10
Parasit. Hung. 12. 1979. Fasciola hepatica (L., 1758): Studies on Protease and Protease Inhibitor Activity Éva HAJDÚ — Dr. István MATSKÁSI — Dr. Sándor JUHÁSZ Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest "Fasciola hepatica (L., 1758): Studies on protease and protease inhibitor activity" - Hajdú, É . - Matskási, I . - Juhász, S. - P a r a s i t . Hung. ^2. 21-30. 1979. ABSTRACT. Proteolytic enzyme and protease inhibitor activities were demonstrat- ed in somatic extracts and maintenance media of liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica). Against previous observations the extract and the medium reveals BAEE- and BTEE- splitting activities also at alkaline pH (8.0). The somatic extract inactivates the es- terolytic effect of bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin. In vitro maintained live flukes, too, were able to decrease the activity of bovine proteases added to the medium, even after sealing of their oral sucker with the tissue cement Histoacryl. The liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) derives its nutrients from the liver tissue and blood (HALTON, 1967). The muscular oral sucker and oesophageal suction play a decisive role in the mechanism of nutrient intake, but it has been postulated that proteolytic enzymes released by the parasite may also coUaborate in the digestion of host tissue. The involvement of parasite proteases in the nutrition process has been implied from light and electron micro- scopic observations (THORSELL and BJÖRKMAN, 1965; HALTON, 1963, 1967; HOWELL, 1973. PENNOIT de COOMAN and van GREMBERGEN (1942) were the first to detect pro- teolytic enzyme activity against a natural protein (casein) in extracts prepared from liver fluke homogenates; they designated the parasite protease tentatively as cathepsin C. In more detailed studies LOCATELLI and BERETTA (1969) established and acid pH optimum (range: 1. 8 - 3 . 0 ) of the enzyme activity on haemoglobin substrate, and inactivity of the protease at a n e u t r a l p H . An in vitro release of protease by the liver fluke was verified by THORSELL and BJÖRKMANN (1965), and later by LOCATELLI and BERETTA (1969) on the basis of gelatino- lysis. The flukes placed in a gelatine-containing maintenance medium produced a lysis of gelatin, signs of which were most conspicuous around the oral region. Flukes with a ligated oral part failed to produce gelatinolysis. Histological examinations suggested that the proteolytic enzymes arise by synthesis in the parasite gut rather than by release from digested host tissues (Thorsell and Björkman, 1965; HOWELL, 1973; Halton, 1967). The protease inhibitors produced and released by the parasite play an important role in host-parasite interaction. Certain authors (PAPPAS and READ, 1972a; JUHÁSZ, 1979) belive that such inhibitors protect the parasite itself, or its more sensitive organs, against the proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin) of the host. Evidence of the release of pro- tease inhibitors has up to now been obtained in several Nematode (Ascaris suum, Ascaridia galli, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis) and tapeworm species (Ligula intestinalis, Proteocepha- lus longicoUis) (von BRAND, 1973; KASSAI and TOTH, 1969; KENINA, 1971; JUHÁSZ, 1979; PAPPAS and READ, 1972a, b; REICHENBACH-KLINKE and REICHENBACH-KLINKE, 1970; MATSKÁSI and JUHÁSZ, 1977). Only a single attempt has been reported at the detection of protease inhibitors in 2 I

Fasciola hepatica (L. 1758), : Studies on Protease and ...publication.nhmus.hu/pdf/parhung/Parasit_Hung_1979_Vol_12_21.pdf · dium, 0. m 1l trypsin or chymotrypsin solution o 0.f

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Page 1: Fasciola hepatica (L. 1758), : Studies on Protease and ...publication.nhmus.hu/pdf/parhung/Parasit_Hung_1979_Vol_12_21.pdf · dium, 0. m 1l trypsin or chymotrypsin solution o 0.f

Parasit. Hung. 12. 1979.

Fasciola hepatica (L., 1758): Studies on Protease and Protease Inhibitor Activity

Éva HAJDÚ — Dr. István MATSKÁSI — Dr. Sándor JUHÁSZ Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest

" F a s c i o l a h e p a t i c a ( L . , 1 7 5 8 ) : S t u d i e s on p r o t e a s e a n d p r o t e a s e i n h i b i t o r a c t i v i t y " -H a j d ú , É . - M a t s k á s i , I . - J u h á s z , S. - P a r a s i t . H u n g . ^ 2 . 2 1 - 3 0 . 1 9 7 9 .

A B S T R A C T . P r o t e o l y t i c e n z y m e a n d p r o t e a s e i n h i b i t o r a c t i v i t i e s w e r e d e m o n s t r a t ­e d i n s o m a t i c e x t r a c t s and m a i n t e n a n c e m e d i a o f l i v e r f l u k e s ( F a s c i o l a h e p a t i c a ) . A g a i n s t p r e v i o u s o b s e r v a t i o n s the e x t r a c t a n d t he m e d i u m r e v e a l s B A E E - a n d B T E E -s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t i e s a l s o a t a l k a l i n e p H ( 8 . 0 ) . T h e s o m a t i c e x t r a c t i n a c t i v a t e s the es -t e r o l y t i c e f f e c t o f b o v i n e t r y p s i n a n d c h y m o t r y p s i n . In v i t r o m a i n t a i n e d l i v e f l u k e s , t o o , w e r e a b l e t o d e c r e a s e the a c t i v i t y o f b o v i n e p r o t e a s e s a d d e d t o the m e d i u m , e v e n a f t e r s e a l i n g o f t h e i r o r a l s u c k e r w i t h the t i s s u e c e m e n t H i s t o a c r y l .

T h e l i v e r f l u k e ( F a s c i o l a h e p a t i c a ) d e r i v e s i t s n u t r i e n t s f r o m the l i v e r t i s s u e and b l o o d ( H A L T O N , 1967) . T h e m u s c u l a r o r a l s u c k e r a n d o e s o p h a g e a l s u c t i o n p l a y a d e c i s i v e r o l e i n t he m e c h a n i s m o f n u t r i e n t i n t a k e , bu t i t h a s been p o s t u l a t e d t h a t p r o t e o l y t i c e n z y m e s r e l e a s e d by the p a r a s i t e m a y a l s o c o U a b o r a t e i n the d i g e s t i o n o f h o s t t i s s u e . T h e i n v o l v e m e n t o f p a r a s i t e p r o t e a s e s i n t h e n u t r i t i o n p r o c e s s has b e e n i m p l i e d f r o m l i g h t and e l e c t r o n m i c r o ­s c o p i c o b s e r v a t i o n s ( T H O R S E L L and B J Ö R K M A N , 1 9 6 5 ; H A L T O N , 1963, 1967 ; H O W E L L , 1973 .

P E N N O I T de C O O M A N and v a n G R E M B E R G E N (1942) w e r e the f i r s t t o d e t e c t p r o ­t e o l y t i c e n z y m e a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t a n a t u r a l p r o t e i n ( c a s e i n ) i n e x t r a c t s p r e p a r e d f r o m l i v e r f l u k e h o m o g e n a t e s ; they d e s i g n a t e d the p a r a s i t e p r o t e a s e t e n t a t i v e l y as c a t h e p s i n C . I n m o r e d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s L O C A T E L L I and B E R E T T A (1969) e s t a b l i s h e d a n d a c i d p H o p t i m u m ( r a n g e : 1 . 8 - 3 . 0 ) o f the e n z y m e a c t i v i t y on h a e m o g l o b i n s u b s t r a t e , and i n a c t i v i t y o f the p r o t e a s e a t a n e u t r a l p H .

A n i n v i t r o r e l e a s e o f p r o t e a s e by the l i v e r f l u k e was v e r i f i e d by T H O R S E L L and B J Ö R K M A N N (1965), and l a t e r by L O C A T E L L I a n d B E R E T T A (1969) o n the b a s i s o f g e l a t i n o -l y s i s .

T h e f l u k e s p l a c e d i n a g e l a t i n e - c o n t a i n i n g m a i n t e n a n c e m e d i u m p r o d u c e d a l y s i s o f g e l a t i n , s i g n s o f w h i c h w e r e m o s t c o n s p i c u o u s a r o u n d t h e o r a l r e g i o n . F l u k e s w i t h a l i g a t e d o r a l p a r t f a i l e d to p r o d u c e g e l a t i n o l y s i s .

H i s t o l o g i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n s s u g g e s t e d t h a t the p r o t e o l y t i c e n z y m e s a r i s e by s y n t h e s i s i n t he p a r a s i t e gu t r a t h e r t h a n by r e l e a s e f r o m d i g e s t e d h o s t t i s s u e s ( T h o r s e l l a n d B j ö r k m a n , 1965 ; H O W E L L , 1973 ; H a l t o n , 1967 ) .

T h e p r o t e a s e i n h i b i t o r s p r o d u c e d and r e l e a s e d by the p a r a s i t e p l a y an i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n h o s t - p a r a s i t e i n t e r a c t i o n . C e r t a i n a u t h o r s ( P A P P A S and R E A D , 1972a ; J U H Á S Z , 1979) b e l i v e t h a t s u c h i n h i b i t o r s p r o t e c t the p a r a s i t e i t s e l f , o r i t s m o r e s e n s i t i v e o r g a n s , a g a i n s t the p r o t e o l y t i c e n z y m e s ( t r y p s i n , c h y m o t r y p s i n ) o f the h o s t . E v i d e n c e o f the r e l e a s e o f p r o ­t ea se i n h i b i t o r s has up t o n o w been o b t a i n e d i n s e v e r a l N e m a t o d e ( A s c a r i s s u u m , A s c a r i d i a g a l l i , N i p p o s t r o n g y l u s b r a s i l i e n s i s ) a n d t a p e w o r m s p e c i e s ( L i g u l a i n t e s t i n a l i s , P r o t e o c e p h a - l u s l o n g i c o U i s ) (von B R A N D , 1973; K A S S A I a n d T O T H , 1969 ; K E N I N A , 1 9 7 1 ; J U H Á S Z , 1979 ; P A P P A S a n d R E A D , 1972a , b ; R E I C H E N B A C H - K L I N K E and R E I C H E N B A C H - K L I N K E , 1970; M A T S K Á S I a n d J U H Á S Z , 1 9 7 7 ) .

O n l y a s i n g l e a t t e m p t has been r e p o r t e d a t the d e t e c t i o n o f p r o t e a s e i n h i b i t o r s i n

2 I

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f l u k e e x t r a c t s ( F a s c i o l a h e p a t i c a a n d F . g i g a n t i c a ) , bu t t h i s f a i l e d a l t o g e t h e r ( K L I M E N K O and K E N I N A , 1971) .

S t u d i e s on the p r o t e o l y t i c e n z y m e s o f the l i v e r f l u k e , w i t h s p e c i a l r e g a r d t o n e u t r a l p r o t e a s e s , a n d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o i t s s u p p o s e d p r o t e a s e i n h i b i t o r a c t i v i t é s a r e r e p o r t e d i n t h i s p a p e r .

Material and Methods

A d u l t s p e c i m e n s o f l i v e r f l u k e w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m n a t u r a l l y i n f e c t e d c a t t l e i n the B u d a p e s t a b a t t o i r . T h e p a r a s i t e s w e r e w a s h e d i n t h r e e c h a n g e s o f s t e r i l e p h y s i o l o g i c a l s a l i n e , and w e r e p r o c e s s e d f u r t h e r a s f o l l o w s :

T a b l e 1

B A E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y , m e a s u r e d i n 0 . 2 M N a - p h o s p h a t e a n d N A - p h o s p h a t e - H C l b u f f e r

p H 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

B A E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y U / g 0 0 . 2 0 . 42 0 . 0 5 0 0 0 . 25 0 . 0 5

I . P r e p a r a t i o n o f l i v e r f l u k e e x t r a c t s

T h e w a s h e d p a r a s i t e s w e r e h o m o g e n i z e d i n f i v e f o l d v o l u m e o f d i s t i l l e d w a t e r r e l a t e d to t h e i r w e i g h t . T h e h o m o g e n a t e w a s c e n t r i f u g e d a t 19 000 g f o r 60 m i n . a t + 5 ° C . T h e s u p e r ­na t an t w a s c o l l e c t e d f o r e n z y m e a s s a y s .

T a b l e 2

B T E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y , m e a s u r e d i n 0 . 6 M c i t r i c - a c i d - N a O H b u f f e r

p H 1. 5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

B T E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y U / g 0 0 11.15 19.9 2 .7 1.52 1 . 0 1. 2 0 . 45

I I . I n c u b a t i o n i n m a i n t e n a n c e m e d i u m

G r o u p 1 S i n g l e w a s h e d p a r a s i t e s w e r e i n c u b a t e d e i t h e r i n 1 m l s t e r i l e T y r o d e s o l u t i o n ( p H

7. 5 ) , c o n t a i n i n g 0 . 3 M T R I S - H C 1 b u f f e r , f o r 4 h o u r s a t 3 7 ° C , o r i n T C 135 ( D i f c o ) m e d i u m , c o n t a i n i n g 2000 I U / m l p e n i c i l l i n , 1 j u g / m l S t r e p t o m y c i n a n d 100 j u g / m l N y s t a t i n , f o r 24 h o u r s .

G r o u p 2 W a s h e d f l u k e s w e r e i n c u b a t e d i n T y r o d e m e d i u m as a b o v e , e x c e p t t h a t t h e i r o r a l

s u c k e r w a s c l o s e d w i t h H i s t o a c r y l ( B r a u n , G F R ) t i s s u e c e m e n t . S e a l i n g w a s p e r f o r m e d u n d e r a S M X X b i n o c u l a r s t e r e o m i c r o s c o p e , and w a s r e c h e c k e d f o r t i g h t n e s s a t the c o n c l u s i o n o f the e x p e r i m e n t .

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G r o u p 3 B o v i n e t r y p s i n ( B D H ) o r b o v i n e c h y m o t r y p s i n ( R E A N A L ) o f k n o w n a c t i v i t y w a s a d d e d

to f l u k e s i n c u b a t e d i n T C 135 m e d i u m . M e d i u m s a m p l e s s i m i l a r l y i n c u b a t e d , and c o n t a i n i n g the s a m e l e v e l o f e n z y m e , b u t no f l u k e , w e r e u s e d as c o n t r o l . A l l m e d i a w e r e a s s a y e d f o r p r o t e a s e a c t i v i t y a f t e r 24 h o u r s i n c u b a t i o n .

T a b l e 3

B T E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y i n 0 . 2 M N a - p h o s p h a t e a n d N a - p h o s p h a t e - H C l b u f f e r

p H 3. 5 4 5 6 7 8 9

B T E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y U / g 13 25 2 . 4 0. 5 0. 8 1. 0 0. 6

G r o u p 4 F l u k e s w e r e i n c u b a t e d i n T y r o d e m e d i u m , c o n t a i n i n g 0 . 3 M T R I S - H C 1 b u f f e r a n d

b o v i n e p r o t e a s e s o f k n o w n a c t i v i t y , on the f o l l o w i n g s c h e d u l e s :

a. 1 m l T y r o d e + 0 . 1 m l , 0. 1% t r y p s i n + f l u k e b . s a m e as i n " a " , w i t h o r a l s u c k e r o f f l u k e c l o s e d c. 1 m l T y r o d e + 0 . 1 m l , 0 . 1% c h y m o t r y p s i n + f l u k e d . 1 m l T y r o d e + 0 . 1 m l , 0 . 1% c h y m o t r y p s i n ( c o n t r o l ) e. s a m e as i n " d " , w i t h o r a l s u c k e r o f f l u k e c l o s e d f . 1 m l T y r o d e + 0 . 1 m l , 0 . 1% c h y m o t r y p s i n ( c o n t r o l ) .

T a b l e 4

H a e m o g l o b i n d e g r a d i n g a c t i v i t y o f the l i v e r f l u k e s o m a t i c e x t r a c t ( P e p s i n a n d c a t h e p s i n - l i k e e n z y m e d e t e r m i n a t i o n )

B u f f e r

0 . 3 N H C l (pH 1 .5)

0 . 0 4 M N á ­c i t r ä t e

(pH 2. 8) §

1 . 3 5 M C H 3 C O O H -

0 . 0 2 M ( N H 4 ) 2 S 0 4

( p H 3. 5) §

0 . 4 M c i t r i c a c i d - 0 . 8 M

N a O H (pH 5 .0) §

A E 2 8 0 0 . 28 0 . 52 0. 42 0. 50

+ 0 . 0 7 M c y s t e i n - H C l

A E 2 8 0 0 . 9 4 0 . 96 0 . 9 7

+ M Y C E K (1970) . § R Y L E (1970) .

I n c u b a t i o n l a s t e d 4 h o u r s a t 3 7 ° C i n a l l e x p e r i m e n t a l a n d c o n t r o l s e r i e s . P r o t e a s e a c t i v i t y w a s d e t e r m i n e d on B A E E ( N - o t - b e n z o y l - L - a r g i n i n e - e t h y l e s t e r )

( S C H W E R T a n d T A K E N A K A , 1955) o r B T E E ( N - b e n z o y l - L - t y r o s i n e - e t h y l e s t e r ) s u b s t r a t e ( H U M M E L , 1959 ) , u s i n g a U n i c a m SP 1800 U l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t e r , w i t h t h e r m o s t a t e d c u v e t t e s and an A R - 2 5 L i n e a r R e c o r d e r . A l l a s s a y s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t a t 3 0 ° C , a f t e r 5 - m i n

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p r e i n c u b a t i o n , i n a f i n a l v o l u m e o f 3 m l . One u n i t o f p r o t e a s e a c t i v i t y has been d e f i n e d as t he a m o u n t o f e n z y m e c a u s i n g on i n c r e a s e o f a b s o r b a n c e a t 253 and 256 n m o f 1.000 p e r m i n ­u t e u p o n h y d r o l y s i s o f B A E E o r B T E E as s u b s t r a t e , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

I n h i b i t o r a c t i v i t y w a s a s s e s s e d by m e a s u r i n g the r e s i d u a l e n z y m e a c t i v i t y o f t r y p s i n a n d o f c h y m o t r y p s i n i n an a s s a y m e d i u m o f k n o w n e n z y m e a c t i v i t y a f t e r a d d i t i o n o f t e s t m a ­t e r i a l . T h e i n h i b i t o r u n i t w a s d e f i n e d a m o u n t o f i n h i b i t o r r e q u i r e d to d e p r e s s the a c t i v i t y o f t r y p s i n o r c h y m o t r y p s i n so as t o c a u s e a r e d u c t i o n o f B A E E a n d B T E E h y d r o l y s i s by 1 .000 O . D . p e r m i n u t e .

T a b l e 5

E f f e c t o f p r o t e a s e i n h i b i t o r s on t he B T E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y o f the l i v e r f l u k e e x t r a c t s (0 . 15M T r i s - H C l b u f f e r , c o n t a i n i n g 8. 3 m M C a C l • p H 7 . 8 )

I n h i b i t o r s B T E E - s p l i t t i

e x t r a c t rig a c t i v i t y U / g

e x t r a c t + i n h i b i t o r I n h i b i t i o n %

s o y b e a n t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r 0 . 0 0 1 % 3. 25 1. 85 43

p h e n y l m e t h y l s u l p h o n y l -f l u o r i d e I m M 8. 00 2 . 50 68

t o s y l p h e n y l -a l a n i l - c h l o r o -m e t h a n e I m M 8. 00 1. 50 8 1

A c i d p r o t e a s e a c t i v i t y w a s a l s o d e t e r m i n e d on 2. 5% h a e m o g l o b i n s u b s t r a t e . T h e p r o ­t e o l y t i c u n i t w a s e x p r e s s e d as the i n c r e a s e o f o p t i c a l d e n s i t y o v e r the s u b s t r a t e - f r e e c o n t r o l a t 280 n m ( A E 2 8 0 ) ( M Y C E K , 1 9 7 0 ) .

T h e v a r i a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t w a s a s s e s s e d as 20% f o r 20 r o u t i n e m e a s u r e m e n t s i n e a c h t e s t s y s t e m .

I n the i n h i b i t o r - a c t i v i t y a s s a y s , the t e s t s y s t e m , o f 3 m l f i n a l v o l u m e , c o n t a i n e d 2. 3 m l 0. 15 M T R I S - H C 1 b u f f e r ( p H : 7. 8 ) , c o n t a i n i n g 8. 3 m M C a C l 2 , 0 . 1 m l i n c u b a t i o n m e ­d i u m , 0. 1 m l t r y p s i n o r c h y m o t r y p s i n s o l u t i o n o f k n o w n a c t i v i t y , a n d 0 . 5 m l s u b s t r a t e . T h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t r y p s i n and c h y m o t r y p s i n w e r e m e a s u r e d a f t e r 5 - m i n and 1 5 - m i n p r e i n c u b a t i o n o f e n z y m e p l u s s a m p l e , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Koultg

I . P r o t e a s e a c t i v i t y o f f l u k e e x t r a c t s

a) B A E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y

T h e B A E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y o f e x t r a c t s w a s 0 . 138 U / g i n 0 . 15 M T R I S - H C 1 b u f f e r ( p H 7 . 8 ) , c o n t a i n i n g 8 .3 m M C a C ^ . T h e pH o p t i m a f o r B A E E - h y d r o l y z i n g e n z y m e a c t i v i t y a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 1.

b) B T E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y

T h i s p r o v e d to be 1. 53 U / g u n d e r the a b o v e c o n d i t i o n s . T a b l e s 2 a n d 3 show the p H -o p t i m u m of B T E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y i n d i f f e r e n t b u f f e r s y s t e m s .

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c ) H a e m o g l o b i n s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y

T h e p r o t e o l y t i c a c t i v i t y o f l i v e r f l u k e e x t r a c t s w a s a l s o e x a m i n e d o n 2 . 5% h a e m o ­g l o b i n s u b s t r a t e , i n d i f f e r e n t b u f f e r s y s t e m s g e n e r a l l y e m p l o y e d f o r the a s s a y o f c a t h e p s i n -l i k e and p e p s i n - l i k e p r o t e a s e s , i n a c i d m e d i u m , a t p H o p t i m a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o i c e r t a i n c a t h -e p s i n e s ( M Y C E K , 1970 ; R Y L E , 1 9 7 0 ) . A l l m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e a d d i t i o n a U y c a r r i e d ou t i n a c y s t e i n - a c t i v a t e d s y s t e m . T h e r e s u l t s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 .

T a b l e 6

E f f e c t o f i n h i b i t o r s on the B A E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y o f the l i v e r f l u k e e x t r a c t s ( 0 . 1 5 M T r i s - H C l b u f f e r , c o n t a i n i n g 8. 3 m M C a C l 2 ; p H 7 . 8 )

I n h i b i t o r s B A E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y U / g I n h i b i t i o n % I n h i b i t o r s e x t r a c t e x t r a c t + i n h i b i t o r

I n h i b i t i o n %

s o y b e a n t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r 0 . 0 0 1 % 0 . 150 0 . 0 0 100

p h e n y l m e t h y l -s u l p h o n y l -f l u o r i d e 1 m M 0 . 150 0 . 062 58

t o s y l - L - l y s i l -c h l o r o m e t h a n e 1 m M 0. 150 0 . 0 0 100

T a b l e 7

A c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n the p r o t e a s e a c t i v i t i e s m e a s u r e d i n m e d i a o f f l u k e s w i t h open and c l o s e d o r a l s u c k e r s ( S t u d e n t ' s " t " - t e s t )

B A E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y ( U / m l )

X S n P%

o r a l s u c k e r o p e n 0 . 278 * 0 . 2 5 8 7

< 5 o r a l s u c k e r c l o s e d 0 . 050 Í 0 . 050 7

< 5

B T E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y ( U / m l ) X S n P%

o r a l s u c k e r open 1 . 0 7 1 t 0 . 3 9 6 7

< 5 o r a l s u c k e r c l o s e d 0 . 50 7 + 0 . 1 1 7 7

< 5

2 5

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T a b l e 8

E f f e c t o f c u l t u r e m e d i a i n c u b a t e d w i t h f l u k e s o n t he b o v i n e t r y p s i n and c h y m o t r y p s i n a c t i v i t y

B A E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y m U / m l

i n h i b i t i o n i n p e r c e n t

75

b o v i n e t r y p s i n b o v i n e t r y p s i n ( c o n t r o l ) + s a m p l e

s a m p l e o w n a c t i v i t y

i n h i b i t i o n i n p e r c e n t

75 110 61 34

i n h i b i t i o n i n p e r c e n t

75

B T E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y m U / m l

- i n h i b i t i o n i n p e r c e n t

45

b o v i n e c h y m o t r y p s i n b o v i n e t r y p s i n ( c o n t r o l ) + s a m p l e

s a m p l e o w n a c t i v i t y

i n h i b i t i o n i n p e r c e n t

45 110 116 56

i n h i b i t i o n i n p e r c e n t

45

T h e v a l u e s o f the p r o t e o l y t i c a c t i v i t y r e l e a s e d i n the m a i n t e n a n c e m e d i u m by the f l u k e s a n d d e t e r m i n e d i n e a r l i e r e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e s u b t r a c t e d f r o m the t o t a l a c t i v i t y o f the b o v i n e e n z y m c o n t a i n i n g p r e i n c u b a t e d m e d i u m .

T a b l e 9

E f f e c t o f i n t a c t f l u k e s on the p r o t e a s e a c t i v i t y o f t he b o v i n e e n z y m e c o n t a i n i n g c u l t u r e m e d i a

B A E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y m U / m l

i n h i b i t i o n i n p e r cen t

m e d i u m m

s e c r e t e d by the w o r m s

w i t h o u t w o r m s i n c u b a t e d ( c o n t r o l ) w i t h w o r m s

132 50 34 88

B T E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y i n h i b i t i o n i n p e r c e n t

m e d i u m s e c r e t e d by the w o r m s *

w i t h o u t w o r m s i n c u b a t e d ( c o n t r o l ) w i t h w o r m s

32 4 1 56 t o t a l i n h i b i t i o n

T h e v a l u e s o f t he p r o t e o l y t i c a c t i v i t y r e l e a s e d by the f l u k e s a n d d e t e r m i n e d i n o t h e r e x p e r i ­m e n t s w e r e s u b t r a c t e d f r o m the t o t a l p r o t e a s e a c t i v i t y o f the b o v i n e e n z y m e c o n t a i n i n g i n ­c u b a t i o n m e d i a .

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d) E f f e c t o f p r o t e a s e i n h i b i t o r s on the p r o t e o l y t i c a c t i v i t y o f l i v e r f l u k e e x t r a c t s T h i s w a s e x a m i n e d t o o b t a i n m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t he n a t u r e o f t he l i v e r f l u k e ' s o w n

p r o t e a s e s ( T a b l e s 5 a n d 6 ) .

I I . P r o t e a s e a c t i v i t y o f t h e m a i n t e n a n c e m e d i u m

I n the f i r s t e x p e r i m e n t a l s e r i e s the f l u k e s w e r e i n c u b a t e d i n T y r o d e s o l u t i o n f o r 4 h r s a t 3 7 ° C . A f t e r r e m o v a l o f the f l u k e s the B A E E a n d B T E E s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t i e s o f the m e ­d i u m w e r e a s s e s s e d as 0 . 2 7 8 a n d 1 . 0 7 1 U / m l , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

T a b l e 10

P r o t e a s e a c t i v i t y i n b o v i n e e n z y m e c o n t a i n i n g c u l t u r e m e d i a o f f l u k e s w i t h c l o s e d a n d o p e n o r a l s u c k e r a f t e r 4 h o u r s i n c u b a t i o n a t 3 7 ° C

B A E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y U / m l

x S n

B T E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y U / m l

x S n

w i t h o u t w o r m s ( c o n t r o l ) 0.750* +0.224 7 2.970** t o . 298 7

o r a l s u c k e r c l o s e d 0. 535 +0.089 7 2.228 +0.335 7

o r a l s u c k e r open 0.471 +0.138 7 2.042 + 0.356 7

T h e a c t i v i t y o f b o v i n e t r y p s i n . T h e a c t i v i t y o f b o v i n e c h y m o t r y p s i n ^

I n the s e c o n d e x p e r i m e n t the f l u k e s w e r e i n c u b a t e d u n d e r the s a m e c o n d i t i o n s as a-b o v e , e x c e p t t h a t t h e i r o r a l s u c k e r w a s s e a l e d w i t h H i s t o a c r y l t i s s u e c e m e n t . A t the end o f i n c u b a t i o n the m a i n t e n a n c e m e d i u m s h o w e d B A E E a n d B T E E s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t i e s o f 0.0 50 a n d 0 . 507 U / m l , r e s p e c t i v e l y . B o t h e n z y m e a c t i v i t i e s d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t w e e n the t w o g r o u p s ( T a b l e 7 ) .

I I I . R e s u l t s o f f l u k e - i n h i b i t o r s t u d i e s

a) I n h i b i t o r s r e l e a s e d i n t o the m a i n t e n a n c e m e d i u m

S a m p l e s o f T C 135 i n c u b a t i o n m e d i u m w e r e e x a m i n e d f o r i n f l u e n c e on b o v i n e p a n ­c r e a t i c t r y p s i n and c h y m o t r y p s i n . T h e r e s u l t s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 8. T h e s a m p l e s o f m e d i u m d e p r e s s the t r y p s i n a n d c h y m o t r y p s i n a c t i v i t y .

b) I n a c t i v a t i o n o f h o s t p r o t e a s e s i n m a i n t e n a n c e m e d i u m

T h e t e s t s y s t e m e m p l o y e d i n t h i s s e r i e s c o n t a i n e d 2.4 m l 0. 15 M , C a - c o n t a i n i n g T R I S - H C 1 b u f f e r (pH 7 . 8 ) , 0 . 1 m l i n c u b a t i o n m e d i u m , 0 , 5 m l s u b s t r a t e . T h e r e s u l t s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 9.

I t was e s t a b l i s h e d e a r l i e r t h a t t he f l u k e s d i d t h e m s e l v e s r e l e a s e p r o t e a s e s i n t o t he m a i n t e n a n c e m e d i u m . A s the a p p l i e d m e t h o d s d i d n o t m a k e p o s s i b l e t he d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i n the

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s a m e s a m p l e o f the f l u k e - p r o t e a s e f r o m a d d e d b o v i n e p r o t e a s e a c t i v i t y , the l a t t e r w a s de­t e r m i n e d by s u b t r a c t i o n o f t he f l u k e e n z y m e a c t i v i t y m e a s u r e d i n e n z y m e - f r e e s y s t e m f r o m t h e t o t a l ( b o v i n e p r o t e a s e + p r o t e a s e s r e l e a s e d by the w o r m ) a c t i v i t y . T h e d i f f e r e n c e o f the r e s i d u a l a c t i v i t y so e s t a b l i s h e d f r o m the c o n t r o l w a s r e g a r d e d as the m e a s u r e o f i n a c t i v a t i o n by the p a r a s i t e - r e l e a s e d p r o t e a s e i n h i b i t o r s .

c ) L o c a t i o n o f the s i t e s o f i n h i b i t o r r e l e a s e

T h e f o r e g o i n g e x p e r i m e n t a l o b s e r v a t i o n s h a v e u n e q u i v o c a l l y i n d i c a t e d t h a t t he l i v e r f l u k e s a r e a b l e t o i n a c t i v a t e h o s t t r y p s i n o r c h y m o t r y p s i n . P e r s i s t e n c e o f the i n a c t i v a t i n g ef­f e c t i n the m a i n t e n a n c e m e d i u m a f t e r r e m o v a l o f the f l u k e s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t he p a r a s i t e s s y n ­t h e s i z e p r o t e a s e i n h i b i t o r s , a n d r e l e a s e t h e s e i n t o t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t . N o i n f o r m a t i o n w a s , h o w e v e r , e m e r g i n g f r o m t h e s e s t u d i e s o n the s i t e ( s ) o f i n h i b i t o r r e l e a s e . I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n f l u k e s w i t h s e a l e d o r a l s u c k e r ( g r o u p 4) w e r e e x p o s e d t o h o s t e n z y m e s o f k n o w n a c t i v i t y ( T a b l e 10) i n m a i n t e n a n c e m e d i u m as p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d .

T h e i n c u b a t i o n m e d i a o f the p a r a s i t e s s h o w e d l o w e r B A E E - and B T E E - s p l i t t i n g ac ­t i v i t y t h a n the p a r a s i t e - f r e e c o n t r o l s y s t e m s , b u t b o t h s u b s t r a t e - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t i e s w e r e h i g h e r i n the m e d i a of f l u k e s w i t h c l o s e d o r a l s u c k e r t h a n o f n o t s e a l e d f l u k e s , i n d i c a t i n g a l o w e r i n h i b i t i o n by t he f o r m e r . T h e d a t a o f t he s u p p o s e d i n h i b i t i o n a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 1 1 .

T h e s e a l i n g o f the o r a l p a r t d i d n o t a c c o u n t f o r a n o t a b l e d e p r e s s i o n o f i n a c t i v a t i o n .

T a b l e 11

P r o t e a s e i n a c t i v a t i o n i n t he m a i n t e n a n c e m e d i u m of f l u k e s w i t h open a n d c l o s e d o r a l s u c k e r

A c t i v i t y o f b o v i n e + r e l e a s e d f l u k e e n z y m

(see the T a b l e 7) U / m l

I n h i b i t i o n ( U / m l )

o r a l s u c k e r o r a l s u c k e r

o p e n c l o s e d open c l o s e d

B A E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y 1 .028 0 . 8 0 0 0 . 5 5 7 0 . 2 6 5

B T E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y 4 . 0 4 1 3 . 4 7 7 1.999 1 .649

Discussion

E a r l i e r s t u d i e s o n l i v e r f l u k e s w e r e c e n t e r e d o n the d e t e c t i o n o f a c i d - c a t h e p s i n -l i k e - p r o t e a s e p r o d u c t i o n by the p a r a s i t e . W e s u c c e e d e d i n d e m o n s t r a t i n g p r o t e o l y t i c a c t i v ­i t y i n f l u k e e x t r a c t s a n d m a i n t e n a n c e m e d i a a l s o a t s l i g h t l y a l k a l i n e p H s . O n the b a s i s o f t h e i r s u b s t r a t e s p e c i f i c i t y t he p a r a s i t e e n z y m e ( s ) a p p e a r e d t o be t r y p s i n - a n d c h y m o t r y p s i n -l i k e i n n a t u r e . E x p e r i m e n t s w i t h p r o t e a s e i n h i b i t o r s a l s o i n d i c a t e d the p r e s e n c e o f t w o - t r y p -t i c a n d c h y m o t r y p t i c - t y p e s o f p r o t e a s e a c t i v i t y .

L i v e r f l u k e e x t r a c t s d i s p l a y e d a m e a s u r a b l e B A E E - a n d B T E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y a l s o a t l o w p H s . T h e B T E E - s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y s h o w e d t w o p e a k s i n N a - p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r , an o p t i m a l one a t p H 4 . 0 , a n d a c o n s i d e r a b l y l o w e r p e a k a t p H 8 .0 . B A E E - s p l i t t i n g a l s o s h o w e d t w o m a x ­i m a a t p H s 4 a n d 8, r e s p e c t i v e l y , i n t h e s a m e b u f f e r s y s t e m . T h i s has s u g g e s t e d t h a t the s o m a t i c e x t r a c t o f l i v e r f l u k e s p r o b a b l y c o n t a i n s s e v e r a l B A E E - o r B T E E - s p l i t t i n g e n z y m e s .

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M e a s u r e m e n t s on a n a t u r a l s u b s t r a t e ( h a e m o g l o b i n ) a t an a c i d p H , u n d e r a c t i v a t i o n w i t h c y s t e i n e , h a v e s u b s t a n t i a t e d t h e e a r l i e r i m p l i c a t i o n t h a t the l i v e r f l u k e a l s o p o s s e s s e s p r o t e a s e s f u n c t i o n i n g i n a c i d c o n d i t i o n s (pH 1 .5 , 2 . 8 , 3 . 5 , 5 . 0 ) . T h i s a c c o r d s w e l l w i t h t h e p e r t i n e n t f i n d i n g s o f P E N N O I T de C O O M A N a n d v a n G R E M B E R G E N ( 1 9 4 2 ) , H A L T O N (1967) a n d L O C A T E L L I a n d B E R E T T A ( 1 9 6 9 ) . T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t a d d i t i o n o f c y s -t e i n e - H C l a c c o u n t e d f o r an a b o u t t w o f o l d a c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e o f the p r o t e a s e s at p H s 2 . 8 , 3. 5 a n d 5 . 0 s u p p o r t e d t h e i r c a t h e p s i n - l i k e n a t u r e .

O u r e x p e r i m e n t s on f l u k e s w i t h s e a l e d o r a l s u c k e r have s u b s t a n t i a t e d the o b s e r v a ­t i o n o f o t h e r s ( T H O R S E L L a n d B J Ö R K M A N , 1965 ; L O C A T E L L I a n d B E R E T T A , 19 69) t h a t the f l u k e s r e l e a s e the d i g e s t i v e e n z y m e s t h r o u g h t h e i r o r a l o p e n i n g . E x t r a - c o r p o r e a l d i g e s ­t i o n s e e m s t o p l a y a s u b s t a n t i a l r o l e i n the n u t r i t i o n o f t he l i v e r f l u k e . T h e r e l e a s e d p r o ­t e a s e s a c c o u n t f o r l y s i s o f the s u r r o u n d i n g h o s t t i s s u e a n d f o r p a r t i a l d i g e s t i o n o f the b l o o d b e f o r e i t s c o m p l e t e b r e a k d o w n i n t h e d i g e s t i v e t r a c t .

T h e p r o d u c t i o n o f p r o t e a s e i n h i b i t o r s by p a r a s i t e s has l o n g b e e n k n o w n (von B R A N D , 1 9 7 3 ) . I t has been e x t e n s i v e l y s t u d i e d i n N e m a t o d e s , a n d r e c e n t l y i t h a s been d e m o n s t r a t e d a l s o i n C e s t o d e s ( M A T S K Á S I a n d J U H Á S Z , 1977) . T h e p r e s e n t e x p e r i m e n t s have s u b s t a n ­t i a t e d the p r e s e n c e o f p r o t e a s e i n h i b i t o r s i n the l i v e r f l u k e .

T h e i r b i o l o g i c a l r o l e w a s m u c h d i s p u t e d , (von B R A N D , 1973) r e c e n t l y the o r i g i n a l e x p l a n a t i o n t h a t t hey p r o t e c t t h e p a r a s i t e f r o m the d i g e s t i v e e n z y m e s o f the h o s t has g a i n e d g r o u n d a g a i n ( P A P P A S and R E A D , 1 9 7 2 , b ; J U H Á S Z , 19 7 9 ) . F l u k e s i n c u b a t e d i n m a i n t e n a n c e m e d i u m i n a c t i v a t e d a d d e d b o v i n e t r y p s i n and c h y m o t r y p s i n .

T h e i n c u b a t i o n m e d i u m d i d i n i t s e l f d e p r e s s t he a c t i v i t y o f h o s t p r o t e a s e s a f t e r r e ­m o v a l o f the f l u k e s . S e a l i n g o f t h e o r a l p a r t p r e v e n t e d i n t a k e o f m a i n t e n a n c e m e d i u m , a n d s t r o n g l y d e p r e s s the o r a l r e l e a s e o f e n z y m e s as w e l l . T h e f l u k e s w i t h c l o s e d o r a l s u c k e r

n e v e r t h e l e s s i n a c t i v a t e d the a d d e d h o s t p r o t e a s e s o f s i m i l a r d e g r e e to n o n - s e a l e d ones . H e a t -i n a c t i v a t e d ( 8 0 ° C f o r 15 m i n ) p a r a s i t e s a n d i n c u b a t i o n m e d i a a l s o w e r e ab l e to d e p r e s s b o v i n e p r o t e a s e a c t i v i t y . T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l o b s e r v a t i o n s s u p p o r t the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t i n a c t i v a t i o n o f h o s t p r o t e a s e s by the l i v e r f l u k e i s due p r i m a r i l y t o p r o t e a s e i n h i b i t o r s p r o d u c e d and r e l e a s ­e d by the p a r a s i t e . I t a p p e a r s t h a t t he o r a l o p e n i n g o f the l i v e r f l u k e p l a y s no n o t a b l e r o l e i n i n h i b i t o r r e l e a s e .

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