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F O U N D AT I O N F O R A R A B L E R E S E A R C H
spring sownwheat and barley
2009/2010
PO Box 80Lincoln, CanterburyNew Zealand
Tel: 03 325 6353Fax: 03 325 6354Email: [email protected] F
AR
CU
LTIV
AR
EV
AL
UA
TIO
N
page
1contents
introduction & welcome 3
WINTER/SPRING SOWN WHEAT
2009/2010 trial site location map 4
2009/2010 trial site details 4
agronomic comment 6
cultivar evaluation - 2009/2010 season:
– yields (t/ha) 7
– grain quality data – by region 8
cultivar evaluation – 4 year adjusted mean - relative yield by site 9
cultivar descriptions 10
WINTER/SPRING SOWN BARLEY
2009/2010 trial site location map 15
2009/2010 trial site details 15
agronomic comment 17
cultivar evaluation - 2009/2010 season:
– yields (t/ha) 18
– grain quality data – by region 19
cultivar evaluation – 4 year adjusted mean - relative yield by site 21
cultivar descriptions 22
sowing date guidelines 32
sowing rate calculation 33
seed quality and seed treatments 35
glossary of terms 37
paddock sowing record 38
acknowledgements 39
page
page
2 notes
page
3
The FAR cultivar evaluation booklet continues to highlight the performance of new cultivars entering the industry. There are three new feed cultivars in the spring barley trials this year Flora, Jolika and Sweeny. There are another three cultivars Bumpa, Snakebite and CRBA125 now in their second season of trialling. All of these cultivars are yielding above the 2009-10 Canterbury trial average showing that gains are being made with the new genetic material. Of these Bumpa has useful disease resistance as well. Jimpy previously a coded cultivar has now been accepted for malting. It has out yielded other malting cultivars.
Overall spring barley yields were close to the 4 year mean in Canterbury and Southland between 8 and 8.5 t/ha. However, the yield at the St Andrew’s dryland site was back on the 4 year mean at 5.8 t/ha compared with 7.9 t/ha refl ecting the dry season.
Raffl es and Morph had the highest yield in the Canterbury spring wheat trials. Sage was the highest yielding bread wheat. The spring wheat yield was up on the 4 year mean by 1 t/ha at 8.4 t/ha in Canterbury.
introduction and welcomeTwo of the regular trial sites (Highbank spring barley and Chatton spring wheat) are not reported due to hail damage and excessive variability within a trial.
FAR welcomes any queries or suggestions to further improve these booklets, or if you require any additional information that we have not included please contact us.
Rob CraigieCereals Project Manager
© This publication is copyright to the Foundation for Arable Research and may not be reproduced or copied in any form without written permission from FAR.
This document is intended to provide accurate and adequate information relating to the subject matter contained in it. It has been prepared and made available to all persons and entities, strictly on the basis that FAR, its researchers and authors are fully excluded from liability for damages arising out of any reliance in part, or in full, upon any of the information for any purpose. No endorsement of named products is intended, nor is any criticism of other alternative, but unnamed products.
page
4
CHERTSEY
KAIRANGA
Kairanga silt loam, DrylandTrial operator: Kevin Sinclair,Plant & Food ResearchHost farmer: Richard Green
The trial established well after planting in a crop of Conquest on 16 September 2009 following pasture. Four nitrogen applications totalling 214 kg N/ha were applied from sowing through to early ear emergence. A pre-emergence Gardoprim herbicide and two early Karate Zeon insecticide applications were made. There were three fungicide applications using Proline on the fi rst application and an Amistar/Opus combination for the second and third applications. A PGR was applied at GS 32. The trial had a cool/wet spring and midsummer which led to slower but good growth. The trial was harvested on 1 March 2010.
DARFIELD
Templeton silt loam, IrrigatedTrial operator: Ross Hanson,Plant & Food ResearchHost farmer: Cameron Adams
On 1 August 2009, the trial was sown into a paddock of Sage following a season of peas and rape. A total of 180 kg N/ha was applied over the season in four applications. Three herbicide applications were completed using Hussar, a Starane/Maestro combination and Granstar. Karate insecticide was applied in early October and a fungicide programme including Stellar and Amistar covered four applications. A PGR application was made in November. The trial received a total of 200 mm of irrigation in four split applications. The trial was harvested on 24 February 2010.
METHVEN
Lyndhurst silt loam, DrylandTrial operator: Adrian Russell,Plant ResearchHost farmer: Wright Farms
Sown in a crop of Sage on 28 August 2009 following kale, this trial received 215 kg N/ha from drilling until late November. Cougar, Glean and Ultima were used as the herbicides for the season. The insecticide Karate Zeon was applied in September. In November, the trial received a dose of Opus followed by a December dose in combination with Amistar. An application of Cycocel was also made. The trial was harvested on 27 February 2010.
wheat - trial site details
KAIRANGA
METHVEN
WILLOWBY
2009/2010 trial site location map
CHATTON
DARFIELD
page
5
WILLOWBY
Waterton silt loam, Irrigated Trial operator: Gerrard Pile,PGG Wrightson SeedsHost farmer: Alan and Robert Begg
Sown in a surrounding crop of Sage on 24 August 2009, this trial followed turnip. A total of 230 kg N/ha was applied over the season in four applications. Three herbicide applications were completed using a Glean/Starane/Cougar/Versatil combination, Twinax and Escort. Karate insecticide was applied in early October and a fungicide programme including Opus and Amistar covered four applications. A PGR was also applied in October, 25 mm irrigation was applied. The trial was harvested on 3 March 2010.
CHATTON
Not reported due to excessive variability in the trial.
page
6 wheat - agronomic commentS
pri
ng S
ow
n W
heat
Agr
onom
ic C
omm
ent
2009
/201
0 S
easo
n
Key
S =
sus
cept
ible
MS
S =
mos
tly s
usce
ptib
leM
S =
mod
erat
ely
susc
eptib
leM
R =
mod
erat
ely
resi
stan
tM
RR
= m
ostly
resi
stan
tR
= re
sist
ant
Sco
res
follo
wed
by
* in
dic
ate
resi
stan
ce is
aff
ecte
d b
y ra
ce/p
atho
typ
e p
rese
nt (s
core
is a
n av
erag
e).
Sco
res
in b
rack
ets
ind
icat
e b
ased
on
limite
d in
form
atio
n.“u
nkno
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ind
icat
es t
here
is in
suffi
cie
nt t
rial
info
rmat
ion
in N
Z t
o a
sses
s re
sist
ance
.D
isea
se s
usce
ptib
ility
com
men
ts a
re s
ourc
ed fr
om F
AR
fund
ed D
isea
se N
urse
ries
2002
-201
0 ca
rrie
d o
ut b
y P
lant
& F
ood
Res
earc
h, a
nd
asse
ssm
ents
on
FAR
Cul
tivar
Eva
luat
ion
tria
ls.
Sp
rout
ing
susc
eptib
ility
com
men
ts a
re s
ourc
ed fr
om F
AR
fund
ed S
pro
utin
g N
urse
ries
2002
-201
0 ca
rrie
d o
ut b
y P
lant
& F
ood
Res
earc
h.
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one
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r d
ata/
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CU
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AR
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rs in
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rial
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page
7wheat - 2009/2010 yield-t/ha
At
Dar
fi eld
, the
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ld o
f Trib
ute
may
hav
e b
een
rela
tivel
y m
ore
aff
ecte
d b
y a
hig
h ra
te o
f pla
nt g
row
th
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ulat
or
app
lied
to
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tria
l.
Sp
ring
So
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Whe
at C
ultiv
ar E
valu
atio
n 20
09/2
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Sea
son
- yi
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(t/h
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CU
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Kai
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ar
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age
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page
8 wheat - 2009/2010 grain qualitySpring Sown Wheat Grain Quality Data 2009/2010 Season
Southern North Island
* No LSD available since only one site in the North Island, therefore only one data value per cultivar.Monad only tested in Southern North Island.
Canterbury
CULTIVAR T.G.W. (g)Test Weight
(kg/hl)Protein (%)(N% x 5.7)
Screenings (%)
Falling No. (seconds)
PAGE No.
Bakker Gold 38 75 13.3 2.5 301 10
Conquest 42 76 13.7 1.6 374 10
Monad 46 75 13.3 1.2 335 11
Morph 36 65 12.1 3.0 321 11
Raffl es 47 73 11.6 1.5 389 12
Sage 46 72 13.4 1.3 331 12
Torlesse 35 71 13.0 2.6 353 13
Vanquish 41 76 13.4 1.5 373 14
Mean 41 73 13.0 1.9 347
LSD 5%* - - - - -
CULTIVAR T.G.W. (g)Test Weight
(kg/hl)Protein (%)(N% x 5.7)
Screenings (%)
Falling No. (seconds)
PAGE No.
Bakker Gold 41 79 12.2 1.6 310 10
Conquest 44 78 13.1 0.8 353 10
Morph 45 75 10.7 1.3 305 11
Raffl es 50 77 11.3 1.7 359 12
Sage 51 78 12.1 1.3 295 12
Torlesse 45 78 11.7 1.1 312 13
Tribute 44 74 11.1 1.7 254 13
Vanquish 43 79 12.7 0.9 359 14
Mean 45 77 11.9 1.3 318
LSD 5% 3 2 0.8 0.8 59
The quality data for each region is also presented as a 4 year mean on the individual cultivar description pages.
page
9wheat - 4 year adjusted meanS
pri
ng S
ow
n W
heat
- 4
yea
r ad
just
ed m
ean
- re
lativ
e yi
eld
by
site
- C
ultiv
ar n
ot in
clud
ed in
tha
t p
artic
ular
tria
l.
Thes
e 4-
year
ad
just
ed m
ean
rela
tive
yiel
ds
are
also
pre
sent
ed in
gra
phi
cal f
orm
on
the
follo
win
g p
ages
for
each
ind
ivid
ual c
ultiv
ar.
For
Can
terb
ury,
ad
just
ed m
ean
rela
tive
yiel
ds
are
also
giv
en fo
r th
e 5
Dry
land
site
s an
d 6
Irrig
ated
site
s on
the
se p
ages
.
CU
LTIV
AR
Kai
ran
ga
Dar
fi eld
Met
hven
Will
ow
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son
s in
FA
R t
rial
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AG
E N
o.
Reg
ion
Man
awat
uC
entr
al
Can
terb
ury
Mid
C
ante
rbur
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id
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ury
(Sp
ring
sow
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So
il Ty
pe
Kai
rang
a si
lt lo
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mp
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n si
lt lo
amLy
ndhu
rst
silt
loam
Wat
erto
n si
lt lo
am
Dry
lan
d /
Ir
rig
ated
Dry
land
Irri
gat
edD
ryla
ndIr
rig
ated
No
. of
tria
ls4
24
411
Bak
ker
Go
ld92
9094
9393
810
Co
nq
ues
t99
9399
9797
610
Mo
nad
94
--
--
1511
Mo
rph
102
117
106
106
108
911
Raf
fl es
112
104
108
109
108
712
Sag
e11
010
610
110
210
34
12
Torl
esse
9496
100
9195
813
Trib
ute
-97
9910
410
07
13
Van
qu
ish
9697
9497
967
14
Sit
e m
ean
10
010
010
010
010
0yi
eld
(t/h
a)(9
.0)
(7.7
)(6
.7)
(8.6
)(7
.3)
LS
D 5
%7
238
106
page
10
CONQUEST YEAR 6
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 100Irrigated site (4 year) 96
DISEASE RESISTANCE
BYDV Moderately susceptibleSeptoria leaf blotch Moderately resistantStripe rust Moderately resistantLeaf rust Mostly resistantPowdery mildew Moderately susceptibleFusarium head blight Moderately susceptible
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength Moderate-stiffCrop height ModerateMaturity Early-intermediateSprouting risk Low
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 43 41 42Test weight (kg/hl) 78 79 77Protein (%) (N% x 5.7) 13.7 13.0 12.3Falling number (sec) 338 354 346Screenings (%) 1.8 1.0 1.4
END USE Premium bread
BACKGROUND
Breeder Plant & Food ResearchAgent Luisetti Seeds, Canterbury Seed Co Ltd
This average yielding premium bread cultivar produces strong straw and excellent sprout resistance. Relative to other varieties better performance at dryland sites. Good resistance to leaf and stripe rust but moderate susceptibility to mildew and head blight. It produces high test weights, low screenings and very high proteins and falling numbers.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
wheat cultivar descriptions
BAKKER GOLD YEAR 8
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 94Irrigated site (4 year) 92
DISEASE RESISTANCE
BYDV Mostly susceptibleSeptoria leaf blotch UnknownStripe rust Moderately susceptibleLeaf rust Moderately susceptiblePowdery mildew ResistantFusarium head blight Moderately resistant
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength ModerateCrop height ModerateMaturity IntermediateSprouting risk Low-moderate
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 43 40 42Test weight (kg/hl) 79 79 78Protein (%) (N% x 5.7) 13.1 12.3 11.4Falling number (sec) 281 317 316Screenings (%) 1.7 1.2 2.6
END USE Bread
BACKGROUND
Breeder Confi dentialAgent PGG Wrightson Seeds
Bread cultivar with low-moderate sprouting risk. Intermediate maturity cultivar – similar to Torlesse. Susceptible to leaf rust and barley yellow dwarf virus. Excellent resistance to powdery mildew. Discontinued.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
Kairanga
Darfi eld
Methven
Wakanui/Willowby
Chatton 75 85 95 105 115 125
Kairanga
Darfi eld
Methven
Wakanui/Willowby
Chatton 75 85 95 105 115 125
Note: Darfi eld is a 2 year mean and Chatton is a 3 year mean
92
90
94
93
97
99
93
99
97
96
Note: Darfi eld is a 2 year mean and Chatton is a 3 year mean
page
11
MORPH YEAR 9
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 105Irrigated site (4 year) 110
DISEASE RESISTANCE
BYDV Moderately susceptibleSeptoria leaf blotch Moderately susceptibleStripe rust Mostly resistantLeaf rust Moderately susceptiblePowdery mildew ResistantFusarium head blight Moderately resistant
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength Weak-moderateCrop height ModerateMaturity IntermediateSprouting risk Low-moderate
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 39 40 43Test weight (kg/hl) 69 73 73Protein (%) (N% x 5.7) 12.4 11.3 9.6Falling number (sec) 296 317 297Screenings (%) 4.3 1.9 2.6
END USE Feed
BACKGROUND
Breeder Nickerson International Research, UKAgent PGG Wrightson Seeds
High yielding feed cultivar best sown June-August with relatively better performance on the irrigated sites. Low-moderate sprouting susceptibility. Moderate susceptibility to leaf rust and Septoria leaf blotch but mostly resistant to stripe rust.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
MONAD YEAR 15
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury)
Dryland sites (4 year mean) -Irrigated site (4 year mean) -
DISEASE RESISTANCE
BYDV Moderately susceptibleSeptoria leaf blotch Moderately resistantStripe rust Mostly resistantLeaf rust Moderately susceptiblePowdery mildew Moderately susceptibleFusarium head blight Moderately resistant
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength Moderate-stiffCrop height TallMaturity Intermediate -lateSprouting risk Low
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 49 - -Test weight (kg/hl) 78 - -Protein (%) (N% x 5.7) 13.6 - -Falling number (sec) 296 - -Screenings (%) 0.9 - -
END USE Premium bread
BACKGROUND
Breeder PGG Wrightson SeedsAgent PGG Wrightson Seeds
Lower yielding premium quality bread wheat. Stiff straw with low sprouting susceptibility. High proteins and test weights. Stripe rust resistant but moderately susceptible to leaf rust and mildew. Only tested in the southern North Island this season.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
Kairanga
Darfi eld
Methven
Wakanui/Willowby
Chatton 75 85 95 105 115 125
Kairanga
Darfi eld
Methven
Wakanui/Willowby
Chatton 75 85 95 105 115 125
102
117
106
106
107
94
Note: Darfi eld is a 2 year mean and Chatton is a 3 year meanNote: Monad was only tested in the Southern North Island
page
12 wheat cultivar descriptions
SAGE YEAR 4
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 101Irrigated site (4 year) 104
DISEASE RESISTANCE
BYDV UnknownSeptoria leaf blotch Moderately resistantStripe rust Mostly susceptibleLeaf rust Moderately resistantPowdery mildew Mostly resistantFusarium head blight Moderately resistant
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength Weak-moderateCrop height TallMaturity Intermediate-lateSprouting risk Low
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 53 48 50Test weight (kg/hl) 75 77 74Protein (%) (N% x 5.7) 13.1 12.8 11.2Falling number (sec) 295 324 287Screenings (%) 2.3 1.3 3.7
END USE Bread
BACKGROUND
Breeder RAGT, UKAgent PGG Wrightson Seeds
High yielding bread wheat cultivar. Moderately resistant to disease with the exception of stripe rust. Longer straw with weak to moderate straw strength and needs a robust PGR programme. Sage produces good grain size and proteins.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
RAFFLES YEAR 7
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 108Irrigated site (4 year) 108
DISEASE RESISTANCE
BYDV Moderately susceptibleSeptoria leaf blotch Moderately resistantStripe rust Mostly susceptibleLeaf rust Mostly susceptiblePowdery mildew Moderately resistantFusarium head blight Moderately susceptible
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength ModerateCrop height TallMaturity IntermediateSprouting risk Low
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 51 47 52Test weight (kg/hl) 76 76 77Protein (%) (N% x 5.7) 11.6 11.9 10.3Falling number (sec) 359 362 365Screenings (%) 1.7 1.3 1.6
END USE Feed, gristing
BACKGROUND
Breeder CPB Twyford, UKAgent Canterbury Seed Co Ltd
Intermediate maturing feed cultivar with high relative yields on dryland and irrigated sites. Large grain with heavy test weights. Low sprouting risk with a notably high falling number. Monitor for fusarium head blight, stripe and leaf rust.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
Kairanga
Darfi eld
Methven
Wakanui/Willowby
Chatton 75 85 95 105 115 125
112
104
108
109
106
Kairanga
Darfi eld
Methven
Wakanui/Willowby
Chatton 75 85 95 105 115 125
110
106
101
102
106
Note: Darfi eld is a 2 year mean and Chatton is a 3 year mean Note: Darfi eld is a 2 year mean and Chatton is a 3 year mean
page
13
TRIBUTE YEAR 7
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 98Irrigated site (4 year) 102
DISEASE RESISTANCE
BYDV Moderately susceptibleSeptoria leaf blotch Moderately resistantStripe rust Moderately resistantLeaf rust Moderately resistantPowdery mildew Moderately resistantFusarium head blight Moderately resistant
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength StiffCrop height Short-moderateMaturity IntermediateSprouting risk High
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) - 42 -Test weight (kg/hl) - 74 -Protein (%) (N% x 5.7) - 11.7 -Falling number (sec) - 228 -Screenings (%) - 2.0 -
END USE Weetbix
BACKGROUND
Breeder Plant & Food ResearchAgent Luisetti Seeds
Weetbix white wheat. Average yielding on dryland & irrigated sites with good disease resistance. Intermediate-late maturity with stiff straw. Best sown in late May/June but can be sown into August. Can suffer a physiological blotch similar to Regency. Be aware of sprouting susceptibility. Relatively low cost cultivar to grow.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
TORLESSE YEAR 8
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 100Irrigated site (4 year) 93
DISEASE RESISTANCE
BYDV SusceptibleSeptoria leaf blotch Mostly susceptibleStripe rust Moderately susceptibleLeaf rust Moderately susceptiblePowdery mildew Mostly resistantFusarium head blight Moderately susceptible
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength StiffCrop height Short-moderateMaturity IntermediateSprouting risk Moderate-high
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 39 41 44Test weight (kg/hl) 75 77 76Protein (%) (N% x 5.7) 12.7 12.0 11.3Falling number (sec) 323 310 267Screenings (%) 2.7 1.4 1.9
END USE Bread
BACKGROUND
Breeder PGG Wrightson SeedsAgent PGG Wrightson Seeds
Average yielding New Zealand bred, stiffstrawed bread cultivar. Moderately susceptible to both leaf and stripe rust as well as Septoria leaf blotch when earlysown. Wide sowing window.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
Kairanga
Darfi eld
Methven
Wakanui/Willowby
Chatton 75 85 95 105 115 125
94
96
100
91
96
Kairanga
Darfi eld
Methven
Wakanui/Willowby
Chatton 75 85 95 105 115 125
97
99
104
Note: Darfi eld is a 2 year mean and Chatton is a 3 year meanNote: Darfi eld is a 2 year mean and Chatton is a 3 year mean
page
14 wheat cultivar descriptions
VANQUISH YEAR 7
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 95Irrigated site (4 year) 97
DISEASE RESISTANCE
BYDV Moderately susceptibleSeptoria leaf blotch Moderately susceptibleStripe rust Moderately resistantLeaf rust Moderately resistantPowdery mildew Moderately resistantFusarium head blight Moderately resistant
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength Weak-moderateCrop height Moderate-tallMaturity Intermediate-lateSprouting risk Low
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 44 41 45Test weight (kg/hl) 78 78 78Protein (%) (N% x 5.7) 13.3 12.7 11.9Falling number (sec) 352 355 374Screenings (%) 1.5 1.2 2.1
END USE Bread, gristing
BACKGROUND
Breeder Plant & Food ResearchAgent Luisetti Seeds
Average yielding bread/gristing cultivar with low-moderate sprouting susceptibility. Canterbury bred with intermediate-late maturity performing well over a wide-sowing window (May-early August). Moderate straw strength with good protein levels and high falling number.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
Kairanga
Darfi eld
Methven
Wakanui/Willowby
Chatton 75 85 95 105 115 125
96
97
94
97
92
Note: Darfi eld is a 2 year mean and Chatton is a 3 year mean
page
15
CHERTSEY
barley - trial site details
MARTON
Kiwitea silt loam, DrylandTrial operator: Kevin Sinclair,Plant & Food ResearchHost farmer: Murray and Doug Knox
The trial was sown on 9 November 2009 into a fi eld of Putney following Barley and winter brassica. A total of 32 kg N/ha was applied during the season. In early December the trial received a herbicide combination of Glean and Combine. In mid December Sumi-alpha insecticide and the fungicide Folicur was applied. The trial had good establishment but the cool and wet spring slowed early growth. The crop was harvested on 4 March 2010.
WANGANUI
Marton clay loam, DrylandTrial operator: Kevin Sinclair,Plant & Food Research Host farmer: Paul Mackintosh
The trial was sown on 9 November 2009 into a fi eld of Putney following barley. The trial received a total of 90 kg N/ha. The trial had a good establishment but a cooler growing season. It received two applications of fungicide, Fandango and Proline, one herbicide and two applications of insecticide following insecticide seed treatment. There was no irrigation. The crop was harvested on 5 March 2010.
CUST
Pahau silt loam, IrrigatedTrial operator: Matt Hicks,Cropmark Seeds LtdHost farmer: Murray Taggart
The trial was sown on 10 September 2009 into a fi eld of Tavern following barley. A total of 184 kg N/ha was applied in two separate applications. The fungicide programme consisted of two applications, the fi rst was Proline and the second was a combination of Proline and Acanto. Two herbicide applications were made, Glean (GS13) and Answer (GS49). The crop received two doses of plant growth regulator. The trial received irrigation when available, but was still noted to be under a degree of stress in late December. The trial had good establishment. The crop was harvested on 16 March 2010.
DUNSANDEL
Templeton silt loam, IrrigatedTrial operator: Adrian Russell,Plant ResearchHost farmer: Nigel Barnett
Sown on 24 September 2009 in a surrounding paddock of Doyen, following wheat, this trial received a total of 32 kg N/ha. A Trimec/Cougar/Glean herbicide combination was applied in late October as well as the fungicide Proline. In December, a fungicide combination of Fandango and Proline was applied in conjunction with the
2009/2010 trial site location map
ST ANDREWS
BALFOUR
HIGHBANK
RAKAIA
CHATTON
DUNSANDEL
CUST
MARTONWANGANUI
page
16 barley - trial site detailsherbicide Twinax. A total of 120 mm of irrigation was applied in three split doses. The trial was harvested on 28 February 2010.
RAKAIA
Templeton silt loam, IrrigatedTrial operator: Ross Hanson,Plant & Food Research Host farmer: Ross Duncan/Steve Pole
The trial was sown on 20 August 2009 into a fi eld of Fairview following process peas and grazed winter kale. A total of 72 kg N/ha was applied on two separate occasions; half pre-plough and the other half in October. The herbicide programme included one application of the combination Gardoprim/Cougar/Glean. The trial received a single application of insecticide. Accuro fungicide was applied in October and an Impulse/Folicur/Protek fungicide combination was applied in November. A total of 300 mm irrigation was applied. The trial was harvested on 12 February 2010.
HIGHBANK
Abandoned due to hail damage.
ST ANDREWS
Claremont silt loam, DrylandTrial operator: Ross Hanson,Plant & Food ResearchHost farmer: Ross Rathgen
The trial was sown on 5 October 2009 into a fi eld of Doyen following barley. A total of 115 kg N/ha was applied in three split applications; October, September and December. A Starane Xtra/Trimec/Glean herbicide combination was applied in November alongside Karate Zeon insecticide. In December, the fungicide Proline was applied. The trial was late sown before a wet October. The season then turned dry and consequently inputs were reduced. The trial was harvested on 9 March 2010.
BALFOUR
Kaweku silt loam, DrylandTrial operator: Stewart Armstrong,Plant and Food ResearchHost farmer: Steve Wilkins
The trial was sown on 6 October 2009 into a fi eld of Quench following Turnip. A total of 165 kg N/ha was applied over the season. In December two applications of the fungicide Proline were made. Twinax was applied in early November followed with a Trimec/Glean/Starane combination in late November. No insecticide was applied. The crop was harvested on 30 March 2010.
CHATTON
Waikoikoi silt loam, DrylandTrial operator: Matthew Hicks,Cropmark Seeds LtdHost farmer: John Gardyne
This trial was sown on 27 September 2009 in a surrounding paddock of Tavern, following barley. The trial received 290 kg N/ha over the season. In October, the trial received an application of the herbicides Gardoprim and Meturon. The fungicide programme consisted of an application of Opus in October, a Proline/Protek combination in December and an Acanto/Proline combination in early January. Two PGR applications were made, one in December and one in January. The trial was harvested on 29 March 2010.
page
17barley - agronomic commentS
pri
ng S
ow
n B
arle
y A
gron
omic
Com
men
t 20
09/2
010
Sea
son
Dis
ease
sus
ecp
tibili
ty s
ourc
ed fr
om F
AR
-fun
ded
Dis
ease
Nur
serie
s an
d C
PT
tria
ls (a
sses
smen
ts
carr
ied
out
by
Pla
nt &
Foo
d R
esea
rch)
.S
core
s fo
llow
ed b
y *
ind
icat
e re
sist
ance
is a
ffect
ed b
y p
atho
typ
es p
rese
nt (s
core
is a
n av
erag
e).
Unk
now
n’ in
dic
ates
the
re is
insu
ffi ci
ent
tria
l inf
orm
atio
n in
NZ
to
asse
ss r
esis
tanc
e.(b
rack
ets)
ind
icat
e th
ere
is li
mite
d N
Z t
rial d
ata
to a
sses
s re
sist
ance
CU
LTIV
AR
Yea
rs in
FA
R t
rial
sB
YD
VS
cald
Net
fo
rm
of
net
b
lotc
h
Sp
ot
form
o
f n
et
blo
tch
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f ru
stM
ildew
Ram
ula
ria
Str
aw
stre
ng
thC
rop
hei
gh
tM
atu
rity
Bu
mp
a2
MS
MS
MR
Unk
now
nM
RM
RR
Unk
now
nM
od
erat
eM
od
-tal
lE
arly
-int
Cas
k12
MS
MS
*M
RU
nkno
wn
SS
MS
Mo
d-s
tiff
Sho
rt-M
od
Ear
ly
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lar
5M
SS
MS
SM
SM
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SM
RR
MS
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d-s
tiff
Mo
d-t
all
Ear
ly
Co
un
ty
8M
SS
MS
*M
SM
SM
RM
SM
SM
od
-stif
fM
od
erat
eIn
t-la
te
Das
h14
MS
SM
S*
MR
Unk
now
nM
R*
MS
MS
Stif
fS
hort
Ear
ly
Do
yen
6M
SM
SS
*M
RM
SM
S*
MS
MS
Stif
fM
od
erat
eIn
t-la
te
Eif
felt
on
(H97
043
-37
)5
(MR
)M
SS
MS
Unk
now
nM
SM
RR
(MS
)M
od
erat
eM
od
-tal
lIn
term
edia
te
Fai
rvie
w7
MS
MS
SM
RU
nkno
wn
MS
/MR
HS
MR
RM
od
erat
eM
od
erat
eE
arly
-int
Flo
ra1
Unk
now
n(M
SS
)(M
R)
Unk
now
nM
SM
RR
Unk
now
nS
tiff
Mo
der
ate
Inte
rmed
iate
Jim
py
(H9
90
03-2
0)3
(MR
)M
RR
MR
Unk
now
nM
SM
SU
nkno
wn
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d-s
tiff
Mo
der
ate
Int-
late
Jolik
a1
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now
n(M
S)
SU
nkno
wn
(MS
S)
(MR
)U
nkno
wn
Stif
fM
od
erat
eIn
t-la
te
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tic
14M
SS
SM
RS
MR
MS
MS
SW
eak-
mo
dM
od
erat
eIn
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te
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rid
ge
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SM
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od
-stif
fM
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erat
eIn
term
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te
Pu
tney
(KS
B23
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SU
nkno
wn
MR
(MR
)M
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od
-stif
fM
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erat
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term
edia
te
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ench
(NF
C40
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MR
MS
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now
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SS
MR
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od
erat
eM
od
erat
eIn
t-la
te
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erw
oo
d13
MS
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RR
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eak-
mo
dM
od
-tal
lE
arly
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akeb
ite
2(M
S)
MS
MS
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nkno
wn
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(MS
)U
nkno
wn
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fM
od
erat
eE
arly
-int
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eeny
1U
nkno
wn
(MS
)(M
S)
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now
n(M
S)
(MR
R)
Unk
now
nS
tiff
Mo
der
ate
Int-
late
Tave
rn9
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
SM
R*
MS
Stif
fS
hort
-mo
dIn
term
edia
te
CR
BA
125
3U
nkno
wn
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now
nM
SM
RU
nkno
wn
Mo
der
ate
Mo
d-t
all
Ear
ly-i
nt
Key
HS
= h
ighl
y su
scep
tible
S =
sus
cep
tible
MS
S =
mos
tly s
usce
ptib
leM
S =
mod
erat
ely
susc
eptib
leM
R =
mod
erat
ely
resi
stan
tM
RR
= m
ostly
res
ista
ntR
= r
esis
tant
page
18S
pri
ng S
ow
n B
arle
y C
ultiv
ar E
valu
atio
n 20
09/2
010
Sea
son
- yi
eld
(t/h
a)barley - 2009/2010 yield-t/ha
CU
LTIV
AR
Wan
gan
ui
Mar
ton
So
uth
ern
NI m
ean
Cu
stD
un
san
del
Rak
aia
St
An
dre
ws
Can
terb
ury
m
ean
Ch
atto
nB
alfo
ur
So
uth
lan
d
mea
nP
AG
E
No
.
Reg
ion
Man
awat
uM
anaw
atu
No
rth
Can
terb
ury
Mid
C
ante
rbur
yM
id
Can
terb
ury
So
uth
Can
terb
ury
Cen
tral
S
out
hlan
dN
ort
h S
out
hlan
d
So
il Ty
pe
Mar
ton
clay
lo
amK
iwite
a si
lt lo
amP
ahau
silt
lo
amTe
mp
leto
n si
lt lo
amTe
mp
leto
n si
lt lo
amC
lare
mo
nt
clay
Wai
koik
oi
silt
loam
Kaw
eku
silt
loam
Dry
lan
d/I
rrig
ated
Dry
land
Dry
land
Irri
gat
edIr
rig
ated
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gat
edD
ryla
ndD
ryla
ndD
ryla
nd
Pre
vio
us
cro
pB
arle
yP
astu
re/
Kal
e (w
inte
r)B
arle
yW
heat
Pea
sB
arle
yB
arle
yTu
rnip
So
win
g d
ate
9 N
ov9
Nov
10 S
ep24
Sep
20 A
ug5
Oct
27 S
ep6
Oct
Har
vest
dat
e5
Mar
4 M
ar16
Mar
28 F
eb12
Feb
9 M
ar29
Mar
30 M
arB
um
pa
9.3
4.5
6.9
7.1
9.6
10.3
6.3
8.3
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22C
ask
8.4
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--
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nty
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8.0
9.9
7.2
8.5
23D
ash
8.4
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iew
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6.8
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6.4
7.7
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lora
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y (H
99
00
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--
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lika
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SB
2324
)8.
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ench
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9)9.
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erw
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d
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6.0
7.7
--
-29
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akeb
ite
8.6
4.4
6.5
7.9
9.6
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8.4
9.6
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8.4
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wee
ny8.
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57.
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rn8.
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BA
125
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4.9
7.1
7.9
9.9
10.6
6.2
8.7
9.2
7.8
8.5
31S
ite
mea
n yi
eld
8.
54.
46.
47.
39.
59.
85.
88.
19.
87.
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5L
SD
5%
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.8
0.6
0.6
CV
%2.
54.
6-
5.1
3.6
3.8
3.5
-5.
95.
4-
- C
ultiv
ar n
ot in
clud
ed in
tha
t p
artic
ular
tria
l.
page
19barley - 2009/2010 grain qualitySpring Sown Barley Grain Quality Data 2009/2010 Season
Canterbury
CULTIVAR T.G.W. (g)Test Weight
(kg/hl)Protein (%)(N% x 6.25)
Screenings (%) PAGE No.
Bumpa 52 63 8.3 0.8 22Cask 48 64 10.1 1.5 22Cellar 52 65 9.0 0.6 23County 53 64 9.2 0.8 23Dash 45 62 9.8 1.6 24Doyen 54 64 9.9 0.8 24Eiffelton (H97043-37) 52 65 10.1 0.6 25Fairview 51 64 9.8 0.8 25Flora 55 63 8.2 0.6 26Jimpy (H99003-20) 49 63 9.5 0.6 26Jolika 55 63 9.2 0.4 27Optic 53 65 9.7 0.4 27Putney (KSB2324) 53 64 8.9 0.5 28Quench (NFC403-49) 53 65 8.9 0.6 29Sherwood 48 64 9.6 1.4 29Snakebite 55 63 8.9 0.6 30Sweeny 59 63 8.9 0.6 30Tavern 51 65 9.6 0.6 31CRBA125 47 64 8.5 0.9 31Mean 52 64 9.3 0.8LSD 5% 2 1 0.5 0.6
Southern North Island
CULTIVAR T.G.W. (g)Test Weight
(kg/hl)Protein (%)(N% x 6.25)
Screenings (%) PAGE No.
Bumpa 54 62 10.6 1.6 22Cellar 53 62 11.2 1.3 23County 51 63 11.2 1.5 23Dash 45 61 11.8 4.1 24Doyen 55 64 11.3 1.7 24Eiffelton (H97043-37) 52 64 11.9 0.9 25Fairview 50 63 11.9 1.9 25Flora 54 61 10.2 1.6 26Jimpy (H99003-20) 49 63 11.1 1.3 26Jolika 54 61 10.6 1.1 27Optic 51 63 11.0 2.5 27Oxbridge 50 63 11.3 1.4 28Quench (NFC403-49) 51 62 10.6 1.7 29Sherwood 48 63 11.7 2.6 29Snakebite 54 62 11.0 1.4 30Sweeny 57 62 10.9 1.3 30Tavern 50 64 10.5 2.0 31CRBA125 45 63 10.9 2.9 31Mean 51 63 11.1 1.8LSD 5% 2 2 0.6 1.4
page
20 barley - 2009/2010 grain quality
The quality data for each region is also presented as a 4 year mean on the individual cultivar description pages.
Southland
CULTIVAR T.G.W. (g)Test Weight
(kg/hl)Protein (%)(N% x 6.25)
Screenings (%) PAGE No.
Bumpa 55 63 13.1 1.6 22County 51 64 12.9 1.5 23Dash 44 63 13.0 2.6 24Doyen 53 64 13.2 1.7 24Fairview 48 62 13.6 1.8 25Flora 53 62 12.0 1.6 26Jolika 52 61 12.2 1.2 27Oxbridge 50 66 12.9 0.8 28Quench (NFC403-49) 51 63 12.6 1.2 29Snakebite 54 63 13.0 1.5 30Sweeny 56 63 11.9 1.5 30Tavern 50 65 12.2 1.4 31CRBA125 47 64 12.1 1.8 31Mean 51 64 12.7 1.6LSD 5% 3 2 0.7 0.6
page
21barley - 4 year adjusted meanS
pri
ng S
ow
n B
arle
y -
4 ye
ar a
dju
sted
mea
n -
rela
tive
yiel
d b
y si
te
- C
ultiv
ar n
ot in
clud
ed in
tha
t p
artic
ular
tria
l.
Thes
e 4-
year
ad
just
ed m
ean
rela
tive
yiel
ds
are
also
pre
sent
ed in
gra
phi
cal f
orm
on
the
follo
win
g p
ages
for
each
ind
ivid
ual c
ultiv
ar.
Fo
r C
ante
rbur
y, a
dju
sted
mea
n re
lativ
e yi
eld
s ar
e al
so g
iven
for
the
8 D
ryla
nd s
ites
and
12
Irrig
ated
site
s on
the
se p
ages
.C
ultiv
ars
in t
heir
fi rst
yea
r at
Hig
hban
k ar
e no
t re
por
ted
as
tria
l site
hai
l dam
aged
.
CU
LTIV
AR
Wan
gan
ui
Mar
ton
So
uth
ern
NI m
ean
Cu
stD
un
san
del
Rak
aia
Hig
hb
ank
St
An
dre
ws
Can
tym
ean
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108
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--
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096
9896
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--
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ty10
210
210
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101
101
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100
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9598
104
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9910
198
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9599
9799
104
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9897
9896
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--
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w93
100
9690
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9396
9592
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ra10
210
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106
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104
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9597
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a99
101
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106
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9394
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109
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107
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106
105
105
105
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102
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103
103
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94
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9493
9693
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810
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n
100
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d (t
/ha)
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(7.3
)(8
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(9.6
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(8.3
)(9
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(7.7
)(8
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LS
D 5
%10
76
86
59
73
67
5
page
22
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) -Irrigated site (4 year) -
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Moderately susceptibleNet form of net blotch Moderately resistantSpot form of net blotch UnknownLeaf rust SusceptiblePowdery mildew SusceptibleBYDV Moderately susceptibleRamularia leaf spot Moderately susceptible
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength Moderate-stiffCrop height Short-moderateMaturity Early
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 46 - -Test weight (kg/hl) 65 - -Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 12.3 - -Screenings (%) 5.6 - -
END USE Feed
BACKGROUND
Breeder New Farm Crops, UKHead Licensee Cropmark SeedsAgent Various
barley cultivar descriptions
CASK YEAR 12
Only tested in the southern North Island where it has given above average yields. Early maturity assists with later sowings. Disease susceptible cultivar with moderate-stiff straw strength.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 103Irrigated site (4 year) 102
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Moderately susceptibleNet form of net blotch Moderately resistantSpot form of net blotch UnknownLeaf rust Moderately resistantPowdery mildew UnknownBYDV Moderately susceptibleRamularia leaf spot Unknown
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength ModerateCrop height Moderate-tallMaturity Early-intermediate
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 51 55 54Test weight (kg/hl) 64 64 63Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 10.8 11.6 12.7Screenings (%) 3.0 1.5 1.8
END USE Feed
BACKGROUND
Breeder SejetHead Licensee Plant & Food ResearchAgent Not yet appointed
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
BUMPA YEAR 2
Above average yielding cultivar in Canterbury and the southern North Island. Bumpa is moderately resistant to leaf rust and net blotch, but moderately susceptible to scald. Good grain size.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
108 103 102 101 103 100 107 98 99
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
103 103
Note: Cust, Highbank and Balfour are 3 year means
page
23
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 101Irrigated site (4 year) 101
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Moderately susceptibleNet form of net blotch Moderately susceptibleSpot form of net blotch Moderately susceptibleLeaf rust Moderately resistantPowdery mildew Moderately susceptibleBYDV Mostly susceptibleRamularia leaf spot Moderately susceptible
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength Moderate-stiffCrop height ModerateMaturity Intermediate-late
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 51 51 52Test weight (kg/hl) 64 63 63Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 11.5 12.0 12.5Screenings (%) 3.1 1.7 1.7
END USE Feed
BACKGROUND
Breeder New Farm Crops, UKHead Licensee Cropmark SeedsAgent PGG Wrightson Seeds
COUNTY YEAR 8
Average yielding feed variety on both dryland and irrigated sites. The variety has variable disease resistance being susceptible to scald in some regions and not in others, it is however moderately resistant to leaf rust. In terms of standing power, it has good straw strength and moderate straw height.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 96Irrigated site (4 year) 96
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Mostly susceptibleNet form of net blotch Moderately susceptibleSpot form of net blotch Moderately resistantLeaf rust Moderately susceptiblePowdery mildew Mostly resistantBYDV Mostly susceptibleRamularia leaf spot Moderately susceptible
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength Moderate-stiffCrop height Moderate-tallMaturity Early
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 50 53 -Test weight (kg/hl) 65 63 -Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 11.6 12.2 -Screenings (%) 2.7 1.3 -
END USE Malting
BACKGROUND
Breeder New Farm Crops, UKHead Licensee Cropmark SeedsAgent Malteurop
Cellar is an early maturing semi prostrate malting spring barley cultivar with moderate standing power. Cellar has a slightly higher kernel weight and test weight than Fairview with lower screenings and similar protein levels. It is relatively susceptible to disease. Has a wide sowing window.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
CELLAR YEAR 5
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
100 96 96 95 98 98 95
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
102 102 101 102 100 99 101 101 100
Note: Cust and Highbank are 3 year means Note: Cust, Highbank and Balfour are 3 year means
page
24
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 102Irrigated site (4 year) 98
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Moderately susceptibleNet form of net blotch Moderately resistantSpot form of net blotch UnknownLeaf rust Moderately resistantPowdery mildew Moderately susceptibleBYDV Mostly susceptibleRamularia leaf spot Moderately susceptible
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength StiffCrop height ShortMaturity Early
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 44 45 45Test weight (kg/hl) 63 63 63Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 12.0 12.7 13.0Screenings (%) 6.1 3.7 2.9
END USE Feed
BACKGROUND
Breeder New Farm Crops, UKHead Licensee Cropmark SeedsAgent PGG Wrightson Seeds
DASH YEAR 14
Well proven early maturing feed cultivar with average yield. It has susceptibility to scald and Ramularia but moderate resistance to leaf rust. In terms of standing power, it has excellent straw strength and relatively short straw.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 102Irrigated site (4 year) 102
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Mostly susceptibleNet form of net blotch Moderately resistantSpot form of net blotch Moderately susceptibleLeaf rust Moderately susceptiblePowdery mildew Moderately susceptibleBYDV Moderately susceptibleRamularia leaf spot Moderately susceptible
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength StiffCrop height ModerateMaturity Intermediate-late
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 50 53 53Test weight (kg/hl) 64 64 64Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 12.0 12.1 12.6Screenings (%) 3.9 1.8 1.6
END USE FeedBACKGROUND Breeder New Farm Crops, UKHead Licensee Cropmark SeedsAgent Luisetti Seeds, Seed Production, Central Grain & Seed
DOYEN YEAR 6
Above average yielding feed barley. It has stiff straw strength with sound disease resistance against Net Blotch though moderately susceptible to leaf rust, mildew and Ramularia. Large grain weight.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
barley cultivar descriptions
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
100 100 99 95 98 104 100 101 98
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
95 99 99 104 104 105 100 103 100
Note: Cust, Highbank and Balfour are 3 year meansNote: Cust, Highbank and Balfour are 3 year means
page
25
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 98Irrigated site (4 year) 97
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Mostly susceptibleNet form of net blotch Moderately susceptibleSpot form of net blotch UnknownLeaf rust Moderately susceptiblePowdery mildew Mostly resistantBYDV Moderately resistantRamularia leaf spot Moderately susceptible
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength ModerateCrop height Moderate-tallMaturity Intermediate
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 50 52 -Test weight (kg/hl) 66 64 -Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 12.3 12.8 -Screenings (%) 1.9 1.1 -
END USE Malting
BACKGROUND
Breeder MalteuropHead Licensee MalteuropAgent Malteurop
EIFFELTON (H97043-37) YEAR 5
Below average yielding malting barley cultivar. Moderately susceptible to disease with the exception of powdery mildew. Good grain weight and good ability to maintain low screenings under dry conditions.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
96 98 98 96 99 100 95
Note: Cust and Highbank are 3 year means
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 94Irrigated site (4 year) 95
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Mostly susceptibleNet form of net blotch Moderately resistantSpot form of net blotch UnknownLeaf rust Moderately susceptible/moderately resistantPowdery mildew Highly susceptibleBYDV Moderately susceptibleRamularia leaf spot Mostly resistant
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength ModerateCrop height ModerateMaturity Early-intermediate
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 48 50 49Test weight (kg/hl) 63 64 62Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 12.0 12.6 13.4Screenings (%) 4.5 2.0 2.2
END USE Malting
BACKGROUND
Breeder MalteuropHead Licensee MalteuropAgent Malteurop
FAIRVIEW YEAR 7
Below average yielding malting cultivar with moderate straw strength, and crop height. Fairview is the preferred malting barley variety by brewers in New Zealand. Fairview is quite disease susceptible particularly to mildew and scald.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
93 100 90 96 98 93 96 92 90
Note: Cust, Highbank and Balfour are 3 year means
page
26
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 104Irrigated site (4 year) 101
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Mostly susceptibleNet form of net blotch Moderately resistantSpot form of net blotch UnknownLeaf rust Moderately susceptiblePowdery mildew Mostly resistantBYDV UnknownRamularia leaf spot Unknown
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength StiffCrop height ModerateMaturity Intermediate
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 52 54 53Test weight (kg/hl) 64 62 62Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 10.6 11.2 11.7Screenings (%) 3.4 1.6 1.9
END USE Feed
BACKGROUND
Breeder Head Licensee Plant Research LtdAgent Cates Grain and Seed
FLORA YEAR 1
Above average yielding cultivar with high grain and test weight. Disease management programme should account for scald and leaf rust susceptibility. Flora suffered from moderate brackling at the Chatton site this season.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 100Irrigated site (4 year) 102
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Mostly resistantNet form of net blotch Moderately resistantSpot form of net blotch UnknownLeaf rust Moderately susceptiblePowdery mildew Moderately susceptibleBYDV Moderately resistantRamularia leaf spot Unknown
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength Moderate-stiffCrop height ModerateMaturity Intermediate-late
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 47 50 -Test weight (kg/hl) 63 64 -Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 12.0 12.0 -Screenings (%) 3.5 1.6 -
END USE Malting
BACKGROUND
Breeder MalteuropHead Licensee MalteuropAgent Malteurop
JIMPY (H99003-20) YEAR 3
Jimpy is a new malting barley cultivar with above average yield in Canterbury. Jimpy is mostly resistant to scald and moderately resistant to net blotch but moderately susceptible to leaf rust and powdery mildew.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
barley cultivar descriptions
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
102 104 98 106 99 104 97 101
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
95 97 100 104 101 102 101
Note: Cust and Highbank are 3 year meansNote: Cust and Balfour are 3 year means
No
resu
lt at
Hig
hban
k as
Flo
ra is
in it
s fi r
st y
ear o
f tria
ls a
nd th
e si
te w
as h
ail d
amag
ed
page
27
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 94Irrigated site (4 year) 94
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald SusceptibleNet form of net blotch Moderately resistantSpot form of net blotch SusceptibleLeaf rust Moderately resistantPowdery mildew Moderately susceptibleBYDV Mostly susceptibleRamularia leaf spot Mostly susceptible
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength Weak-moderateCrop height ModerateMaturity Intermediate-late
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 48 51 -Test weight (kg/hl) 64 64 -Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 11.9 12.1 -Screenings (%) 3.6 2.0 -
END USE Malting
BACKGROUND
Breeder New Farm Crops, UKHead Licensee Cropmark SeedsAgent Malteurop
OPTIC YEAR 14
Low yielding malting cultivar. It is moderately disease susceptible, especially to scald when early sown. Straw strength is weak-moderate.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 106Irrigated site (4 year) 102
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Moderately susceptibleNet form of net blotch SusceptibleSpot form of net blotch UnknownLeaf rust Mostly susceptiblePowdery mildew Moderately resistantBYDV UnknownRamularia leaf spot Unknown
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength StiffCrop height ModerateMaturity Intermediate-late
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 52 54 53Test weight (kg/hl) 63 62 60Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 11.6 11.5 12.0Screenings (%) 3.2 1.0 1.6
END USE Feed
BACKGROUND
Breeder Syngenta SeedsHead Licensee Cropmark SeedsAgent Not yet appointed
JOLIKA YEAR 1
Above average yielding at most Canterbury trial sites. Large grain weight and low screenings. A relatively disease susceptible cultivar except for mildew.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
99 101 110 102 95
106 103 99
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
91 92 93 94 93 92 95
Note: Cust and Balfour are 3 year means Note: Cust and Highbank are 3 year means
No
resu
lt at
Hig
hban
k as
Jol
ika
is in
its
fi rst
yea
r of t
rials
and
the
site
was
hai
l dam
aged
page
28
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 102Irrigated site (4 year) 100
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Moderately resistantNet form of net blotch Moderately resistantSpot form of net blotch Moderately susceptibleLeaf rust Moderately susceptiblePowdery mildew Moderately susceptibleBYDV Moderately susceptibleRamularia leaf spot Moderately susceptible
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength Moderate-stiffCrop height ModerateMaturity Intermediate
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) - 51 51Test weight (kg/hl) - 64 65Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) - 12.4 12.8Screenings (%) - 1.2 1.0
END USE Feed
BACKGROUND
Breeder Nickerson International Research, UKHead Licensee PGG Wrightson SeedsAgent PGG Wrightson Seeds
OXBRIDGE YEAR 3
Average yielding feed cultivar in its fourth year of CPT2 trialling. It is relatively better suited to dryland sites. Oxbridge has shown moderate resistance to scald and Net Blotch but moderate susceptibility to leaf rust, mildew and Ramularia. Moderate-stiff straw with intermediate maturity.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) -Irrigated site (4 year) -
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Moderately susceptibleNet form of net blotch Moderately susceptibleSpot form of net blotch UnknownLeaf rust Moderately resistantPowdery mildew Moderately resistantBYDV Moderately resistantRamularia leaf spot Moderately susceptible
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength Moderate-stiffCrop height ModerateMaturity Intermediate
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 52 - -Test weight (kg/hl) 66 - -Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 11.2 - -Screenings (%) 1.7 - -
END USE Feed
BACKGROUND
Breeder Nickerson International Research, UKHead Licensee PGG Wrightson SeedsAgent PGG Wrightson Seeds
barley cultivar descriptions
PUTNEY YEAR 4
High yielding feed cultivar in its fourth year of CPT2 trialling. Putney has shown moderate susceptibility to scald and Net Blotch but moderate resistance to leaf rust and Ramularia. Moderate-stiff straw with intermediate maturity.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
100 99 100 107 99 100 102
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
109 105
Note: Cust, Highbank and Balfour are 3 year means
page
29
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 95Irrigated site (4 year) 92
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Mostly resistantNet form of net blotch SusceptibleSpot form of net blotch Mostly resistantLeaf rust SusceptiblePowdery mildew Mostly resistantBYDV Mostly susceptibleRamularia leaf spot Susceptible
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength Weak-moderateCrop height Moderate-tallMaturity Early-intermediate
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 47 48 -Test weight (kg/hl) 65 63 -Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 12.4 12.9 -Screenings (%) 5.0 2.9 -
END USE Malting
BACKGROUND
Breeder MalteuropHead Licensee MalteuropAgent Malteurop
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 101Irrigated site (4 year) 104
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Moderately resistantNet form of net blotch Moderately susceptibleSpot form of net blotch UnknownLeaf rust Mostly susceptiblePowdery mildew Mostly resistantBYDV Moderately susceptibleRamularia leaf spot Moderately susceptible
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength ModerateCrop height ModerateMaturity Intermediate-late
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 49 51 51Test weight (kg/hl) 64 63 62Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 11.3 11.7 12.2Screenings (%) 3.2 1.8 1.5
END USE Feed, Malting potential
BACKGROUND
Breeder New Farm Crops, UKHead Licensee Cropmark SeedsAgent PGG Wrightson Seeds, Ruapehu Farm Supplies (NI)
SHERWOOD YEAR 13
Below average yielding malting cultivar. While susceptible to leaf rust, Ramularia and net blotch, Sherwood is mostly resistant to scald, an important consideration for early barley sowing dates. Weak-moderate straw strength combined with moderate-tall crop height.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
QUENCH (NFC403-49) YEAR 4
Above average yielding feed variety (malting potential) performing well in both autumn and spring trials. Good resistance to scald and mildew but susceptible to leaf rust and Ramularia. Moderate standing power and crop height combined with intermediate-late maturity.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
106 105 105 105 102 100 103 103 99
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
94 89 88 92 94 93 96
Note: Cust, Highbank and Balfour are 3 year means Note: Cust and Highbank are 3 year means
page
30
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 101Irrigated site (4 year) 102
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Moderately susceptibleNet form of net blotch Mostly susceptibleSpot form of net blotch UnknownLeaf rust Moderately susceptiblePowdery mildew UnknownBYDV Moderately susceptibleRamularia leaf spot Unknown
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength StiffCrop height ModerateMaturity Early-intermediate
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 53 54 54Test weight (kg/hl) 63 62 62Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 11.4 11.9 12.7Screenings (%) 2.9 1.5 1.7
END USE Feed
BACKGROUND
Breeder Syngenta SeedsHead Licensee Cropmark SeedsAgent Cropmark Seeds
SNAKEBITE YEAR 2
Snakebite is an average yielding cultivar in Canterbury, however above average in the southern North Island and Southland. Snakebite has shown to be relatively susceptible to disease. Good grain weight.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
barley cultivar descriptions
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
108 102 102 101 104 103 100 104 104
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 96Irrigated site (4 year) 102
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Moderately susceptibleNet form of net blotch Moderately susceptibleSpot form of net blotch UnknownLeaf rust Moderately susceptiblePowdery mildew Mostly resistantBYDV UnknownRamularia leaf spot Unknown
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength Moderate-stiffCrop height ModerateMaturity Intermediate-late
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 57 57 56Test weight (kg/hl) 64 63 62Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 11.3 11.9 11.7Screenings (%) 3.4 1.2 1.8
END USE Feed
BACKGROUND
Breeder Syngenta SeedsHead Licensee Cropmark SeedsAgent Not yet appointed
SWEENY YEAR 1
Sweeny has given average yields at most trial sites in its fi rst year of testing. It has been moderately susceptible to disease except for mildew. Sweeney has a large grain size.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
102 101 107 99 101
96 100 98
Note: Cust and Balfour are 3 year means
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Note: Cust, Highbank and Balfour are 3 year means
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31
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 100Irrigated site (4 year) 103
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Moderately susceptibleNet form of net blotch Moderately susceptibleSpot form of net blotch Moderately susceptibleLeaf rust Mostly susceptiblePowdery mildew Moderately resistantBYDV Moderately susceptibleRamularia leaf spot Moderately susceptible
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength StiffCrop height Short-moderateMaturity Intermediate
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 50 51 50Test weight (kg/hl) 66 65 64Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 12.3 11.8 12.2Screenings (%) 1.9 1.7 1.5
END USE Feed
BACKGROUND
Breeder New Farm Crops, UKHead Licensee Cropmark SeedsAgent PGG Wrightson Seeds
TAVERN YEAR 9
Above average yields for Canterbury and Southland and below average yield performance in the southern North Island. Excellent straw strength combined with short-moderate crop height. Good thousand grain weights and intermediate maturity. Monitor for disease since moderately susceptible to the majority of diseases assessed.RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
95 97 105 104 102 102 100 106 100
IRRIGATION RESPONSE (Canterbury rel yield)
Dryland sites (4 year) 104Irrigated site (4 year) 107
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Scald Moderately susceptibleNet form of net blotch Moderately resistantSpot form of net blotch UnknownLeaf rust Moderately susceptiblePowdery mildew Moderately resistantBYDV UnknownRamularia leaf spot Unknown
FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
Straw strength ModerateCrop height Moderate-tallMaturity Early-intermediate
GRAIN QUALITY (4 year means) Sth Nth Is Canty Sthld
TGW (g) 43 45 46Test weight (kg/hl) 63 64 63Protein (%) (N% x 6.25) 11.0 11.7 12.3Screenings (%) 4.7 2.6 3.4
END USE Feed
BACKGROUND
Breeder SejetHead Licensee Plant & Food ResearchAgent Not yet appointed
CRBA 125 YEAR 2
In its second year of CPT2 trials CRBA125 has had high yields particularly on Canterbury irrigated trial sites. The cultivar has shown moderate susceptibility to a range of barley diseases.
RELATIVE YIELDS – 4 year adjusted mean(% of site mean yield)
WanganuiMarton
CustDunsandel
RakaiaHighbank
St AndrewsChattonBalfour
75 85 95 105 115 125
105 107 107 104 109 103 104 94 109
Note: Cust, Highbank and Balfour are 3 year means Note: Cust, Highbank and Balfour are 3 year means
page
32 sowing date guidelines
These guidelines have been constructed from FAR sowing date trial data combined with agronomic experience and in the case of some new cultivars, UK information is also used.
‘Optimal’ sowing dates – ‘Less ideal’ sowing dates –
Spring sown wheat & barley – Sowing date guidelines 2010
WHEAT JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
Vanquish
Tribute
Raffl es
Torlesse
Morph
Conquest
Bakker Gold
Monad
Sage
BARLEY JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
Optic
Quench (NFC403-49)
County
Doyen
Fairview
Eiffl eton (H97043-37)
Jimpy (H99003-20)
Oxbridge
Putney (KSB2324)
Tavern
Cask
Dash
Sherwood
Bumpa
CRBA123
Snakebite
Cellar
Jolika
Sweeny
Flora
page
33sowing rate calculationinformation can be gained from ‘stress tests’ and ‘vigour tests’. These test results are not usually available but should hopefully be on request. Experience certainly helps when deciding on this fi gure.
Examples of emergence % could be:
• June sown: 80% emergence• July sown: 75% emergence (assumes maybe poorer quality seedbed, sown too deep, cold soil conditions)• August - October sown: 80-90% emergence (assumes soil moisture availability and increasing soil temperatures)
Examples:
SPRING WHEAT A wheat sample 1000 seed wt = 45gB % germination = 90%C % emergence = 90%D target plant density = 250pl/m2
E required sowing rate is 139kg/ha
SPRING BARLEYA barley sample 1000 seed wt = 40gB % germination = 90%C % emergence = 85% D target plant density = 225pl/m2
E required sowing rate is 118kg/ha
The calculation can be transformed to determine the actual emergence % achieved (useful if poor establishment):
The actual plant population needs to be counted in the fi eld (rod or quadrat methods) for the above calculation, whilst TGW, sowing rate and germination % are fi gures that were known at drilling.
This calculation uses several variables to give an accurate answer for suggested sowing rates.
To use the calculation you will need to know the following:• the plant population you want to establish for your crop,• the thousand grain weight of the seed,• the germination percentage (%) of the seed,• the expected crop emergence – this is determined by time of sowing, seed quality and management factors (e.g. seed treatment, sowing depth, seed-bed quality).
The steps to follow are:
THOUSAND GRAIN WEIGHTIf using certifi ed seed, the value for thousand grain weight (TGW) should be available on the seed bag or on request. If you need to calculate it for yourself, the number of seeds you will need to count will depend on the accuracy of your scales. Make sure your seed sample is representative of the whole line.i. If you have scales that will weigh to 0.1g, count 200 seeds, weigh them and multiply the weight by 5 to get 1000 seed weight.ii. If not, count and weigh 1000 seeds.
GERMINATION PERCENTAGE (%)This should also be on the bag label or on request. A purity & germination (P&G) test fi gure is usually quoted. Germination tests determine the maximum germination potential of a given seed line. Under certain conditions in the fi eld it is often noted by producers that the laboratory germination result overestimates seedling emergence. Although there are many factors that may infl uence the fi nal plant population, the observed differences are also a result of the physiological quality of a particular seed line and its tolerance to stress. Caution is advised as the germination fi gure does not equate to the percentage of seeds expected to emerge in the fi eld.
EMERGENCE PERCENTAGE (%)Emergence percentage is an estimate based on actual emergence in the fi eld. Further
SOWING target plant population (p/m2) RATE = x TGW (g) x 100 (kg/ha) % germination x % emergence
% actual plant population (p/m2) EMERGENCE = x TGW (g) x 100 sowing rate (kg/ha) x % germination
page
34 sowing rate calculationISSUES FOR SUCCESSFULESTABLISHMENT(in no particular order)SEEDBED: A trashy seedbed may reduce seed/soil contact, thereby reducing germination, while a compacted seedbed may restrict emergence. A seedbed with large clods may also force emerging seedlings to become deformed (and therefore weakened) in their attempt to emerge.
SOWING DEPTH: Sown too shallow, seed may be subject to bird damage and susceptible to drying out. If sown too deep, young plants will struggle to emerge and may be weak and therefore prone to disease or may become deformed. Check that your drill is placing seed at its optimum depth. This is also important when considering residual herbicides since some products require a minimum planting depth.
NUTRITION AND MOISTURE: Plant roots follow the easiest path for growth, so nutrition should be placed near the roots. Some fertilisers will, however, “burn” seedlings, so they must be placed out of direct contact with the seed. Moisture is essential for seed germination. Once germinated, the young seedling is also very fragile and may dry out rapidly if there is insuffi cient moisture in the root zone. Too much moisture (waterlogging) will mean oxygen starvation, which will lead to germination failure or seedling death.
WEEDS, DISEASES AND PESTS: Weeds will compete with the crop for light, moisture and nutrients. Weeds may potentially be more of a problem in thinly sown (or poorly established) crops. The main disease problem for emerging seedlings is fungi affecting the new roots but these are more likely to occur in a cool, damp environment, when seedlings are less vigorous and therefore more prone to attack. Seed treatment with fungicides may be benefi cial if seed-borne diseases are a concern, but these treatments may also delay crop emergence. A wide range of pests can cause problems - slugs, weevils, grass grubs, etc. If these are present, control options need to be evaluated.
TIME OF SOWING: Crops sown in the early autumn or late spring, when soil temperatures are warm and moisture is (hopefully) ideal, should mean rapid germination and a high emergence rate of seedlings. The autumn sown crops will also have more opportunity to tiller, so sowing rates will need to take this into account.
SOWING RATES IN GENERAL FORWINTER/SPRING SOWINGSNote: for most recent trial results relating to sowing rates for autumn sown wheat, see FAR Arable Updates Cereals Nos. 129, 130, 135, 153.
Generally establishment targets are:• June 200 plants/m2
• July 200 plants/m2
• August 200 plants/m2
• September 250 plants/m2
• October 300 plants/m2
page
35
For further reading see FAR Arable Update Cereals No’s.15, 65, 66, & 81.
SEED QUALITY
High quality seed has:• < 10% Fusarium/Microdochium;• > 95% germination; • > 40g TSW; • low abnormals;• good vigour.
Vigour 1 = poor, 5 = excellent
A Reasonable line, fusarium mostly controlled with treatment, abnormals increased slightly after treatment indicating some seed damage.
B Reject, abnormals increased after treatment indicating some seed damage, vigour not suffi cient, treated germination not suffi cient.
C Reject, fusarium extremely high even though mostly controlled with treatment.
D Reject, abnormals increased after treatment indicating some seed damage.
E Reasonable line with good vigour.
F Reject, fusarium extremely high even though mostly controlled with treatment, however abnormals increased after treatment indicating some seed damage.
NOTE:• It is suggested that 60% of abnormals will emerge. However be aware that these plants have low tillering capacity. • Remainders are seeds which don’t germinate.
seed quality & seed treatments
UNTREATED TREATED
Line Germ Abnorm Remain Fusari Vigour Germ Abnorm Remain Fusari
A 80.2 13.8 6.0 36.0 3.2 76.6 18.0 5.4 2.8
B 73.6 17.0 9.4 31.0 2.8 69.4 21.4 9.2 0.6
C 72.0 14.6 13.4 71.2 3.6 71.4 4.4 6.4 3.6
D 79.6 13.8 6.6 5.0 3.8 71.6 22.0 6.4 0.0
E 83.8 9.2 7.0 21.0 4.4 79.4 11.8 8.8 0.2
F 76.6 17.6 5.8 62.6 3.8 71.4 23.4 5.2 6.2
Table: Attributes of example lines from the 2001/2002 harvest
page
36
PATHOGEN THRESHOLDSGuidelines for seed-borne disease thresholds based on NIAB (UK) and NZ experiences:
• If < 10% Fusarium Microdochium or 5% Drechslera infection sow untreated seed before 1 May or after 1 October.• Treat if sowing after 1 May or before 1 October.• All seed should be treated if the cereal follows maize as Fusarium risk is higher.• Zero threshold exists for loose smut & barley seed-borne mosaic virus. Seedlines with loose smut will be rejected from certifi cation and uncertifi ed seed must be treated. • Seed treatments may not be needed on high quality seed (seed quality details should be freely available from seed merchant) and if the seedline is not repeatedly sown without treatment.
CONSIDERATIONS:• In damaged (e.g. cracked) seed all products have the potential to reduce establishment and, in severe cases, yield. Raxil then Vitafl o are the least likely to delay emergence of damaged seed. Delayed emergence may be critical for late autumn sowings.• Vitafl o or Raxil control low Fusarium levels but MBC or Baytan Universal are needed for higher levels.• Ideally, reject seedlines which test over 20- 25% Fusarium and/or with a P&G germination of < 85%. However seasonal conditions will impact on availability of seed with these levels.• Seed treatments do not reduce the incidence of Fusarium head blight in the crop.
INSECTICIDEGaucho and Poncho are the only registered insecticide seed treatments, providing some control of aphids and grass grub. They should provide control of aphids up until the plant reaches GS13/21 or as the fi rst tiller is appearing. Poncho is also registered for use in wheat for control of grass grub and argentine stem weevil.
Reminder: in spring sown cereals, aphicides do not give the same length of protection as autumn treatments due to the accelerated growth rates of the crop and thus increased rates of product breakdown.
Additionally, pressure on crops from fl ying aphids is also greater in spring crops, thereby increasing the importance of pest management.
seed quality & seed treatments
page
37
TGW Thousand grain (seed) weight, reported in grams (g). Grain size is needed both as a measure of grain quality and for calculating sowing rates.
Test weight Measured in kilograms per hectolitre (kg/hl), test weight is an indication of grain density. Test weight is reported at a standard grain moistureof 14%.
Protein % The protein content is obtained by measuring the nitrogen (N) content and using a conversion factor to calculate the protein %. The conversion factors in this booklet are N x 5.7 for all wheat and N x 6.25 for all barley. Some feed wheat users choose to use N x 6.25. To convert the wheat protein from 5.7 to 6.25 use a conversion factor of 1.096 x protein %.
Falling number An indicator of sprouting if scores are low, falling number (FN) is an indirect measure of alpha-amylase levels in the grain with low FN indicating high alpha-amylase activity. FAR does not test falling number on feed wheat, only milling wheats.
Screenings % Percentage of small grains, weed seeds and foreign matter which pass through a 2.0mm rotoscreen.
4 year adjusted mean
A “4-year adjusted mean” is a mean over trials in the last 4 years. This mean has been adjusted statistically to take account of the absence of some cultivars in some trials (for example, if a cultivar was missing from an especially high-yielding trial, it would otherwise be unfairly disadvantaged). This adjustment enables fair comparisons between cultivars within each site and region.
Limited data For newer cultivars which we have only evaluated for one or two years, we may not have suffi cient disease or agronomic observations to feel confi dent about the data presented. In this case the data is given in brackets ( ).
Relative yield Yields relative to a base 100 are given where 100 is the average yield across all cultivars. These relative yields make it easier to compare sites which may differ widely in mean yields.
LSD The “Least Signifi cant Difference”, or LSD, is used to compare the mean yields of two cultivars. The difference in yield between two cultivars must be greater than the LSD for those two cultivars to be proven different (statistically at P=0.05). For example, if the LSD is 0.8, a difference between two cultivars of 0.5 is not ‘proven’, while a difference of 1.2 is proven.
CV% The “Coeffi cient of Variation”, or CV%, is another measure of the variability in a trial. If the differences between cultivars are similar across all replicates, the trial CV% is low (<10%) and the LSD is low (both desirable). If the trial CV% is high (>10%), there is a high level of unexplained variation, and the trial results are less accurate.
Stripe rust Disease caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici.
Leaf rust Disease caused by Puccinia recondite f.sp. tritici (wheat); Puccinia hordei (barley).
Septoria leaf blotch Disease caused by Septoria tritici, (perfect stage Mycosphaerella graminicola).
Powdery mildew Disease caused by Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici.
Fusarium head scab Disease caused by Fusarium spp.
glossary of terms
page
38
The table below is for you to record your cultivar choice and other useful information for your paddock history. An example is provided.
paddock sowing record
Paddock Cultivarname
Sowingrate
(kg/ha)
Seedtreatment
Areasown(ha)
Fertiliser(kg/ha)
Sowingdate
Bluegum Doyen 96kg/ha Raxil 10ha DAP 200 3 May
page
39
FAR would like to name and thank the people who have helped contribute to the timely production of this booklet:
HOST FARMERS:Cameron AdamsNigel BarnettGraeme GardyneJohn GardyneRichard GreenMurray & Doug KnoxPaul Mackintosh Malcom StoddartRoss Duncan & Steve PoleRoss Rathgen Murray Taggart Steve WilkinsJohn Wright
TRIAL OPERATORS:Adrian Russell Plant Research NZ LtdBede McCloy New Zealand ArableGerard Pile PGG Wrightson SeedsJohn van den Bosch PGG Wrightson SeedsKevin Sinclair Plant & Food ResearchMatt Hicks Cropmark Seeds LtdRoss Hanson Plant & Food ResearchStewart Armstrong Plant & Food Research
BIOMETRICIAN:Dave Saville Saville Statistical Consulting
CONTRIBUTING SCIENTIST:Matthew Cromey Plant & Food Research
FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTORS:FAR levy payersNZ Flour Millers AssociationNew Zealand Grain & Seed Trade Association (NZGSTA)
GRAPHIC DESIGNER:Melissa Hillmer BNS Design & Print
BOOKLET PRODUCTION:Rachel Greenwood Foundation for Arable ResearchRob Craigie Foundation for Arable ResearchJulie Sime Foundation for Arable Research
Cover photo courtesy of Richard Chynoweth
acknowledgements
page
40 notes
F O U N D AT I O N F O R A R A B L E R E S E A R C H
spring sownwheat and barley
2009/2010
PO Box 80Lincoln, CanterburyNew Zealand
Tel: 03 325 6353Fax: 03 325 6354Email: [email protected] F
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