Fashion Retail Management

8/8/2019 Fashion Retail Management

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fashion-retail-management 1/258

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OBMIÔb}xkmyf}okb 4 GX@ Zlei & <V}kxi Zlei & 9<Xi}locobe V}xl}ie Zlei & ?5@ixfnlbmovi Zclbbobe Zlei & <<>Xi}loc @l}nv Zlei & <7>Ckvv Zxiwib}okb Zlei & <>9XGOM Zlei & 8:7GMO ob Xi}loc Zlei & 887



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Xi}loc

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l zoifi kgg kx }k hxila hyca"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` =

Xi}locobe

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ìxfnlbmovi gxk` zxkmyfix }kfkbvyìx"




Eckhlc Xi}loc Vfibi Vblzvnk}

Eckhlc xi}loc `lxai} iv}" l} YV- 5 }xoccokbYV i`zck v 88 òccokb lbm ov ukx}n YV 6 }xoccokb

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fashion-retail-management 7/258uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 5

]kz <: Xi}locixv Ukxcm Uomi




http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fashion-retail-management 9/258uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` ?

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fashion-retail-management 11/258uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <<

Unixi ov o} Nlzzibobe ;

Micno+BFX h 8::5 9: @lccv 88 òc vg}@y`hlo h 8::5 =8 @lccv <? òc vg}

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FnlbmoelxnN mixlhlm


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fashion-retail-management 12/258uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <8


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fashion-retail-management 13/258uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <6



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fk``ybofl}okb# ulv}i

@yc}ozci `lbml}kx + ekw} leibfoiv }k fkzi uo}nXilc iv}l}i `lxai} i~nkxho}lb} ' bk} kxelbotimZkkx bl}okblc vyzzc fnlob ‖ |ylco} #

fk`ò}ìb}v # zxkmyf}owo} # }i`zixl}yxi# lbfoib}zxlf}ofiv

Vnkx}lei kg vaoccim `lbzkuix l} lcc ciwicv"



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5: >:) coiv ob cku# òmmci fclvv8: 6:) lffkyb} gkx }ni noen zyxfnlvobe

zkuix



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]kubv uo}n zkzycl}okb kg <: clan ! obfxilvim]xlggof fkbeiv}okb+zlxaobe

Kbi v}kz vnkz fnkofi




FKBVY@IXOV@

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mi`lbmLvzoxl}okbv kg fkbvyìxv




HXLBM ZXKGYVOKB

I~zckvokb kg hxlbmv ob ilfn vif}kxVoti wlxol}okbv kg zlfav

@lb xivzif}lhci hxlbmv ob ukxcm nlv kzixl}okbvob Obmol

Biim gkx vnicg vzlfi }k lffk``kml}i ‖exku}nkg xi}loc




]O@I YVLEI

3 8 nxv zix uiiaUkìb vzibm `kxi }oì

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h vomi=6) ìi} gxoibmv gkx ekobe bkb exkfix vnkzzobe





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XI]LOCOBE GKX@L] OB OBMOL

Movfkyb} V}kxiv4Lv }ni blì vyeeiv}v# movfkyb} v}kxiv kx glf}kx

ky}ci}v# kggix movfkyb}v kb }ni @XZ }nxkyen viccobe obhyca xilfnobe ifkbkòiv kg vflci kx i~fivv v}kfa cig}kwix l} }ni vilvkb"

Mizlx}ìb} V}kxiv4Clxei v}kxiv xlbeobe gxk` 8:::: 9:::: v|" g}# fl}ixobe

}k l wlxoi} kg fkbvyìx biimv" Gyx}nix fclvvogoim ob}kckflcotim mizlx}ìb}v vyfn lv fck}nobe# }k v# nkì#exkfixoiv# i}f"




XI]LOCOBE GKX@L] OB OBMOLN zix `lx}v+Vyzix`lxai}v4

Clxei vicg vixwofi ky}ci}v# fl}ixobe }k wlxoimvnkzzix biimv lxi }ixìm lv Vyzix`lxai}v" ]nivilxi ckfl}im ob kx bilx xivomib}olc noen v}xii}v"

Fkbwiboibfi V}kxiv4]nivi lxi xicl}owic v`lcc v}kxiv =:: 8#::: v|"

gii} ckfl}im bilx xivomib}olc lxilv"@HK‛v4

@yc}o Hxlbm ky}ci}v# lcvk abkub lv Fl}iekxAoccixv# kggix viwixlc hxlbmv lfxkvv l vobeci zxkmyf}fl}iekx " ]nivi yvylcc mk uicc ob hyv `lxai}zclfiv lbm @i}xkv"










Uniic kg Xi}locobe Iwkcy}okb

V}lx}v uo}n cku zxofi ' vixwofiL}}i`z} }k l}}xlf} lmmo}okblc ]E# xlovi zxofiv#

fnlbei zxkmyf} + zxofobe ò~ ' gkx`l}# hi}}ixckfl}okbv# `laikwix ' xigo~}yxobe]xlmobe yz cilmv }k noenix fkv} noenix zxofiBiu cku zxofi xi}locixv ib}ix ' }nxil}ibv

i~ov}ibfi




Lfnoiwim ]lxei}4Vyffivvgycc xiiv}lhcovnim o}v zclfi ob }ni

`lxai}# uo}n kzibobe 88 v}kxiv"Noenix miwickzìb} ‖ Ob glf} }ni noeniv} kg

lcc vieìb}v lbm fl}iekxoiv"

Ibnlbfim hxlbm o`lei gxk` v`lcc }k nyeigkx`l} gclevnoz"




UovnivZikzci vnkycm ibnlbfi cowobe v}lbmlxm# `kwobe }k

`kbk hxlbm gxk` `yc}o hxlbm ky}ci}v"

I~ficcib} }xlobobe lbm vlclxoiv }k vlciv v}lgg lbm hi`kxi `lvv kxoib}im"

I~zlbm ob 9 clan zcyv }kubv# zxkwomobe voòclx hy obei~zixoibfi"

Ckkaobe gkx fkb}obyiv vyzzkx} gxk` }ni fkbvyìxvlbm }k iìxei lv glv}iv} iwkcwobe hxlbm"

]k ibnlbfi }il`‛v zixgkx`lbfi ob fkòbe ilxv"






Uovniv4]k o`zciìb} v v}i` gkx kb }oì micowixoiv"

]k zy} vfovvkxv kb zxkmyf} lvvkx}ìb} ob}ix`v kg }ni by`hix kg v} civ ‖ unofn uocc cimfk`zlb }k vixwi hi}}ix }k giuix fyv}kìxv"

I~ficcib} ky}vkyxfobe uo}n `laobe mimofl}im}il` }k }lai flxi kg o}"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 6>

Lfnoiwim ]lxei}v4Ob l vzlb kg civv }nlb }uk ilxv# Mlav hxlbm

nlv hiib vyffivvgyc }k no} }ni Obmolb `lxai}mivzo}i kg hiobe l gkxioeb hxlbm"@lbleim }oi yz lxxlbeiìb}v gkx

`lbyglf}yxobe Mlav hxlbm ob Obmol lbm Fib}xlc

Iyxkzi"Lcvk voebim lexiiìb}v gkx ]xyvvlxmo lbmVlwoci Xku"




Uovniv4]k hi l gxkb} xybbix ob }ni Obmolb lzzlxic

`lxai}"]k lmm 89 `kxi v}kxiv"Lccyxi ib}oxi noen ibm ukìb fclvv }k uilx

]xyvvlxmo"Ibnlbfi vlciv v}lgg zixgkx`lbfi"



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Lfnoiwim ]lxei}v4Voebim lexiiìb} uo}n Xicolbfi

Voebim cofibvi lexiiìb} gkx o}v aomvuilxhxlbm ‒Ciwo%v V aiv‛"

Obfxilvim zxkmyf}okb flzlfo}oiv l} Ml`lblbm Hlmmo"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` =<

Uovniv4]k ei} xifkebo}okb lv eckhlc hxlbm ob }ni

ob}ixbl}okblc `lxai}"]k fxil}i l moggixib} hxlbm omib}o} gkx lcc ob

xicl}im vieìb}v"Iv}lhcovn ib}oxi cogiv} ci v}kxiv gkx aomv#

ybmix }ni hxlbm Eobo ' DkbZycc mkub fyv}k` my}oiv kb lffivvkxoiv lbm

glhxofv i}f"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` =8

Lfnoiwim ]lxei}v4I~zlbmim zxkmyf} lvvkx}ìb} ò~ lbm lmmim

abo}v# unofn ulv ib}oxic ukwib zxkmyf} hlvihigkxi"

Lxxlbeim }oi yzv uo}n vkì eckhlc hxlbmv#vyfn lv D Docc# ]k`` Nocgoeix# Nyek Hkvv lbm

@lxav ' Vzibfix"Obfxilvim flzlfo} }k l}}lob l =:) exku}nxl}i fk`zlxobe }k }ni zxiwokyv ilx"




Uovniv4]k ukxa fckvi uo}n glvnokb obv}o}y}iv coai BOG]

}k xiwovi lbm miwickz glvnokb }xibmv"]k ob}xkmyfi l hxlbm# unofn ov fk`zi}o}owi#

ibmyxobe lbm xicolhci zxkmyf}"]k ob}xkmyfi vzifolcotim zxkmyf} lvvkx}ìb}#

gil}yxobe lcc uil}nix fkbmo}okbix lbm fnlbeifnlxlf}ix fkbvi|yib}c }k `l}fn }ni fkbvyìx

mi`lbmv"]k miwickz l v}lei unixi noen }ifn }ifnbkcke

ov lwloclhci }k v`lcc lbm ìmoy` vflci zxkmyfixvvk }nl} }ni flb ibnlbfi |ylco} v}lbmlxmv"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` ==

Lfnoiwim ]lxei}vV}lx}im Lvvi} @lbleiìb} Fk`zlboiv"Clybfnim Hoe Hltllxv ob xi`k}i }kubv coai Vlbeco"

Uovniv4Xilfnobe l }lxei} hyvobivv kg }uk lbm l nlcg

}nkyvlbm fxkxiv ob 8::7 :5 govflc"Omib}og lbm zxivib} }ni fkbvyìxv‛ glvnokb

xi|yoxiìb}"

Mkòbl}i }ni ob lcc glvnokb vieìb}v coaicogiv} ci# zxiòy` lbm wlcyi"

Ob}xkmyfi kx lf|yoxi biu hxlbmv ob glvnokb"]k xkzi ob hiv} glvnokb obmyv}x wi}ixlbv"




Lfnoiwim ]lxei}v4Iìxeim v}ilmoc ob }ni `lxai} ‖ clybfnim

v}kxiv l} Lnìmlhlm lbm Cymnolbl# lbmzclbbobe }nxii `kxi ob fkòbe `kb}nv"Ob}xkmyfim biu hxlbm –]xy`lx}‐ uo}n }nxii

v}kxiv ob @y`hlo lbm gkyx ob Zybi"]ni OZK ek} kwixvyhvfxohim h bilxc <8

}oìv }nl} eibixl}im lhky} Xv <:> fxkxi"




Uovniv4]k Clybfn GMO gkx cilv} cogiv} ci xi}loc# }nov uocc cilm

Obmolb glvnokb mivoebixv }k }noba eckhlcc "Fxil}i ibnlbfim xi}loc vzlfi gkx noen ibm xi}loc"]k `lai Glvnokb Lccolbfi `kxi zxlf}oflc lbm l xilco}

}k `lai vyxi }nl} o} elobv `kìb}y`"]k `lai glvnokb `kxi lggkxmlhci uo}n l hi}}ix

l`hoibfi"







uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` =?

Vzkx}v V}l}okb

Lfnoiwim ]lxei}v4Vyffivvgycc ob}xkmyfim }uk hxlbmv4 N8K Zcyv

lbm FZV Fck}nobe"Ob l `kwi }k fkbfib}xl}i kb i~zlbvokb lbm

biu fkbfiz}v gkx hxlbmv# }ni fk`zlb nlvvoebim lexiiìb}v uo}n eckhlc hxlbmv vyfn lvBoai lbm Ciwo%v"

Clybfnim @HK gkx cil}nix vnkiv –Vnki ]xii" ‐




Vzkx}v V}l}okb

Uovniv4]k zxivib} biu fkbfiz}# unixi hk}n ob}ixbl}okblc

lbm ckflc hxlbmv flb hi zxivib}im ybmix vobeci xkkg"I~zlbm zxkmyf} lvvkx}ìb} ob cy~yx # zxiòy` lbm

lggkxmlhci vieìb}v"My} wlcoml}okb# ivzifolcc ob gkk}uilx unofn ov l} l

<8"9 ) lv fk`zlxim }k lzzlxic unofn ov l} kbc = )"Wlcoml}obe fkyb}ixwlocobe my} .FWM/ unofn ov l} kg 7:

)"







V}kxi Ckfl}okb

]ni }nxii ai v }k xi}loc vyffivv ckfl}okb#

ckfl}okb 'ckfl}okb




V}kxi Ckfl}okb

]ni ckfl}okb kg v}kxiv ov l ai fkbfixb }k lbxi}loc kxelbotl}okb """ uni}nix o}%v kyx goxv} v}kxikx kyx kbi nybmxim}n"

Vzibmobe }oì lbm `kbi uovic ob }ni zxkfivvkg vo}i vicif}okb ov fxo}oflc"

Biufkìxv }k xi}loc kg}ib kzib vnkz ob lckfl}okb vo`zc hiflyvi o} ov }ni kbc wlflb} vzlfiuo}nob l v}kbi‛v }nxku kg }niox nkì kx kggofi"




Nku mkiv kbi ek lhky} vicif}obe l

ckfl}okb gkx l v}kxi;Unl} aobm kg v}kxi lxi ky zclbbobe;Unl} aobm kg ìxfnlbmovi uocc ky hi viccobe# l}

unl} zxofiv lbm }k unk`;Unl} ov }ni v}kxi kggixobe fyv}kìxv ob zxofi#

vixwofi# lbm fkbwiboibfi;Unl} lxi }ni fk`zlb %v goblbfolc flzlhoco}oiv;Ybmixv}lbmobe fk`zlb %v o`lei lbm xiv}xlob}v

uocc hi niczgyc ob coò}obe }ni by`hix kg vo}ifnkofiv"




V}kxi Ckfl}okbKz}okbv

Noen V}xii}

Miv}obl}okb Ckfl}okbFkbwiboibfi Ckfl}okbFlx}v

AokvavXi}loc @ixfnlbmovobe Ybo}v"]lcc Ulcc Ybo}v




Vicif}obe L Xi}loc Ckfl}okb

Miwickzobe }ni ckfl}okb zclb xi|yoxiv l flxigycv}ym kg zk}ib}olc `lxai}v"

@lxai} lvvivvìb} hieobv h i~lòbobe lccxieokbv kx ì}xkzkco}lb lxilv# }nib fnkkvobe }nikbi }nl} lzzilxv }k kggix }ni exil}iv} zk}ib}olc"Vyfn l zxkfivv ov abkub lv `lxai} vicif}okb"




Fnkofiv `yv} }nib hi `lmi uo}nob }ni vicif}imxieokb kx fo} "

Lb lblc vov kg }ni moggixib} vyh lxilv# kx }xlmobelxilv# kg l fo} ov }nib fkbmyf}im"

Goblcc # vizlxl}i vo}i lblc viv lbm iwlcyl}okbv`yv} hi `lmi"

L} }nov v}lei# `lbleiìb} lvvivviv }ni fkv} kgclbm kx xib}v# fkbv}xyf}okb fkv}v# }xlggof gcku# i}f"

Bk}i }nl} ilfn v}iz ob }nov zxkfivv ov lxigobiìb} kg }ni zxiwokyv kbi"






@lxai} Lblc vovMyxobe }ni zxkfivv kg `lxai} vicif}okb#

`lbleiìb} iwlcyl}iv l wlxoi} kg glf} kxv ob }ni}lxei} xieokbv"

]nivi obfcymi mi`kexlznofv# ifkbkòf

fnlxlf}ixov}ofv# }ni fk`zi}o}owi ibwoxkbìb}# lbm}ni kwixlcc zk}ib}olc kg }ni lxil"

Zkzycl}okb Fnlxlf}ixov}ofv

]k}lc votiLei lbm obfkì mov}xohy}okbExku}n }xibmv

Imyfl}okb ciwicv




@lxai} Lblc vov

Clhkyx Lwloclhoco}Lwloclhoco} kg `lbleiìb} flbmoml}ivUlei ciwicvYbokbv

@imol @o~ Ovvyiv] zi kg ìmol fkwixlei@imol kwixclzFkv}v




@lxai} Lblc vovIfkbkòf Fnlxlf}ixov}ofv

By`hix lbm } ziv kg obmyv}xMkòblb} obmyv}x

Exku}n zxkdif}okbvGoblbfolc hlvi

Fk`zi}o}owi Fnlxlf}ixov}ofv

Vl}yxl}okb ciwicBy`hix lbm voti kg fk`zi}o}okbFk`zi}o}owi exku}n }xibmv






Obmi~ kg Xi}loc Vl}yxl}okb .OXV/

Kbi kg }ni `kxi fk``kbc yvim ìlvyxiv kg`lxai} l}}xlf}owibivv ov }ni Obmi~ kg Xi}locVl}yxl}okb .OXV/"

]nov obmi~ ov hlvim kb }ni lvvy`z}okb }nl} og l`lxai} nlv l cku ciwic kg xi}loc vl}yxl}okb# }nicoaiconkkm kg vyffivv ov noenix"

Ob }ni gkcckuobe gkx`ycl# l noenix OXV obmofl}iv l

ckuix ciwic kg vl}yxl}okb# }nixih obfxilvobe }nicoaiconkkm kg xi}loc vyffivv"




]xlmobe Lxil Lblc vov]ni }xlmobe lxil lblc vov }laiv zclfi lg}ix

`lbleiìb} nlv vicif}im l vzifogof eikexlznofxieokb kx vif}okb kg l fo} lv l zkvvohci xi}locckfl}okb"

–]xlmobe lxil‐ xigixv }k }ni ckflc eikexlzngxk` unofn l v}kxi l}}xlf}v }ni `ldkxo} kg o}v

fyv}kìxv"




]xlmobe Lxil Lblc vov]nov }ixxo}kx ov vkì}oìv hxkaib mkub ob}k }ni

–zxo`lx }xlmobe lxil‐# unofn obfcymiv }ni`ldkxo} kg fyv}kìxv cowobe uo}nob l fix}lob xlbeikg }ni v}kxi lbm nlwobe }ni noeniv} zix flzo}l

vlciv1 lbm }ni –vifkbmlx }xlmobe lxil‐# unofnobfcymiv lc`kv} lcc kg }ni fyv}kìxv vo}yl}imky}vomi }ni zxo`lx lxil"

L } zoflc vnkzzobe fib}ix `l nlwi l zxo`lxlxil }nl} obfcymiv 59#::: fyv}kìxv uo}nob l gowiòby}i mxowi# lbm l vifkbmlx lxil nkyvobe<9:#::: fyv}kìxv uo}nob 6: òby}iv"




Cofibvi Zcl}i Lblc vovKbi kg }ni `kv} fk``kb ì}nkmv kg ìlvyxobe

l }xlmobe lxil uo}n fk`zlxlhci v}kxiv ov flccimly}k cofibvi zcl}i lblc vov"

]ni cofibvi zcl}i by`hixv kg flxv ob }ni lxilybmix fkbvomixl}okb lxi xifkxmim lbm fxkvvxigixibfim uo}n zyhcof xifkxmv }k ei} }niox

xieov}xl}okb lmmxivviv"H zck}}obe }nivi lmmxivviv kb l `lz# ky flb

ei} l ekkm giic gkx }ni eibixlc bl}yxi kg }ni lxil"




Zkzycl}okb Fnlxlf}ixov}ofvZkzycl}okb fnlxlf}ixov}ofv lxi iwib `kxi fxo}oflc

unib iwlcyl}obe l }xlmobe lxil"Lv ob }ni clxeix `lxai} lblc vov# ky `yv}

ybmixv}lbm vyfn gil}yxiv lv }ni zkzycl}okb zxkgoci#

mibvo} lbm exku}n }xibmv ob }ni }lxei} lxil"Wlxolhciv vyfn lv eibmix# kffyzl}okb# imyfl}okb#lei# glòc voti lbm i}nbof hxilamkub lxi lcvko`zkx}lb}"

Og ky vicc kybe fnocmxib%v fck}niv#ky‛cc ulb} }kabku }ni by`hix kg ckflc zxivfnkkcixv"

L fxlg} v}kxi# kb }ni k}nix nlbm# uocc ulb}

obgkx`l}okb lhky} vibokxv"




Zk}ib}olc Vlciv Ob L ]xlmobe Lxil

Uo}n }ni xoen} ml}l# ky flb gkxiflv} kyxzk}ib}olc vlciv ob }ni }xlmobe lxil" Yvi }novgkx`ycl4By`hix kg nkyvinkcmv ob }ni }xlmobe lxil ^ Mkcclxvzix nkyvinkcm vzib} kb kyx zxkmyf} fl}iekx0 ]k}lc `lxai} voti]k}lc `lxai} voti ^ _kyx ) vnlxi kg }ni `lxai}0 _kyx zk}ib}olc vlciv




Vo}i Lblc vovVo}i lblc vov lbm iwlcyl}okb ov }ni }noxm lbm goblc

v}iz ob }ni vicif}okb kg l xi}loc ckfl}okb" Lv lxi}locix# ky nlwi }nxii hlvof fnkofiv gkx l vo}i4

Vnkzzobe fib}ixv+`lccv

Mkub}kub fkxiGxii v}lbmobe ckfl}okb

]ni gkcckuobe fnlx} noencoen}v }ni v}xibe}nv lbm

uilabivviv kg }nivi vo}iv"Ckfl}okb ] ziZk}ib}olc Lmwlb}lei

Zk}ib}olc Movlmwlb}lei









Vlciv Zix V|ylxi Gkk}@kv} vnkzzobe fib}ixv xi|yoxi }iblb}v }k xizkx}

`kb}nc vlciv goeyxiv"]nov wlcylhci ml}l `laiv o} ilvoix }k fk`zlxi

`lccv lbm }niox xib}v"

O} lcvk lcckuv ky }k `lai `kxi lffyxl}i vlcivgkxiflv}v"

Gkx i~l`zci# ci}‛v vl l `lcc‛v lwixlei vlciv gkx

ukìb‛v uilx lxi -6:: zix v|ylxi gkk} lbm kylxi fkb}i`zcl}obe xib}obe l <::: v|ylxi gkk}ckfl}okb" Og ky zixgkx` }k }ni lwixlei# ky ukycmi~zif} }k l}}lob l vlciv ciwic kg -6::#::: zix ilx"




]k}lc Xib}]xlmo}okblcc # `lccv uocc fnlxei l òbo`y` xib}

zix v|ylxi gkk} kx l zixfib}lei kg vlciv.unofniwix ov exil}iv}/# zcyv l zxk xl}im fk``kblxil lbm `lob}iblbfi fnlxei .FL@/ zix v|ylxigkk} cilvim"

FL@ i~zibviv lxi }ni miwickzix%v }k}lc fkv} kg`lob}lobobe }ni `lcc mowomim h }ni }k}lclcckulhci vzlfi gkx xib}"

]ni yvylcc obfcymi }ni `lcc%v i~zibviv gkxobvyxlbfi# xilc iv}l}i }l~iv# vbku xi`kwlc#`lob}iblbfi v}lgg uleiv# elxhlei xi`kwlc#zxk`k}okbv# i}f"




]ni clbmckxm ov lvaobe -6: zix v|ylxi gkk}# kx 7)

kg vlciv# zcyv FL@ fnlxeiv kg -<9 zix v|ylxi gkk}"Lbvuix }ni gkcckuobe4Unl} ukycm }ni òbo`y` xib} hi gkx l

<::: v|ylxi gkk} v}kxi; Unl} ciwic kg vlciv ukycm ky nlwi }k

lfnoiwi higkxi ky v}lx} zl obe }ni 7)kwixlei;

Lv l zixfib}lei kg vlciv# unl} ov kyx kffyzlbf fkv} gkx l v}kxi }nl} mkiv-6::#::: ob }nov i~l`zci;




Unl} ukycm }ni òbo`y` xib} hi gkx l <:::v|ylxi gkk} v}kxi;

Xib} Zix _ilx 0 .Hlvi xib} ! FL@ Fnlxeiv/ ~ V|"Gii}

0 .-6: ! -<9/ ~ <:::

0 -=9#:::




Unl} ciwic kg vlciv ukycm ky nlwi }klfnoiwi higkxi ky v}lx} zl obe }ni 7)kwixlei;

]nov ov abkub lv }ni –hxila zkob}‐ "Hxila zkob} 0 Hlvi xib} ~ V|ylxi gkk}lei

Kwixlei zixfib}0 -6:":: ~ <:::

7)0 -9::#:::






Nku @yfn Xib} Flb _ky Lggkxm ]k Zl ;




Hlvim kb }ni lhkwi }lhci kg kffyzlbf fkv}# ui

vii }nl} l } zoflc glvnokb v}kxi uo}n lb ibmobeexkvv `lxeob kg =:) }k 9:) kg vlciv vnkycm nlwi l`l~o`y` xib} }nxivnkcm kg <=)"

]nov ìlbv }nl}# uo}n lbbylc vlciv kg -6::#:::#}ni `kv} o} vnkycm zl gkx xib} ov -=8#::: zix ilx.-6::#::: ~ <=)/" ]k v}l uo}nob hymei}#`lbleiìb} `yv} }nixigkxi biek}ol}i l hlvi xib}kg -85 zix v|" g}"

Hlvi Xib} 0 -=8#::: -<9#:::FL@ 0 -85 zix v|" g}"<::: v|" g}"

Hlvi Xib} 0 -=8#::: -<9#::: FL@ 0 -85 zix v|" g}"<::: v|" g}"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` >:

Fkv} Zix Vnkzzix Lblc vov

Kbi lzzxklfn }k mi}ixòbobe }ni }xyi –fkv}‐ kgl ckfl}okb ov }k flcfycl}i }ni –fkv} zix vnkzzix‐ "

]ni ai nixi ov }k mi}ixòbi uni}nix }ni }xlggoffxil}im l} l zlx}ofyclx vo}i fkbvov}v kg kyx }lxei}fyv}kìxv kx l `kxi eibixlc fyv}kìx hlvi"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` ><

Ckfl}okb –L‐ –H‐ Go~im xib} zix ilx -<5#::: -=9#:::! Kwixnilm - <#::: - 8#:::! Lmwix}ovobe - ?#::: - 6#:::]k}lc Fkv}v -85#::: -9:#:::

]xlggof zix _ilx <9:#::: 7::#:::Fkv} zix vnkzzix -:"<> -:":>6

Lv ky flb vii ob }nov i~l`zci# iwib }nkyen }nixib} l} Ckfl}okb H ov fkbvomixlhc noenix }nlbCkfl}okb L# o} ov voebogoflb}c `kxi iggofoib}"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` >8

Xivzkbvowibivv kg }ni ClbmckxmMoxif}c xicl}im }k }ni lzzilxlbfi kg l xi}loc

ckfl}okb ov }ni xivzkbvowibivv kg }ni clbmckxm }k}ni obmowomylcixfnlb}‛v biimv"

Ybgkx}ybl}ic # vkì clbmckxmv lf}ylcc nobmix

}ni kzixl}okb kg }niox }iblb}v% hyvobivv hxiv}xof}obe }ni zclfiìb} lbm voti kg voebv# xib}obelmdlfib} vzlfiv }k obfk`zl}ohci kx moxif}cfk`zi}obe v}kxiv# lbm gkxekobe `lob}iblbfi lbmxizloxv"

H }nivi lf}okbv# clbmckxmv flb fxozzci lxi}locix‛v l}}i`z}v }k obfxilvi hyvobivv"






uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` >=












uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` >>

V}kxi Gkx`l}

Fkbwib}okblc vyzix`lxai}vVicg vixwofi gkkm v}kxi

Exkfixoiv# ìl}# k}nix zxkmyf}vCoò}im nilc}n# hily} # eibixlc ìxfnlbmoviCku lm fkv}

Iwix ml cku zxofobe



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` >?

V}kxi Gkx`l}

Fkbwiboibfi v}kxi6::: >::: v| g}

Coò}im wlxoi} + lvvkx}ìb} kg eibixlcìxfnlbmovi

Zxofiv noenix }nlb vyzix `lxai}v

Gkx fkbwiboibfi+\yofa zyxfnlviv



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` ?:

V}kxi Gkx`l}Hoe hk~ gkkm xi}locixv

Vyzix v}kxivClxei vyzix `lxai}v

8:#::: }k 9:#::: v| g}Fk`hobl}okb v}kxiv

Gkkm hlvim xi}locixv

6:#::: }k <::#::: v| g}Bkb gkkm o}i`v coai gckuixv# nilc}n flxi#

hily} lomv# y}ibvocv# i}f"# Lffkyb} gkx 89)vlciv



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` ?<

V}kxi Gkx`l}Ulxinkyvi } zi v}kxiv

Movfkyb} gkkm xi}locixvBk gxoccv ibwoxkbìb}

Cku zxofivCivv + bk vixwofi + l`hoibfi@ixfnlbmovi ov hkyen} l} vzifolc milcv

Kbi voti lbm kbi hxlbm zix o}i`Vlì voti lbm hxlbm `l bk} hi lwloclhci

bi~} }oì

Ob}i bl} kbl Eibi l



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` ?8

Ob}ixbl}okblc Eibixlc@ixfnlbmovi Xi}locobe

Vzifolc} V}kxivMizlx}ìb} V}kxiv

Vzifolc} Mizlx}ìb} V}kxivMovfkyb} V}kxiv




Vzifolc} V}kxiv

Fkbfib}xl}iv kb coò}im bk" Kg ìxfnlbmoviNoen ciwic kg vixwofi

Lxil civv }nlb >::: v| g}Hi}}ix vicif}okbVlciv i~zix}oviBofni `lxai}v uomix lvvkx}ìb}

Mi l }ìb} V}k i



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` ?=

Mizlx} ib} V}kxivHxklm wlxoi} miizix lvvkx}ìb}

Kxelbovim vizlxl}i mizlx}ìb}vFkbvomixlhci vixwofiVlciv zixvkb }k lvvov}

Zkob} kg vlciv }ixòblc }k }xlbvlf}Noenix zxofim myi }k ‖ Noen fkv}v kg glvnokblhci ìxfnlbmovi

Noen ciwic kg vixwofiZixvkbic viccobe@ldkx }iblb}v kg `lccv

Cohixlc vzibmobe kb wovylc ìxfnlbmovobe






Movfkyb} V}kxiv

Gycc cobi movfkyb}ixFl}iekx vzifolcov}v

Nkì o`zxkwiìb} fib}xivUlxinkyvi fcyhvKgg zxofi xi}locixvFl}lckeyi vnkuxkk`v






uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` ?>

L vyffivvgyc xi}loc v}kxi ov bk}nobe`kxi }nlb l vixoiv kg uicc

fkbbif}im lbm }nkyen} ky} zclbv#omilv lbm zxkfivviv"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` ??

Fxil}obe V}xl}ie]ni xi}loc `lxai}zclfi nlv glv} hifkì }ni

mk`lob kg }nkvi unk abku nku }k yvi fkxiv}xibe}nv }k mkòbl}i" Vyffivvgyc xi}loc v}xl}ieoivlxi hlvim kb gkyx zxo`lx lxilv4

</ Zxkmyf} Vicif}okb8/ Fkbwiboibfi

6/ Vnkzzobe I~zixoibfi=/ Zxofi



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <::

Zxkmyf} Vicif}okb]k mkòbl}i `lxai}zclfi hlvim kb Zxkmyf}

Vicif}okb# kbi `yv} nlwi io}nix }ni clxeiv} lbmuomiv} vicif}okb kg l zxkmyf} fl}iekx o`leoblhci

.}noba Nkì Mizk}/# kx ìxfnlbmovi }nl} ov vkybo|yi zikzci uocc viia ky ky} .}noba Hyocm LHilx Ukxavnkz/"

]ni xilco} ov }nl} wix giu xi}locixv nlwi }nixivkyxfiv }k mkòbl}i }ni `lxai} hlvim kb l wlv}zxkmyf} lvvkx}ìb}"

O} i| i l } iìb k l`k b} k i}l lfi#



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <:<

O} xi|yoxiv l }xiìbmkyv l`kyb} kg xi}loc vzlfi#lbm iwib `kxi goblbfolc xivkyxfiv" Lv uicc# }ni

`lxai} fkb}obyiv }k vyh mowomi lbm hifkì `kxivzifolcotim"

_ky biim }k mi}ixòbi unixi kyx zxkmyf}vicif}okb go}v kb }nov vflci4

Og }ni `ldkxo} kg fkbvyìxv }noba kg kyx v}kxigoxv} unib }ni ‛xi ob}ixiv}im ob kyx zxkmyf}fl}iekx # }nib ky lxi }ni mkòblb} zcl ix hlvimkb Zxkmyf} Vicif}okb"

Fkbwiboib} Fk`zi}o}owi Mkòblb}



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <:8

Fkbwiboibfi@lb xi}locixv iv}lhcovn }niox zkvo}okb ob }ni

`lxai} hlvim zxo`lxoc kb }niox Fkbwiboibfi.}noba kg fkbwiboibfi v}kxiv lbm `lb

znlx`lfoiv/"Fkbwiboibfi ov lfnoiwim zximkòblb}c }nxkyen

kbi kg }nxii lwibyiv4Ckfl}okb Nkyxv @lvv Lvvkx}ìb}




Vnkzzobe I~zixoibfiCi}‛v glfi o} """ `kv} xi}loc vnkzzobe i~zixoibfiv

lxi hkxobe"]nov v}xl}ie obwkcwiv }ni fxil}okb kg l vnkzzobe

i~zixoibfi }nl} ov bk} kbc zkvo}owi# hy} .`kxio`zkx}lb}c / ì`kxlhci"

O} ibfkyxleiv ukxm kg `ky}n `lxai}obe"

Byìxkyv xi}locixv nlwi fxil}im vyffivvgycfkbfiz}v hlvim kb Vnkzzobe I~zixoibfi"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <:=

Vnkzzobe I~zixoibfi

_kyx Vnkzzobe I~zixoibfi v}xl}ie uocc himxowib h }uk o`zkx}lb} glf}kxv4

L ybo|yi# i~fo}obe lbm obvzoxobe v}kxiibwoxkbìb}"

V}lgg }nl} zxkwomi i~fiz}okblc ib}ix}lobìb}lbm vixwofi"




ZxofiO}‛vzxi}} }kyen }k lfnoiwi mkòblbfi ob }nov

lxil# hy} hiobe }ni zxofi cilmix ov v}occ l wlcomv}xl}ie "

Nkuiwix# mkb‛} dyv} }noba lhky} hiobe }ni ckuzxofi cilmix" ]ni k}nix ibm kg }ni zxofobevzif}xy` lcvk zxivib}v lb kzzkx}ybo} .lchio} lblxxku lbm xova kbi/"

Cku-zxofi cilmix Noen Ibm




Zxkmyf}# Fkbwiboibfi# Vnkzzobe I~zixoibfi lbm Zxofi """ ob kyx `lxai}zclfi# lxi ky }ni wixhiv} ob kbi kg }nivi lxilv;

Og kymkb‛} mkòbl}i l} cilv} kbi lbm zixgkx`

uicc ob lbk}nix# ky zxkhlhc lxib‛} nlwobe }nivyffivv ky biim kx ulb}"

Ci}‛v i~lòbi }ni fk`zkbib}v kg v}kxi‛v v}xl}ie lbm movfyvv nku ky flb hifkì l v}kxi–ukx}n vnkzzobe l}‐ "




Ckfl}okb

V}kxi ckfl}okb ov lb ivvib}olc iciìb} kgxi}locobe v}xl}ie " Gkx ilxv# i~zix}v lxeyim }nl}}ni }nxii `kv} lvzif}v kg lb xi}loc hyvobivvuixi4

Ckfl}okbCkfl}okb

Ckfl}okb

@ixfnlbmovobe



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <:>

@ixfnlbmovobe@ixfnlbmovobe mxowiv }ni fkxi xi}loc hyvobivv"Og ky mkb%} nlwi l nlbmci kb ìxfnlbmovobe

v}xl}ie # }nib ky%xi ky} kg }ni elì lcxilm "]k |yofac vy``lxoti v}xl}ie kz}okbv# fkbvomix

}ni gkcckuobe fnkofiv4Cku zxofi cilmix wixvyv Noenix zxofiv"Blxxku# noenc vzifolcotim zxkmyf} gkfyv

wixvyv Hxklmix# `kxi eibixlc lvvkx}ìb}"Hlvof# v}lbmlxm o}i`v wixvyv Ybo|yi# cilmobe

imei vicif}okb"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <:?

Zxofobe

Lcc xi}locixv nlwi l hlvof znockvkzn lhky} nku}k zxofi }niox zxkmyf}v"

Unl} ov `kxi o`zkx}lb} ov }nl} }ni fxil}i lbmv}ofa }k l zxofobe v}xl}ie }nl} fkbwi v l fcilxìvvlei }k }ni fkbvyìx"

]ni `lxai} nlv fix}lobc miwickzim l biim gkx

lcc xi}locixv .iwib }nkvi l} }ni noenix ibm/ }khifkì `kxi wlcyi kxoib}im"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <<:

Nixi lxi vkì i~l`zciv kg wlcyi zxofobev}xl}ieoiv4

Gxi|yib} Vnkzzix zxkexl`v

Xieyclx zxofobe# gxi|yib}c (kb vlci( Lmmim wlcyiv Wlcyi cobiv

Iwix ml cku zxofi Zxofi eylxlb}iiv

Zxofobe

Zixvkbbic



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <<<

ZixvkbbicXi}loc ov l hyvobivv }nl} ov hyoc} kb }ni vaoccv#

lhoco}oiv# l}}o}ymiv# fk`ò}ìb} lbm mxil`v kgzikzci"

Zixvkbbic v}xl}ie uocc exil}c obgcyibfi vyffivvob }nov lxil"

]xlobobe ov lcul v l ai ovvyi# hy} o} xlxic ei}v}ni l}}ib}okb o} mivixwiv"

Zl lbm obfib}owiv zcl l `ldkx xkci ob kyxzixvkbbic v}xl}ie "

Ob miwickzobe fk`zi}o}owi v}xl}ie # xiì`hix}nl} kbi `yv} v}xowi }k `l~oòti vlciv lbm zxkgo}viwix lxil kg hyvobivv"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <<8

Zxk`k}okb

Xybbobe }ni lmwix}ovobe lbm zxk`k}okb iciìb}dyv} h vil}obe ov l xky}i }k movlv}ix"

H miwickzobe l zxkzix lbm uicc }nkyen} ky}zxk`k}okb v}xl}ie # ky flb hieob }k elob fkb}xkckwix kyx `lxai}zclfi lbm }ni ìvvlei ky lxivibmobe }k kyx }lxei} fyv}kìxv"




Vixwofi

_ky `yv} mi}ixòbi }ni ciwic kg zixvkblcvixwofi ky ulb} }k zxkwomi ob kyx hyvobivv" Nixilxi kyx kz}okbv4

Lxi ky l gycc vixwofi v}kxi unixi }nifyv}kìx ov zl`zixim;

Lxi ky l fk`zci}ic vicg vixwi v}kxi unixi

fyv}kìxv lxi cig} }k gibm gkx }ni`vicwiv;Kx# lxi ky vkìunixi ob hi}uiib;

Vi}}obe Eklcv



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <<=

Vi}}obe EklcvZikzci lxi eklc mxowib fxil}yxiv" Eowi }ni` lb

khdif}owi }ni flb omib}og uo}n lbm ulb} }klfnoiwi# }nib v}lbm hlfa lbm ul}fn }ni` ukxa"

]nov ov i|ylcc }xyi ob }ni xi}loc ukxcm"Ob vi}}obe eklcv gkx xi}loc hyvobivv# kbi vnkycm

fkbvomix }ni gkcckuobe4]ni Kubix‛v Zixvkblc \ylco} kg CogiVlcivZxkgo}vFyv}kìx Vl}ovglf}okbVyzzcoixvI`zck iivO`lei lbm Zkvo}okbobe




Migobobe ]lxei} Fyv}kìx ]x obe }k vl}ovg }ni ib}oxi `lxai}zclfi xivyc}v

ob bk kbi exkyz iwix hiobe }xyc vl}ovgoim"Kbi biim }k mi}ixòbi unk ov (hiv}( fyv}kìx

exkyz" ]nov ov abkub lv ]lxei} Fyv}kìx"]nl} ov bk} }k vl ky ukb%} nlwi vifkbmlx

fkbvyìx `lxai}v ky uocc vicc }k# hy} xl}nix }nl}ky biim }k hyocm kyx v}kxi lxkybm kyx }lxei}

fyv}kìx zxkgoci"Ob }ni lhvibfi kg vyfn l }lxei} fyv}kìx#

v}xl}ieoiv hifkì uila# òveyomim lbm yc}o`l}icgloc"

Ul}fnobe ]ni ]xibmv




Ul}fnobe ]ni ]xibmvYbfkb}xkcclhci }xibmv mk lggif} Xi}loc hyvobivv

lbm }nixi ov bk}nobe lb kbi flb mk lhky} }ni`"Nkuiwix# unl} kbi flb mk ov hi lulxi kg }ni`

lbm `lai zclbv gkx lb fnlbeiv }ni `l fxil}i"H aiizobe lb i i kb }nivi i~}ixblc iwib}v#lb kbi flb kg}ib movfkwix biu kzzkx}ybo}oivlnilm kg }ni fk`zi}o}okb# kx l} cilv} lwkomvoebogoflb} ifkbkòf ckvv gxk` biel}owifkbvi|yibfiv"

Fkbvyìxv Ekwixbìb} Zkcof]ifnbkcke Fk`zi}o}okbObmyv}x Ifkbk`





uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <<>

@ixfnlbmovi Zclbbobe ov (L



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <<?

@ixfnlbmovi Zclbbobe ov ( L

v v}i`l}of lzzxklfn" O} ov loìm l}`l~oòvobe xi}yxb kb obwiv}ìb}#}nxkyen zclbbobe vlciv lbm

obwib}kx ob kxmix }k obfxilvi zxkgo}lhoco} " O} mkiv }nov h `l~oòvobe vlciv zk}ib}olc lbm òboòvobe ckvviv gxk` `lxa -mkubv lbm v}kfa - ky}v "(



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <8:

O} ov l (v v}i`l}of lzzxklfn( ob `lbul v"

Biim }ni v v}i`v }k ibvyxi }nl} kbi

`yv} nlwi }ni xoen} zikzci# }ni xoen}zxkfivviv lbm }ni xoen} fk`zy}ixovimvyzzkx}"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <8<

O} ov (loìm l} `l~oòvobe xi}yxb kbobwiv}ìb}– "

@kv} khwokyvc ui lxi }lcaobe lhky} lgoblbfolc ky}cl ob v}kfa# hy} civv iwomib}c}nixi ov lcvk fkbvomixlhci goblbfolcobwiv}ìb} ob xi}loc vzlfi# zikzci lbmfkxzkxl}i obgxlv}xyf}yxi"




Lfnoiwi }ni eklcv ( }nxkyen zclbbobe vlcivlbm obwib}kx ("]nivi }uk iciìb}v lxi obi~}xoflhc

cobaim lbm gobmobe lb kz}o`y` hlclbfi ov}ni ai }k xi}loc vyffivv" Ui biim }khlclbfi flxigycc }ni xi|yoxiìb} }kvyzzkx} vlciv uo}n }ni fkbv}xlob}v lbm

}ibvokbv o`zkvim h v}kxi cl ky}v lbmulxinkyvobe lbm }xlbvzkx}l}okb ovvyiv"




Ui zy} }ni iggkx} ob}k @ixfnlbmovi Zclbbobe(ob kxmix }k obfxilvi zxkgo}lhoco} ("

Zxkgo}lhoco} ov }ni ai mxowix kg `kv}

hyvobivviv" Iggif}owi ìxfnlbmovi zclbbobemicowixv `lxeob obfxilviv moxif}c }k }nihk}}k` cobi"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <8=

Ui lfnoiwi }ni obfxilvi ob zxkgo}lhoco} ( h `l~oòvobe vlciv zk}ib}olc lbm òboòvobeckvviv gxk` `lxa - mkubv lbm v}kfa - ky}v ("

]nixi lxi }uk `ldkx lxilv kg zxkgo}cilalei ob xi}loc" Goxv}c ckv} vlciv xivyc}obegxk` clfa kg v}kfa lbm vifkbmc gkxfim`lxeob ximyf}okbv myi }k i~fivvowi v}kfa"




L } zoflc xi}loc fck}nobe hyvobivv uocc ckvi lhky}

<9) kg o}v }yxbkwix ob `lxamkub lbm zixnlzv <:)myi }k ckv} vlciv"

Og ui lvvyì l }yxbkwix kg -<:: òccokb# }nibui lxi ckkaobe l} l ckvv kg -89 òccokb nixi"

Ximyfobe ilfn kg }nivi goeyxiv h <)# lmmv -8òccokb }k }ni hk}}k` cobi"

Unl} ov i|ylcc o`zkx}lb} o} }nl} }nov zxkgo}

obfxilvi flb hi micowixim ob l vyv}lobim ul "]nl} ov (@ixfnlbmovi Zclbbobe("




Ob fxil}obe l nkcov}of v v}i` o} ov niczgyc }kxilcovi }nl} ui flb vzco} }ni zclbbobe zxkfivv ob}kgkyx ckeoflc vif}okbv

Xiwoiu@ixfnlbmovi zclbbobeXlbei zclbbobe

Vzlfi zclbbobe

Xi i




Xiwoiu

]ni xiwoiu zxkfivv fkbvov}v kg }uk vizlxl}ilf}owo}oiv"

Goxv}c flxx ky} l Zxi Vilvkb Xiwoiu kgzixgkx`lbfi nov}kx }k omib}og kzzkx}ybo}oiv lbmzxkhci`v"

Vifkbmc (bkx`lcovi( o}" Bkx`lcovl}okb ov }ni

zxkfivv kg ckkaobe l} nov}kx lbm oxkbobe ky} }ni(hy`zv( }k `lai o} yvigyc lv l hlvov gkx zclbbobe"

@ixfnlbmovi Zclbbobe



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <8>


]ni goxv} iciìb} ob }ni ìxfnlbmovi zclb ov }niV}xl}ieof Zclb"]nov ov bkx`lcc noen ciwic# uo}n zixnlzv l gowi

ilx }oìvflci"O} ov yvim }k vi} }ni fxo}oflc vyffivv glf}kxv gkx

ìxfnlbmovobe ob }ix`v kg vlciv# `lxeobv ' v}kfav"Bi~} ov }k fxil}i l Fnlbbic Vlciv Hymei}" ]nov

ukycm lccku yv }k }lai ob}k lffkyb} }ni iggif} kgbiu fnlbbicv# biu v}kxiv# fckvyxiv lbm xigo}v"

@i f lb i Z lbb b



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <8?


Kbfi fk`zci}i ui ukycm fxil}i l Fl}iekxCiwic @lxeob Zclb"

Nixi ui lxi fxil}obe l uiiac wixvokb kg }niv}xl}ieof zclb l} fl}iekx ciwic gkx vlciv# `lxeobvlbm `lxamkubv"



V lfi Z lbb b




Vzlfi Zclbbobe

Vzlfi zclbbobe v v}i`v flb hi vzco} ob}k }uk} ziv byìxof lbm wovylc"

Byìxof zclbbobe v v}i`v vo`zc lccku yvixv }k}lai lffkyb} kg vzlfi lwloclhci lbm }k flcfycl}ixl}okv coai xi}yxb kb vzlfi"

Wovylc v v}i`v lccku yvixv }k fxil}i 6

moìbvokblc ulca }nxkyen `kmicv kg }ni v}kxiv lbm}k zxiwoiu }ni ckka kg l v}kxi kbfi xlbeobemifovokbv nlwi hiib `lmi"

K ib }k H




Kzib }k HyLb Kzib }k Hy fkb}xkc v v}i` yviv zclbbim

vlciv gkxiflv}v lbm v}kfa }yxb xi|yoxiìb}v }kmi}ixòbi }ni kz}o`y` ciwic kg v}kfa xi|yoxim"

Ob glf}# eowib }ni i~}ibmim cilm }oìv hi}uiibkxmix lbm xifioz} ob glvnokb ìxfnlbmovi# }novòen} `kxi zxkzixc nlwi hiib flccim lb Kzib }kXifiowi# lv o} xilcc vnkuv }ni l`kyb} kgìxfnlbmovi v}occ xi|yoxim gkx ob}lai ob }ni eowibzixokm"

]ni v}kfa }yxb xi|yoxiìb} ov bkx`lcc



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk`<66

i~zxivvim ob }ix`v kg Uiiav Gkxulxm Vlciv Fkwix"

Uiiav Gkxulxm Vlciv Fkwix ìlbv }ni by`hixkg uiiav% gy}yxi vlciv }nl} ui biim }k aiiz obv}kfa"

]nixi ov l moxif} coba hi}uiib Uiiav Fkwix lbmLbbylc V}kfa }yxb"

Gkx i~l`zci 87 uiiav fkwix ov i|ylc }k lbLbbylc V}kfa }yxb kg 8 ob l 98 uiia ilx"

Lv vkì v v}i`v lxi hlvim kb zixokmof kx`kb}nc ml}l kbi `yv} vii }ni }ix`v ZixokmvFkwix kx @kb}nv Fkwix yvim"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk`<6=

Kzib }k Hy v v}i`v bkx`lcc kzixl}i yvobe l

gcku flcfycl}okb" ]nov ov lcvk abkub lv l (clmmixzclb("]nov ov vnkub ob }ni gkcckuobe vo`zci# ybo}

hlvim# i~l`zci unixi }ni Fckvobe V}kfa gkx }nigoxv} zixokm ov l xivyc} kg lmmobe }ni KzibobeV}kfa# Kb Kxmix lbm Kzib }k Hy # lbm }nibvyh}xlf}obe }ni Gkxiflv} Vlciv"

]nov fckvobe v}kfa }nib hifkìv }ni kzibobev}kfa gkx zixokm }uk lbm vk kb"









]ni eklc kg l hyvobivv zclb ov }k òboòvi }niyvi kg flzo}lc lbm `l~oòvi zxkgo}v" ]niìxfnlbmovi zclb ov kbi kg }ni `kv} o`zkx}lb}–}kkcv‐ }k vyzzkx} }nov iggkx}"

]ni ìxfnlbmovi zclb fkbvov}v kg 8 `ldkxiciìb}v"Lb iv}o`l}i kg ìxfnlbmovi biimim"L fkb}xkc ì}nkm }k xieycl}i v}kfa ciwicv"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk`<6>

Clxeix }ni kxelbovl}okb# exil}ix }ni biim }k zclb"

Mkcclx Zclb ov lcvk abkub lv 7 `kb}nvìxfnlbmovi zclbv" ]nov ov hiflyvi ui eibixlcc mkìxfnlbmovi zclbbobe gkx 8 moggixib} zixokmv"

Gih }k DycLye }k Dlb"

]nivi zixokmv lxi mowomim ob }nov ul hiflyviilfn kg }nivi zixokm fkb}lobv 8 `ldkx xicl}imvilvkbv ‖Vzxobe# Vy`ìx ' Ly}y`b# Uob}ix

Mkcclx Zclb ' Fkb}xkc



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk`<6?


Mkcclx zclb ov lf}ylcc l hymei} unofn hlclbfiv zclbbim vlciv lbm zclbbim v}kfav ob }ix`v kgmkcclxv" O} lcvk obfcymiv v}lbmlxmv# og lfnoiwim#unofn ukycm xivyc} ob l zclbbim zxkgo} ‐

– ]ni Fkb}xkc gil}yxi ov abkub lv }ni kzib }khy o"i" }ni mkcclxv }nl} l hy ix `l vzibm gkx

micowix kg ekkm uo}nob l zixokm"




uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk`<=:

Mkcclx Zclb Fkb}xkc

Mkcclx Zclbbobe lbm Fkb}xkc fkbvov}v kg4L zximof}okb kg fyv}kìx mi`lbm gkx ilfn

`kb}n kg }ni zclb"Lb iv}o`l}i kg }ni obwib}kx biim gkx ilfn

`kb}n kg }ni zclb"]ni `lob}iblbfi kg zclbbim obwib}kx ciwicv

h ìlbv kg l fkb}xkc gil}yxi"

Iciìb}v kg }ni Mkcclx Zclb



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk`<=<

Ici ib}v kg }ni Mkcclx Zclb

Zclbbim Vlciv ‖ iv}o`l}iv gkx ilfn `kb}n lbm}ni zixokm"

Zclbbim V}kfa ‖ iv}o`l}im obwib}kx biim l} }nihieobbobe kg ilfn `kb}n"

Zclbbim @lxamkubv ‖ iv}o`l}im obwib}kxximyf}okbv gkx ilfn `kb}n

Zclbbim Zyxfnlviv ‖ iv}o`l}im zyxfnlvi hymei}}k hi vzib} myxobe l eowib zixokm"




uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk`<=8

g

Vobfi l zclb ov lcvk l vi} kg goblbfolc eklcv"O} `l obfcymi zclbbim goeyxiv gkx4Ukxaxkk` Fkv} ‖ fkv} kg lc}ixl}okbv lbm xizloxv

kg elxìb}v }nl} lxi fnlxeim }k l mizlx}ìb}"Flvn movfkyb}v‖ zixfib}lei kg }ni zixokm‛v fkv}

zyxfnlviv .movfkyb}v ilxbim }nxkyen ilxc kxzxizl ìb} kg lffkyb}v zl lhci/ }ni xl}ok ov l

zixfib}lei kg bi} vlciv"Vilvkb V}kfa ]yxbkwix ‖ bi} vlaiv mowomim h }ni

lwixlei obwib}kx "





} g }

Vnkx}lei ‖Moggixibfi hi}uiib hkka obwib}kx l}xi}loc lbm zn voflc obwib}kx ob }ix`v kg xi}locwlcyiv" ]ni vnkx}lei . kx kwixlei / ov i~zxivvim lvl zixfib}lei kg bi} vlciv"

Lwixlei V}kfa ‖ hieobbobe kg }ni `k}nobwib}kxoiv mowomim h }ni by`hix kg `kb}nv kg}ni zixokm"

@lxamkub ‖Mkcclx ximyf}okbv gxk` kxoeoblcc vi}xi}loc zxofiv kg ìxfnlbmovi# l zixfib}lei kg bi}vlciv"




uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk`<==

Ici ib}v kg }ni Mkcclx Zclb

Zixfib}lei kg obo}olc @lxakb ‖ moggixibfihi}uiib fkv}v lbm goxv} xi}loc zxofiv# i~zxivvim lvl zixfib}lei"

Biuvzlzix Lmwix}ovobe ‖ vnkub ob mkcclxv kx lv lzixfib}lei kg bi} vlciv# kx hk}n"

Exkvv @lxeob Zixfib}lei ‖ moggixibfi hi}uiib

}ni fkv} kg ekkmv lbm }ni l`kyb} kg vlciv#i~zxivvim lv l zixfib}lei"







Ob zxizlxobe }ni vo~ `kb}n ìxfnlbmovobe zclb#clxeix xi}loc fnlobv uocc hyocm gxk` }ni hk}}k` yz"

V}lx}obe l} }ni fclvv ciwic# ilfn fclvv kgìxfnlbmovi uocc nlwi o}v kub zclb"

Fk`hobobe ib}oxi vyhfclvviv uocc eowi yv }niv}xl}ie gkx ilfn mizlx}ìb}"

]laobe }nl} kbi v}iz gyx}nix# }ni l`lcel`l}okbkg lcc mizlx}ìb} v}xl}ieoiv uocc eowi }ni }k}lcfk`zlb zclb"

Fk`zci}obe Vo~ @kb}n @ixfnlbmovi Zclb




Fk zci}obe Vo~ @kb}n @ixfnlbmovi Zclb

V}iz &<4 Lvvi`hci Clv} _ilx‟v GoeyxivLvvi`hci lbm gocc ob clv} ilx‛v xivyc}v"Ybcivv kzixl}okb ov fk`zy}ixotim# nkuiwix#

ei}}obe `kv} kg }ni `kb}nc ml}l gkx zclb uocchi o`zkvvohci"

Ob vyfn flviv# vo`zc hieob uo}n vo~ `kb}n kxiwib lbbylc goeyxiv# }nib mowomi h }nixiciwlb} by`hix kg `kb}nv"

Kx dyv} }lai lb imyfl}im eyivv"

V}iz &84 Zclbbim Vlciv



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk`<=>

Vlciv zclbbobe ov }ni `kv} moggofyc} v}iz ob

}ni unkci zxkfivv"Ob }ni xilc ukxcm# nkuiwix# v}lx} h

xiwoiuobe clv} ilx‛v goeyxiv lbm }x obe }kmi}ixòbi unl} òen} lggif} zixgkx`lbfi }nov

ilx" Vkì }nobev }k fkbvomix lxi4Vlciv Zixgkx`lbfi Fkòbe Ob}k ]ni

Vilvkb

@kb}nc Zxk`k}okbvNku ov Fyv}kìx Fnlbeobe;Ifkbkòf Glf}kxv

V}iz &64 Zclbbim Ximyf}okbv



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk`<=?

V}iz &64 Zclbbim Ximyf}okbv@lxamkubv# i`zck ii movfkyb}v lbm

obwib}kx vnxobalei fkì ybmix }ni nilmobe kgzclbbim ximyf}okbv"

]nivi }nxii goeyxiv lggif} ibmobe exkvv

`lxeob# vk }ni `yv} hi fkbvomixim unibflcfycl}obe mizlx}ìb} lbm fclvv zxkgo}lhoco} "

Vobfi }ni lcvk lggif} obwib}kx ciwicv# }ni`yv} hi zxkdif}im }k ibvyxi ibkyenìxfnlbmovi ov kb nlbm }k l}}lob gkxiflv}imvlciv ciwicv"

V}iz &=4 H"K"@" ' I"K"@" Zclbbim Obwib}kx



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk`<9:

V}iz & 4 H K @ I K @ Zclbbim Obwib}kxCiwicv

Zclbbobe Ibm kg @kb}n .I"K"@"/ kx Hieobbobekg @kb}n .H"K"@"/ obwib}kx ciwicv .kbi`kb}n‛v –ibmobe‐ ov }ni bi~} `kb}n‛v

–hieobbobe‐/ ov lbk}nix o`zkx}lb} iciìb} kg}ni vo~ `kb}n ìxfnlbmovi zclb"

Obwib}kx ov h glx }ni by`hix kbi mkcclxlvvi} uo}nob }ni fk`zlb # lbm flxigyc zclbbobeov xi|yoxim }k ibvyxi lb lmi|yl}i xi}yxb kbobwiv}ìb} ov l}}lobim"

V}kfa }k Vlciv @i}nkm



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk`<9<

V}kfa }k Vlciv @i}nkm

]ni V}kfa }k Vlciv @i}nkm ov l zkzyclx ul}k gkxiflv} nku `yfn obwib}kx ov xi|yoxim }kl}}lob `kb}nc vlciv zxkdif}okbv"

V}kfa }k vlciv .V+V/ ov l xl}ok kg }ni l`kyb}kg obwib}kx kb nlbm l} l zlx}ofyclx ml}i }k }nivlciv gkx }ni vlì zixokm# lbm ov flcfycl}im lvgkcckuv4

V+V xl}ok 0 V}kfa kb nlbm I"K"@ .l} xi}loc wlcyi/Vlciv gkx }ni vlì `kb}n

U ib b } i V V ì} k k lbb b }kf




Unib yvobe }ni V+V ì}nkm gkx zclbbobe v}kfa

ciwicv# }ni hy ix vicif}v }ni V+V xl}okv ni mivoxivilfn `kb}n"Mivoxim V+V xl}okv lxi yvylcc kh}lobim h

xigixibfobe zxiwokyv vilvkbv"]ni vicif}im xl}ok ov }nib `yc}ozcoim h }ni

zxkdif}im zixokm vlciv }k ei} }ni mivoxim I"K"@obwib}kx ciwic"

Gkx i~l`zci# }ni I"K"@" fnlx} kb }ni gkcckuobezlei ov gxk` }ni vl`zci vo~ `kb}n zclb4







]ni V}kfa }k Vlciv Xl}ok lcvk zxkwomiv uo}n lb

iv}o`l}i kg unl} Obwib}kx ]yxbkwix uocc hi"

Og V+V Xl}ok ov Iv}o`l}im LbbylcObwib}kx ]yxbkwix ov

< <88 76 == 6

} b b}k }kf ] b




V}iz &94 Obwib}kx V}kfa ]yxbv

Obwib}kx v}kfa }yxbv ìlvyxi }ni xl}i l}unofn ìxfnlbmovi ov vkcm gxk` v}kxi fk`zlxim}k }ni obwib}kx ciwic kb nlbm"

]ni noenix }ni xl}i# }ni `kxi zxkgo} }nihy ix hxobev }k }ni fk`zlb lbm }ni hi}}ixflvn gcku uocc hi"

V}kfa }yxbv lxi flcfycl}im h mowomobe }ni

}k}lc vlciv gkx }ni vilvkb h }ni vilvkb‛v lwixlei ibmobe obwib}kx .l} xi}loc wlcyi/"

Yvobe }ni vl`zci vo~ `kb}n ìxfnlbmovi zclb#}ni il kb‛ l i lei ob ib}k lbm }kf } b l}i




}ni vilvkb‛v lwixlei obwib}kx lbm v}kfa }yxb xl}i

ov flcfycl}im ob }ni gkcckuobe ul 4Vilvkb Lwixlei Obwib}kx

0 Vy` kg I"K"@" Obwib}kx

@kb}nv ob Vilvkb0 -<<:#::: ! <=:#::: ! <9:#::: ! <5:#::: ! <=:#:::!?:#:::

70 ->::#:::

70 -<66#:::




V}kfa }yxb xl}i 0 ]k}lc vlciv gkx vilvkbVilvkb lwixlei obwib}kx

0 -6<:#:::

-<66#:::0 8"66 }oìv gkx }ni 7 `kb}n

vilvkb




V}iz &74 Exkvv @lxeob Xi}yxb Kb Obwib}kx




Obwiv}ìb} .E@XKOO/Unoci }ni v}lbmlxm Obwib}kx ]yxbkwix xl}ok

}iccv ky nku iggofoib}c ky lxi `kwobe kyxobwib}kx # o} oebkxiv }ni zxkgo}lhoco} kg }nov

obwib}kx `kwiìb}"Gkx i~l`zci# lb o}i` uo}n l cku exkvv `lxeoblbm noen vlciv uocc vnku l noenix }yxbkwix xl}i"Nkuiwix# }nov ov khwokyvc bk} lv mivoxlhci lv`kwobe obwib}kx uo}n noenix .kx iwib lwixlei/exkvv `lxeobv" Hlvoflcc # o} zxkmyfiv l ck} kglf}owo} # hy} uo}n giuix goblbfolc xivyc}v"

Exkvv @lxeob Xi}yxb Kb Obwib}kx Obwiv}ìb}




nlv hifkì }ni v}lbmlxm obwib}kx v}l}ov}of gkx

`lb xi}locixv hiflyvi o} xigcif}v }ni `kwiìb}kg obwib}kx xicl}owi }k zxkgo}lhoco} # xl}nix }nlb}k vlciv"

]nov ov l hi}}ix ìlvyxi kg obwib}kxzixgkx`lbfi hiflyvi xi}locixv lxi `kxiob}ixiv}im ob zxkgo}lhoco} }nlb vlciv"

L vlwobev hkbm }nl} zl v >) ov hi}}ix }nlb kbi

}nl} zl v kbc 6)" Voòclxc # obwib}kx }nl}zxkwomiv ky uo}n l noenix xl}i kg xi}yxb ov `kximivoxlhci"




Og ui uixi }k ckka kbc l} Obwib}kx ]yxbkwix xl}iv#ui ukycm vl hk}n mizlx}ìb}v zixgkx` i|ylcc "

Nkuiwix# lv vkkb lv ky flcfycl}i E@XKOO# ky flb

fcilxc vii nku fck}nobe ky}zixgkx`v hoaiv"]ni òbo`y` v}lbmlxm gkx E@XKOO ob `kv} xi}loc

kzixl}okbv ov 8::)" Lb }nobe civv ov fkbvomixim }k hiybzxkgo}lhci"

V}iz &54 Zclbbim ZyxfnlvivKbfi vlciv zxkdif}okbv# v}kfa ximyf}okbv lbm




Kbfi vlciv zxkdif}okbv# v}kfa ximyf}okbv lbm

v}kfa ciwicv nlwi hiib iv}lhcovnim# xi}locixv flbflcfycl}i zclbbim zyxfnlviv" ]ni zclbbimzyxfnlvi goeyxi ov lcvk }ni hy ix‛v goxv}(kzib khy ( iv}o`l}i" Yvobe }ni Lyeyv} goeyxiv gxk` }ni

vl`zci vo~ `kb}n zclb# }ni gkx`ycl gkx zclbbimzyxfnlviv ov lv gkcckuv4Zclbbim Zyxfnlviv 0 IK@ Obwib}kx ! Vlciv

! Ximyf}okbv HK@ Obwib}kx0 -<<:#::: ! -69#::: !.-<59:! -69: ! -5::/ -9:#:::

0 -?5#>::

V}iz &>" Zclbbim @lxayzL }i fl f l} b k ` f b ib}k }k




Lg}ix flcfycl}obe nku `yfn obwib}kx }k

zyxfnlvi# xi}locixv `yv} mi}ixòbi }ni obo}olc`lxayz gkx }nivi ekkmv"

]nov `l gcyf}yl}i hi}uiib moggixib} fclvviv kgekkmv uo}nob l mizlx}ìb}" ]ni kxoeoblc `lxayz`yv} lccku gkx l goblc zxkgo} lg}ix zl obe lcckzixl}obe fkv}v# ximyf}okbv# fkv} kg ekkmv# i}f"

@kv} xi}locixv nlwi l }lxei} `lxayz }ni ulb}

}k v}lx} uo}n" ]nov `lxayz zixfib}lei ovflcfycl}im h mowomobe }ni `lxayz ob mkcclxv h }nixi}loc zxofi"

@lxayz mkcclxv ov }ni moggixibfi hi}uiib }nifkv} zxofi lbm }ni viccobe zxofi" o"i" Kyx vnki v}kxi




fkv} zxofi lbm }ni viccobe zxofi o i Kyx vnki v}kxi

hy v ìb%v vcozzixv gkx -<: lbm gkcckuv }ni`lbyglf}yxix%v vyeeiv}im xi}loc kg -8: unofn ov l9:) `lxayz zixfib}lei# k}nixuovi abkub lv exkvv`lxeob"

@lxayz mkcclxv 0 Viccobe zxofi Fkv} zxofi0 -8: -<:0 -<: "

@lxayz zixfib} 0 @lxayz mkcclxv + Xi}loc Zxofi0 -<:":: + -8:"::0 9:)

V}iz &?4 Exkvv @lxeob




Exkvv `lxeob ov }ni moggixibfi hi}uiib }niviccobe zxofi lbm }ni fkv} kg }ni zxkmyf}# civvximyf}okbv gkx `lxamkubv# vnxobalei lbmi`zck ii movfkyb}v"

]k mi}ixòbi }ni exkvv `lxeob gkx ilfn `kb}n#lcc zyxfnlviv lbm obwib}kxoiv `yv} hi fkbwix}im }kfkv} zxofi"

]k flcfycl}i fkv} zxofi# `yc}ozc }ni obwib}kxoivlbm zyxfnlviv h }ni kxoeoblc `lxayz zixfib} .ob}nov flvi 9:)/"

I~l`zci 4 Yvobe }ni `kb}n kg Lyeyv} gxk` }nivo `kb}n zclb# ui `yv} goxv} fkbwix} }k fkv}




vo~ kb}n zclb# ui yv} goxv} fkbwix} }k fkv}

goeyxiv h `yc}ozc obe kzibobe+fckvobe obwib}kxoivlbm zyxfnlviv h 9:)"

Bi~}# ui flcfycl}i Fkv} kg Ekkmv Vkcm.F"K"E"V"/ lv gkcckuv4

F"K"E"V"0 H"K"@" Obwib}kx ! Zyxfnlviv I"K"@" Obwib}kx "

0 -89#::: ! -=>#?:: -99#:::

0 -<>#?::

G bl # i i}i ` bi Z lbbi E k @l b i




Goblcc # ui mi}ixòbi Zclbbim Exkvv @lxeob coai

}nov4Zclbbim Exkvv @lxeob 0 Zixokm vlciv F"K"E"V"

Zixokm vlciv

0 -69#::: -<>#?::-69#:::

0 =7)






- Fkv} 0 - Xi}loc ~ .<::) @lxayz )/




I~l`zci4 -<:: xi}loc o}i` uo}n 97) `lxayz nlvl fkv} kg -==.<::) 97) 0 ==)/-<:: xi}loc ^ "== 0 -=="

Bk}i4 ]nov xi}loc `l}n gkx`ycl ov yvigyc gkxflcfycl}obe }ni `kv} ky flb zl gkx lb o}i` kybiim }k xi}loc l} -<::# hy} ulb} l `lxayz kg 97)"

Yvi }nov xi}loc `l}n gkx`ycl ob fkv} biek}ol}okbvuo}n wibmkxv"




Fkv} kg Ekkmv Vkcm .FKEV/ 0 Hieobbobe Obwib}kx! Zyxfnlviv Ibm Obwib}kx

Obwib}kx l} hieobbobe kg ilx !Zyxfnlviv kx lmmo}okbv myxobe }ni ilx

0 Ekkmv lwloclhci gkx vlci Obwib}kx l} ibm kg ilx

0 FKEV

Obwib}kx J fkv} Hieobbobe kg ilx 0 <#:::#:::"




Obwib}kx J fkv} Hieobbobe kg ilx 0 -<#:::#:::

Zyxfnlviv J fkv} ! gxioen} Myxobe ilx 0 -99:#:::"]k}lc lwloclhci .-<#:::#:::" ! -99:#:::"/ 0

-<#99:#:::"

Obwib}kx Kb Nlbm ibm kg ilx J fkv} 0 -?::#:::"Fkv} kg Ekkmv Vkcm

0.-<#99:#::: -?::#:::/

0 -7::#:::"

- Xi}loc 0 - Fkv} + .<::) `lxayz )/




I~l`zci4 Fkv} kb lb o}i` ov -==" Mivoxim`lxayz ov 97)" <::) 97) 0 ==) fkv} fk`zciìb}}k }ni xi}loc `lxayz" Fkv} - kg -== ov mowomim h

fkv} fk`zciìb} kg "== }k lxxowi l} }lxei} xi}loczxofi kg -<::" .-== mowomim h "== 0 -<::/Bk}i4 ]nov xi}loc `l}n gkx`ycl ov yvim }k

mi}ixòbi }ni xi}loc zxofi }k `lxa lb o}i`# unib}ni fkv} lbm }ni mivoxim `lxayz ) ov abkub"



E@XKO .Exkvv @lxeob Xi}yxb kb Obwiv}ìb}/0 Exkvv @lxeob - + lwixlei obwib}kx l} fkv}"




Lbbylc Exkvv @lxeob - kg -=::#::: uo}n lblwixlei obwib}kx fkv} kg -<9:#::: ukycm nlwi lE@XKO kg -8"751 ob k}nix ukxmv# gkx ilfn mkcclxobwiv}im ob obwib}kx kb lwixlei# }ni -< obwiv}imxi}yxbim -8"75" .-=::#::: mowomim h -<9:#:::"/

]nov ov l zlx}ofyclxc o`zkx}lb} xi}loc `l}n

gkx`ycl" @kv} xi}locixv mk bk} zl ibkyenl}}ib}okb }k E@XKO/"

@

.Exkvv @lxeob) + .<::) Exkvv @lxeob )// ~ LbbylcV}kfa}yxb




Ob vo`zci }ix`v o} vnkuv nku `lb }oìv kwix l ilxui ei} iwix zibb ui obwiv} ob v}kfa l} fkv} xi}yxbimlv zxkgo}"

Vk og Zxkmyf} Exkyz L nlv l exkvv `lxeob kg 7:) lbmlb lbbylc v}kfa }yxb kg <"> }nov ukycm eowi yv lE"@"X"K"O kg 8"5" .7:+=: ~ <"> 0 8"5/

Og ui fk`zlxi }nov uo}n Zxkmyf} Exkyz H unofn nlv lexkvv `lxeob kg =:) hy} lb lbbylc V}kfa}yxb kg =": ui

vii }nl} }ni E"@"X"K"O" ov lcvk 8"5" .=:+7: ~ =": 0 8"5/Zxkmyf} Exkyz F nlv }ni vlì Exkvv @lxeob lbm }ni

vlì V}kfa ]yxb lv Zxkmyf} Exkyz H# hy} ov mxowobe}nxkyen kbc nlcg }ni vlciv wlcyi"

} }y

Zxkmyf}Exkyz L

Zxkmyf}Exkyz H

Zxkmyf}Exkyz F




Exkyz L Exkyz H Exkyz F

Viccobe Zxofi -<:":: -<:":: -<:"::

Vlci Ybo}v <>: 8:: <::

Vlciv <#>:: 8#::: <#:::

Exkvv @lxeob ) 7:":) =:":) =:":)

Exkvv Zxkgo} <#:>: >:: =::

Lwixlei V}kfa - Xi}loc <::: 9:: 89:

Lbbylc V}kfa ]yxbv <"> =": =":E@XKO 8"5 8"5 8"5

E@XKOO 0 E@) ~ .Vlciv + Lwe" Obwib}kx /




I~l`zci4 Lvvyì }nl} }ni v}kxi%v bi} vlciv kwixl zixokm kg <8 `kb}nv ov 8=@ lbm myxobe }nov }oìo} flxxoiv lb lwixlei obwib}kx kg 7@" ]nib4

E@XKOO ).Exkvv @lxeob Xi}yxb kb Obwib}kxObwiv}ìb} .E@XKOO/4

0 6?"?= ~ .8= + 7/0 <9?"57)




Exkvv @lxeob 0 Vlciv fkv} kg ekkm vkcm

@lxeob ) 0 .- Xi}loc - Fkv}/ + - Xi}loc

@lxamkub ) 0 - @lxamkub + - Bi} Vlciv

Zixfib} Fnlbei Ob Vlciv 0]nov Zixokm Kg Vlciv Clv} Zixokm Kg Vlciv

Cl } Zi k K Vl i



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <>:

I~l`zci4 ]nov zixokm vlciv 0 -<#:::#:::" Clv}zixokm vlciv 0 -?::#:::"

Zixfib} Fnlbei ob VlcivObfxilvi kg -<::#::: mowomim h clv} zixokm

vlciv kg -?::#::: 0 <<"<) obfxilvi"

Clv} Zixokm Kg Vlciv

V}kfa Vlciv Xl}ok 0H"K"@" - V}kfa + Vlciv Gkx Zixokm



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <><

I~l`zci4 Lv ob i~l`zci lhkwi# l H"K"@" v}kfakg -=::#::: xi}loc mowomim h }nl} `kb}n%v vlciv kg-<::#::: 0 l v}kfa }k vlciv xl}ok kg =": }k <".-=::#::: mowomim h -<::#:::/"

H"K"@ 0 hieobbobe kg `kb}n obwib}kx " ]nov ovkbi xi}loc `l}n gkx`ycl unofn flb wlx ‖ `lbfk`zlboiv ckka l} fkv} obwib}kx bk} xi}loc# unib

fk`zy}obe }yxbv"

Zclbbim V}kfa 0Zclbbim @kb}nc Vlciv ^ V}kfa Vlciv Xl}ok



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <>8

I~l`zci4 Zclbbim `kb}nc vlciv kg -<::#::: ^zclbbim v}kfa }k vlciv xl}ok kg =":0 l zclbbim goxv} kg .zclbbim/ `kb}n

obwib}kx kg -=::#:::"Lwixleobe l = }k < v}kfa }k vlciv xl}ok ilfn

`kb}n .= `kb}nv vyzzc kb nlbm/ uocc xivyc} oblfnoiwobe xi}loc obwib}kx }yxbv kg 6 zix ilx"




Vnxobalei 0 Moggixibfi Hi}uiib Hkka Lbm Zn voflc Obwib}kx

Hxilaiwib 0Go~im Fkv}v -



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <>=

]ni Fkb}xohy}okb @lxeob ) .F@/ ov }ni vy` kg }niWlxolhci I~zibvi ) ! Fkv} kg Ekkmv Vkcm ) lg}ix }ni o`zlf} kg `lxamkubv"

Hxilaiwib Lblc vov4 Vo`zc v}l}im# }nov gkx`yclobmofl}iv nku `yfn vlciv wkcyì `yv} hilffk`zcovnim ob kxmix }k fkwix lcc fkv}v .go~im lbm

wlxolhci/# lbm hieob eibixl}obe l zxkgo}" Ob k}nixukxmv# o} ov }ni zkob} ob vlciv wkcyì l} unofn kynlwi bk zxkgo} lbm bk ckvv"

.Bi} Vlciv Fkb}xohy}okb @lxeob )/




Ckvv Zxiwib}okb




(Ckvv Zxiwib}okb( ov bk} l wix ecl`kxkyv zlx} kgxi}loc"

O} ov# nkuiwix# lb i~}xiìc o`zkx}lb} iciìb}

kg }ni vyffivv i|yl}okb"Flcc o} }nig} kx vnxobalei ov lcc ckv} mkcclxv """

lbm ilfn kbi kg }nivi mkcclxv ukycm k}nixuovi hi

<::) zyxi hk}}k` cobi zxkgo}"

Glf}v




Eibixlc VnxobaHxilamkub4

6>) Fyv}kìx

66 ) I`zck ii8<) Lmòb" '

Zlzixukxa>) Wibmkx

Glf}v



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <>>

< ob <8 zikzci ob }ni YV ov l vnkzcog}ix lbm lvnkzcog}ix uocc fk`ò} lb lwixlei kg 9: }nig}vhigkxi hiobe flyen}"

Unl} ov ukxvi gkx xi}locixv ov }nl} }novxizxivib}v fckvi l 9 Hoccokb mkcclx ckvv }k vnxoba"

Vnxobalei Xl}iv h Xi}loc Vif}kx



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <>?



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <?:

Vnxobalei



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <?<

]ni ckvv }nl} xivyc}v gxk` vnkzcog}obe lbmi`zck ii }nig}"

Vnxobalei ov ximyf}okb ob zn voflc fkyb} kg

obwib}kx lv fk`zlxim }k lffkyb}im wlcyi"

Lvvyì }nl} lb i`zck ii }laiv l zkz# fnozv#lbm l flbm hlx gxk` }ni hkkav}kxi uo}nky}



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <?8

zl obe gkx }niox zxkmyf}v4

Fkv} }k hkkav}kxi kgo}i`v }laib4Zkz :"?6

Flbm :"66Fnozv :"85]k}lc -<"96

@lxayz kg o}i`v }kFkwix VnxobaleiZkz :"68Flbm :"<5Fnozv :"<6

UI UKYCM NLWI ]K VICC6 Zkzv8 Flbm8 Fnozv

Vnkzcog}obe I`zck iiv




6) v}ilc iwix ml>) v}ilc iwix uiia8:) v}ilc <8 }oìv l ilx=8) kg lcc xi}loc i`zck iiv v}ilc>:) kg vnkzcog}obe obwkcwim vibokx v}kxi

`lbleiìb}



] ziv kg Vnkzcog}ixv




Lmmof}owi vnkzcog}ixvZxkgivvokblc vnkzcog}ixv]ni biim vnkzcog}ixv]ni }nxocc viiaobe vnkzcog}ixvVnkzcog}ixv unk lxi mxye lmmof}v]ni lhvib} òbmim vnkzcog}ixv

Zv fnkckeoflc Xilvkbv]i`z}l}okb




]i z}l}okb@kv} kg }ni zikzci nlwi obvomi }ni` }ni

mivoxi kg ei}}obe vkì}nobe `kxi }nlb }ni hlvofbiimv }nl} ov mivoxi gkx cy~yx o}i`v" ]ni hlvofmivoxi ov }k ei} vkì}nobe i~}xl uo}nky} eowobevkì}nobe ob xi}yxb gkx o}"

Dyv}ogofl}okb@kv} kg }ni vnkzcog}ixv mk bk} fkbvomix

}ni`vicwiv }k hi fxoòblcv lbm vnkzcog}obe lvfxoì" Eibixlcc ob kxmix }k dyv}og }niox lf}}ni gxlì }niox kub vi} kg wlcyiv }nl} vyo}}niox lf}"

Zv fnkckeoflc Xilvkbv–Kbi uocc òvv }ni }nobev O }kka"‐




–O}ov ka }k vnkzcog} vkì}oìv lv O nlwi lcvk eowi`yfn `kbi ob }ni zlv} gkx ` zyxfnlviv" ‐

–]ni |yiyi gkx }ni hoccobe ov wix ckbe lbm O mkb‛} nlwi `yfn }oì gkx o}" ‐

–Xi}locix nlv zy} }ni zxofi |yo}i noen }nlb }nibkx`lc zxofiv" ‐ –]nixi lxi `lb zikzci ybcoai ì unk vnkzcog}" ‐ –O}ov ` xoen} }k zkvvivv ekkm }nobev lbm o} ov bk}

bifivvlx }nl} O zl gkx o} iwix }oì" ‐ ]ni lhkwi cov} dyv}ogofl}okbv lxi dyv} }ni }oz kg }ni

ofihixe kg i~fyviv vnkzcog}ixv eowi gkxv}ilcobe"



Xifkeboti ]ni Vnkzcog}ix



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` <??

]ni vzibm civv }oì gkx vnkzzobe lbm `kxi}oì khvixwobe }ni flvnoix kx vlciv`lb"]niox mxivvobev ov nyei lbm uilx nilw fck}niv

coai hcltix kx kwixfkl} iwib unib o} ov nk}"Ul}fn ky} gkx }niox hkm clbeylei }nl} ov }ni

}ibm }k ulca luaulxmc uo}n vnkx} v}izv unofnmibk}iv }nl}# }ni lxi }x obe }k nomi vkì}nobe"

]ni }lai `lb o}i`v ob }ni }xolc xkk` lbmunib }ni fkì ky} nlwi kbc kbi o}i` uo}n}ni`"

Xifkeboti ]ni Vnkzcog}ix



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 8::

Vkì}oìv vyfn zikzci hifkì }kk vicgfkbvfokyv lbm bixwkyv" ]ni vnkz uo}nky} ob}ixiv}lbm zofa yz }ni o}i`v xlbmk`c "

]nixi wovo} }k }ni vnkz ov |yo}i gxi|yib} hy} mkbk} `lai lb zyxfnlviv"

Vkì}oìv vnkzcog}ixv ib}ix }ni v}kxi+`lcc obexkyzv ivzifolcc }ni }iibleixv" Kbi kg }ni`

v}xoaiv nil}im fkbwixvl}okb uo}nky} lb xiciwlbfiob kxmix }k mov}xlf} l}}ib}okb gxk` k}nix ì`hixvkg }niox exkyz"

Flcfycl}okbv



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 8:<

Vnxobalei - 0 Hkka Wlcyi kg Obwib}kx Lf}ylc Obwib}kx kb Nlbm

Vnxobalei ) 0 Vnxobalei - l} Xi}loc Wlcyiv]k}lc Vlciv





@lxa YzvCi}%v vl ky xifiowim vkì ilxxobev gxk` l vyzzcoix

lbm kxoeoblcc zy} }ni` ob}k obwib}kx l} <:"



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 8:=

lbm kxoeoblcc zy} }ni ob}k obwib}kx l} -<:_ky xifiowim <9 zloxv# vk ky lmmim -<9: }k kyx

obwib}kx ciwic"Bku# ky xilcoti }nl} }ni ilxxobev vnkycm nlwi hiib

zxofim l} -<8"_ky nlwi }k fnlbei kyx }ofai}v }k xigcif} }ni biuzxofi"

Lv uicc# ky `yv} zkv} kyx `lxa yz kg -6: .<9 zloxv

obfxilvim h -8+zlox/ }k kyx obwib}kx " Vk }ni wlcyi kgkyx obwib}kx dyv} obfxilvim h -6:"]nl}%v l `lxa yz flcfycl}okb lbm xifkxmobe"

@lxamkubvk l i } k l }k ifk `l k b "



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 8:9

_ky nlwi }uk ul v }k xifkxm lxamkubv"Goxv}# ky flb xifkxm }ni` unib }ni

ìxfnlbmovi ov vkcm" Vk# og ky ximyfim }ni zxofikg l nlbmhle gxk` -6: }k -89# ky ukycm xifkxm l

-9 `lxamkub unib }ni hle ulv vkcm"]ni vifkbm xifkxmobe ì}nkm ov unl} ui flcc l

–kbi }oì `lxamkub"( Og ky uixi ximyfobe }nivlì nlbmhle gxk` -6: }k -89 lbm ky nlm <:hlev ob v}kfa# ky ukycm xifkxm lb o`ìmol}i`lxamkub kg -9: .<: hlev ximyfim h -9 ilfn/"



Ob}xkmyf}okbXlmok gxi|yibf Omib}ogofl}okb XGOM nlv hiib



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 8:5

Xlmok gxi|yibf Omib}ogofl}okb .XGOM nlv hiiblxkybm vobfi Ukxcm Ulx OO/"

]ni }ifnbkcke yvim ob XGOM nlv lf}ylcc hiiblxkybm vobfi }ni ilxc <?8: ‛v"

L `yfn `kxi xicl}im }ifnbkcke # }ni OGG}xlbvzkbmix# uib} ob}k kzixl}okb ob <?6? lbm ulvxky}obic yvim h }ni Hxo}ovn ob }ni Ukxcm Ulx OO }komib}og loxzclbiv lv gxoibm lbm gki"

XGOM hiflì xilco} lg}ix 6 ilxv kg lmwlbfiv ob`lb moggixib} goicmv"

Ob vo`zci# XGOM }lev fkbvov} kg vocofkb fnozv lbmlb lb}ibbl } l} flb } lb ` } l}l }k l i i



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 8:>

lb lb}ibbl }nl} flb }xlbv o} ml}l }k l uoxicivvxifiowix"

]nixigkxi }ni xlmok Om }lev mk bk} xifiowi cobikg voen} gkx xilmobe }nl} ov }ni XGOM }leeim

zxkmyf} biim bk} hi nicm fckvi }k }ni vflbbix }kxilm }ni ml}l kg l XGOM }le"

Uo}nob }ni goicm kg l uoxicivv xilmobe miwofi# o}ov zkvvohci }k ly}k`l}oflcc xilm nybmxim kg }lev lvifkbm"

XGOM



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 8:?

Xlmok Gxi|yibf Omib}ogofl}okb .XGOM/# }ni}ifnbkcke kg }ni gy}yxi# nlv ckbe iv}lhcovnimo}vicg ob kyx iwix ml cowiv"

O} ov lcxilm mizck im ob wlxokyv lxilv xlbeobegxk` iggofoib} obwib}kx `lbleiìb} lbm xklm }kccfkccif}okb }nxkyen }k }oòbe }ni zixgkx`lbfi kgobmowomylc zlx}ofozlb}v ob `lvv vzkx}obe iwib}v"

Uo}n o}v ibkx`kyv zk}ib}olc o} ov kbc xoen} }nl}XGOM ov kb iwix kbi%v cozv"



XGOM Lb Kwixwoiu XGOM kx Xlmok Gxi|yibf Omib}ogofl}okb ov l



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 8<<

v v}i` }nl} yviv xlmok ulwiv }k }xlbvò} lbkhdif}%v omib}o} "

]nixi lxi viwixlc ì}nkmv kg omib}og obe khdif}vyvobe XGOM# hy} }ni `kv} fk``kb ov }k v}kxi lb OMkx vixolc by`hix }nl} omib}ogoiv l vzifogof zxkmyf}lckbe uo}n k}nix obgkx`l}okb# kb l }le# unofn ov lv`lcc òfxkfnoz l}}lfnim }k lb lb}ibbl"

]ni lb}ibbl iblhciv }ni fnoz }k }xlbvò}unl}iwix omib}ogofl}okb obgkx`l}okb o} fkb}lobv }kl xilmix"

]ni xilmix fkbwix}v }ni xlmok ulwiv gxk` }niXGOM }le ob}k moeo}lc obgkx`l}okb }nl} vkg}ulxi



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 8<8

v v}i`v flb yvi gkx zxkfivvobe"] zoflcc # unib l xilmix xilmv l }le# o} zlvviv

}nxii }nobev }k l nkv} fk`zy}ix v v}i`4 }ni }leOM# }ni xilmix%v kub OM# lbm }ni }oì }ni }le ulvxilm"

H abkuobe unofn xilmixv lxi ob unofnckfl}okbv# fk`zlboiv flb abku unixi l zxkmyf} ov#

lv uicc lv unl} o} ov# lbm h }xlfaobe }ni }le ml}lh }oì# }ni flb abku iwix unixi o}%v hiib"

Yb}oc xifib}c # l hlx fkmim o}i` yvim }k vo} kb lxi}loc vnicg lbm mom bk} eibixl}i lb ml}l yb}oc o}




ulv vflbbim h l hlx fkmi xilmix" Lbm }nib }niml}l ulv xilm kbc kbfi"

XGOM# kb }ni k}nix nlbm# ov l zlvvowi }ifnbkcke}nl} mkiv bk} xi|yoxi ny`lb ob}ixlf}okb }k vflb"

L xilmix flb i~}xlf} ckfl}okb lbm zxkmyf}mivfxoz}okb ml}l gxk` l }leeim o}i` iwix 89:òccovifkbmv"

Vkì xilmixv lxi flzlhci kg xilmobe ml}l gxk`8:: }lev zix vifkbm"

Fclvvogofl}okb



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 8<=

XGOM }lev flb hi fclvvogoim ob}kZlvvowi }levLf}owi }lev"

Zlvvowi ]levZlvvowi }lev mk bk} nlwi }niox kub zkuix vyzzc "




]ni òby}i icif}xoflc fyxxib} ov obmyfim ob }nilb}ibblv h }ni obfkòbe xlmok gxi|yibf vflbzxkwomiv ibkyen zkuix gkx }ni }le }k vibm l xivzkbvi"

Myi }k zkuix lbm fkv} fkbfixbv" ]ni xivzkbvi kg l

zlvvowi XGOM }le ov hxoig‖ } zoflcc dyv} lb OM by`hix"]ni v`lcciv} vyfn miwofiv fk`ìxfolcc lwloclhci

ìlvyxim :"=`` ~ :"=``# unofn ov }nobbix }nlb lvnii} kg zlzix1 vyfn miwofiv lxi zxlf}oflcc obwovohci"

Zlvvowi }lev nlwi zxlf}oflc xilm xlbeiv }nl} wlxgxk` lhky} <:`` yz }k lhky} 7 ì}ixv"

Lf}owi ]lev




Lf}owi XGOM }lev# kb }ni k}nix nlbm# `yv} nlwil zkuix vkyxfi lbm `l nlwi ckbeix xlbeiv lbmclxeix ì`kxoiv }nlb zlvvowi }lev lv uicc lv }nilhoco} }k v}kxi lmmo}okblc obgkx`l}okb vib} h }ni}xlbvfiowix"

L} zxivib}# }ni v`lcciv} lf}owi }lev lxi lhky}}ni voti kg l fkob"

@lb lf}owi }lev nlwi zxlf}oflc xlbeiv kg }ibv kgì}ixv lbm l hl}}ix cogi kg yz }k viwixlc ilxv

Nku moggixib} XGOM ov gxk` Hlxfkmi;;@lb xi}locixv lbm `lbyglf}yxixv nlwi hiib




@lb xi}locixv lbm lbyglf}yxixv nlwi hiibyvobe hlx fkmiv" ]nivi lxi vflbbim `lbylcc lbmxilm obmowomylcc "

Ob }ni flvi kg XGOM }lev# o} ov l v`lcc khdif}

voòclx }k lmnivowi v}ofaix lbm ov l}}lfnim }k kxobfkxzkxl}im ob }ni zxkmyf}"

XGOM }lev ukxa hi}}ix lbm `kxi ml}l flb hifkccif}im lbm v}kxim ob }ni XGOM òfxk fnoz"

Gyx}nix XGOM }lev fkcm omib}og i~lf}c unofnhk~ o} ov# unofn ov clfaobe ob hlxfkmi v v}i`"

Hibigo}v kg XGOM



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 8<>

Zxkmyf} vifyxo} lbm \ylco}Xilc }oì obwib}kx wovohoco} .l fnifa flb hi

viib lb ybulb}im |lyb}o}o}oiv/

I~nlyv}owi obgkx`l}okb lhky} zxkmyf} lbmHi}}ix `lbv kg lffkyb}lhoco}

Lmwixvi Glf}kxvGlf}kxv Lmwixvi gkx }ni lmkz}okb kg XGOM



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 8<?

]ifnbkckeI~zibvowi }ifnbkcke 4 XGOM }lev l} zxivib} fkv}v

hi}uiib -< lbm -<:" Vzifolcotim }lev fkv}v v}occ`kxi `l hi -<::" Zlvvowi }lev lxi lwloclhci l} 6:fib}v }k -<"

Ybfix}lob} lhky} v}lbmlxmvXilm ixxkxv myi }k }ifnbkcke "

Clfa kg lulxibivv]ifnbkcke ovvyiv

Lmwixvi Glf}kxvIbwoxkbìb}lc +zxkfivv xicl}im glf}kxv obfcymi4

Lf}owi +Zlvvowi#




Lf}owi +Zlvvowi#Gxi|yibf 1 cku+noen gxi|yibf }lev#@ib}lc zxk~oò} xiwix}v }ni xlmok gxi|yibf #Co|yom o}i`v }ibm }k lhvkxh }ni xlmok

gxi|yibfoiv }nyv `laobe o} o`zkvvohci gkx }nixilmix }k fk`zxinibm }ni`#xilm xlbei mizibmv kb }ni zkuix kg }ni

lb}ibbl lbm xilm lffyxlf #

Ciwic kg vifyxo} # Voti# Lb}o fckbi+ Lb}ofkccovokb gybf}okblco} # Nyòmo} lbm}i`zixl}yxi# Ob}ixgixibfi"

Lmwixvi Glf}kxv

]ni yvi kg XGOM }ifnbkcke nlv ibeibmixim




]ni yvi kg XGOM }ifnbkcke nlv ibeibmiximfkbvomixlhci fkb}xkwixv lbm iwib zxkmyf}hk fk}}v" ]ni gkyx `lob zxowlf fkbfixbvxielxmobe XGOM lxi 4

]ni zyxfnlvi kg lb o}i` uocc bk} bifivvlxoc hilulxi kg }ni zxivibfi kg }ni }le kx hi lhci }kxi`kwi o}"

]ni }le flb hi xilm l} l mov}lbfi uo}nky} }niabkucimei kg }ni obmowomylcv#



V}xl}ieoiv gkx }ni xlzom lmkz}okbv kg XGOM

Hoe xi}loc gkx`l}v lxi exkuobe ob Obmol lbm nibfi




XGOM }ifnbkcke flb hi yvim gkx xilzobe }nilmwlb}leiv omib}ogoim ob }ni lhkwi zleiv"

Myxobe @lxfn 8::9# uoxicivv zclbbobe lbmfkkxmobl}obe uobe# @obov}x Kg Fk``ybofl}okbvlbm Obgkx`l}okb ]ifnbkcke # Ekw} kg Obmol nlmovvyim l bk}ogofl}okb gkx }ni yvi kg uoxicivvi|yozìb} ob }ni hlbm >79 >75 @Nt"

Lv zix }ni bk}ofi# bk cofibvi ov xi|yoxim }kiv}lhcovn# `lob}lob# ukxa# lbm zkvvivv }ni }levlbm }niox yviv"

V}xl}ieoiv gkx }ni xlzom lmkz}okbv kg XGOMXivilxfn ov ekobe kb }ni vyhv}o}y}okb kg fnilz kx

fkv} iggif}owi `l}ixolc }k `lai }ni }ifnbkcke #




fkv} iggif}owi l}ixolc }k lai }ni }ifnbkcke #gkx i~l`zci# yvi kg blbk}ifnbkcke `laiv }niXGOM }ifnbkcke fnilzix"

Ekw}" kg Obmol vnkycm hxobe l zkcof }k `lai }ni

yvi kg }ni }ifnbkcke fk`zycvkxoc ob fix}lobvif}kxv blìc #

Imyfl}okb vif}kx1 ybowixvo}oiv lbm obv}o}y}okbvvnkycm yvi }ni }ifnbkcke kb }ni fix}ogofl}ivh xifkxmobe }ni hlvof mi}locv kg }nl} v}ymib}nibfi o} hifkìv ilv gkx wixogofl}okb lbm}nixi ov bk vfkzi gkx `lbozycl}okb"

V}xl}ieoiv gkx }ni xlzom lmkz}okbv kg XGOM

Znlx`l vif}kx1 }k lwkom glai ìmofobi




} } ghxlbmv v}lbmlxm fk`zlboiv flb yvi }nov}ifnbkcke "

Icif}okb Fk`òvvokb }k ovvyi wk}ix OM flxmv#

}k lwkom k}nixv }k wk}i# }nov }ifnbkcke ov wix`yfn yvigyc"Gkx wix i~zibvowi ekkmv vyfn lv diuicx #

fkv}c uxov} ul}fniv# mol`kbmv i}f lcvk# }ni`lbyglf}yxixv flb yvi }nov }ifnbkcke # }klwkom myzcofl}okb ob }ni `lxai}"




UNL] OV GMO;GMO ov migobim lv l gox` hlvim ob kbi fkyb}x




.}ni %nkì fkyb}x %/ kubobe <: zixfib} kx `kxi kg}ni v}kfa kg l fk`zlb ckfl}im ob l gkxioebfkyb}x .}ni %nkv} fkyb}x %/ }nov l`kyb} kg v}kfaov eibixlcc ibkyen }k eowi }ni nkì fkyb}x gox`voebogoflb} fkb}xkc xoen}v kwix }ni nkv} fkyb}xgox`"

Obwiv}ìb} `lmi h l gkxioeb obmowomylc kx

fk`zlb ob zxkmyf}owi flzlfo} kg lbk}nixfkyb}x gkx i~l`zci# }ni zyxfnlvi kx fkbv}xyf}okbkg l glf}kx "

Obwiv}obe ob Obmol




Ly}k`l}of Xky}i Zxokx Zixòvvokb.GOZH/

Eibixlc Xyci Bk zxokx zixòvvokbxi|yoximObgkx` Xivixwi Hlba uo}nob 6: ml v kg obgcku+ovvyi kg vnlxiv

H I~fiz}okb Zxokx Ekwixbìb} Lzzxkwlc biimim"Mifovokb eibixlcc

uo}nob =-7 uiiav

Xi}locobe4 Lb kwixwoiuXi}locobe




Ukxcm‛vclxeiv} zxowl}i obmyv}xYV- 5 }xoccokb vlciv lbbylcc

Obmolb xi}locobeFkb}xohy}obe <=) }k bl}okblc EMZClxeiv} i`zck ix lg}ix lexofyc}yxi >) kg

zkzycl}okbNoeniv} ky}ci} mibvo} ob ukxcmLxkybm <8 `b ky}ci}vV}occ iwkcwobe lv lb obmyv}xCkbe ul }k ek

Obmolb Xi}loc4 –]ni Vybxovi Vif}kx‐




]k}lc xi}loc `lxai} 4 <: clf fxkxivKxelbotim xi}loc `lxai}4 6"9 ) kx 69#::: FxkxivIv}o`l}im }k exku }k Xv <#<:#::: fxkxiv h 8:<:

]k}lc ky}ci}v ‖ 99 clfvZix flzo}l xi}loc vzlfi 8"9 v| gii}"

.?7 ) ky}ci}v lxi 3 9:: v| g}/



]ni Fnlbeobe Obmolb Fkbvyìx ]ni yxhlb fkbvyìx




Ei}}obe i~zkvim }k ob}ixbl}okblc cogiv} civObfcobim }k lf|yoxobe lvvi}@kxi movfixbobe lbm mi`lbmobe }nlb iwix

Bk ckbeix biim hlvim vnkzzobeVnkzzobe ov l glòc i~zixoibfi

Fnlbeobe @obmvi}Obfxilvobe }ibmibf }k vzibmZkv} Cohixlcotl}okb fnocmxib fkòbe kg lei

<:: `b <5 8< ilx kcmv" ]ibm }k vzibm gxiic "Exil}ix ciwicv kg imyfl}okb

Lb}ofozl}im Exku}n@lxai} voti




Fyxxib} `lxai} voti ov xkyenc YV- 8>7 hb?7) kg }ni <8 @occokb v}kxiv lxi civv }nlb 9:: V|"

g}"

Gkxiflv} Exku}n xl}i gkx }ni xi}locobe obmyv}x ovxkyenc >"6) gkx 8::6 8::>Vlciv gxk` clxei gkx`l} v}kxiv ukycm xovi h 8=

=?)

Gkx`lc lbm `kmixb gkx`l} xi}locobe ukycm ibdkxlzom exku}n

Obmyv}x M blòfvCku mkìv}of fk`zi}o}okb




Hiflyvi kg gxleìb}im bl}yxi kg obmyv}xClfa kg i~zkvyxi }k eckhlc hiv} zxlf}ofiv

Cku ib}x hlxxoixv gkx ybkxelbotim xi}locobe

@kmixl}i ib}x hlxxoixv gkx kxelbotim xi}locobeUnkcivlci v v}i` ybmix obwiv}im cilmobe }k 8: =:)

ulv}leiBkb ciwic zcl obe goicm ovvyiv

Uomi moggixibfiv ob }xil}ìb} kg v`lcc lbm clxeixi}locixv

Obmol Lv Lb Obwiv}ìb} Kz}okbObmol xlbaim 9}n ob }ni Eckhlc L"] Ailxbi Xi}loc




Miwickzìb} Obmi~Vifkbm kbc }k Fnobl .gxk` 6: iìxeib} `lxai}v/Cilv} vl}yxl}im kg lcc eckhlc `lxai}v v}ymoim]ni cilv} fk`zi}o}owi kg lcc eckhlc `lxai}v

v}ymoimO`zcoiv ckuix hlxxoixv kg ib}x gkx eckhlc

zcl ixvFkbvomixobe }xiìbmkyv `lxai} voti#

i~ficcib} zk}ib}olc gkx gkxioeb zcl ixv

GMO ob Obmolb Xi}locobeFyxxib} Obmolb GMO Xieoì




GMO bk} zixò}}im ob xi}loc }xlmi vif}kx# i~fiz}ob4Zxowl}i clhicvNo ]ifn o}i`v + o}i`v xi|yoxobe vzifolcotim

lg}ix vlciv vixwofi@imoflc lbm molebkv}of o}i`vO}i`v vkyxfim gxk` }ni Obmolb v`lcc vif}kx

.`lbyglf}yxim uo}n }ifnbkcke zxkwomim h }nigkxioeb fkcclhkxl}kx/

Gkx 8 ilx }iv} `lxai}obe .vo`yc}lbikyvfk`ìbfiìb} kg obwiv}ìb} ob `lbyglf}yxobeglfoco} xi|yoxim/

Ib}x Xky}iv ]k GMO Ob Xi}locZxivib} GMO Xieoì lbm Ib}x Xky}iv"




]ni Fib}xlc Ekwixbìb} ob <??5 nlm }laib lflxigyc zkcof mifovokb kg aiizobe GMO ob Xi}loc l}hl " Hy} }ni zxivib} zkcof lcckuv Obmol }k nlwi lzxivibfi kg ob}ixbl}okblc hxlbmv# }nxkyen moggixib}xky}iv lv gkcckuv4

GxlbfnoviDkob} Wib}yxi

@lbyglf}yxobeMov}xohy}okbFlvn ' Flxx .<::)/

Ob}ixbl}okblc Xi}locixv ob Obmol4 V}xl}ieoiv




Gxlbfnovi 4@f MkblcmvOb}ixbl}okblc fk`zlb eowiv blì lbm

}ifnbkcke }k ckflc zlx}bix" Ei}v xk lc} obxi}yxb

Ob flvi `lv}ix gxlbfnovi ov lzzkob}im gkxxieokb kx fkyb}x # ni nlv xoen} }k lzzkob} ckflcgxlbfnoviiv

Boai# Zottl Ny}# ]k`` Nocgoeix# @lxavlbm Vzibfix# @lbek

Ob}ixbl}okblc Xi}locixv ob Obmol4 V}xl}ieoiv




@lbyglf}yxobeFk`zlb vi}v yz Obmolb lx` gkx zxkmyf}Hl}l Obmol" O} lcvk nlv xoen} }k xi}loc ob Obmol

Dkob} Wib}yxiv4Gkkmukxcm 49<4=? DW hi}uiib XZE lbm Mlox

Glx` Ob}ixbl}okblc

Ob}ixbl}okblc Xi}locixv ob Obmol4 V}xl}ieoivMov}xohy}okb



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 8=:

Ob}ixbl}okblc fk`zlb vi}v yz ckflcmov}xohy}okb kggofi

Vyzzc zxkmyf}v }k Obmolb xi}locixv }k vicc

Lcvk vi} yz gxlbfnovim ky}ci}v gkx hxlbmVulxkwvao# Nyek Hkvv

Unkcivlci }xlmobe

Flvn lbm Flxx kzixl}okbv<::) GMO zixò}}im@i}xk Flvn b Flxx

GMO 4 Nku;;



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 8=<

GMO vnkycm hi lcckuim ob v}leivObo}olc v}leiv4 87) GMOIv}lhcovnìb} Znlvi4 =?) GMO@l}yxi Znlvi4 <::) GMO

GMO zkcofBk obfib}owiv biimim }k l}}xlf} GMO@lxai} voti lbm zk}ib}olc lxi vyggofoib} obmyfixv

Bk biim gkx fkv}c }l~ hxilav# o`zkx} my}i~i`z}okbv# clbm lbm zkuix vyhvomoiv# lbm k}nixib}ofiìb}v"

GMO4 FkbfixbvGkxioeb zcl ixv ukycm movzclfi }ni ybkxelbotim



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 8=8

xi}locixv hiflyvi kg }niox vyzixokx goblbfolcv}xibe}nv

Obmyfi ybglox }xlmi zxlf}ofiv coai Zximl}kxZxofobe# ob }ni lhvibfi kg zxkzix xieycl}kxeyomicobiv

Fxil}i @kbkzkc lbm zxk`k}i flx}icvEowi xovi }k fy} }nxkl} fk`zi}o}okb xl}nix }nlb

zxk`k}obe obfxiìb}lc hyvobivvObfxilvi ob xilc iv}l}i zxofiv lbm `lxeoblcoti

mkìv}of ib}xizxibiyxv





GMO 4 Hibigo}vHi}}ix cogiv} ci




Exil}ix ciwic kg uleiv zlom h ob}ixbl}okblczcl ixv yvylcc

@kxi zxkmyf} wlxoi}

Biuix zxkmyf} fl}iekxoivIfkbkòiv kg vflci }k nicz ckuix fkbvyìx zxofiObfxilvim zyxfnlvobe flzlfo} kg fkbvyìxv]ni flb cl mkub hi}}ix lbm }oen}ix |ylco}

v}lbmlxmv lbm ibvyxi }nl} `lbyglf}yxixv lmnixi }k}ni`"

GMO 4 Hibigo}v@lbzkuix lbm vaocc miwickzìb}

]nxkyen xi}loc }xlobobe lbm




Exil}ix `lbleixolc }lcib} obgcku gxk` k}nixfkyb}xoiv

]kyxov` Miwickzìb}L v}xkbe xi}locobe vif}kx hkkv}v }kyxov` lv viib

gxk` }ni i~zixoibfi kg Vobelzkxi lbm MyhloObwiv}ìb} ob unkci vyzzc fnlob

O`zxkwim zxkmyf} hlvai} gxk` Obmol gkx i~zkx}vCkbe }ix` hibigo}v

Yz exlml}okb kg lexofyc}yxiMiwickzìb} kg iggofoib} v`lcc lbm ìmoy` voti

obmyv}xoiv



Hibigo}v ]k ]ni Ekwixbìb}Obfxilvi i`zck ìb} ciwicv



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 8=>

GMO ukycm xivyc} ob `lxai} exku}n lbmi~zlbvokb

I`zck ìb} eibixl}im l} wlxokyv ciwicv

Obfxilvim fkbvyìx mi`lbm o`zcoivi`zck ìb} eibixl}okb lfxkvv }ni wlcyi fnlob



uuu"wlvlb}ak}nlxc"fk` 8=?

Wibmkxv uocc hi hibigo}im }nxkyen ckbe }ix`fkb}xlf}v ' lvvkfol}okbv# ob}xkmyf}okb kg hiv}zxlf}ofiv ob zxkmyf}okb# mivoebobe# clhkx

fkbmo}okbv# ulv}i+iggcyibfi `lbleiìb}#wkcyìv lbm i~zkx} zkvvohoco}oiv# hi}}ix |ylco} kgcogi gkx xyxlc `lvviv }nxkyen moxif} fkb}xlf}glxòbe"

Obgxlv}xyf}yxiv vyfn lv xklmv# zkuix# viuixlei#elxhlei movzkvlc# zyhcof zlxaobe ck}v# xilc iv}l}i#




fkcm fnlobv# ckeov}ofv ' ulxinkyvobe# gcku kggybmv zyhcof lbm zxowl}i# o`zkx} ' i~zkx}v"

]ni ibwoxkbìb} ov coaic }k hi o`zlf}im goxv}

kuobe }k eckhlc hiv} zxlf}ofiv h }nivi hxlbmv unklxi coaic }k fkì kwix }ni biv} giu ilxv"

Nibfi# o} uocc cilm }k kwixlcc ifkbkòf exku}n lbm fxil}i hibfn`lxav"

Flvi v}ym 4 Fnobivi xi}locobeGMO zixò}}im ob <??8" =: gkxioeb xi}locixv nlwi

vifyxim lzzxkwlc

}l l l k b ) bf l




Xi}loc vlciv nlwi exkubJ<6"9) vobfi GMO ulvzixò}}im

GMO obo}olcc xiv}xof}im }k 7 `ldkx fo}oiv .obfcymobeHiodobe# Vnlbenlo lbm Eylbetnky lbm VITv/

Gkxioeb kubixvnoz obo}olcc xiv}xof}im }k =?)YV- 88 hb kg GMO l}}xlf}im# 6"7) kg }k}lc GMO

Ob 8::6# GMO ob unkcivlci lbm xi}loc ulv YV-<"< hb .Lxkybm 6:) kg kyx }k}lc GMO ob 8::6/

Fyxxib} xiv}xof}okbv kb GMO uocc hi znlvim ky} kwix9 ilxv lv fkbmo}okb kg U]K ib}x

Fnobl4 ]ni iggif} kg GMO

] i Bk" k }k i b Bk" k }k i b




] zi Bk" kg v}kxiv ob<??7

Bk" kg v}kxiv ob8::<

]xlmo}okblc <#?8:#7:= 8#979#:8>Vyzix`lxai}v <6#:5? <98#<?=Fkbwiboibfi <>#:?<N zix`lxai}v 9?6

I`zck ìb} Ob Xi}locobe Ov ObfxilvobeI`zckyìb} ob Xi}locobe




:

<:

8:

6:

=:

9:

7:

?: ?< ?8 ?6 ?= ?9 ?7 ?5 ?> ?? :: :<

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y ` i b

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X i } l

o c l b

m

u n k c i v l

c i . @ b

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) k

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h k x

g k x f i

I zckyìb} )

Flvi V}ym 4 Fnobivi Xi}locobeUlc @lx}




Ib}ixim Fnobivi `lxai} ob <??7Nlv =6 v}kxiv ob <? fo}oiv lv kb ml}iNlm vlciv kg YV- 5:= `b ob 8::6Nlv i`zck im `kxi }nlb 8:#::: zikzciNlv zlom }l~iv kg YV- <<< `b ob }k}lc$

FlxxigkyxNlv 9= v}kxiv lv kb ml}iNlm vlciv kg YV- <"7 hb ob 8::6$

Civvkbv gxk` FnoblV}xkbe iwomibfi ob glwkx kg GMO

GMO ` k i } i ib} i i k } i b }




GMO o`zxkwiv }ni ib}oxi voti kg }ni obmyv}xXi}locobe ob Fnobl nlv exkub l} l fk`zkybm

xl}i kg <9) zix lbby` lg}ix GMO obgckuI`zck ìb} exku}nIwkcy}okb kg `kmixb gkx`l}vCkflc zcl ixv flb vyxwowi lbm iwib hil}

gkxioeb fk`zi}o}okbBiim gkx l v}xkbe xi}locobe obmyv}x ob ObmolVflci ov }ni ai }k vyffivv gkx ckflc xi}locixv

Xifk`ìbml}okbv

E lb} b } }l} }k i}l "




Exlb} obmyv}x v}l}yv }k xi}loc"Zixò} GMO ob Xi}loc ob znlviv"Obwiv} ob vyzzc fnlob obgxlv}xyf}yxi"

Kxelboti `lxai} gkx xilc iv}l}iIbvyxi gci~ohoco} kg clhkx cluvGMO vnkycm hi exlmylcc lcckuim goxv} ob

xicl}owic civv vibvo}owi vif}kxv ‖ elxìb}v#cogiv} ci zxkmyf}v# nkyviulxi# ib}ix}lobìb} i}f"

Xifk`ìbml}okbv

Ib} k k i b l i ` } hi l l lb




Ib}x kg gkxioeb zcl ixv `yv} hi exlmylc lbmuo}n vkfolc vlgieylxmv vk }nl} }ni iggif}v kg clhkxmovckfl}okb flb hi lblc tim lbm }ni zkcof flb higobi }ybim"

Obo}olcc lccku }ni` }k vi} yz vyzix`lxai}v kbcob ì}xkv"

@lai fkv}v kg ib}x noen lbm lffkxmobe }k

vzifogof bkx`v lbm xieycl}okbv vk }nl} }ni xi}locixflbbk} o`ìmol}ic obmycei ob zximl}kx zxofobe"

Xifk`ìbml}okbv

Ob k i }k l i } i kfl} kb i# }



Ob kxmix }k lmmxivv }ni movckfl}okb ovvyi# o}hifkìv o`zixl}owi }k miwickz lbm o`zxkwi }ni`lbyglf}yxobe vif}kx ob Obmol"

Og }nov vif}kx ov eowib myi l}}ib}okb# lbm lcckuim}k }lai uobev# }nib o} fkycm hi l vkyxfi kg exil}fk`zibvl}okb }k }ni movzclfim ukxagkxfi gxk` }ni

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