(n)

/h

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

NO

x co

nc. /

mg/

m3(

n)N

Ox

flow

/ m

g/s



0

5

10

15

20

25

14:26:53 14:34:05 14:41:17 14:48:29Tid

O2,

CO

2 / %

Exha

ust g

as fl

ow /

m3(

n)/h

0

1000

2000

CO

con

c. /

mg/

m3(

n)CO

flow

/ m

g/s


DGC-report 66

Appendix D: Emission factors for all CHP units

CHP unit #1 Hours of operation per day: 16 Numbers of starts per day: 1 CO Nox UHC g/MJ g/MJ g/MJ Cold start 0,143 0,111 0,653 Warm start 0,077 0,113 0,645 Stop 0,085 0,111 1,312 Normal 0,062 0,139 0,340

Cold start-stop Energy Weighted (g/MJ)

0,063 0,138 0,349

Emission index 1,015 0,997 1,026

Warm start-stop

Energy Weighted (g/MJ)

0,062 0,138 0,349

Emission index

1,005 0,997 1,026



0,029 0,110 0,260

Emission index

1,013 0,993 1,012

Warm start-stop


0,029 0,110 0,261

Emission index

1,012 0,998 1,016

DGC-report 67



0,054 0,222 0,447


Warm start-stop


0,054 0,223 0,450

Emission index

1,008 0,991 1,034



0,253 0,154 0,467


Warm start-stop


0,254 0,154 0,469

Emission index

1,016 0,988 1,021

DGC-report 68



0,081 0,132 0,515


Warm start-stop


0,081 0,131 0,516


CHP unit #6 Uncertain data Hours of operation per day: 16 Numbers of starts per day: 1 CO Nox UHC g/MJ g/MJ g/MJ Cold start 0,179 0,086 0,635 Warm start 0,201 0,093 0,714 Stop 0,366 0,162 0,695 Normal 0,129 0,058 0,466


0,131 0,059 0,468


Warm start-stop


0,131 0,059 0,470


DGC-report 69



0,097 0,213 0,293


Warm start-stop


0,097 0,212 0,292

Emission index

1,003 1,000 1,000


Cold start-stop Energy Weighted (g/MJ) 0,057 0,167 0,273Emission index 1,007 1,002 1,001

Warm start-stop

Energy Weighted (g/MJ) 0,057 0,167 0,273Emission index 1,008 1,001 1,002

DGC-report 70



Warm start-stop




Warm start-stop


DGC-report 71



0,067 0,062 0,665


Warm start-stop

Energy Weighted (g/MJ) 0,067 0,062 0,662 Emission index 0,999 1,002 1,009



0,07 0,07 0,59


Warm start-stop


0,07 0,07 0,59


DGC-report 72

Documents

Faster CHP gas engine start with less emission · The participants in the project are • PonPower • Jenbacher • Wärtsila • Rolls Royce • National Environmental Research