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Fascism&Totalitarianism
WorldWarsUnit
• SSWH18Examinethemajorpoli5calandeconomicfactorsthatshapedworldsocie5esbetweenWorldWarIandWorldWarII.
• 18b.DescribetheriseoffascisminEuropeandAsiabycomparingthepoliciesofBenitoMussoliniinItaly,AdolfHitlerinGermany,andHirohitoinJapan.
• • 18c.Describethenatureoftotalitarianismandthepolicestate
thatexistedintheSovietUnion,Germany,andItalyandhowtheydifferfromauthoritariangovernments.
• 18d.ExplaintheaggressionandconflictleadingtoWorldWarIIinEuropeandAsia;includetheItalianinvasionofEthiopia,theSpanishCivilWar,theRapeofNanjinginChina,andtheGermanviola5onoftheTreatyofVersailles.
Fascism
• Fascismisagovernmentalsystemledbyadictatorhavingcompletepower,forciblysuppressingopposi5onandcri5cism,regimen5ngallindustry,commerce,etc.,andemphasizinganaggressivena5onalismandoTenracism.
• BeganinItalyunderMussoliniin1919&spreadtoGermanyunderHitler&JapanunderTojo
Fascism
Fascism
• InItaly,Germany,&Japan,fascistregimescameoutofdemocra5cstatesineconomiccrisis
• Democra5cgovernmentswereunabletosolvetheeconomicissues
• Eachna5onwaseitherhumiliatedbytheTreatyofVersaillesordidnotreceivelanditthoughtitshouldresul5ngfromthetreaty
FascisminItaly
• Socialunrestinthe1920’swascausedbyrisingunemployment&infla5on
• Socialist&CommunistPar5esgainedinfluencecausingfearamongthemiddle&upperclasses
• Mussolini’sfascistpartywonsupportfromthemiddle&upperclasseswhenhisBlackShirts(thugs)a^ackedCommunists&Socialistsinthestreets
• 1922:30,000fascistsmarchedonRome&forcedthekingtonameMussoliniprimeminister
FascisminItaly
• FascistswereabletocontrolParliament&gavealmostcompleteauthoritytoMussolini(whobecameknownas“IlDuce”or“theleader”)
• Hebuiltatotalitarianregimewhichcontrolledallaspectsofpublic&privatelife
Characteris7csofFascisminItaly
• Democracyabolished• Opposi5onpoli5calpar5esbanned• Opponentsjailed• Limitedspeech• Censorshipofthepress• Outlawedstrikes• Intensepropagandatomaintainobedienceofci5zens
• Improvedinfrastructure,industry,&literacy
FascisminGermany• HitlerhatedthewayGermanywastreatedbytheAlliesintheTreatyVersaillesaTerWWI&formedtheNaziPartyin1919thentriedacoup(BeerHallPutsch)totakeovergovernmentwhichfailed
• Whileinprisonhewrote“MeinKampf”aboutweaknessofdemocracy&communism,restoringGermanpride/prosperitythroughanultra-na5onalistdictatorship,buildingastrongmilitary,expandingterritory,superiorityofthe“Aryan”race
FascisminGermany
• SimilartoMussolini,Hitler’sNazi“BrownShirts”usedthreats/violencetowinpoli5calinfluence
• Also,similartoItaly,middle&upperclassci5zenssupportedtheNazisforopposingcommunism
• Again,similartoItaly,Hitlerwasnamedchancellor&wasabletogainamajorityintheReichstag(Germanlegislature)whichgavehimcompletecontrol.
• Thesamecharacteris5csoftotalitarianismappliedtoNaziGermanyasinItalyunderMussolini
FascisminJapan
• Oligarchyofmilitaryleaders(Tojowasthestrongest)ruledJapanwithsupportoftheemperor
• Civilgovernmentdidnothavecontroloverthemilitarysomilitaryleaderswereabletotakeoverthecivilgovernmentbecauseofthepooreconomyin1929
• 1931:militaryinvadedManchuriawithoutcivilgovernmentsupport&Tojobecameprimeministerin1941
FascisminJapan
• Militaris5cna5onalismlikeGermany&Italysupportedthenewregime
• Na5onalismalsosupportedbyreligiousmovementofStateShintowhichgavetheregimearacebasedpoli5calideologysimilartoGermany—JapanesethoughttheywereamasterAsianracedes5nedtoruleAsia
• RegimewaslargelysuccessfulbecauseofsuccessindealingwiththeGreatDepression
Totalitarianism
• 18c.DescribethenatureoftotalitarianismandthepolicestatethatexistedintheSovietUnion,Germany,andItalyandhowtheydifferfromauthoritariangovernments.
Totalitarianism• Totalitarianismisasystemofgovernmentthatcontrolsallaspectsofpublicandprivatelife
• TotalitarianismexistedinGermany,Italy,&theSovietUnion
• 3MainCharacteris5cs:• 1.extensivenetworkofpublic&secretpolice• 2.staterunpropagandanetworkscontrollingflowofinforma5on&builtpowerfulcultsofpersonalityaroundleaders
• 3.lawsthatalloweddictatorialrule&limitedcivilliber5es
Totalitarianvs.Authoritarian
• Whileauthoritarianregimesplaceallofthepowerintoasingledictatororgroup,thatpowerisonlypoli7cal.
• Withintotalitarianregimes,theleadershipcontrolsnearlyallaspectsofthestatefromeconomicaltopoli7caltosocialandcultural.Totalitarianregimescontrolscience,educa7on,artandprivatelivesofresidentstothedegreeofdicta7onpropermorality.Thereachofthegovernmentislimitless.