FAO statistical pocket book

Unit descriptionTIME PERIODS2011 calendar year

2011* closest to year 2011

2009/11 average for the three years cen-tred on 2010

1991-2011 annual period from 1991 to 2011

SYMBOLS AND UNITSha hectare

kg kilogram

US$ United States dollar

tonne metric tonne (1000 kg)

kt kilotonne (1000 tonnes)

billion thousand million

trillion thousand billion

quadrillion thousand trillion

kcal kilocalories

mm millimetre

mg milligram

km3 cubic kilometre

m3 cubic metre

km2 square kilometre

m2 square metre

mt metric tonne

Gt gigatonne (109metric tonnes)

LCU local currency unit

PM10 particles less than 10μm in diam-eter

ppm parts per million

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Metadata concepts

Agricultural production indicesThe FAO indices of agricultural productionshow the relative level of the aggregate volumeof agricultural production for each year in com-parison with the base period 1999-2001. Theyare based on the sum of price-weighted quan-tities of different agricultural commodities pro-duced after deductions of quantities used asseed and feed weighted in a similar manner.The resulting aggregate represents, therefore,disposable production for any use except asseed and feed. All the indices at the coun-try, regional and world levels are calculatedby the Laspeyres formula. Production quanti-ties of each commodity are weighted by 1999-2001 average international commodity pricesand summed for each year. To obtain the in-dex, the aggregate for a given year is dividedby the average aggregate for the base period1999-2001. Since the FAO indices are basedon the concept of agriculture as a single en-terprise, amounts of seed and feed are sub-tracted from the production data to avoid dou-ble counting , once in the production data andonce with the crops or livestock produced fromthem. Deductions for seed (in the case of eggs,for hatching) and for livestock and poultry feedapply to both domestically produced and im-ported commodities. They cover only primaryagricultural products destined to animal feed(e.g. maize, potatoes, milk, etc.). Processedand semi-processed feed items such as bran,oilcakes, meals and molasses have been com-pletely excluded from the calculations at allstages. It should be noted that when calcu-lating indices of agricultural, food and non-food production, all intermediate primary in-puts of agricultural origin are deducted. How-ever, for indices of any other commodity group,only inputs originating from within the samegroup are deducted; thus, only seed is removedfrom the group "crops" and from all crop sub-groups, such as cereals, oil crops, etc.; and bothfeed and seed originating from within the live-stock sector (e.g. milk feed, hatching eggs) areremoved from the group "livestock products".For the main two livestock subgroups, namely,meat and milk, only feed originating from therespective subgroup is removed. Indices whichtake into account deductions for feed and seedare referred to as ”net”. Indices calculated with-out any deductions for feed and seed are re-ferred to as ”gross”. The "international com-modity prices" are used in order to avoid theuse of exchange rates for obtaining continen-tal and world aggregates, and also to improveand facilitate international comparative analy-sis of productivity at the national level. These"international prices", expressed in so-called "in-ternational dollars", are derived using a Geary-Khamis formula for the agricultural sector. Thismethod assigns a single "price" to each com-modity. For example, one metric ton of wheathas the same price regardless of the countrywhere it was produced. The currency unit inwhich the prices are expressed has no influence

on the indices published. The commoditiescovered in the computation of indices of agri-cultural production are all crops and livestockproducts originating in each country. Practi-cally all products are covered, with the mainexception of fodder crops. The category of foodproduction includes commodities that are con-sidered edible and that contain nutrients. Ac-cordingly, coffee and tea are excluded alongwith inedible commodities because, althoughedible, they have practically no nutritive value.Prices applied to meat in reality represent theprices of animals for slaughtering in terms oflive weight. For example, if the price of onemetric ton (1000 kg) of pigs alive is 825 dollarsand the ratio meat to live weight is 75 to 100,the price applicable to 750 kg of pig meat willbe 825 dollars, corresponding to 1100 dollarsper metric tons. The indices are calculated fromproduction data presented on a calendar yearbasis. The FAO indices may differ from thoseproduced by the countries themselves becauseof differences in concepts of production, cover-age, weights, time reference of data and meth-ods of calculation.

Area harvestedData refer to the area fromwhich a crop is gath-ered. Area harvested, therefore, excludes thearea from which, although sown or planted,there was no harvest due to damage, failure,etc. It is usually net for temporary crops andsome times gross for permanent crops. Netarea differs from gross area insofar as the lat-ter includes uncultivated patches, footpaths,ditches, headlands, shoulders, shelterbelts, etc.If the crop under consideration is harvestedmore than once during the year as a conse-quence of successive cropping (i.e. the samecrop is sown or planted more than once in thesame field during the year), the area is countedas many times as harvested. On the contrary,area harvestedwill be recorded only once in thecase of successive gathering of the crop duringthe year from the same standing crops. Withregard to mixed and associated crops, the areasown relating to each crop should be reportedseparately. When the mixture refers to partic-ular crops, generally grains, it is recommendedto treat the mixture as if it were a single crop;therefore, area sown is recorded only for thecrop reported.

Capital stock in agriculture and investment inagricultureThe estimate of capital stock in agriculturerefers to a value that is attached to the totalphysical capital capacity available for repeateduse in the production of other goods, in exis-tence at specific point in time in the economy ofagriculture sector. The estimates of investmentin agriculture have indirectly been derived bythe FAO Statistics Division using physical dataon livestock, tractors, irrigated land and landunder permanent crops etc., and the averageprices for the year 1995. These data enabledthe derivation of the capital stock in agricul-ture which is the gross, and the annual change

248

in the latter is taken to reflect investment inagriculture.

CIFCost-Insurance-Freight. CIF-trade values in-clude the transaction value of the goods, thevalue of services performed to deliver goodsto the border of the exporting country and thevalue of the services performed to deliver thegoods from the border of the exporting countryto the border of the importing country. Importvalues are mostly reported as CIF.

Crop areaCrop area is a surface of land on which a cropis grown. In general, the area measured forcadastral purposes includes, in addition to thearea cultivated, headlands, ditches and othernon-cultivated areas. Such an area can becalled gross area as against the net area whichincludes only the portion of the gross areaactually cultivated. For various reasons, e.g.natural calamities or economic considerations,certain areas planted or sown with a given cropare not harvested or are harvested before thecrop reaches maturity. Hence the need for theconcept of area to be sub-divided into sown orplanted area and harvested area. Sown areadata are necessary to estimate quantities usedfor seeding purposes; harvested area, to pro-vide reliable and accurate yield and productiondata. A peculiarity of permanent crops is thatnumber of trees or plants is reported in addi-tion to or, instead of, the area planted. This isparticularly so as regards plants growing out-side of compact plantations, which are eitherinterplanted with other crops or are scattered.Both area and number of trees are also dividedinto productive or bearing and non-productiveor non-bearing areas or trees. In most cases,non-bearing refers to young plants that are notyet bearing.

Crop productionCrop production data refer to the actual har-vested production from the field or orchardand gardens, excluding harvesting and thresh-ing losses and that part of crop not harvestedfor any reason. Production therefore includesthe quantities of the commodity sold in themarket (marketed production) and the quanti-ties consumed or used by the producers (auto-consumption). When the production data avail-able refers to a production period falling intotwo successive calendar years and it is not pos-sible to allocate the relative production to eachof them, it is usual to refer production data tothat year into which the bulk of the produc-tion falls. Crop production data are recorded intonnes (t). In many countries, crop productiondata are obtained as a function of the estimatedyield and the total area. If such a compilationmethod of production statistics is enforced bythe country, it must be ensured that the totalarea does not refer to sown or planted area,which would give then the "biological produc-tion", but to the actually harvested area duringthe year.

Crop yieldHarvested production per unit of harvestedarea for crop products. In most of the casesyield data are not recorded but obtained by di-viding the production data by the data on areaharvested. Data on yields of permanent cropsare not as reliable as those for temporary cropseither because most of the area informationmay correspond to planted area, as for grapes,or because of the scarcity and unreliability ofthe area figures reported by the countries, asfor example for cocoa and coffee.

Domestic supplyProduction + imports - exports + changes instocks (decrease or increase) = supply for do-mestic utilization. There are various ways ofdefining supply and, in fact, various conceptsare in use. The elements involved are produc-tion, imports, exports and changes in stocks(increase or decrease). There is no doubt thatproduction, imports and stock changes (eitherdecrease or increase in stocks) are genuine sup-ply elements.

FeedData refer to the quantity of the commodityin question available for feeding to the live-stock and poultry during the reference period,whether domestically produced or imported.

FoodData refer to the total amount of the commod-ity available as human food during the refer-ence period. Data include the commodity inquestion, as well as any commodity derivedthere from as a result of further processing.Food from maize, for example, comprises theamount of maize, maize meal and any otherproducts derived there from available for hu-man consumption. Food from milk relates tothe amounts ofmilk as such, as well as the freshmilk equivalent of dairy products.

FOBFree-On-Board. FOB-trade values include thetransaction value of the goods and the valueof services performed to deliver goods to theborder of the exporting country. Export valuesare mostly reported as FOB.

Food Balance SheetsFood Balance Sheets (FBS) are compiled everyyear by FAO, mainly with country-level data onthe production and trade of food commodities.Using these data and the available informationon seed rates, waste coefficients, stock changesand types of utilization (feed, food, processingand other utilization), a supply/utilization ac-count is prepared for each commodity in weightterms. The food component of the commodityaccount, which is usually derived as a balancingitem, refers to the total amount of the commod-ity available for human consumption during theyear. Besides commodity-by-commodity infor-mation, the FAO FBS also provide total foodavailability estimates by aggregating the food

249

component of all commodities including fish-ery products. From these values and the avail-able population estimates, the per person di-etary energy and protein and fat supplies arederived and expressed on a daily basis. In theFBS production data refer only to primary prod-ucts while data for all other elements also in-clude processed products derived there from,expressed in primary commodity equivalent.

Food insecurityA situation that exists when people lack se-cure access to sufficient amounts of safe andnutritious food for normal growth and devel-opment and an active and healthy life. It maybe caused by the unavailability of food, insuf-ficient purchasing power, inappropriate distri-bution, or inadequate use of food at the house-hold level. Food insecurity, poor conditions ofhealth and sanitation, and inappropriate careand feeding practices are the major causes ofpoor nutritional status. Food insecurity may bechronic, seasonal or transitory.

Food productionFor primary commodities, production relates tothe total domestic production whether insideor outside the agricultural sector, i.e. includ-ing non-commercial production and productionin kitchen gardens. Unless otherwise indicated,production is reported at the farm level for pri-mary crops (i.e. excluding harvesting losses forcrops) and livestock items and in terms of liveweight (i.e. the actual ex-water weight of thecatch at the time of capture) for primary fishitems. Production of processed commoditiesrelates to the total output of the commodity atthe manufacture level (i.e. it comprises outputfrom domestic and imported raw materials oforiginating products). Reporting units are cho-sen accordingly, e.g. cereals are reported interms of grains and paddy rice. As a generalrule, all data on meat are expressed in termsof carcass weight. Usually the data on produc-tion relate to that which takes place during thereference period. However, production of cer-tain crops may relate to the harvest of the yearpreceding the utilization period if harvestingtakes place late in the year. In such instances,the production of a given year largely movesinto consumption in the subsequent year. Inthe Food Balance Sheets a distinction is madebetween "output" and "input". The productionof primary as well as of derived products is re-ported under "output". For derived commodi-ties, the amounts of the originating commod-ity that are required for obtaining the outputof the derived product are indicated under "in-put", and are expressed in terms of the origi-nating commodity. The various factors used,i.e. milling rates, extraction rates, conversion orprocessing factors, carcass weights, milk yield,egg weights etc., should indicate the averagenational rate at which these commodities aregenerally converted.

Food securityA situation that exists when all people, at all

times, have physical, social and economic ac-cess to sufficient, safe and nutritious food thatmeets their dietary needs and food preferencesfor an active and healthy life.

Harvested productionExcludes harvesting losses and production notharvested for various reasons. Harvested pro-duction is one of the three main concepts ofproduction (and yield) used by countries whenreporting to FAO.

Kilocalorie (kcal)Unit of measurement of dietary energy. Itshould be noted that in accordance to Interna-tional System of Units, energy is measured injoules, J, but the customary usage of thermo-chemical energy units of kilocalories (kcal) ismostly used. 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ.

Land useIn agricultural statistics refers to land classi-fication according to the agricultural holders’concepts of use, i.e. arable land, pastures etc.

LivestockAnimals such as cattle and sheep which arekept on the holding or otherwise for agricul-tural production.

Minimum dietary energy requirementIn a specified age and sex group, the amount ofdietary energy per person is that considered ad-equate to meet the energy needs for minimumacceptable weight for attained-height main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a lightphysical activity. In the entire population, theminimum energy requirement is the weightedaverage of the minimum energy requirementsof the different age and sex groups in the pop-ulation.

Prevalence of overnourished in total popula-tionProportion of the population in a condition ofovernourishment.

Prevalence of undernourishmentProportion of the population in a condition ofundernourishment. Undernourishment refersto the condition of people whose dietary en-ergy consumption is continuously below a min-imum dietary energy requirement for maintain-ing a healthy life and carrying out a light phys-ical activity.

Primary cropsPrimary crops are those which come directlyfrom the land and without having undergoneany real processing, apart from cleaning. Theymaintain all the biological qualities they hadwhen they were still on the plants. Certain pri-mary crops can be aggregated, with their actualweight, into totals offering meaningful figureson area, yield, production and utilization; forexample, cereals, roots and tubers, nuts, veg-etables and fruits. Other primary crops can be

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aggregated only in terms of one or the othercomponent common to all of them. For ex-ample, primary crops of the oil-bearing groupcan be aggregated in terms of oil or oil cakeequivalent. Primary crops are divided into tem-porary and permanent crops. Temporary cropsare those which are both sown and harvestedduring the same agricultural year, sometimesmore than once; permanent crops are sown orplanted once and not replanted after each an-nual harvest.

ProductionFigures relate to the total domestic productionwhether inside or outside the agricultural sec-tor, i.e. it includes non-commercial productionand production from kitchen gardens. Unlessotherwise indicated, production is reported atthe farm level for crop and livestock products(i.e. in the case of crops, excluding harvest-ing losses) and in terms of live weight for fishitems (i.e. the actual ex-water weight at thetime of the catch). All data shown relate to to-tal meat production from both commercial andfarm slaughter. Data are expressed in termsof dressed carcass weight, excluding offal andslaughter fats. Production of beef and buffalomeat includes veal; mutton and goat meat in-cludes meat from lambs and kids; pig meatincludes bacon and ham in fresh equivalent.Poultry meat includes meat from all domesticbirds and refers, wherever possible, to ready-to-cook weight.

Production - Livestock primaryLivestock primary products include productsfrom live and slaughtered animals. Productsfrom slaughtered animals include meat, of-fals, raw fats, fresh hides and skins. Productsfrom live animals include milk, eggs, honey,beeswax and fibres of animal origin. All datashown relate to total meat production fromboth commercial and farm slaughter. Data aregiven in terms of dressed carcass weight, i.e.excluding offals and slaughter fats. Productionof beef and buffalo meat includes veal; muttonand goat meat includes meat from lambs andkids, respectively; pig meat includes bacon andham in fresh equivalent. Poultry meat includesmeat from all domestic birds and refers, wher-ever possible, to ready-to-cook weight. Cowmilk production relates to total production ofwhole fresh milk, excluding the milk sucked byyoung animals but including amounts fed tolivestock. The concept of production of buf-falo, sheep and goat milk is the same as for cowmilk; however, the coverage is probably lessadequate. Egg production covers all domesticbirds which have contributed to egg productionduring the year, wherever they lay and the cor-responding total production, including eggs in-tended to be used for hatching but excludingwaste on farms.

SeedData include the amounts of the commodity inquestion set aside for sowing or planting (orgenerally for reproduction purposes, e.g. sugar

cane planted, potatoes for seed, eggs for hatch-ing and fish for bait, whether domestically pro-duced or imported) during the reference period.Account is taken of double or successive sow-ing or planting whenever it occurs. The data ofseed include also, when it is the case, the quan-tities necessary for sowing or planting the arearelating to crops harvested green for fodder orfor food.(e.g. green peas, green beans, maizefor forage) Data for seed element are storedin tonnes (t). Whenever official data were notavailable, seed figures have been estimated ei-ther as a percentage of supply (e.g. eggs forhatching) or by multiplying a seed rate with thearea under the crop of the subsequent year.

UndernourishmentUndernourishment refers to the condition ofpeople whose dietary energy consumption iscontinuously below a minimum dietary energyrequirement for maintaining a healthy life andcarrying out a light physical activity. The num-ber of undernourished people refers to those inthis condition.

WasteAmount of the commodity in question lostthrough wastage (waste) during the year at allstages between the level at which productionis recorded and the household, i.e. storageand transportation. Losses occurring beforeand during harvest are excluded. Waste fromboth edible and inedible parts of the commod-ity occurring in the household is also excluded.Quantities lost during the transformation ofprimary commodities into processed productsare taken into account in the assessment of re-spective extraction/conversion rates. Distribu-tion wastes tend to be considerable in coun-tries with hot humid climate, difficult trans-portation and inadequate storage or process-ing facilities. This applies to the more perish-able foodstuffs, and especially to those whichhave to be transported or stored for a long timein a tropical climate. Waste is often estimatedas a fixed percentage of availability, the latterbeing defined as production plus imports plusstock withdrawals.

PovertyAccording to the United Nations, poverty isdefined as a lack of income and productiveresources to ensure sustainable livelihoods;hunger and malnutrition; ill health; limited orlack of access to education and other basic ser-vices; increased morbidity and mortality fromillness; homelessness and inadequate housing;unsafe environments and social discriminationand exclusion. It is also characterised by lackof participation in decision-making and in civil,social and cultural life. It occurs in all countries:as mass poverty in many developing countries,pockets of poverty amid wealth in developedcountries, loss of livelihoods as a result of eco-nomic recession, sudden poverty as a result ofdisaster or conflict, the poverty of low-wageworkers, and the utter destitution of peoplewho fall outside family support systems, social

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institutions and safety nets. According to theWorld Bank, poverty is a pronounced depriva-tion in well-being, and comprises many dimen-sions. It includes low incomes and the inabilityto acquire the basic goods and services neces-sary for survival with dignity. Poverty also en-compasses low levels of health and education,poor access to clean water and sanitation, in-adequate physical security, lack of voice, andinsufficient capacity and opportunity to betterone’s life.

VariabilityThe extent to which data in a series or a statisti-cal distribution diverge from the average value.

VolatilityVolatility represents the directionless variabil-ity of an economic variable, i.e. the dispersionof that variable within a given time horizon. Forexample, high (low) price volatility is describedby situations when prices fluctuate significantly(little) over a short time period in either direc-tion. The following formula is used to measurevolatility

σ =

√√√√ n∑=1

[rt − μ]2 /n− 1where σ is the standard deviation, rt are thelogarithmic changes

ShockAn unexpected or unpredictable event that af-fects livelihoods

Growth ratesGrowth rates are calculated by the geometricformula:

100× ((t /0)(1/(t−0)) − 1)

Import dependency ratioImport dependency ratio (IDR) is defined as:IDR = imports x 100/(production + imports -exports). The complement of this ratio to 100would represent that part of the domestic foodsupply that has been produced in the countryitself. However, there is a caveat to be keptin mind: these ratios hold only if imports aremainly used for domestic utilization and arenot re-exported.

Self-sufficiency ratioThe self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) is defined as:SSR = production x 100/(production + imports- exports). The SSR can be calculated for indi-vidual commodities, groups of commodities ofsimilar nutritional values and, after appropriateconversion of the commodity equations, alsofor the aggregate of all commodities. In thecontext of food security, the SSR is often takento indicate the extent to which a country relieson its own production resources, i.e. the higherthe ratio the greater the self-sufficiency. Whilethe SSR can be the appropriate tool when as-sessing the supply situation for individual com-modities, a certain degree of caution shouldbe observed when looking at the overall food

situation. In the case, however, where a largepart of a country’s production of one commod-ity, e.g. other cereals, is exported, the SSR maybe very high but the country may still have torely heavily on imports of food commodities tofeed the population. The self-sufficiency rate(as defined above) cannot be the complementto 100 of the import dependency rate, or vice-versa.

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Metadata definitionsMajor stapleLargest food item in terms of calories contribut-ing to dietary intakeSource: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Fertility rateTotal fertility rate represents the number ofchildren that would be born to a woman if shewere to live to the end of her childbearing yearsand bear children in accordance with currentage-specific fertility rates.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: UNPDWorld Population Prospects 2010

Life expectancy at birth, total (years)Life expectancy at birth indicates the numberof years a newborn infant would live if prevail-ing patterns of mortality at the time of its birthwere to stay the same throughout its life.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: UNPDWorld Population Prospects 2010

Population age structurePopulation is based on the de facto definition ofpopulation. Young population refers to peoplebetween 0 and 14, while old population refersto people 65 and above.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: World Bank

Population densityPopulation density is midyear population di-vided by land area in square kilometres. Pop-ulation is based on the de facto definition ofpopulation, which counts all residents regard-less of legal status or citizenship–except forrefugees not permanently settled in the coun-try of asylum, who are generally consideredpart of the population of their country of ori-gin. Land area is a country’s total area, exclud-ing area under inland water bodies, nationalclaims to continental shelf, and exclusive eco-nomic zones. In most cases the definition ofinland water bodies includes major rivers andlakes.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: FAO and World Bank

Rural populationRural population refers to people living in ruralareas as defined by national statistical offices.It is calculated as the difference between totalpopulation and urban population.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: UNPDWorld Population Prospects 2010

Population, totalTotal population is based on the de facto def-inition of population, which counts all resi-dents regardless of legal status or citizenship–except for refugees not permanently settled inthe country of asylum, who are generally con-sidered part of the population of their country

of origin. The values shown are midyear esti-mates.

Source: World Bank (WDI)

Owner: UNPDWorld Population Prospects 2010

Urban population

Urban population refers to people living in ur-ban areas as defined by national statistical of-fices. It is calculated using World Bank popula-tion estimates and urban ratios from the UnitedNations World Urbanization Prospects.


Owner: UNPDWorld Population Prospects 2010

Real effective exchange rate index

Real effective exchange rate is the nominal ef-fective exchange rate (a measure of the value ofa currency against a weighted average of sev-eral foreign currencies) divided by a price de-flator or index of costs.

Source: International Financial Statistics.

Owner: IMF

GDP (current US$)

GDP at purchaser’s prices is the sum of grossvalue added by all resident producers in theeconomy plus any product taxes and minus anysubsidies not included in the value of the prod-ucts. It is calculated without making deduc-tions for depreciation of fabricated assets or fordepletion and degradation of natural resources.Data are in current US dollars. Dollar figuresfor GDP are converted from domestic curren-cies using single year official exchange rates.For a few countries where the official exchangerate does not reflect the rate effectively appliedto actual foreign exchange transactions, an al-ternative conversion factor is used.


Owner: IMF, World Bank and OECD

GDP per capita (current US$)

GDP per capita is gross domestic product di-vided by midyear population. GDP is the sumof gross value added by all resident producersin the economy plus any product taxes and mi-nus any subsidies not included in the value ofthe products. It is calculated without makingdeductions for depreciation of fabricated assetsor for depletion and degradation of natural re-sources. Data are in current US dollars.


Owner: IMF, World Bank and OECD

Real growth rate in GDP

Annual percentages of constant price GDP areyear-on-year changes; the base year is country-specific . Expenditure-based GDP is total fi-nal expenditures at purchasers’ prices (includ-ing the f.o.b. value of exports of goods and ser-vices), less the f.o.b. value of imports of goodsand services.

Source: World Economic Outlook

Owner: IMF

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Inflation, consumer prices (annual %)Inflation as measured by the consumer price in-dex reflects the annual percentage change inthe cost to the average consumer of acquiring abasket of goods and services that may be fixedor changed at specified intervals, such as yearly.The Laspeyres formula is generally used.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: IMF

Agriculture, value added (% of GDP)Agriculture corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-5and includes forestry, hunting, and fishing, aswell as cultivation of crops and livestock pro-duction. Value added is the net output of asector after adding up all outputs and subtract-ing intermediate inputs. It is calculated with-out making deductions for depreciation of fab-ricated assets or depletion and degradation ofnatural resources. The origin of value addedis determined by the International Standard In-dustrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Note:For VAB countries, gross value added at factorcost is used as the denominator.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: World Bank and OECD

Agriculture value added per worker (constant2000 US$)Agriculture value added per worker is a mea-sure of agricultural productivity. Value added inagriculture measures the output of the agricul-tural sector (ISIC divisions 1-5) less the valueof intermediate inputs. Agriculture comprisesvalue added from forestry, hunting, and fish-ing as well as cultivation of crops and livestockproduction. Data are in constant 2000 US dol-lars.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: World Bank and FAO

Industry, value added (% of GDP)Industry corresponds to ISIC divisions 10-45and includes manufacturing (ISIC divisions 15-37). It comprises value added in mining, man-ufacturing (also reported as a separate sub-group), construction, electricity, water, and gas.Value added is the net output of a sector af-ter adding up all outputs and subtracting inter-mediate inputs. It is calculated without mak-ing deductions for depreciation of fabricatedassets or depletion and degradation of naturalresources. The origin of value added is deter-mined by the International Standard IndustrialClassification (ISIC), revision 3. Note: For VABcountries, gross value added at factor cost isused as the denominator.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: World Bank and OECD

Real interest rate (%)Real interest rate is the lending interest rate ad-justed for inflation as measured by the GDP de-flator.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: IMF and World Bank

Merchandise trade (% of GDP)Merchandise trade as a share of GDP is the sumof merchandise exports and imports divided bythe value of GDP, all in current US dollars.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: WTO and World Bank

Services, value added (% of GDP)Services correspond to ISIC divisions 50-99 andthey include value added in wholesale and re-tail trade (including hotels and restaurants),transport, and government, financial, profes-sional, and personal services such as education,health care, and real estate services. Also in-cluded are imputed bank service charges, im-port duties, and any statistical discrepanciesnoted by national compilers as well as discrep-ancies arising from rescaling. Value added isthe net output of a sector after adding up alloutputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. Itis calculatedwithoutmaking deductions for de-preciation of fabricated assets or depletion anddegradation of natural resources. The indus-trial origin of value added is determined by theInternational Standard Industrial Classification(ISIC), revision 3. Note: For VAB countries, grossvalue added at factor cost is used as the de-nominator.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: World Bank and OECD

Share of components in capital stockThe estimate of capital stock in agriculturerefers to a value that is attached to the totalphysical capital capacity available for repeateduse in the production of other goods, in exis-tence at specific point in time in the economy ofagriculture sector. The estimates of investmentin agriculture have indirectly been derived bythe FAO Statistics Division using physical dataon livestock, tractors, irrigated land and landunder permanent crops etc., and the averageprices for the year 1995. These data enabledthe derivation of the capital stock in agricul-ture which is the gross, and the annual changein the latter is taken to reflect investment inagriculture.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Arable landArable land is the land under temporaryagricultural crops (multiple-cropped areas arecounted only once), temporary meadows formowing or pasture, land under market andkitchen gardens and land temporarily fallow(less than five years). The abandoned land re-sulting from shifting cultivation is not includedin this category. Data for ’Arable land’ are notmeant to indicate the amount of land that is po-tentially cultivable. Data are expressed in 1000hectares.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

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Arable and permanent croplandSee arable land and cropland definitions.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Pasture landPermanent meadows and pastures is the landused permanently (five years or more) to growherbaceous forage crops, either cultivated orgrowing wild (wild prairie or grazing land).Data are expressed in 1000 hectares.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Total land areaLand area is the total area of the country ex-cluding area under inland water bodies. Possi-ble variations in the data may be due to updat-ing and revisions of the country data and notnecessarily to any change of areaSource: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FILL ME

Pesticide consumptionData refer to quantities of pesticides applied tocrops and seeds in the agriculture sector. Fig-ures are generally expressed in terms of activeingredients. Data are expressed in tonnes (t).However, due to some country reporting prac-tices, the data may be reported by: consump-tion in formulated product (including diluentsand adjuvants); sales; distribution or importsfor use in the agricultural sector. In these casesit is specified in the country notes.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Arable land potentialCalculations based on Bruinsma, J. (2011). Theresources outlook: by how much do land, waterand crop yields need to increase by 2050?, inLooking Ahead in World Food and Agriculture:perspectives to 2050, ed. by Conforti, P. FAO.Source: Agricultural Development EconomicsDivisionOwner: FAO

Total area equipped for irrigationArea equipped to provide water (via irriga-tion) to crops. It includes areas equipped forfull/partial control irrigation, equipped low-land areas, and areas equipped for spate irri-gation.Source: Land and Water Division (AQUASTAT)Owner: FAO

Water resources, renewable per capitaTotal annual internal renewable water re-sources per inhabitant.Source: Land and Water Division (AQUASTAT)Owner: FAO

Electricity accessThere is no single internationally-accepted def-inition for electricity access. The definition

used covers electricity access at the householdlevel, that is, the number of people who haveelectricity in their home. It comprises elec-tricity sold commercially, both on-grid and off-grid. It also includes self-generated electricityfor those countries where access to electricityhas been assessed through surveys by govern-ment or government agencies. The data doesnot capture unauthorised connections. Thenational, urban and rural electrification ratesshown indicate the number of people with elec-tricity access as a percentage of the total pop-ulation.

Source: World Energy Outlook 2010

Owner: IEA

Labour force participation rates across regions(%)Labour force participation rate is the propor-tion of the population ages 15 and older thatis economically active: all people who supplylabour for the production of goods and servicesduring a specified period.

Source: Key Indicators of the Labour Market(KILM) 7th edition

Owner: ILO

Lead time to export, median case (days)Lead time to export is the median time (thevalue for 50 percent of shipments) from ship-ment point to port of loading. Data are from theLogistics Performance Index survey. Respon-dents provided separate values for the bestcase (10 percent of shipments) and the mediancase (50 percent of shipments). The data areexponentiated averages of the logarithm of sin-gle value responses and of midpoint values ofrange responses for the median case.


Owner: World Bank

Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP,current US$)Foreign direct investment are the net inflowsof investment to acquire a lasting managementinterest (10 percent or more of voting stock) inan enterprise operating in an economy otherthan that of the investor. It is the sum of equitycapital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shownin the balance of payments. This series showsnet inflows (new investment inflows less disin-vestment) in the reporting economy from for-eign investors. Data are in current US dollars.


Owner: IMF and UNCTAD

Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectareof arable land)Fertilizer consumption (100 grams per hectareof arable land) measures the quantity of plantnutrients used per unit of arable land. Fertilizerproducts cover nitrogenous, potash, and phos-phate fertilizers (including ground rock phos-phate). Traditional nutrients–animal and plantmanures–are not included. For the purpose

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of data dissemination, FAO has adopted theconcept of a calendar year (January to Decem-ber). Some countries compile fertilizer dataon a calendar year basis, while others are ona split-year basis. Arable land includes landdefined by the FAO as land under temporarycrops (double-cropped areas are counted once),temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture,land under market or kitchen gardens, and landtemporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a resultof shifting cultivation is excluded.

Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)

Owner: FAO

Gross capital formation (% of GDP)

Gross capital formation (formerly gross domes-tic investment) consists of outlays on additionsto the fixed assets of the economy plus netchanges in the level of inventories. Fixed assetsinclude land improvements (fences, ditches,drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equip-ment purchases; and the construction of roads,railways, and the like, including schools, of-fices, hospitals, private residential dwellings,and commercial and industrial buildings. In-ventories are stocks of goods held by firms tomeet temporary or unexpected fluctuations inproduction or sales, and "work in progress." Ac-cording to the 1993 UN System of National Ac-counts (SNA), net acquisitions of valuables arealso considered capital formation.


Owner: World Bank and OECD

Lead time to import, median case (days)

Lead time to import is the median time (thevalue for 50 percent of shipments) from portof discharge to arrival at the consignee. Dataare from the Logistics Performance Index sur-vey. Respondents provided separate values forthe best case (10 percent of shipments) and themedian case (50 percent of shipments). Thedata are exponentiated averages of the loga-rithm of single value responses and of midpointvalues of range responses for the median case.


Owner: World Bank

Lead time to export / import, median case(days)

Lead time to export is the median time (thevalue for 50 percent of shipments) from ship-ment point to port of loading. Data are from theLogistics Performance Index survey. Respon-dents provided separate values for the bestcase (10 percent of shipments) and the mediancase (50 percent of shipments). The data areexponentiated averages of the logarithm of sin-gle value responses and of midpoint values ofrange responses for themedian case. Lead timeto import is the median time (the value for 50percent of shipments) from port of discharge toarrival at the consignee. Data are from the Lo-gistics Performance Index survey. Respondentsprovided separate values for the best case (10percent of shipments) and the median case (50

percent of shipments). The data are exponenti-ated averages of the logarithm of single valueresponses and of midpoint values of range re-sponses for the median case.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: World Bank

Quality of infrastructure scoreQuality of infrastructure refers to the Worldbank’s Logistics Performance Index. The over-all score reflects perceptions of a country’s lo-gistics based on efficiency of customs clearanceprocess, quality of trade- and transport-relatedinfrastructure, ease of arranging competitivelypriced shipments, quality of logistics services,ability to track and trace consignments, and fre-quency with which shipments reach the con-signee within the scheduled time. The indexranges from 1 to 5, with a higher score repre-senting better performance. Data are from Lo-gistics .Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: World Bank

Employees, agriculture, female (% of femaleemployment)Employees are people who work for a publicor private employer and receive remunerationin wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates,or pay in kind. Agriculture corresponds to divi-sion 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categoriesA and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting,forestry, and fishing.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: ILO

Employees, agriculture, male (% of male em-ployment)Employees are people who work for a publicor private employer and receive remunerationin wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates,or pay in kind. Agriculture corresponds to divi-sion 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categoriesA and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting,forestry, and fishing.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: ILO

Employment in agriculture (% of total employ-ment)Employees are people who work for a publicor private employer and receive remunerationin wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates,or pay in kind. Agriculture corresponds to divi-sion 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categoriesA and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting,forestry, and fishing.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: ILO

Regional employment in agriculture (% of totalemployment)Regional employment in agriculture. Employ-ees are people who work for a public or privateemployer and receive remuneration in wages,salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in

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kind. Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISICrevision 2) or tabulation categories A and B(ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting, forestry,and fishing.Source: Key Indicators of the Labour Market(KILM) 7th editionOwner: ILO

Share of employment in industryEmployees are people who work for a public orprivate employer and receive remuneration inwages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, orpay in kind. Industry corresponds to divisions2-5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categoriesC-F (ISIC revision 3) and includes mining andquarrying (including oil production), manufac-turing, construction, and public utilities (elec-tricity, gas, and water).Source: Key Indicators of the Labour Market(KILM) 7th editionOwner: ILO

Labour participation rate, female (% of femalepopulation ages 15+)Labour force participation rate is the propor-tion of the population ages 15 and older thatis economically active: all people who supplylabour for the production of goods and servicesduring a specified period.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: ILO

Net ODA received per capita (current US$)Net official development assistance (ODA) percapita consists of disbursements of loans madeon concessional terms (net of repayments ofprincipal) and grants by official agencies of themembers of the Development Assistance Com-mittee (DAC), by multilateral institutions, andby non-DAC countries to promote economic de-velopment and welfare in countries and terri-tories in the DAC list of ODA recipients; and iscalculated by dividing net ODA received by themidyear population estimate. It includes loanswith a grant element of at least 25 percent (cal-culated at a rate of discount of 10 percent).Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: OECD

Countries in protracted crisesProtracted crises are those environments inwhich a significant proportion of the popula-tion is acutely vulnerable to death, disease anddisruption of livelihoods over a prolonged pe-riod of time. The governance of these environ-ments is usually very weak, with the state hav-ing a limited capacity to respond to, and miti-gate, the threats to the population, or provideadequate levels of protection.Source: Trade and Markets DivisionOwner: FAO

Dietary Energy Supply per personDietary energy supply per person refers to theamount of food, expressed in kilocalories (kcal)per day, available for each individual in the

total population during the reference period.Caloric content is derived by applying the ap-propriate food composition factors to the quan-tities of the commodities. Per person suppliesare derived from the total amount of food avail-able for human consumption by dividing to-tal calories by total population actually partak-ing of the food supplies during the referenceperiod. However, per person figures representonly the average supply available for the pop-ulation as a whole and do not necessarily in-dicate what is actually consumed by individu-als. The actual food consumption may be lowerthan the quantity shown as food availabilitydepending on the magnitude of wastage andlosses of food in the household, e.g. duringstorage, in preparation and cooking, as plate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animalsand pets, thrown or given away.

Source: Statistics Division

Owner: FAO

Dietary intake by food itemCalorie intake of food items


Owner: FAO

Incidence of undernourishmentUndernourishment refers to the condition ofpeople whose dietary energy consumption iscontinuously below a minimum dietary energyrequirement for maintaining a healthy life andcarrying out a light physical activity. The in-cidence of undernourishment is the number ofpeople referring to those in this condition.


Owner: FAO

Percentage of population undernourishedUndernourishment refers to the condition ofpeople whose dietary energy consumption iscontinuously below a minimum dietary energyrequirement for maintaining a healthy life andcarrying out a light physical activity. The per-centage of population undernourished is thetotal number of people in each country refer-ring to those in this condition divided by thepopulation of that country.


Owner: FAO

Regional percentage of undernourishedUndernourishment refers to the condition ofpeople whose dietary energy consumption iscontinuously below a minimum dietary energyrequirement for maintaining a healthy life andcarrying out a light physical activity. The re-gional percentage of population undernour-ished is the total number of people in each re-gion referring to those in this condition dividedby the population of that region.


Owner: FAO

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Affordability of foodFAO Food Price Index relative to GDP, show-ing how much food prices have risen relativeto income from the base period 2002-04. Higer(lower) index scores show greater (less) afford-abilitySource: Statistics DivisionOwner: FAO

Food price inflationAnnual change in the ILO food price indices.The price data for the different items includedin the computation of the index are normallyweighted in order to take into account the rel-ative importance of each item with respect tototal consumption expenditure. In most coun-tries, the indices are computed in a derivedform such as weighted arithmetic averages ofprice relatives for a selected number of repre-sentative items between the period under con-sideration and the base period, using one orother forms of Laspeyres’ formula. The num-ber of items and the weights used to computethe index are given according to expendituregroup. The term "item" is used here to meanthe smallest grouping of goods and services forwhich a specific weight is given. The source(s)and the reference period of the weights usedfor the index, e.g. a household expenditure sur-vey, national accounts, etc. If the reference pe-riod for the weights differs from the base pe-riod of the index, the adjustments made to theweights to take account of the price changesbetween the two periods are described. Seehttp://laborsta.ilo.org for more information.Source: LABORSTAOwner: ILO

International food price volatility by food groupThe FAO Food Price Index is a measure ofthe monthly change in international pricesof a basket of food commodities. It consistsof the average of five commodity groupprice indices (representing 55 quotations),weighted with the average export sharesof each of the groups for 2002-2004. Seehttp://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/ for moreinformation on sub-index construction.Source: Statistics DivisionOwner: FAO

Food price volatility (annualized historicalvolatility)Annualized historical volatility of the ILO foodprice indices.Source: Statistics DivisionOwner: FAO

Food + energy import bills (% GDP)The annual value of food imported under SITCsections 0 + 22+ 4 plus fuels under SITC section3, expressed as a ratio of GDP.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) and UNC-TADSTATOwner: FAO, UNCTAD

Food import bills

The annual value of food imported under SITCsections 0 + 22+ 4 expressed in current US$.

Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) and UNC-TADSTAT

Owner: FAO, UNCTAD

Index of variability of food production

Rolling ten-year window of the coefficient ofvariation of per capita production index.


Owner: FAO

Food self-sufficiency (calories)

The self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) is defined as:SSR = production x 100/(production + imports- exports). The SSR can be calculated for indi-vidual commodities, groups of commodities ofsimilar nutritional values and, after appropriateconversion of the commodity equations, alsofor the aggregate of all commodities. In thecontext of food security, the SSR is often takento indicate the extent to which a country relieson its own production resources, i.e. the higherthe ratio the greater the self-sufficiency. Whilethe SSR can be the appropriate tool when as-sessing the supply situation for individual com-modities, a certain degree of caution shouldbe observed when looking at the overall foodsituation. In the case, however, where a largepart of a country’s production of one commod-ity, e.g. other cereals, is exported, the SSR maybe very high but the country may still have torely heavily on imports of food commodities tofeed the population. The self-sufficiency rate(as defined above) cannot be the complementto 100 of the import dependency rate, or vice-versa.


Owner: FAO

Months of cereal self-provisioning capacity

Stocks-to-utilization ratios for cereals (wheat,rice and coarse grains), where stocks refer tothe carry-over of the preceding national cropseason. The ratio is then multiplied by 12to calculate the number of months of self-provisioning capacity in a given year.

Source: Trade and Markets Division

Owner: FAO

Persons affected by natural disasters

People requiring immediate assistance duringa period of emergency, i.e. requiring basicsurvival needs such as food, water, shelter,sanitation and immediate medical assistance.Appearance of a significant number of casesof an infectious disease introduced in a re-gion or a population that is usually free fromthat disease. See www.emdat.net Universitécatholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium.

Source: International Disaster Database: EM-DAT

Owner: OFDA and CRED

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Total affected by natural disastersSum of (i) injured people suffering from physi-cal injuries, trauma or an illness requiring med-ical treatment as a direct result of a disaster;(ii) homeless people needing immediate assis-tance for shelter; and (iii) affected people re-quiring immediate assistance during a periodof emergency; it can also include displaced orevacuated people. See www.emdat.net Univer-sité catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium.Source: International Disaster Database: EM-DATOwner: OFDA and CRED

Multidimensional Poverty IndexAn international measure of poverty for 109developing countries, the MPI complementsincome-based poverty measures by reflectingthe multiple deprivations that people face atthe same time. The MPI identifies deprivationsacross health, education and living standards,and shows the number of people who are mul-tidimensionally poor and the deprivations thatthey face at the household level.Source: Alkire, S. Roche, JM. Santos, ME. andSeth, S (November 2011) ophi.qeh.ox.ac.ukOwner: OPHI

Gender Inequality IndexThe Gender Inequality Index is a compositemeasure reflecting inequality in achievementsbetween women and men in three dimensions:reproductive health, empowerment and thelabour market. It varies between zero (whenwomen and men fare equally) and one (whenmen or women fare poorly compared to theother in all dimensions). The health dimen-sion is measured by two indicators: maternalmortality ratio and the adolescent fertility rate.The empowerment dimension is also measuredby two indicators: the share of parliamentaryseats held by each sex and by secondary andhigher education attainment levels. The labourdimension is measured by women’s participa-tion in the work force. The Gender Inequal-ity Index is designed to reveal the extent towhich national human development achieve-ments are eroded by gender inequality, and toprovide empirical foundations for policy analy-sis and advocacy efforts.Source: Human Development Report 2010Owner: UNDP

Human Development Index (inequality ad-justed)The Human Development Index (HDI) is a sum-mary measure of human development. It mea-sures the average achievements in a country inthree basic dimensions of human development:a long and healthy life, access to knowledgeand a decent standard of living. The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) ad-justs the Human Development Index (HDI) forinequality in distribution of each dimensionacross the population. The IHDI accounts forinequalities in HDI dimensions by "discount-ing" each dimension’s average value according

to its level of inequality. The IHDI equals theHDI when there is no inequality across peoplebut is less than the HDI as inequality rises. Inthis sense, the IHDI is the actual level of hu-man development (accounting for this inequal-ity), while the HDI can be viewed as an indexof "potential" human development (or the max-imum level of HDI) that could be achieved ifthere was no inequality. The "loss" in potentialhuman development due to inequality is givenby the difference between the HDI and the IHDIand can be expressed as a percentage.

Source: Human Development Report 2010

Owner: UNDP

Population of concern

Refugees are individuals recognized under the1951 Convention relating to the Status ofRefugees; and also people in a refugee-like sit-uation, such as those who are outside theircountry or territory of origin and who face pro-tection risks similar to those of refugees, butfor whom refugee status has, for practical orother reasons, not been ascertained. Inter-nally Displaced Persons (IDPs) are people orgroups of individuals who have been forced toleave their homes or places of habitual resi-dence, in particular as a result of, or in orderto avoid the effects of armed conflict, situa-tions of generalized violence, violations of hu-man rights or natural- or human-made disas-ters, and who have not crossed an internationalborder. Others include Asylum-seekers (per-sons who have applied for asylum or refugeestatus, but who have not yet received a fi-nal decision on their application), ReturnedIDPs and refugees, Stateless Persons (individ-uals not considered as nationals by any Stateunder relevant national laws) and other groupsof concern to whom UNHCR has extended itsprotection and/or assistance services, based onhumanitarian or other special grounds. .

Source: Statistical Online Population Database

Owner: UNHCR

Average governance

The Worldwide Governance Indicators projectconstructs aggregate indicators of six broaddimensions of governance: (i) Voice and Ac-countability; (ii) Political Stability and Absenceof Violence/Terrorism; (iii) Government Effec-tiveness; (iv) Regulatory Quality; (v) Rule ofLaw; (vi) Control of Corruption. The six ag-gregate indicators are based on 30 underly-ing data sources reporting the perceptions ofgovernance of a large number of survey re-spondents and expert assessments worldwide.Details on the underlying data sources, theaggregation method, and the interpretationof the indicators, can be found in the WGImethodology paper: Daniel Kaufmann, AartKraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010). "TheWorldwide Governance Indicators : A Sum-mary of Methodology, Data and Analytical Is-sues". World Bank Policy Research WorkingPaper No. 5430 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1682130. .

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Source: World Bank

Owner: Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI)project

Ratio of girls-to-boys out of primary school

Children out of school are the number ofprimary-school-age children not enrolled inprimary or secondary school.


Owner: UNESCO

School enrolment, primary (% gross)

Gross enrolment ratio is the ratio of total en-rolment, regardless of age, to the population ofthe age group that officially corresponds to thelevel of education shown. Primary educationprovides children with basic reading, writing,and mathematics skills along with an elemen-tary understanding of such subjects as history,geography, natural science, social science, art,and music.


Owner: UNESCO

Public spending on education, total (% of GDP)

Public expenditure on education consists ofcurrent and capital public expenditure on ed-ucation includes government spending on ed-ucational institutions (both public and private),education administration as well as subsidiesfor private entities (students/households andother privates entities).


Owner: UNESCO

Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages15 and above)

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of peopleages 15 and above who can, with understand-ing, read and write a short, simple statementon their everyday life.


Owner: UNESCO

Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15and above

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of peopleages 15 and above who can, with understand-ing, read and write a short, simple statementon their everyday life


Owner: UNESCO

Health expenditure, total (% of GDP)

Total health expenditure is the sum of pub-lic and private health expenditure. It coversthe provision of health services (preventive andcurative), family planning activities, nutritionactivities, and emergency aid designated forhealth but does not include provision of waterand sanitation.


Owner: WHO

Improved sanitation facilities (% of populationwith access)Access to improved sanitation facilities refersto the percentage of the population with atleast adequate access to excreta disposal facili-ties that can effectively prevent human, animal,and insect contact with excreta. Improved fa-cilities range from simple but protected pit la-trines to flush toilets with a sewerage connec-tion. To be effective, facilities must be correctlyconstructed and properly maintained.


Owner: WHO and UNCF

Improved water source, rural (% of rural popu-lation with access)Access to an improved water source refers tothe percentage of the population with reason-able access to an adequate amount of waterfrom an improved source, such as a householdconnection, public standpipe, borehole, pro-tected well or spring, and rainwater collection.Unimproved sources include vendors, tankertrucks, and unprotected wells and springs. Rea-sonable access is defined as the availability ofat least 20 litres a person a day from a sourcewithin one kilometre of the dwelling.


Owner: WHO and UNCF

Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP)(% of regional population)Data are from PovcalNet: the on-line tool forpoverty measurement developed by the De-velopment Research Group of the World Bank.See http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povDuplic.html.

Source: PovcalNet

Owner: World Bank

Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP)(% of population)Population below US$1.25 a day is the per-centage of the population living on less thanUS$1.25 a day at 2005 international prices. Asa result of revisions in PPP exchange rates,poverty rates for individual countries cannot becompared with poverty rates reported in earliereditions.


Owner: World Bank

Income share held by highest 20%Percentage share of income or consumption isthe share that accrues to subgroups of popula-tion indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percent-age shares by quintile may not sum to 100 be-cause of rounding.


Owner: World Bank

Poverty headcount ratio at national povertyline (% of population)National poverty rate is the percentage ofthe population living below the national

260

poverty line. National estimates are based onpopulation-weighted subgroup estimates fromhousehold surveys.


Owner: World Bank

Income share held by lowest 20%

Percentage share of income or consumption isthe share that accrues to subgroups of popula-tion indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percent-age shares by quintile may not sum to 100 be-cause of rounding.


Owner: World Bank

Poverty gap at $1.25 a day (PPP) (%)

Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from thepoverty line (counting the nonpoor as havingzero shortfall), expressed as a percentage ofthe poverty line. This measure reflects thedepth of poverty as well as its incidence.


Owner: World Bank

Food aid received

Quantity of food aid that reaches the recipientcountry during a given period. Quantities ex-ported in Grain Equivalent. The latter is a unitof measurement used as alternative to ActualTon for cereal-derived products. To convert aproduct into grain equivalent a commodity spe-cific conversion factor is used. For example ifthe factor to convert wheat flour into wheatis 1.37, a tonne of wheat flour corresponds to0.730 tons of wheat (1/1.37).

Source: Food Aid Information System

Owner: WFP

Percentage of adults with low body mass index(BMI)

The indicator of weight adequacy in relationto height of older children, adolescents andadults. It is calculated as weight (kilograms) di-vided by height (metres), squared. The accept-able range for adults is 18.5 to 24.9 , and forchildren it varies with age.

Source: Global Health Observatory

Owner: WHO

Percentage of adults who are obese

Percentage of adult defined population with abody mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m2 or higher.


Owner: WHO

Percentage of children under 5 who are stunted

Percentage of stunting (height-for-age lessthan -2 standard deviations of the WHO ChildGrowth Standards median) among childrenaged 0-5 years.


Owner: WHO

Percentage of children under 5 who are under-weightPercentage of underweight (weight-for-ageless than -2 standard deviations of the WHOChild Growth Standards median) among chil-dren aged 0-5 years.


Owner: WHO

Percentage of children under 5 who are wastedPercentage of wasting (weight-for-height lessthan -2 standard deviations of the WHO ChildGrowth Standards median) among childrenaged 0-5 years.


Owner: WHO

Value of agricultural exportsThe value of total agricultural exports, includ-ing foodstuffs, feed, live animals, and crude andraw materials


Owner: FAO

Major agricultural exportHighest valued commodity exported, in termsof export earnings


Owner: FAO

Value of agricultural importsThe value of total agricultural imports, includ-ing foodstuffs, feed, live animals, and crude andraw materials


Owner: FAO

Major agricultural importHighest valued commodity imported in termsof import costs


Owner: FAO

Bovine meat productionProduction of meat from bovine animals in-cluding buffalos, fresh, chilled or frozen, withbone in. All data shown relate to totalmeat production from both commercial andfarm slaughter. Data are given in terms ofdressed carcass weight, i.e. excluding offalsand slaughter fats. .


Owner: FAO

Sources of growth in crop production: Yield,Cropping intensity and Area expansion.Where cropping intensity is the frequency withwhich crops are harvested from a given area.Therefore, the harvested area expressed as apercentage of the arable area is the croppingintensity.


Owner: FAO

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Exports of food (value)Value of exports of food in current US$.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Imports of food (value)Value of imports of food in current US$.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Net food trade balance of developing countriesincluding fishThe value of total food net trade (exports-imports).Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Net food trade balance of developing countriesexcluding fishThe value of total food net trade (exports-imports).Source: FILL MEOwner: FILL ME

Index of per capita food production (calories)Index of per capita food production convertedin calorie equivalent. See http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/Y5022E/y5022e04.htm for con-version factors.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Gross per capita crop production index numberGross per capita FAO index of crop production.See Concepts and methods.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Gross per capita production index number foodGross per capita FAO index of food production.See Concepts and methods.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Gross per capita livestock production indexnumberGross per capita FAO index of livestock produc-tion. See Concepts and methods.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Gross per capita non-food production indexnumberGross per capita FAO index of non-food produc-tion. See Concepts and methods.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Milk productionThe sum of whole fresh milk production fromBuffalos, Camels, Cows, Goats and Sheep.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Per capita milk production

Milk production expressed as a ratio of popula-tion, i.e. per capita production of milk.


Owner: FAO

Total meat production

Production of meat from animals, fresh, chilledor frozen, with bone in. All data shown relateto total meat production from both commer-cial and farm slaughter. Data are given in termsof dressed carcass weight, i.e. excluding offalsand slaughter fats. .


Owner: FAO

Per capita total meat production

Meat production expressed as a ratio of popu-lation, i.e. per capita production of meat .


Owner: FAO

Oilcrop productions

Oil-bearing crop production data refer to theactual harvested production from the field, ex-cluding harvesting losses and that part of cropnot harvested for any reason. Production there-fore includes the quantities of the commoditysold in the market (marketed production) andthe quantities consumed or used by the pro-ducers (auto-consumption). When the produc-tion data available refers to a production pe-riod falling into two successive calendar yearsand it is not possible to allocate the relativeproduction to each of them, it is usual to re-fer production data to that year into which thebulk of the production falls. Oil-Bearing Cropsor Oil Crops include both annual (usually calledoilseeds) and perennial plants whose seeds,fruits or mesocarp and nuts are valued mainlyfor the edible or industrial oils that are ex-tracted from them. They include: Castor oilseed, Coconuts, Cottonseed, Groundnuts, withshell, Hempseed, Jojoba Seeds, Karite Nuts(Sheanuts), Linseed, Melonseed, Mustard seed,Oil palm fruit, Oilseeds, Nes, Olives, Palm ker-nels, Palm oil, Poppy seed, Rapeseed, Safflowerseed, Seed cotton, Sesame seed, Soybeans,Sunflower seed and Tung Nuts.


Owner: FAO

Oilcrops yield

Harvested production per unit of harvestedarea for oil-bearing crops. Oil-Bearing Crops orOil Crops include both annual (usually calledoilseeds) and perennial plants whose seeds,fruits or mesocarp and nuts are valued mainlyfor the edible or industrial oils that are ex-tracted from them. They include: Castor oilseed, Coconuts, Cottonseed, Groundnuts, withshell, Hempseed, Jojoba Seeds, Karite Nuts(Sheanuts), Linseed, Melonseed, Mustard seed,Oil palm fruit, Oilseeds, Nes, Olives, Palm ker-nels, Palm oil, Poppy seed, Rapeseed, Safflower

262

seed, Seed cotton, Sesame seed, Soybeans,Sunflower seed and Tung Nuts.


Owner: FAO

Pigmeat production

Production of meat from domestic or wild pigs(e.g. wild boars), fresh, chilled or frozen,with bone in. All data shown relate to to-tal meat production from both commercial andfarm slaughter. Data are given in terms ofdressed carcass weight, i.e. excluding offalsand slaughter fats.


Owner: FAO

Poultry meat production

Production of meat from poultry birds, fresh,chilled or frozen, with bone in. All data shownrelate to total meat production from both com-mercial and farm slaughter. Data are givenin terms of dressed carcass weight, i.e. ex-cluding offals and slaughter fats. Poultry meatincludes Bird meat, nes, Chicken meat, Duckmeat, Goose and guinea fowl meat and Turkeymeat. .


Owner: FAO

Root and tuber crops production

Root and tubers production data refer to theactual harvested production from the field, ex-cluding harvesting losses and that part of cropnot harvested for any reason. Production there-fore includes the quantities of the commoditysold in the market (marketed production) andthe quantities consumed or used by the pro-ducers (auto-consumption). When the produc-tion data available refers to a production periodfalling into two successive calendar years andit is not possible to allocate the relative pro-duction to each of them, it is usual to refer pro-duction data to that year into which the bulkof the production falls. Roots and tubers areplants yielding starchy roots, tubers, rhizomes,corms and stems. They include Potatoes, SweetPotatoes, Cassava, Yautia (Cocoyam), Taro (Co-coyam), Yams, Roots And Tubers Nes. .


Owner: FAO

Sheep and goat meat production

Production of meat from sheep and goats, in-cluding kids and lambs, fresh, chilled or frozen,with bone in. All data shown relate to to-tal meat production from both commercial andfarm slaughter. Data are given in terms ofdressed carcass weight, i.e. excluding offalsand slaughter fats.


Owner: FAO

Production of sugar (raw equivalent)

Production of sugar from sugar crops (cane andbeet) expressed in raw equivalent.


Owner: FAO

Import dependency (calories)Import dependency ratio (IDR) is defined as:IDR = imports*100/(production + imports - ex-ports). The complement of this ratio to 100would represent that part of the domestic foodsupply that has been produced in the countryitself. However, there is a caveat to be keptin mind: these ratios hold only if imports aremainly used for domestic utilization and arenot re-exported.


Owner: FAO

Aquaculture fish productionData reported include fish, molluscs and crus-taceans and excludes aquatic plants, miscella-neous aquatic animals and pearls and motherof pearls. Aquaculture is the farming of aquaticorganisms. Farming implies some form of in-tervention in the rearing process to enhanceproduction, such as regular stocking, feeding,protection from predators, etc. Farming alsoimplies individual or corporate ownership ofthe stock being cultivated. For statistical pur-poses, aquatic organisms which are harvestedby an individual or corporate body which hasowned them throughout their rearing periodcontribute to aquaculture, while aquatic organ-isms which are exploitable by the public asa common property resource, with or withoutappropriate licenses, are the harvest of fish-eries. Output is reported in weight (generallyin tonnes of live weight equivalent for aquaticanimals).

Source: Fisheries and Aquaculture Department(Fishery and Aquaculture statistics)

Owner: FAO

Capture fish productionCapture fisheries included catches of fish, mol-luscs and crustaceans and excludes aquaticplants, miscellaneous aquatic animals andpearls andmother of pearls. The statistics com-prise reported national data from commercial,industrial and small-scale fisheries, carried outin inland, coastal and high seas fishing areas,but not recreational fishery. The data summa-rized by FAO represent the live weight equiva-lent of the landed quantities caught during theannual period covered.


Owner: FAO

Total fish productionSum of capture and aquaculture production.Data reported include fish, molluscs and crus-taceans and excludes aquatic plants, miscella-neous aquatic animals and pearls and motherof pearls.


Owner: FAO

263

Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on BiosafetyCountries which have deposited instruments ofratification, acceptance, approval or accessionwith the Depositary of the Cartagena Protocolon Biosafety, assumed by the Secretary Generalof the United Nations.Source: www.cbd.intOwner: Convention on Biological Diversity

Share of feedstocks used in bio-energy produc-tionEstimated shares of commodity globally usedin non-food sectors, including industrial re-newable materials and bio-energy.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Area under bio-energy cropsThe assumed land area required to produce agiven annual quantity of biofuel production.Source: Based on IEA biofuel production dataOwner: FAO

Energy use by agriculture as a share of total en-ergy useEnergy use is indicated by the annual use of en-ergy at farm level by fuel type (GJ/ha), and theenergy used to produce mineral fertilisers foragricultural use (GJ/ha), expressed as a ratio oftotal energy use.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: IEA

Greenhouse gas emissions by agricultureGreenhouse gas emissions by agriculture: car-bon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrousoxide (N2O). Emissions from agricultural trans-port and energy use are excluded, as these sec-tors are not defined as part of the agriculturesector by the current IPCC guidance.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: UNFCCC

Contribution of the agricultural sector to totalgreenhouse gasesContribution of the agricultural sector to to-tal greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2),methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Emis-sions from agricultural transport and energyuse are excluded, as these sectors are not de-fined as part of the agriculture sector by thecurrent IPCC guidance.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: UNFCCC

Production of industrial roundwoodThe wood removed (volume of roundwood un-der bark) for production of goods and servicesother than energy production (woodfuel). Itrepresents the sum of: sawlogs and veneerlogs; pulpwood, round and split; and other in-dustrial roundwood. See http://www.fao.org/forestry/62283/en/ for further information.Source: Forestry Department (foresSTAT)Owner: FAO

Natural fibre productionFigures relate to the total domestic productionwhether inside or outside the agricultural sec-tor, i.e. it includes non-commercial productionand production from kitchen gardens. Unlessotherwise indicated, production is reported atthe farm level for crop and livestock products(i.e. in the case of crops, excluding harvestinglosses) and in terms of live weight for fish items(i.e. the actual ex-water weight at the time ofthe catch). Natural fibre crops include Agave Fi-bres Nes, Cotton lint, Fibre Crops Nes, Flax fibreand tow, Hemp Tow Waste, Jute, Manila Fibre(Abaca), Other Bastfibres, Ramie, Seed cottonand Sisal. .Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Organic agriculture areaPart of the area of the "Permanent crops" ex-clusively dedicated to organic agriculture (orwhich is going through the organic conver-sion process) and managed by applying or-ganic agriculture methods. It is the portionof land area managed (cultivated) or wild har-vested in accordance with specific organic stan-dards or technical regulations and that hasbeen inspected and approved by a certifica-tion body. Data are from FiBL (Research In-stitute of Organic Agriculture) and Interna-tional Federation of Organic Agriculture Move-ments (IFOAM) (2011). Data Tables fromthe FiBL-IFOAM Survey on Organic Agricul-ture Worldwide. The Organic World Website(www.organic-world.net) published by the Re-search Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL),Frick, Switzerland. Available at http://www.organic-world.net/statistics-data-tables.html.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO-FiBL-IFOAM

Regional organic agriculture areaPart of the area of the "Permanent crops" ex-clusively dedicated to organic agriculture (orwhich is going through the organic conver-sion process) and managed by applying or-ganic agriculture methods. It is the portionof land area managed (cultivated) or wild har-vested in accordance with specific organic stan-dards or technical regulations and that hasbeen inspected and approved by a certifica-tion body. Data are from FiBL (Research In-stitute of Organic Agriculture) and Interna-tional Federation of Organic Agriculture Move-ments (IFOAM) (2011). Data Tables fromthe FiBL-IFOAM Survey on Organic Agricul-ture Worldwide. The Organic World Website(www.organic-world.net) published by the Re-search Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL),Frick, Switzerland. Available at http://www.organic-world.net/statistics-data-tables.htmlSource: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO-FiBL-IFOAM

Organic agriculture (share of total area)Organic agriculture area expressed as shareof total area. Data are from FiBL (Research

264

Institute of Organic Agriculture) and Interna-tional Federation of Organic Agriculture Move-ments (IFOAM) (2011). Data Tables fromthe FiBL-IFOAM Survey on Organic Agricul-ture Worldwide. The Organic World Website(www.organic-world.net) published by the Re-search Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL),Frick, Switzerland. Available at http://www.organic-world.net/statistics-data-tables.html.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO-FiBL-IFOAM

Production of recovered paperWaste and scraps of paper or paperboard thathave been collected for re-use as a rawmaterialfor the manufacture of paper and paperboard.It includes: paper and paperboard that hasbeen used for its original purpose and residuesfrom paper and paperboard production. Seehttp://www.fao.org/forestry/62283/en/ for fur-ther information.Source: Forestry Department (foresSTAT)Owner: FAO

Cereal crop productionCereal crop production data refer to the actualharvested production from the field, excludingharvesting losses and that part of crop not har-vested for any reason. Production therefore in-cludes the quantities of the commodity soldin the market (marketed production) and thequantities consumed or used by the producers(auto-consumption). When the production dataavailable refers to a production period fallinginto two successive calendar years and it is notpossible to allocate the relative production toeach of them, it is usual to refer productiondata to that year into which the bulk of theproduction falls. Cereals include Wheat, RicePaddy, Barley, Maize, Popcorn, Rye, Oats, Mil-lets, Sorghum, Buckwheat, Quinoa, Fonio, Triti-cale, Canary Seed, Mixed Grain and Cereals Nes.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Long-term cereal yield variabilityHarvested production per unit of harvestedarea for cereals. Cereals include Wheat, PaddyRice, Barley, Maize, Popcorn, Rye, Oats, Millet,Sorghum, Buckwheat, Quinoa, Fonio, Triticale,Canary seed, Mixed grain and Cereals, nes.Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Land use change: croplandChange in arable land and permanent crops,where this land category is the sum of areasunder "Arable land" and "Permanent crops".Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)Owner: FAO

Land use change: pastureChange in forest land, where such land spansmore than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds

in situ. It does not include land that is predom-inantly under agricultural or urban land use.


Owner: FAO

Land use change: forestry

Change in permanent meadows and pastures,where such land is used permanently (five yearsor more) to grow herbaceous forage crops, ei-ther cultivated or growing wild (wild prairie orgrazing land).


Owner: FAO

Average annual rate of deforestation

Rate of net loss of forest area.

Source: Global Forest Resources Assessment2010

Owner: FAO

Forest area

Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares withtrees higher than 5 meters and a canopy coverof more than 10 percent, or trees able to reachthese thresholds in situ. It does not includeland that is predominantly under agriculturalor urban land use.

Source: Global Forest Resources Assessment2010

Owner: FAO

Average soil quality

Carbon content in the topsoil, average - Per-centage in weight (%). Soils with organic car-bon content less than 1% in weight are gener-ally affected by soil degradation processes anderosion. On the other hand, soils with 1-10%organic carbon content have high agriculturalvalue. .


Owner: FAO, IIASA, ISRIC, ISSCAS, and JRC: Har-monized World Soil Database

Total water withdrawal per capita(m3/inhab/yr)

Total annual amount of water withdrawn percapita.

Source: Land and Water Division (AQUASTAT)

Owner: FAO

Agricultural water withdrawal

Annual quantity of water withdrawn for irriga-tion, livestock and aquaculture purposes. It in-cludes renewable freshwater resources as wellas over-abstraction of renewable groundwa-ter or withdrawal of fossil groundwater, use ofagricultural drainage water, (treated) wastewa-ter and desalinated water. .

Source: Land and Water Division (AQUASTAT)

Owner: FAO

265

Share of freshwater resources withdrawn byagricultureWater withdrawn for irrigation in a given year,expressed in percent of the total actual renew-able water resources (TRWR_actual). This pa-rameter is an indication of the pressure on therenewable water resources caused by irriga-tion.Source: Land and Water Division (AQUASTAT)Owner: FAO

Saline soilsSaline soils are those which have an electri-cal conductivity of the saturation soil extract ofmore than 4 dS/m at 25oC. This value is gen-erally used the world over although the ter-minology committee of the Soil Science Soci-ety of America has lowered the boundary be-tween saline and non-saline soils to 2 dS/min the saturation extract. Soluble salts mostcommonly present are the chlorides and sul-phates of sodium, calcium and magnesium. Ni-trates may be present in appreciable quanti-ties only rarely. Sodium and chloride are by farthe most dominant ions, particularly in highlysaline soils, although calcium and magnesiumare usually present in sufficient quantities tomeet the nutritional needs of crops. Manysaline soils contain appreciable quantities ofgypsum (CaSO4, 2H2O) in the profile. Solublecarbonates are always absent. The pH value ofthe saturated soil paste is always less than 8.2and more often near neutrality.Source: Natural Resources and EnvironmentDepartmentOwner: FAO

Biofuel productionSum of ethanol and biodiesel production, re-ported in kilotonne of oil equivalent.Source: Energy Balances of OECD Countries andEnergy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, 2011editionsOwner: IEA

CO2 concentrationData are reported as a dry air mole fractiondefined as the number of molecules of carbondioxide divided by the number of all moleculesin air, including CO2 itself, after water vapourhas been removed. The mole fraction is ex-pressed as parts per million (ppm).Source: Global Climate Change: key indicatorsOwner: NASA

Global surface temperature (current)The global surface temperature is an estimateof the global mean surface air temperature.However, for changes over time, only anoma-lies, as departures from a climatology, are used,most commonly based on the area weightedglobal average of the sea surface tempera-ture anomaly and land surface air temperatureanomaly.Source: IPCC Data Distribution CentreOwner: IPCC

Genetically modified plantsGenetically modified (GM) crops that have beenapproved as shown in the ISAAA ApprovalDatabase. According to the ISAAA, they in-clude species for commercialization and plant-ing and/or for import for food and feed use.Entries in the database are sourced principallyfrom Biotechnology Clearing House of approv-ing countries and from country regulatory web-sites. See http://www.isaaa.org/ for further in-formation. In the absence of verification, FAOdoes not necessarily endorse these data.

Source: Clive James, Global Status of Commer-cialized Biotech and GM Crops: 2010

Owner: International Service for the Acquisitionof Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA)

Area under GM crops (time series of economicregions)Data refer to the area from which geneticallymodified (GM) crops are gathered. See http://www.isaaa.org/ for further information. Inthe absence of verification, FAO does not nec-essarily endorse these data.



Area under GM crops (current)Data refer to the regions from which geneti-cally modified (GM) crops are gathered. Seehttp://www.isaaa.org/ for further information.In the absence of verification, FAO does notnecessarily endorse these data.



Sahel rainfall anomaliesThe Sahel is the ecoclimatic and biogeographiczone of transition between the Sahara desertin the North and the Sudanian Savannas in thesouth, covering from (west to east) Senegal,southern Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, south-ern Algeria, Niger, northern Nigeria, Chad, Su-dan (including Darfur and the southern part ofSudan), northern Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Sa-hel rainy season is cantered on June throughOctober, and the means are taken for thosemonths. Documentation of the Sahel precip-itation climatology, and additional analysesof the variability are provided on http://jisao.washington.edu/data/sahel/.

Source: JISAO data(http://jisao.washington.edu/data/sahel/)

Owner: Joint Institute for the Study of the At-mosphere and Ocean (JISAO)

Fish species, threatenedFish species are based on Froese, R. and Pauly,D. (eds). 2008. Threatened species are thenumber of species classified by the IUCN as en-dangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, outof danger, or insufficiently known.

266


Owner: FishBase database, www.fishbase.org

Mammal species, threatened

Mammal species are mammals excludingwhales and porpoises. Threatened species arethe number of species classified by the IUCN asendangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate,out of danger, or insufficiently known.


Owner: UNEP, World Conservation MonitoringCentre and International Union for Conserva-tion of Nature

Plant species (higher), threatened

Higher plants are native vascular plant species.Threatened species are the number of speciesclassified by the IUCN as endangered, vulner-able, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or in-sufficiently known.



Nationally protected areas (% of total area)

Nationally protected areas are totally or par-tially protected areas of at least 1000 hectaresthat are designated as scientific reserves withlimited public access, national parks, naturalmonuments, nature reserves or wildlife sanc-tuaries, protected landscapes, and areas man-aged mainly for sustainable use. Marine areas,unclassified areas, and littoral (intertidal) areasare not included. The data also do not includesites protected under local or provincial law.



Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent)

Methane emissions are those stemming fromhuman activities such as agriculture and fromindustrial methane production.


Owner: IEA

Agricultural methane emissions, total

Agricultural methane emissions are emissionsfrom animals, animal waste, rice production,agricultural waste burning (nonenergy, on-site), and savannah burning.


Owner: IEA

Agricultural nitrous oxide emissions, total

Agricultural nitrous oxide emissions are emis-sions produced through fertilizer use (syntheticand animal manure), animal waste manage-ment, agricultural waste burning (nonenergy,on-site), and savannah burning.


Owner: IEA

Pollution by industry in total BOD emissionsIndustry shares of emissions of organic waterpollutants refer to emissions from manufactur-ing activities as defined by two-digit divisionsof the International Standard Industrial Classi-fication (ISIC), revision 2: food and beverages(31). textiles (32). wood (33). paper and pulp(34). Emissions of organic water pollutantsare measured by biochemical oxygen demand,which refers to the amount of oxygen that bac-teria in water will consume in breaking downwaste. This is a standard water-treatment testfor the presence of organic pollutants.Source: World Bank (WDI)Owner: World Bank

Agricultural pollutionMethane and nitrous oxide emissions fromagricultureSource: World Bank (WDI)Owner: IEA

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The FAO Statistical Pocketbook is a new product

belonging to a family of revamped statistical

products from the Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations. Like its

parent publication – The FAO Statistical

Yearbook – it presents a visual synthesis of the

key trends and factors shaping the global food

and agricultural landscape and their interplay

with broader environmental, social and economic

dimensions, especially poverty and food

security. In addition, the Pocketbook provides

comprehensive country profiles based on this

landscape.

The Pocketbook serves as a rapid and highly

accessible reference point on the state of world

food and agriculture for policy-makers, donor

agencies, researchers and analysts as well as the

general public.

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Documents

FAO statistical pocket book