Famous People II-Karen Version - Drum Publications

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Famous Leaders in The 20th Century

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cd.e>rHR[lo.zsgvX,RzSd.eH. 20 tylRwz.Famous Leaders in The 20th Century (Karen version)

Drum Publication GroupP.O Box 66Kanchanaburi 71000Thailand

[email protected]

September, 2008

qH;rk>< 2747 eH.ISBN 978-974-362-323-3

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w>M.0HRtvD>cHrgwh.vloX.chwdmol.ymo;tgxD.vXw>u’k;td.xD.zJ;’&X>uD>pJ.pXzSd.w>od.w>oDb.C;w>obVvXw>zD.w>z;t*D>M.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>uD>pJ.wbh.pkmpkmtd.’D;w>cGJ;w>,mvXuymyeD.tySRxHzduD>zdteD.*H>vXtutd.’D;w>cGJ;w>,mvXuzD.w>z;t*D>M.vDRI tgwuh>uD>pJ.tgbh.vXuvHRxH;wz.w[h.ySRolzH;zdw>cGJ;w>,mvXuzD.w>z;b.I xH%l>uD>oJ;ySR*JRvdmxD’gw>wz.xD’g0Jb.q.w>[l;w>*JRb.C;w>obVcGJ;,mvXw>zD.w>z;t*D>tHRbsD.’d.cX.p;cJvXmtusg 333 *RtX.vDRwl>vdm0J’D;ySRxJ 48*RorX0J< ‘D;rhrh>bsD.’d.tySRul.vdmw>wcD 77 *Rwl>vdm0J’D;xJ 19*RorX0JM.vDRI ‘fypH;w>tod;bsD.’d.cX.p;vXttX.vDRwl>vdmw>teD.*H>rh>w>vXttguwX>M.vDRI ‘D;w>od.w>oD[h.pd[h.urDRxHvD>uD>ylRy’d.vXuxXp&Db.C;ySRvXuD>pJ.y’d.w[h.tcGJ;vXtrHRutd.vXw>zD.w>z;tp&DylRb.wz.M.vDRI

w>’k;td.xD.w>od.w>oDcHrHRtHR0HRtvD>cHrgwh.vloX.ch*JRvdmvXw>

=8=


rRpXRySRzSD.zd,mzdwz.t*D>vDRI t0Joh.ngvXySRuvkm’D;rk>usdR0JRuGmtw>*h>uDrh>w>vXtbs;pJvdmto;tCdt0Jp;xD.uwdRw>b.C;w>vd.b.td.vXw>ub.eDRvDRu’guhRw>xl;w>wDRt*D>M.vDRI rgwh.vloX.chpH;0JvXySRtRjzHRuRtrJ&uRzd’D;ySR0gzH;zdvXtzSD.wz.rh>’.w>wrHRCD’D;t0Joh.rh>rRoud;w>M.t0Joh.’k;td.xD.w>qDwvJvXySRw0XtylRoh0JvDRI rgwh.vloX.chtw>*JRvdmtHRtd.zsgxD.vXtw>uwdRvDRw>vXursX>trJmngvX0h>pJ(vf)r. (Selma)< tJvbgrguD>pJ.tylRvXtrh>0J<?vXylRuGHmwqHcHeH.twD>ylRytd.vXw>ol.xD.bSDb.u’guhRxHuD>w>od.w>oDtpdR< b.q.cJtHRyok;CDRvHyo;vXpdRwkRtoDwpdRu’D;vH< pdRtHRub.rh>0Jw>yX>qXtpdRM.vDRI/

zJvgthjzh. 13oD< 1967eH.teHRrgwh.vloX.chuwdRvDRw>vXursX>trJmng’D;ymzsgxD.0Jw>*h>wz.b.C;b.rEkRtCdt0JxD’gbH.,J;e>w>’k;vJ.t*h>M.vDRI zJt0JuwdRvDRw>wbsDtHR0HRtcgySR*JRvdmw>tg*R[h.*H>[h.bgtDRvXuEkmvDRvXy.wH>cX.p;oXzkwzkvXuEkmvDR’d;CkxXto;vXuuJxD.uD>cd.t*D>zJ 1968eH.vXuwkRCDRtcgM.vDRI t0Jwwl>vdmw>qdurd.t0JtHRb.< b.q.[;0hR0DR*JRvdmxD’g’H;’.w>bH.,J;e>w>’k;M.vDRI zJt0Jtw>xD.uwdRvDRw>vXursX>trJmngxD’gbH.,J;e>w>’k;0HRtvD>cHw>oh.ngvXxHuD>y’d.o;wrkmvDRqD’.w>vXw>*h>t0JM.tCdM.vDRI

zJvgrm%S; 28oD< 1968eH.rgwh.vloX.ch&J.usJRw>ymzsgxD.o;vXrJzH;(pf) (Memphis) 0h>ylRvXw>rRpXRySRrRw>zdcGJ;,mt*D>vDRI ySR&J.usJRw>wz.[h.yvD>ySRymzsgxD.o;oh.wz.vXtokw‘k;td.xD.w>rRwysKmwysDRw>w*hR< b.q.ySRo;p>tu%l>wz.vk>oh.cgywmw>eJ.usJ0HRrR[;*lm[;*DR0Jus;wz.vXusJuyRwkRvX0h>tbsD.’d.M.vDRI zJw>uJxD.o;tqXuwD>vJ&H>zh(ef) (Larry Payne)< zdo.ydmcGgwqHCkeH.zd

=9=


w*Rb.w>c;oHtDR’D;yXRuD>wJzsgxD.0JvXt0Jrh>ySR[k.w>zdw*RtCdvDRI ySRw*RvXtxH.0JvXtrJmtk.to;’D;pH;0JvXzJw>c;oHvJ&H.zh(ef)tcgt0J,lmxD.’.tpkvXw>zDcd.M.vDRI

ySR’k;oh.ngb.rgwh.vloX.chvXw>rRwysKmwysDRw>vXttd.xD.tHRrh>’.xHuD>y’d.tySRwz.EkmvDRrR0JtCdvDRI w>weRCDt0JM.rgwh.vloX.chxD.uwdRvDRw>vXySRursX>trJmngb.C;<?,td.vHvXupX>tcd.pd.vH/ M.vDRI t0JrRuwX>uhRtw>uwdRvX< ?*hRvH< cJtHRw>urRuhRto;’fvJ.M.,woh.ngb.I cgqlngyutd.’D;rk>eHRuDcJwz.vDRI b.q.cJtHRw>M.wrh>w>t&h’d.vX,*D>vXRb.I rh>vX,td.vHvXupX>tcd.pd.vHtCdM.vDRI ‘D;,wymvXw>eDwrHRb.I ‘fySR*Rtod;< ,tJ.’d;td.rlb.z;,HmvDRI w>td.rlb.,Hm,HmxXxXM.tvD>td.0J’.vDRI b.q.cJtHRb.C;w>t0JM.,wqdurd.vXt*h>vXRb.I ,tJ.’d;rRxJ’.up>,GRtw>rRvDRI ‘D;t0JysJ,RvX,uvJRxD.qlupX>t’Dcd.vDRI ,uG>pdCDRw>’D;,xH.b.uD>w>pH;ymvHI b.oh.oh.,wwkRCDRb.’D;okqlw>vD>t0JM.vXRb.I weRtHR,tJ.’d;vXokuoh.ng< ‘fySRwuvkmCDtod;< vXokuwkRCDRqluD>w>pH;ymvDRI tCd,o;rkmvDRI/

rRu’D;weHRySRw*R[Jc;oHrgwh.vloX.chzJt0JqXxX.vXySRorSHRrH[H.t’X;uok.tylRtqXuwD>M.vDRI w>ydmxGJxD.tw>oHwbsDtHRtcHrh>0Jw>jyKxD.vX0h> 125zsX.tylR’D;ySRoH0JvGH>qHCk*RM.vDRI ylRuGHmcHvgtqXuwD>< uF‹(rfpf)tX&h (James Earl Ray) b.w>zD.M>tDRvX0h>vd’d.’D;w>qSXu’guhRtDRqluD>trJ&uRtylRvDRI t0JtX.vDRtw>ur.vXtrRoHb.rgwh.vloX.ch’D;t0Jb.vDRCdmvXcGHqHcGHeH.twD>ylRvDRIb.C;’D;w>ul.tXrRoHrgwh.vloX.cht*h>M.w>CkxH.orHord;td.0JtgrHRvDRI tgwuh>ySRemvXw>ul.tXrRoHwbsDtHRrh>’.trJ&uRy’d.

=10=


tw>rR< rhwrh> zJ;'&X>w>CdxHorHord;0JRusdR (FBI) tw>zD.ysHRtCdvDRI w>oh.ngrReD.ph>uD;vXySRvXtCkxH.’D;zD.M>uF‹(rfpf)tX&hM.rh>’.uD>cJe’>tyXRuD>oh.wz.< ‘D;wrh> "FBI" b.M.vDRI

zJ 1988 eH.tylR< uGJR[lzsgySRxXw>upD.vJRxH.vdmoHuG>oH’d;uF‹(rfpf)tX&hvXCdmtylR’D;t0JwJzsgxD.0JvX "FBI" cX.p;wz.rRysHRrRzk;tDRwJtDRvXt0Jrh>wrRoHrgwh.vloX.chb.M.t0Joh.uzD.ty>’D;t’Dyk>0J>cGgtusgw*R’D;uwh>Ekmt0Joh.vXCdmylRvDRI uFŒ(rfpf)tX&hwJtgxD.ph>uD;0JvXw>zD.tDRvXysHRouGDRtylRvXturRvXySJR "FBI" tw>wdmusJRvXurRoHrgwh.vloX.cht*D>M.vDRI

vXw>uoh.eD.rRvRuyDRrgwh.vloX.ch’ftrh>cd.e>vXt[l;*JRvXxHzduD>zdcGJ;,mt*hRuwX>t’d.uwX>tusgw*Rt*D>< zJ 1983eH.M.trJ&uRuD>pXzSd.tcDu&J;w>td.zSd.z;’d.’k;td.xD.0J ?rgwh.vloX.chrk>eHR/vXtrh>xHvD>uD>ylRtrk>eHR’d.rk>eHRxDzJ,ElRtg&H.xD.oXEGHwEGH< rk>q.teHRM.vDRI

=11=


t0Jtd.zsJ.xD.vXySRolzH;zdtd.w>tvD>vX0h>}xJpuH. (Transkei) zJ1918 eH.vg,lRvH 18 oDteHRM.vDRI ySR,k>M>trHRvX&dvhv.vgrh’Jv. (Rolihlahla Mandela) M.vDRI ty>< [Je&H. (Henry) rh>ySR[h.ul.w>vXxJblpDRvd.pDRyR[H.zdCDzd (Thembu Royal Family) tylRvXySRtg*R,l;,D.ymuJb.tDRw*RM.vDRI rh’Jv.trHRtcD.xH;wzsX.tcDynDw>xk;xD.tDRohvXtrh> ?ySRrRwXxD.wXvDRw>/ M.vDRI twDRzk.uFdo&.vXtxH.'d.tJuvH;tw>yXw>jy;w*R[h.uhRtDRvXtJuvH;trHRvXtrh> ?eJvpX./ M.vDRI

]]vX,xH,uD>tylRM.tqduwX>yvDRb.qlCdmylR0HRr;yuJxD.uD>cd.M.vDRI}}

"In my country we go to prison first and then become President."

]]w>vRuyDRt'd.uwX>vXyw>td.rltylRM.wrh>w>wvDRCHReDwbsDM.b.I A

rh>0Jy*JRqXxX.xDbdzJyvDRCHRwbsDv>v>M.vDRI}}

"The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling,but in rising every time we fall."

]]w>obVwzSH.w0mpH;w>M.wtd.b.I}}

"There is no such thing as part freedom."

eJvpX.rh'Jv. A(1918 = AAA )

eJ

vpX.rh’Jv. (Nelson Mandela) wDcd.&d.rJ wh>0Jw>*JRvdmwcgvXuqDwvJuGHmuvHRxH; xH;tR_zHRuRtok;rDRpd&dRy’d.vXtpl;ugw>eDRz;ySRolzH;0gzH;tqXoEl (apartheid) ‘D;’k;td.xD.uhRuvkm’l.tgzkt’H.rd.u&h.pH.oElM.vDRI t0Jb.vDRqlCdmylRvX 27eH.twD>ylR0HR’D;*JRvdmu’D;w>’D;uJxD.b.0JtxHtuD>ySRolzH;zdtuD>cd.tqduwX>w*RM.vDRI

=12=


eJvpX.rh’Jv.zJteD>qH;’H;tcgtd.b.0Jrkmrkmck.ck.vDRI t0Jbk.usD>’D;rRph>uD;cdcd.tw>zH;w>rRt*Rwz.M.vDRI zJty>pl;uGHmto;tcgb.w>uG>xGJu[ku,muhRtDRvXbl;wH>vXttd.'D;tpdurDRvXtrh>xJbl(Thembu) uvkmySRyXw>cX.p;M.vDRI b.q.t0J[;xD.vXzD;[J(&f)(Fort Hare) rH;±SX.cDvh.uFd ‘D;zJM.t0Jy.CkmrRoud;w>vXuFdzdtw>ylxD.xD’gySR0gzH;zdtw>u&Xu&drRvJ>tD.uD>tw>yXM.vDRI t0J’k;td.xD.’D;*JRvdmw>vXeD>up>’D;’Duvkmtw>xl.zsJ;t*D>M.vDRI

eJvpX.rh’Jv.’d;M>w>ul.b.ul.ohvX0H;0DxX.p}xJzF.pdrdR (Univers-

ity of Witwaterstrand) ‘D;zsdxD.0JvXw>bsXoJp;wuyRzJ 1942 eH.M.vDRI t0Jp;xD.EkmvDRrRoud;w>vXtR_zHRuR’DuvkmcDu&J; (African

National Congress–ANC) vXtrh>uvkm’l.tgzktJ.uvkmtw>[l; w>*JRwzkvXt*JRvdmrRtd.xD.xH±l>uD>oJ;tw>qDwvJvXuvHRxH;tR_zHRuRtylRM.vDRI

zJ 1948eH.tylR’Duvkmy.wH.tpdurDR’d.xD.’D;p;xD.rRvd.xD.z;xD.0J?w>eDRz;ySRolzH;0gzH;tqXoEl/tzDvpH. rhwrh> 'k;td.xD.ql.w>eDRz;uvkmtqXw>rRM.vDRI rhrh>tR_zHRuR’DuvkmcDu&J;wcDp;xD.[;0hR0DR’k;td.xD.w>yX>qXvXwtd.’D;w>pkql.cD.wu;’D;xD’gw>eDRz;uvkmtqXoEltw>od.w>oDwz.M.vDRI zJ 1952 eH.tylReJvpX.rh’Jv.uJxD.0JtR_zHRuR’DuvkmcDu&J;tu&Xcd.cX.p;tusgw*RvDRI zJ1950eH.wz.uwX>tcgcDzsdvXt0Joh.b.uG>qX.rJmy’d.tw>yJRz;eDRz;’d.’d.rk>rk>tCdeJvpX.rh’Jv.’D;twHRoud;tdvH;bX>xJbd. (Oliver

Tambo) ‘D;ySRt*Rwz.p;xD.[l;*JRtgxD.0JvXw>bSDb.rR*hRxD.uhRtR_zHRuR’DuvkmcDu&J;t*D>M.vDRI zJ 1956 eH.tylRw>vdmuGD>ymw>ur.vXtzDcd.vXtrh>ySRvXtrR[;*DRuhRtxHtuD>'D;,d;u'guhRbDtCdM.vDRI b.q.,J>eH.ylRuGHmtqXuwD>t0JylRzsJ;xD.uGHm0JM.vDRI

=13=


zJvgrm±S; 1960 eH.tylR< ySRolzH;zdvXtymzsgxD.o;xD’gw>eDRz;uvkm’l.tqXoElCkqHcGH*Rb.w>rRoHtDRvXyXRuD>vX0h>±S;zX>zhvH. (Sh-

-arpeville) tylRM.vDRI wuwD>CD<xHuD>y’d.xk;xD.&RvDR0J*h>*D>tlw>td.o;tvHmbd;b.&RvDR’D;qduwD>0JtR_zHRuR’DuvkmcDu&J;tu&XM.vDRI vXw>M.tCdtR_zHRuR‘DuvkmcDu&J;tu&XtHRrRuwX>uGHm0JtzDvpH.vXtrh>w>*JRvdmw>vXwtd.’D;w>pkql.cD.wu;’D;eJvpX.rh’Jv.’k;td.xD.pXRw>u&Xu&dtok;rk>wzkvXuuJxD.0JtR_zHRuR’DuvkmcDu&J;tpk’k.wDR’D;ud;0JvX ?Umkhonto we Sizwe/ rhwrh> ?The

Spear of the Nation =’DuvkmtbD/ M.vDRI w>CkxXxD.tDRvXok;cd.usX>tvD>tvR’D;t0J[;xD.qluD>csX’fod;uxD.ok;w>rRvd’D;Ckw>rRpXRvXtR_zHRuR’DuvkmcDu&J;t*D>M.vDRI

zJt0J[JuhRtqXuwD>w>zD.tDR’D;’k;vDRtDRqlCdmylR,J>eH.M.vDRI zJ1963 eH.tylRw>zD.eJvpX.rh’Jv.’D;tR_zHRuR’DuvkmcDu&J;cd.e>t*Rwz.cDzsdtw>[l;*JRrRvDRySD>y’d.vXw>pkql.cD.wu;tusJtCdvDRI weH.CDtylRw>pH.nD.eJvpX.rh’Jv.vXub.vDRCdmwpdRto;M.vDRIvXtu'Do'XvDRuhRto;t*D>vXtw>uwdRvXcHuwX>tylRpH;0JvX=

?zJ,td.rl’H;tcg,[h.vDR,o;vXw>*JRvdmw>vXySRtR_zHRuRzdt*D>vDRI ,’k;xD’gySR0gzH;zdtw>’d.pd’d.urDR’D;,’k;xD’gph>uD;ySRolzH;zdtw>’d.pd’d.urDRM.vDRI ,ym’d.ymxD’H.rd.u&h.pH.’D;ySRw0XvXttd.’D;w>obVvXySRud;*R’J;utd.wylRCDClClzd;zd;’D;td.’D;w>cGJ;w>,mwkRod;xJod;M.vDRI rh>w>qdurd.wcgvX,rk>v>vX,utd.rlb.vXt*D>’D;,urRvXySJRxD.tDRM.vDRI b.q.tvD>rh>td.oXysXR,td.uwJmuwDRvH,o;vX,uoHt*D>M.vDRI/

t0Jb.w>wh>EkmvDRtDRqluD;&D;bJtCdm (Robben Island Prison) ylRvX

=14=


ttd.ol.vDRto;vXch;(zf)xD(ef) (Capetown) tyD.vJ.uX>cd.< ‘D;vXcHuhRw>qSXu’D;tDRqlzl(vf)prl0X. (Pollsmoor) CdmylRvXuD>ylRM.vDRIzJt0Jtd.vXCdmylRtqXuwD>t0JuJxD.0J[D.cd.’Dbh.w>xD’gw>eDRz;ySRol zH;0gzH;tqXoEltw>yeD.wcgM.vDRI

ylRuGHmtgM>teH.cHqHvXCdmylRtqXuwD> eJvpX.rh’Jv.em0JvXvXw>*h>t&h’d.weDReDRtylRcd.e>ub.qXwJmw>vXteD>up>'.0JtCdt0JqXwJmvXu*JRvdmw>vXtoDwrHRvDRI cDzsdvXeJvpX.rh’Jv.tw>usJ;pX;wz.tCdvXw>clol.tylRw>qSXtDRvXuvJRrRoud;w>qluD>cd.t0JR’X;vXuwX.yD.oud;b.C;’D;wrh>xJvXw>uys>uGHmtDRt*D>b.<b.q.wX.yD.ph>uD;w>*h>b.xGJw>uqDvJvdmuhRxHuD>w>eDRz;ySRolzH;0gzH;tqXoElql’H.rd.u&h.pH.oElM.vDRI cDzsdvXxHvD>uD>ylR’D;[D.cd.bDrk>wz.tw>qD.oeH;tCdzJvgzhR-bLRtg&H. 2 oD< 1990 eH.teHRuvHRxH;tR_zHRuRy’d.ys>uGHmeJvpX.rh’Jv.< ‘D;wuwD>CDxk;uGHm0Jtw>}wDCmtR_zHRuR’DuvkmcDu&J;M.vDRI zJ 1991 eH.< eJvpX.rh’Jv.uJxD.uhRtR_zHRuR’DuvkmcDu&J;tcd.te>w*RM.vDRI

zJ 1993 eH.tylRt0Jb.w>[h.vRuyDRtDRvXed.bX.(vf)w>rkmw>ck.w>vRuyDRtcd.z;wylRCD’D;tJ(zf)’bsL.‘H>csX;(cf) (F.W. de Klerk) vXtrh>uvHRxH;tR_zHRuRtuD>cd.zJqXuwD>t0JM.M.vDRI rRu’D;weH.uvHRxH;tR_zHRuRrR0Juvkm’l.tgzktw>CkxXtrl;tcD.xH;uwX>wbsD’D;w>CkxXxD.eJvpX.rh’Jv.vXuuJxD.uD>cd.< ‘D;zJM.t0Jrh>ySRolzH;zdvXtuJxD.uD>cd.tqduwX>w*RvDRI zJ 1998 eH.tylRt0JzsDto;oXbsDwbsD’D;}uJ>c;r;±SJ(vf) (Graca Machel) vXtrh>rd.p.bH; (Moszm-

-bique) tuD>cd.trgvXttd.urJ’D;uJxD.trgoX*Rw*RM.vDRI rhrh>trgcH*Rw*RvXtrh>0HeH> (Winnie)vXt0Joh.zsDto;vX 1958 eH.w*RwcDvDRz;’D;tDRvX 1996 eH.tylR’D;trgw*RtHRrh>ySRvXt[l;*JR’H;’.w>vXw>xD’gw>eDRz;ySRolzH;0gzH;tqXoEltylRM.vDRI zJ 1997 eH.M.

=15=


eJvpX.rh’Jv.pH.vDRvXtR_zHRuR’DuvkmcDu&J;u&Xcd.tvD>’D;zJ1999 eH.tylRtw>yXqSXuvHRxH;tR_zHRuR’fuD>cd.w*Rtod;uwX>uGHm0J’.M.vDRI

eJvpX.rh’Jv.rRpXR’H;’.w>t*kRt*Roh.wz.tguvkm< vDRqD’.w>w>xD’gw>qgth;pf (HIV/AIDS) M.vDRI zJ 2004 eH.tylRt0Jbd;b.&RvDRvXt0Jutd.bSH;uhRvXtw>rRw>vXursX>t*D>tCdursX>wz.tw>oh.ngtw>zH;w>rRpSRvDR0JuG‹>uG‹>M.vDRI

zJvg,lRvH 18 oD< 2007 eH.teHRM.eJvpX.rh’Jv.< }uJ>c;r;%SJ(vf)(Graca Machel) ‘D;’J;(pf)rD(‘f)wlwl (Desmond Tutu) ymzSd.xD.o;’D;’k;td.xD.0J[D.cd.’Dbh.cd.e>o;yS>tu&XvX0h>uFD[geJ;bX; (Johannesb -

urg) ‘fod;u[h.eDRvDRb.tw>ul.oh’D;tw>yXw>qSXvXtobV‘D;ymzsgxD.[D.cd.’DzsX.w>*h>uDvXt’d.uwX>wz.M.vDRI zJtw>uwdRvDRw>zJteHRtd.zsJ.qXuhRtrl; 89 bsDwbsDtrl;tqXuwD>eJvpX.rh’Jv.bd;b.oh.ng0J’.tu&XtoDwzktHRtd.xD.t*h>< vXtrh>ySRo;yS>wz.tu&XM.vDRI

?u&XwzktHRwJw>vXw>obVtylRoh’D;wJw>vXw>o;clwvh>tylRohvDRI u&XtHRurRw>vXursX>trJmng’D;uzD.ysHR'D;rRw>vXw>td.o;vXtvD>td.vXw>u[H;*h>0DtvD>cHvDRI yurRoud;w>wylRCDvXw>rRpXR'D;’k;td.xD.w>ol.’lo;’lzJw>ysHRw>zk;td.0JtvD>< u’k;td.xD.pXRw>o;vDRyvdmzJw>obH.bk.td.xD.tvD>< ‘D;’k;td.xD.w>rk>v>tvD>zJw>o;[;*DRtd.0JtvD>M.vDR</ t*h>eJvpX.rh’Jv.wJzsgxD.0J’.M.vDRI

zJ 2007 eH.vgtDul; 29 oDteHRzJ0h>vd’d.zgvHrJpuGJ (Parliament Squ-

-are) M.w>bSDxD.0JeJvpX.rh’Jv.t*DRpd;ysRM.vDRI

=16=


t0Jtd.zsJ.xD.vX0h>EFL,D;tylRzJvgtD;uxdbX. 11 oD< 1884 eH.teHRM.vDRI ty>trHRrh>0JthvH,X;±k;pbJ; (Elliot Roosevelt) vDRI thvH,X;±k;pbJ; rh>0JoH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;vXtrh>trJ&uRuD>cd.usX> (zJ 1901=1909eH.tbX.pXR) t’Dyk>0J>cGgM.vDRI

zJtJvHeX.to;td.Cd;eH.tqXuwD>trd>oHo’.uGHmtDRcDzsdb.w>o;tH;w>qgtCdvDRI tM.wbsDt0J’D;t’Dyk>0J>cGgwz.b.w>qSXtDRqltzHvXto;*hRw*RvXtrh>rR&Hvl;vd[D(vf) (Mary Ludlow Hall) ttd.’D;td.qd;uhR0J’D;tzHzJM.vDRI zJtJvHeX.to;ySJRxD.teH. 10 tqXu

]]wb.ysJySRvXtwtd.'D;w>pdw>urDRvXuwJA]rh>}AvXuwJeR ]wrh>b.}Aw*hRI}}

"Never allow a person to tell you 'no' who doesn't havethe power to say yes."

]]erh>wtX.vDRwl>vdmb.M.rwRr;'k;td.xD.ew>wl>b.vXeo;uqH;t*D>woheDw*Rb.I}}

"No one can make you feel inferior without your consent."

]]w>ol.xD.o;[h'D;w>rRql.rRpd;rh>wtd.'D;tw>'db.rR[l;oXysXRuJxD.w>*h>

xJwrHR{dRvX[D.cd.csXtHRwohb.I}}

"Hate and force cannot be in just a part of the worldwithout having an effect on the rest of it."

tJvHeX. A±k;pbJ; (1884 = 1962) vHeX.%k;pbJ;(Eleanor Roosevelt) rh>uD> cd.trXR’D;rh>ph>uD;xH±l>uD>oJ;ySR[l;*JRw

*RwkRcJueH.'.vJmt0Jrh>’f’.ySRvXw>b.ol.b.o;tDRvXcd.e>vXt[l;*JRvXxHzduD>zdw>cGJ;w>,mt*D>wz.’D;vXydmrk.ydmrXRtw>[l;w>*JRwuyRrh>*hRM.vDRI

tJ

=17=


wD>ty>oHo'.uGHmu’D;tDRcDzsdb.w>qgvXtdoH;tgtCdvDRI tCdtJvHeX.uJxD.0Jzd.CJqJcd.M. vDRI

zJ 1899 eH.oh.v.vDRtqXuwD>trk>*>[h.*H>[h.bgtDR’D;qXwJmvXuqSXtDRqltJvJ(ef)0l;tcJ’rH> (Allenswood Academy)< vXtrh>tJuvH;ySRwl>’d.uDR’d.rk.wDRuFdwzsX.M.vDRI tuFdcd.rk.teD>up>’.0Jrh>ydmrk.ul.b.ul.ohvXw>oh.ngymyeD.tDRw*RvXtCkusJ’D;’k;’d.xD.vJ>xD.w>qdurd.obVwz.vXydmrk.o;p>wz.tylRM.vDRI zJM.tJvHeX.rRvd< uwdRvdjz.ph.tusdmwkRtohbsJ;bsJ;bsD;bsD;0HRt0Jtw>emM>vDRto;[Jtd.xD.vXtylRM.vDRI

zJt0JrRvdw>vXySRwl>’d.uDR’d.rk.zdtuFdvXuD>tJuvH;tylR0HRtvD>cHt0JEkmvDRrRb.xGJxD.to;’D;ySR*h>0Dw>zH;w>rRoh.wz.M.vDRI 0HRtvD>cHzJ 1905 eH.M.t0J’d;wh’d;zsDuhRto;’D;twcGg‘.0JvXtrh>_zJ;cvh(ef)‘H>vJed.±k;pbJ;M.vDRI ‘ft0Rtod;< tJvHeX.rh>‘H.rd._cJ;oElzdw*RvXto;ql.’d.r;vXxH±l>uD>oJ;tw>[l;w>*JRtylRM.vDRI zJ 1906=1916 eH.twD>ylRt0Joh.’d; M>b.tzdCk*R< tusgw*RoHzJ*DRuhvhtqXuwD>M.vDRI

zJ 1913 eH.M.uD>cd.usX>0l;_’d0hvpX.CkxXxD._zJ;cvh(ef)‘H>vJed.±k;pbJ;’fxHok;eJ.±GJ.oCJRM.vDRI rl’gtHRt0JrR0JvX[D.cd.w>’k;wXwbsD’DwuwD>tylRM.vDRI vXw>’k;tylRtJvHeX.rRw>’f*m wJm*DRu&Xzdw*Rtod;’D;zJ[D.cd.w>’k;wXwbsD0HR'D;zJw>ywkmw>’k;vXrk>EkmwuyRtqXuwD>t0JrR’f‘.w>vX*mwJm*DRu&Xt*D>M.vDRI

zJ 1921 eH.w>ud>cgtqXuwD>_zJ;cvh(ef)‘H>vJed.±k;pbJ;qd;uhxD.e;e;uvJmM.vDRI wuwD>CDw>rRuG>tDR’D;oh.ngvXt0Jwl>b.yd.vH.,d.

=18=


(Poliomyelitis) tw>qgM.vDRI teD>cdvDRbVuGHm’Dw*RC.C.’D;t0J[;wohvXRb.M.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>tJvHeX.tH;xGJuG>xGJtDRvXtw> qd;uhrHeDRvD>’DwuwD>’D;wdpXRrRpXRtDR’fod;utd.uhR’D;*H>bgtoDvXu[H;zD.xD.u’guhRtrlt’gvXxH±l>uD>oJ;tw>rRtylRM.vDRI

tJvHeX.wcDvXxH±l>uD>oJ;tw>zH;w>rRtylR*JRysK>usJ;pX;rR’H;’.w>’D;rRph>uD;w>vXydmrk.ySR[h.w>z;tu&X (League of Women’s Voters)<xHvD>uD>ylRySRyORw>pl;ugw>u&X (National Consumer’s League) ‘D;ydmrk.ySRrRw>zdtu&X (Women’s Trade Union League) t*D>M.vDRI t0Jp;xD.&hvdmph>uD;to;’D;ySRtR_zHRuRtrJ&uRul.b.ul.ohzdwz.vXtrh>xHvD>uD>ylRw>rR*kRxD.yoDxD.ySRolzH;zdu&X "National Associa-

-tion for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP)" teJ.±GJ.cHM.vDRI cDzsdw>&hvdmwz.tHRtCdt0Jo;pJxD.vXySRtR_zHRuRtrJ&uRxHzduD>zdw>cGJ;w>,mwz.tylRM.vDRI

zJ 1929 eH.vXt0Rtw>[;0hR0DRvXw>CkxXxD.tDRvXuxD.EFL,D;uD>pJ.cd.tqXuwD>‘D;zJ 1932 eH.w>CkxXxD.t0RvXuuJxD.trJ&uRuD>cd.usX>tcg< tJvHeX.*JRvdmrRvXySJRtrlt‘gvXt&h’d.wz.M.vDRI vXuD>trJ&uRtw>pH.pdRwJpdRtylRtJvHeX.rh>uD>cd.trXRvXt[h.vDRo;t[l;*JRvXxH±l>uD>oJ;w>rRtylRtqduwX>w*RM.vDRI vXt0RurReXRw>t*D>[;0hR0DR0JvXmqXvXmuwD>CkxH.M>w>*h>w>usdRwz.M.vDRI wu;’fb.zJM.tqXuwD>t0J[;0hR0DR*JRvdmph>uD;w>vXydmrk.ydmcGgoGH.xH;’D;uvkmtw>xJod;wkRod;t*D>M.vDRI

zJ 1935 eH.tylRtJvHeX.td.’D;w>ynd.vXu[h.oq.xD._zJ;cvh(ef)‘H>vJed.±k;pbJ;vXuqD.xGJw>xD’gw>pH.nD.oHtvHmy}wDmwbh.vXw>ymzsgxD.tDRvXbsD.’d.w>td.zSd.tylRt*D>M.vDRI (w>pH.nD.oH

=19=


"Lynching" rh>ursX>w*Rtw>vdmuGD>pH.nD.oHySRvXtwzd;oJp;< ‘D;tcD.xH;cD.bd[Jtd.xD.vXw>pH.nD.tusJoElvXySR0gzH;zdpl;ug0JvXw>xD’gtR_zHRuRtrJ&uRzdvXtrh>uk>wz.t*D>M.vDRI) rh>emouh’fM.’D;±k;pbJ;orXw>qD.xGJvHmy}wDmvXtupH.nD.Cdmcd.wz.b.C;'D;t0Joh.tw>rRtrlt’gwvXwySJRvXw>’Do’XtySRCdmzdvXw>pH.nD.oHt0Joh.vXwtd.'D;w>pH.nD.w>rl;w>&>tCdM.vDRI t0JuwdR*h>vdmw>’D;pH;0JvXt0Jrh>qD.xGJvHmw>od.w>oDy}wDmt0JtHRM.ySR0gzH;vXuvHRxH;[D.u0DRvXt[h.w>z;wz.wys>tw>ur.eDwbsDb.< trJmngvXw>CkxXvXcHwbsDt*D>t0JuC.uGHmoyS>uwX>M.vDRI

zJ_zJ;cvh ‘H>vJed. ±k;pbJ;oHzJ 1945 eH.vgthjzh.tylRtqXuwD>tJvHeX.EkmvDRy.CkmrR’H;’.w>vXxH±l>uD>oJ;tylRM.vDRI zJ 1946 eH.trJ&uRuD>cd.toD[J&H>tJ;(pf)-xLrJ(ef) (Harry S. Truman) CkxXxD.tJvHeX.±k;pbJ;vXuuJxD.bDrk>pXzSd.u&XbsD.’d.w>td.zSd.tcX.p;w*RM.vDRIt0J[H;rl’g[l;*JRvXw>uGJ;y}wDmbDrk>pXzSd.u&XtvHmbd;b.&RvDRb.C;ySR[D.cd.zdcGJ;,mtylRM.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>tJvHeX.[l;*JRrRtrlt’g’fbDrk>pXzSd.u&XySRcGJ;,mcD.rH;±SX.tySRyXRvD>qh.eDRtqduwX>w*Rtod;M.vDRI zJ 1948 eH.vgpJ;ywhbX. 28 oDteRM.tJvHeX.uwdRvDRw>ymzsgxD.w>*h>b.C;vHmbd;b.&RvDRt*h>’D;ud;0JvX?ySR[D.cd.zdud;uvkm’J;trReRcgw. (Magna Carta)/ ‘fypH;w>tod;ySR[D.cd.zdud;*Rt*H>cD.xH;’H.rd.u&h.pH.M.vDRI vHmbd;b.&RvDRwbh.tHRbDrk>pXzSd.u&XbsD.’d.w>td.zSd.bSDb.rR*hRxD.0JzJ 1948 eH.vg’H.pJbX.toD 10 teHRM.vDRI zJ 1953 eH.tJvHeX.td.bSH;uhRvXtw>[H;rl’gvXbDrk>pXzSd.u&XtylR< 'D;rh>ph>uD;qXuwD>zJ’GJ;’H>tJ.pJ(ef)[D0X. (Dwight D.

Eisenhower) uJxD.uhRtrJ&uRuD> cd.tqXuwD>M.vDRI

tJvHeX.vXtw>td.rl’DwuwD>tylR< uGJ;xk;xD.b.teD>up>t*h>t

=20=


usdRvXvHmwbsK;bh.y.Ckm’D;t0JtHRrh>,*h>,usdR (This Is My Story)zJ1937 eH.< w>vX,w>oh.eD.tylR (This I Remember) zJ 1949 eH.’D;vX,up>’.0J (On My Own) zJ 1958 eH.tylRwz.M.vDRI tJvHeX.±k;pbJ;oHzJ 1962 eH.vged.0hbX. 6 oDteHRM.vDRI

tJvHeX.±k;pbJ;zJteD>qH;’ftcgrh>ySRvXttd.’fywD>rk>w*Rtod;’D;tJ.’d;[h.ySR*RvXw>tJ.w>uGH’D;vXcHuwX>zJt0J’d.wkmcd.ySJRtcgw>w-uX;wb.vXtxH.oh.ng0Jwz.bSDb.uhR0J’fod;u[JpdmM>ySRtg*RvXw>rkmw>yXR’D;w>rk>v>M.vDRI t0Jrh>ySRvk>’d.yOR’d.w*RvXySRtg*RtJ.b.tDRo;vDb.tDRvXeH.u,R 20 twD>ylRM.vDRI

=21=


‘hbh; bJ(ef)ul&H,X>td.zsJ.xD.zJ 1886 eH.vX0h>zsD(ef) (Plonsk)< vXuD>zdvJ(ef) (vXcHuhRuJxD.&X±S.tw>yX) tylRM.vDRI t0Jrh>zdCk*Rw*RvX[H.zdCDzdvXttd.’D;o;o[D.vXpg,X>eHp>oEl* (Zionism) vXtrh>xH±l>uD>oJ;tw>[l;w>*JRwcgvXySR,l’Rzdutd.uhR’D;txHtuD>t*D>M.vDRI ty>vXtrh>yD>&D’D;rh>ph>uD;{hR}bHRuFdo&.w*RtHRwbsDrh>wh>ok;rk>tu&Xzdtusgw*RvXt’k;td.xD.u&X*JRvdmw>vXpdRwkRpg,X>eHp>t*D>vXtrh> ?[H;bJ;pg,X> (Hibbatzion)/(ySRvXttJ.pg,X>wz.) M.vDRI bJ(ef)ul&H,X>tHRtylRuGHmb.w>ud;trHRvX’h;bh;}uH(ef)‘D;vXcHuhRzJt0JEkmvDRql{hR}bHRw>bgtylRM.w>,k>qDwvJuhRtrHRtvD>cHwzsX.

]]ySRohySRb.w*Rrh>pH;vXtrR0HRw>wcgtHRrh>wohb.M.ud;M>ySRohySRb.t*Rw*Rwuh>I}}

"If and expert says it can't be done, get another expert."

]]w>ol.'lo;'lM.rh>0JIIIw>oh.nge>yX>w>vXw>-uX;ysHRtDRwz.w>ub.ysHRtDR 'fvJ.çA

'D;w>vXw>w-uX;ysHRtDRwz.w>wb.ysHRtDRb.'fvJ.M.vDRI}}

"Courage is... the knowledge of how to fear what ought to befeared and how not to fear what ought not to be feared."

]]vXuD>tH.p&hv;tylRç AvXeuuJxD.ySRoh'k;td.xD.w>eD>eD>trh>twDw*Rt*D>

eub.emw>rRvDRv;wz.M.vDRI}}

"In Israel, in order to be a realist, you must believe in Miracles."

'hbh;bJ(ef)ul&H,X>A(1886=1974)

bh;bJ(ef)ul&H,X> (David Ben-Gurion) rh>ySR vXt’k;td.xD.uhRySR,l’Rzdtbl.twD>vXcgqlng’D;ol.xD.ySR,l’RzdtuD>toDwbh.M. vDRI'D;rh>ph>uD;ySRvXtol.xD.rk>xD.w>vD>cX.o;xHuD>wz.M.vDRI

'h

=22=


ql{hR}bHRusdm< ‘D;zJchcgtqXuwD>t0JM.t0J’d;M>b.0JcsK;pdR,l’Rtw>ul.b.ul.ohvXtwrh>w>bl.w>bgtw>ul.b.ul.ohb.< 'D;wuwD>CDt0JrRvdb.ph>uD;w>bl.w>bgtw>rRvdwz.M.vDRI

bJ(ef)ul&H,X>p;xD.vXtrh>’fzdo.tcg’.vJmtw>ohwDcd.&d.rJw>tuH>tpD< txH±l>uD>oJ;w>xH.w>oh.ng’D;w>qdurd.wz.p;xD.td.xD.to;vHM.vDRI zJt0Jo;td. 14 eH.tqXuwD>t0Ju&Xu&dxD.o;p>wzkvXtud;0JvXtH;p&. (Ezra-ud;ph>uD;vX{hjpR) vXtrh>u&XwzkvX[h.vDRto;uwdRxJ{hR}bHRtusdmM.vDRI zJt0Jto;td. 17eH.tqXuwD>t0JEkmvDRvXzGgvhRpg,X>u&X (Poalei Zion) (pg,X>tySRrRw>zdu&X) vXtrh>qd±SJ.vh;,l’RxH±l>uD>oJ;u&X[l;*JRtqduwX>wzk< ‘D;tgwuh>vXbJ(ef)ul&H,X>tw>wDcd.&d.rJtzDvmy.wH.wzktHRvXteH.vXtqHwz.t ylR’d.pdvk>bX0Jpg,X>eHp>toEl*vXySR*h>0D’D;xH±l>uD>oJ;t*H>cD.xH;w>ol.xD.qDvDRo;wuyRM.vDRI

zJ 1906 eH.tylRbJ(ef)ul&H,X>[;xD.vXuD>zdvJ(ef)‘D;vJRtd.vJRqd;uhR0JqluD>zgvJ.pwJ (yud;ph>uD;vXuD>zvh±So;) M.vDRI zJM.t0JrRw>’fySRrRw>vXwCh.o.usd;wz.tylRw*R’D;rRph>uD;w>vXpyH;usd;tylRM.vDRI w>ol.w>zs;tvD>wz.tHRb.w>ol.xD.tDRvXySR,l’RzdvXt[JEkmtd.qd;tqduwX>zJw>vD>0JM.vXtylRuGHmteH.cHqHtwD>ylRvHRvHRM.vDRI vXcHuhR< t0JvJRrRph>uD;w>vXuD>uRvHvHR (Galilee< ud;ph>uD;vXuD>uRvHRvg) ’fySRcd;w>zdw*Rtod;M.vDRI

vXvGH>eH.twD>ylRbJ(ef)ul&H,X>zH;rRw>vXpHmvD>usd;vD>wz.M.tylR<zJM.tqXuwD>t0JEkmvDRrRCkmto;< bsXvDRto;vXw>*JRvdmvXySR

*pg,X>eHp>oElrh>wh>[D.cd.bDrk>xH%l>uD>oJ;tw>[l;w>*JRwcgvXtqD.xGJw>ol.xD. uhRxHuD>wbh.vXySR,l'Rzdt*D>vXuD>zgvgpwJtylR'D;vXtcD.xH;vHRvHR*JRvdmqD. xGJw>ol.xD.uD>wbh.vXcJtHRrh>uD>tH.p&hv;M.vDRI

=23=


rRw>zd*h>0DtylR’D;uJxD.0JxH±l>uD>oJ;y.wH.zGgvhRpg,X>u&XtvD>cX.o;yXqSXw>urH;wHmtu&Xzdw*RM.vDRI zJ 1910 eH.tylRw>CkxXxD.tDRvXtuuJxD.0Jy.wH.wzktHRtvHmw>upD.ttJ;'H;xX.u&XzdvX0h>,±lR±Svh.tylRM.vDRI t0Jp;xD.uGJ;w>uGJ;xD&DRwz.vXvHmw>upD.tHRtylR’D;qJ;vDRrHRvX{hR}bHRtusdm ?’hbh;bJ(ef)ul&H,X>/ vXtcDynDrh>0J ?ch,k>zd/ M.vDRI

zJ 1912 eH.tylRt0JvJRqluD>xX;uH.tylR’D;rRvdw>bsXoJp;vXtH;pw.bl(vf)zF.pdrdRuFd‘D;wuwD>CDt0JrRph>uD;w>’fySRxXw>upD.zdw*Rtod;M.vDRI cDzsdvXbJ(ef)’D;tw>u&Xu&d[l;*JRvXxH±l>uD>oJ;wuyRtCdzJ 1915 eH.tylRt0Jb.w>[DxD.uGHmtDRvXuD>zgvJ.pwJtylRvXtdxdrg(ef) (Ottoman) tw>yXtzDvmM.vDRI

w>[DxD.uGHmtDR0HRtvD>cHt0JvJRtd.vJRqd;uhR0Jql0h>EFL,D;< vXuD>trJ&uRtylR’D;zJM.xH.vdmo;’D;&X±Sgrk.w*RvXtrHRrh>zDv;rX(ef)0H;(pf)(Paula Manweis) M.vDRI t0Joh.cH*R’d;wh‘d;zsDuhRto;zJ 1917 eH.tylR< ‘D;vXcHuhR’d;M>0JtzdoX*RM.vDRI zJ 1918 eH.tylRt0JEkmvDRql}bH;xH;(±Sf) ok;rk>’d.tylR< uJxD.ok;zdw*RvXok;&h. 38 tylRvXtb.xGJ’D;,l’Rtok;rk>wzktylRM.vDRI zJ[D.cd.w>’k;wXwbsDzJ}bH;xH;(±Sf)rRM>uD>zgvJ.pwJvXtdxdrJ(ef)vd.yRw>yXtpkylR0HRtvD>cHbJ(ef)ul&H,X>’D;tySR[H.zd[JuhRu’guhRqluD>zgvJ.pwJtylRvDRI

zJ}bH;xH;(±Sf)tw>yXuD>zgvJ.pwJuwX>uGHmtqXuwD>zJvgrhR 14 oD<1948 eH.M.ySR,l’RzdtuD>< uD>tH.p&hv;< b.w>ol.xD.ymyeD.tDRM.vDRI ow;’D;bJ(ef)ul&H,X>uJxD.0JxHoDuD>oDwbh.tHRtudwdmcd.usX>tqduwX>w*RM.vDRI zJt0J’d;w>CkxX’D;yXb.w>cHuwD> (zJ1948 eH.wkRvX 1953 eH.wbsD< ‘D;zJ 1955 eH.wkRvX 1963 eH.wbsD)

=24=


twD>ylRtw>usJ;pX;*JRvdmol.xD.qDvDRuhRtxHuD>rk>usdR0JRuGmcDzsdp;xD.bSDb.rR*hRxD.uhRw>zH;tD.rRtD.’D;w>ol.w>zs;tusdRtusJwz.tHRrh>w>vXtuJxD.vd.xD.z;xD.’d.r;M.vDRI t0J*JRvdmwJM>cJ;w>vXw>u’k;td.xD.zDvpH.oElwcgvXw>u[h.*H>[h.bg’D;uwl>vdmySRb.uDb.cJ*D>rk>vX,l&yRxHuD>wz.tylR'fod;uok;tvD>qluD>tH.p&hv;‘D;td.qd;td.y[Xb.0JzJM.t*D>M.vDRI

zJ 1963 eH.tylR bJ(ef) ul&H,X>td.bSH;u’guhRvXtw>rRtylRM.vDRIb.q.cHeH.tylRuGHm t0J[H;zD.xD.u’guhRxH±l>uD>oJ;tw>zH;w>rR’frJ;zJ.y.wH. ( Mapai Party) tu&Xcd.tvD>tvRtod;’D;vXcHuhRzJ1974 eH.tylRt0Jpl;uGHmto;M.vDRI

=25=


w>rRvXrg}uJ;pJuX.rRwh>ympXR0J’ftrh>trJ&uRySR[h.vDRo;vXw>’Do’X[k;o;vXpJth.tusJ< [H.zdCDzdw>wdmusJR’D;w>’Do’XySRursX>tw>tgxD.rh>w>vXtrRrHR[lo.zsgxD.tDRvX[D.cd.’Dbh.M.vDRI

rg}uJ;[Huh(ef)pJuX.td.zsJ.xD.zJvgpJ;ywhbX. 14 oD< 1884 eH.vX0h>cDM(if) (Corning)< EFL,D;uD>pJ.tylRM.vDRI ty>rh>ySRvXtwwl>vdmw>bl.w>bgtw>od.w>oD’D;w>pl>w>emw*RM.vDRI rhrh>trd>wcDrh>ySRvXtpl>tem&drhRcJovh;w>bl.w>bgvhRwkRvhRwDRr;w*RvDRI wcsK;vXtoHvXxH.bH.w>qgvXtrRb.’dtyod.’D;tCH’H;tcgt0Jtd.zsJ.wh>tzd 11 *RM.vDRI rg}uJ;pJuX.teD>up>’.0Jty>xH±l>uD>oJ;tw>

]]ydmrk.ub.td.'D;tw>obV'.0JvDRI Aw>tHRrh>0J*H>cD.xH;w>obVvXtb.C;'D; w>CkxX

vXt0JtJ.'d;uJxD.rd>{gwuJxD.rd>{g'D;t0Ju[H;tzdySJR*RvJ.M.vDRI}}

"Woman must have her freedom, the fundamental freedom ofchoosing whether or not she will be a mother and how

many children she will have."

rg}uJ;[Huh(ef)pJuX.A(1884=1966)

}uJ;[Huh(ef)pJuX. (Margaret Higgin Sa-

nger) rh>ydmrk.w*RvXt’k;td.xD.w>’Do’X[k;o;tusJ’D;tw>rRtHRxd.*JRxD.w>*JRvdmvXydmrk.tw>xl.zsJ;t*D>M.vDRI

rg

=26=


xH.vXw>qD.xGJydmrk.tw>cGJ;w>,mvXuzD.w>z;t*D>’D;w>rR*hRxD.w>cdw>oGJtoEltHRvk>bXt0Jto;’d.’d.uvJmM.vDRI cDzsdvXw>pl>w>emoh.wz.tHRtCdtwHRoud;vXttd.vXt[H.cd.[H.CXRoh.wz.xH.vXt0Joh.rh>ySRvXtcd.udRM.vDRI

rg}uJ;pJuX.rRvdwh>w>’D;zsdxD.0JzJt[D.u0DR’.0JtwDRxDuFdwzsX.tylR< 0HRvJRrRvduhRw>’D;zsdxD.uhR0JzJcsgbX;&J;(cf) (Claverack) cDvh.uFdzJ0h>[XpX. (Hudson) vXEFL,D;uD>pJ.tylRvDRI w>M.0HRtvD>cHrg}uJ;pJuX.EkmvDRrRw>od.vdtw>rRzJ0h>EFLuFXpH. (New Jersey) wkRvXt0Jb.uhRu’guhRqlt[H.vXuuG>xGJuhRtrd>vXtbl;uoHwh>M.vDRI zJ1896 eH.tylRtrd>oHo'.uGHmtDR< ‘D;trd>tw>oHwbsDtHR[h.tDRw>o;wrH’d.’d.uvJmvXw>*h>b.xGJ’D;teD>up>‘.0JwuG>xGJb.trd>’D;ySRw0Xw>uG>xGJw>td.ql.td.cVwuyRw*hRb.tCdM.vDRI 0HRtvD>cHw,HmwrD>rg}uJ;pJuX.vJRtd.vJRqd;uhRql0h>0J;(xf)zV(ef) (White

Plains)< EFL,D;uD>pJ.tylR’D;rRvduoH.o&.rk.uG>ySRqgtw>rRvdzJM. vDRI t0JrRvdw>0HRok;u’D;uhRto;ql0h>EFL,D;’D;EkmvDRrRpXRySRzSD.zd,mzdzJEFL,D;rk>xD.tcHvDRwuyRzJw>vD>vXtzSD.t,me;e;uvJmtvD>M.vDRI zJ 1902 eH.tylRt0JzsDto;‘D;0hv,X>pJuX. (William Sang-

-er) M.vDRI rg}uJ;pJuX.rh>td.’D;xH.bH.tw>qgw>yeD.b.q.t0JzsDo;weH.0HRtvD>cH’d; M>b.tzdtcD.xH;uwX>w*RvXtrh>tydmcGg*hR*hRM.vDRI ySR’Drg0RcH*RtHRw,Hmb.rRM>u’D;tzdydmcGgw*R< Ckm’D;tydmrk.w*RvXtoHzJ*DRuhvhtqXuwD>M.vDRI

rg}uJ;pJuX.vXtw>vJRcDzsdw>zH;w>rRtylRxH.b.o*X>b.0Jrd>vXtzSD.t,moh.wz.vXtChouGH>un;w>vXySRu[h.t0Joh.w>*h>w>usdRb.C;w>[;qSJ;w>td.xD.’D;[k;o;t*D>M.vDRI vXw>tHRtCdrg}uJ;pJuX.to;td.xD.vXySR*h>0Dw>*JRvdmtylRM.vDRI ow;’D;t0JEkm

=27=


vDRrRoud;w>vXqd.%SJ.vH;y.wH.u&XtylRvXtrh>u&XvXtem0JvXxHuD>y’d.-uX;yX’D;[h.eDRvDRw>zdw>vHRcJvXmqltxHzduD>zdttd.M.vDRI zJM.t0Jp;xD.EkmvDRql w>[;ymzsgxD.w>b.o;trl;wz.tylR‘D;t0JCkz;vHmvXtxH.M>0Jwz.b.C;’D;w>’Do’X[k;o;tusJoElwz.t*h>M.vDRI zJM.t0Jp;xD.uwdRw>b.C;’D;w>zSD.w>,m[JcDzsdto;vX[H.zdCDzdteD.*H>tgwvXuGHmtcX;t*h>wz.M.vDRI zJ 1913 eH.tylRt0Jp;xD.xk;xD.&RvDRwvgwbsDvHmw>upD.vXtrHRrh> "Woman

Rebel" ydmrk.yX>qXw>’D;t0J*JRysK>usJ;pX;[h.*H>[h.bg’D;[h.*H>[h.bg[H.zdCDzdvXuymyeD.teD.*H>’D;p;xD.pl;ugvHmrJmzsX.vXtrh> ?w>’Do’X[k;o; (Birth Control)/ M.vDRI t0Jxk;xD.&RvDRw>y&XM>xJCku}wL>’D;b.w>vdmuGD>tDRvXy’d.ySRb.rlb.’gwz.< ‘D;w>ymw>ur.vXtvdRvXt&RvDRvHmvJ> ?vXvDRo;b.tX< xD’gySR[D.cd.zdtMqX.’D;eD>o;*h>0D/ qlursX>tusgtCdM.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>t0JCh>zsd;uGHmqluD>,l&yR’D;rRvdu’D;w>’Do’X[k;o;t*h>cDzsdvJR[;td.oud;w>[h.uoH.’X;wz.’D;wJoud;w>’D;ySRCkoh.ngrRvdw>td.ql.td.cVt*h>wz.M.vDRI

zJ 1916 eH.zJw>ur.vXw>pH.nD.[h.vDRtDRuwX>uGHmtqXuwD><rg}uJ;pJuX.[JuhRu’guhRqluD>trJ&uR’D;p;xD.[h.w>od.vdqlxHuD>’Dwbh.tylR0;0;M.vDRI vXEFL,D;uD>pJ.tylRw>vD>zJySRzSD.zd,mzdtd.0JM.t0J’D;t0Rp;xD.td;xD.w>’Do’X[k;o;w>qg[H.zdtqduwX>vXuD>trJ&uRwzsX.’fod;u[h.w>yD;w>vD’D;w>*h>w>usdRvXtb.C;’D;w>’Do’X[k;o;wz.t*D>M.vDRI wbsDtHRw>zD.tDR'D;vdmuGD>tDRvXtrRur.xHuD>w>bsXoJp;M.vDRI t0J’D;t’Dyk>0J>rk.w*Rb.vDRqlCdmylR,Hm0JwvgtwD>ylR’D;zJt0J[;xD.vXCdmylRzJ 1917 eH.tqXuwD>t0JrR’d.xD.vJ>xD.tw>[l;w>*JR< tw>[h.w>od.vd’D;CkxXusd.phqD.xGJvXySRwl>’d.uDR’d.vXtqD.xGJt0Joh.wz.vX0h>EFL,D;tylRM.

=28=


vDRI t0JuGJ;ph>uD;w>uG>u’guhRw>’Do’X[k;o;t*h> (Birth Control

Review) ‘D;w>tHRuJxD.tw>*JRvdmw>ud;o}wDxD.vXcHqHoXeH.twD>ylRM.vDRI rg}uJ;pJuX.to;ql.xD.cDzsdEFL,D;uD>pJ.uGD>bsD.u&XrRvDRuqS.uhRtw>bsXoJp;vXtxD’gw>’Do’X[k;o;tCdt0JqDwvJuGHmtw>*JRvdmt&h’d.wz.vXtrh>w>[l;w>*JRvdRvdR’D;w>rRpXRursX>qlw>*JRysK>usJ;pX;’fod;w>urRvDRwH>0JuD>pJ.wbh.utd.’D;tw>bsXoJp;’D;zJ;’&X>uD>pXzSd.w>bsXoJp;vXtwCH;uJ.qd;b.vDRI nDEk>t0Jb.uG>qX.rJmw>uDw>cJvXttd.xD.vXEFL,D;ySRb.rlb.’gwz.tusgemouht0J*JRvdm[h.’f’.w>od.vdvXySRursX>tgtg*D>*D>tusg’D;t0JqJ;usd;ph>uD;w>Ckoh.nguD>,l&yRw>’Do’X[k;o;t*h>M.vDRI zJ 1922 eH.tylRt0JvJR[;ql,y.uD>vXtrh>w>vJRtcD.xH;uwX>wbsDvXtw>vJR[;qluD>th±SX.tbsDwz.tbsDtusgM.vDRI ylRuGHmweH.t0J’D;twHRoud;wz.td;xD.ql.cV*h>0Dw>Ckoh.ng0JRusdRrh>’fod;t0Joh.uymzSd.ursX>ql.cVt*h>tusdRwz.0HR&RvDRw>’Do’X[k;o;t*h>tusdRvX0h>EFL,D;< 0h>cFH.u.ud.vXthvhEGJ. (Illinois) uD>pJ.tylRt*D>M.vDRI zJ 1930eH.wkRCDRtqXuwD>vXuD>trJ&uRtylRt0Joh.tw>qg[H.td.xD.,J>qH,J>zsX.ngM.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>rg}uJ;pJuX.vDRz;’D;t0R’D;zsDu’guhRto;’D;uF‹>edtRth;(cFf)pvH (J.Noah H. Slee) M.vDRI

zJ 1927 eH.< zJrg}uJ;pJuX.u&Xu&d’D;p;xD.wJw>wcsK;w>rR[D.cd.’DzsX.ySReD.*H>cDz&J;w>td.zSd.z;’d.vX0h>uFeHb> (Geneva) uD>pGH;pvJ(ef)(Switzerland) tqXuwD>ySRp;xD.oh.ngtDR‘D;trHR[lo.zsgxD.vX[D.cd.’DzsX.vDRI t0J’D;ySRrRoud;w>’D;tDRoh.wz.wJ&J>M>pXR’f’.w>’fod;uD>pJ.’D;zJ’&X>uD>pXzSd.tw>bsXoJp;b.C;w>’Do’X[k;o;wz.uvDRuqS.’d.xD.t*D>< ‘D;‘fod;w>u[h.eDRvDRw>oh.nge>yX>b.xGJw>’Do’X[k;o;wz.cDzsdw>uG>xGJySR*h>0Dtw>wdmusJRw>zH;w>rRwz.M.vDRI wkRCDRvX 1940 eH.wpkuD>trJ&uRw>’Do’X[k;o;tw>[l;w>*JR

=29=


’k;td.xD.ql.cVw>zH;w>rRtw>wdmusJRvXt*hR’d.r;wcg’D;ySRursX>tgtg*D>*D>wl>vdmph>uD;w>wdmusJRt0JtHRcDzsdw>vlRydmrRxGJql.cVw>rRvXtywD>xD’D;ursX>tw>ymol.ymo;vXw>*h>tHRph>uD;*hRxD.’d.xD.uU>uU>M.vDRI

tgwuh>vXySRtrJ&uRzdwz.t*D>< rg}uJ;pJuX.rh>wh>’fySRvXtp;xD.w>’Do’X[k;o;tw>[l;w>*JRtod;M.vDRI zJ 1939=1995 eH.tbX.pXR[D.cd.w>’k;z;’d.cHbsDwbsDtqXuwD>zJuD>,l&yRok;rk>'D;trJ&uREkmvDR’k;w>’D;uFXreH.< tH.wvH.’D;,y.tok;rk>wz.tcgrg}uJ;pJuX.*h>vdmxD’gtrJ&uRtw>EkmvDRqlw>'k;ylRb.q.trHR[lo.zsg’f’.w>M.vDRI (t0Jem0JvXw>’k;w>,Rwz.td.xD.cDzsdxHvD>uD>ylRursX>teD.*H>tgxD.0JcVwvXtCdM.vDRI) zJ 1946 eH.t0J’k;td.xD.pXR[D.cd.bDrk>w>&J.w>usJRrd>y>*h>0Du&XpXzSd. ( International Planned

Parenthood Federation) M.vDRI w>tHRrh>w>t'd.trk>vXtrRwh>0JtvD>cHuwX>wrHRM.vDRI w>M.0HRtvD>cHvXteH.cHqHtwD>ylRt*H>tbgp>vDRb.q.t0J[;0hR0DR’f’.w>< [;[h.w>od.vd’D;xk;xD.&RvDRvHmw>ymzsgoh.wz.M.vDRI zJvgpJ;ywhbX. 6 oD 1966 eH.teHRvX0h>xX;pX. (Tucson) vXtg&H.pde. (Arizona) uD>pJ.tylRrg}uJ;pJuX.ymwh>uGHm[D.cd.’D;oHuGHm0Jrkmrkmck.ck.M.vDRI

=30=


vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.rh>ySRywD>rk>ySRxlpHmzdtzdcGgw*R< ‘D;t0Jtd.zsJ.xD.zJvgpJ;ywhbX. 29 oD< 1943 eH.zJ0h>zd;zd;0d. (Popowo)< uD>zdvJ(ef)tylRM.vDRI t0JvJRrRvdrR’d;w>’D;zsdxD.0JvXw>vk>tD.o;orltuFd0HRtvD>cH

]],uX.vDRIAb.q.ySRvXtuX.M.rh>ySRoh.wz.vXt'k;td.xD.vh.y.'D;vh.,D>wz.rh>vX

t0Joh.wtJ.'d;[;vXtcD.rhwrh>pdmw>vXteD>up>tCdM.vDRI}}

"I'm lazy. But it's the lazy people who invented the wheel and thebicycle because they didn't like walking or carrying things."

]]zJeb.o*X>'D;w>ol.vDRbSH;o;vDRwDRçAw>td.rlvXte;tusHR'D;eqdurd.vXw>rRpXRvX

e*D>wtd.vXRtqXuwD>uDvXeubSDxD.w>wrHRv>v>M.vDRI}}

"It is hardly possible to build anything if frustration, bitternessand a mood of helplessness prevail."

]]'f,xH.tod;w>vXttd.'gvDRto;vXw>'k;td.xD.w>qDwvJvXt*hRtylRM.rh>

w>rRpXRySR[D.cd.zdw*RM.vDRI}}

"The thing that lies at the foundation of positive change,the way I see it, is service to a fellow human being."

vJ;(cf) 0h(vf)p.A(1943= AAA)

vJ;

(cf)0h(vf)p. (Lech Walesa) rh>zdvH;(±Sf) tySR*JRxH±l>uD>oJ;w*R’D;rh>ph>uD;ySRvX

t[l;*JRrRwh>w>vXySRrRw>zdu&XpXzSd.‘D;ySRcGJ;,mw>[l;w>*JRwz.t*D>M.vDRI t0J’k;td.xD.pXRpd;vH.’ged. (Solidarnosc) ‘fypH;w>tod;w>&d.zSd.Clzd;u&XvXtrh>pd.bH.,J;xH±l>uD>oJ;u±l>tySRrRw>zdu&XobV0HRt0J’d;M>ed.bX.(vf)w>rkmw>ck.tcd.z;zJ 1983eH.M.vDRI zJ 1990=1995eH.twD>ylRt0JyXqSXuD>zdvJ(ef)‘fuD>cd.w*Rtod;M.vDRI

=31=


t0JEkmvDRrRw>’fySRbSDodvh.w*RvXpJ;zDu[.0JRvD>p;xD.zJ 1961 eH.wkRvX 1965 eH.twD>ylRM.vDRI w>M.0HRtvD>cHvXcHeH.twD>ylRt0JEkmvDRrRpXRw>’fok;zdw*RvXok;rk>wzktylR< ‘D;t0J’d;M>b.ok;puDRzdtvD>tvRM.vDRI ‘D;zJ 1967 eH.M.w>CkxXxD.tDRvXuuJxD.vDo[D.ySRrRw>zdw*RvX’J.(cf) (Gdansk) w>whw>bSDubDtvD>M.vDRI zJ1969 eH.M.t0J’d;wh’d;zsDto;’D;’gEl;x.ud;vd;(pf)(Danuta Golos) ‘D;t0Joh.’d;M>b.tzdCd;*RM.vDRI

vJ;(cf) 0h(vf)p.rh>ySR[l;*JRvXySRrRw>zdu&XpXzSd.tw>[l;w>*JRtylR*hRr;w*R’D;zJ 1970 eH.ySRrRw>zd’D;w>rRup>tw>obH.obk.td.xD.tqXuwD>t0JuJxD.w>whw>bSDubDtvD>w>ymzsgw>b.o;urH;wHmtySRyXRvD>qh.eDRM.vDRI zJxHuD>y’d.rR'd.xD.w>tD.tyORuvHR0HRtvD>cHvXbD(vf)xH; (Baltic) yD.vJ.uX>cd.w>vD>oukRq;’;M.w>wXxD.wXvDRe;e;uvJmtd.xD.0J’.M.vDRI zJqXuwD>t0JM.vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.rh>cd.e>vXw>xH.oh.ngtDRvXtrRtrlt’gvXySJRvX0h>’J.(cf)ySRrRw>zdtusgM.vDRI 0h>’J.(cf)zJvJM>(ef)w>whw>bSDubDtvD>z;’d.td.0JtvD>M.w>ymyeD.vXturh>w>vD>cd.oh.wwDRvXw>ylxD.y’d.vXw>wXxD.wXvDRwbsDtHRtylRvDRI vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.*JRvdmw>vXw>bSDb.rR*hRxD.w>wbsDtHRt*D>< 'D;t0J[h.oq.xD.ph>uD;0JvXw>urRvDRuqS.usJoElvXw>pl;ugtDRwz.vXw>urRvXySJRxD.w>ynd.t*D>M.vDRI w>t’dwrHRvXt0JrRwh>0JM.rh>0Jt0J[h.*H>[h.bgySRylxD.w>utd. 20<000 *RvXtokwEkmvDRrR[;*DRCdmvXttd.bl;’D;w>vD>t0JM.wzsX.w*hRM.vDRI

zJ 1976 eH.tylRvJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.b.w>[D[;xD.uGHmtDRvXtw>rRtylRcDzsdySRrRw>zdu&XpXzSd.tw>[l;w>*JRtCdM.vDRI ‘D;vXpSReH.twD>ylRt0Jb.Ckwpd>wvD>tw>rRwz.vXtvk>tD.to;orluM>t*D>M.

=32=


vDRI zJM.tcgt0JrRy.Ckm’f’.to;vXw>u&Xu&dxD.ySRrRw>zdu&XvXtwrh>cD.rFLeH;oElzdb.< ‘D;zJ 1980 eH.tylRt0J’D;twHRoud;pSR*R’k;td.xD.0Jpd;vH.’ged.u&XM.vDRI w,Hmb.u&XtHRtu&XzdtgxD.wkRvX 10uuGJ>’D;vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.uJxD.u&Xcd.e>vXt*hRw*RM.vDRI

zJvgtDul; 1980 eH.tylRvJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.yXqSX0J0h>’J.(cf)w>whw>bSDubDtvD>w>ymzsgxD.o;’D;tw>yXqSXwbsDtHR’k;tgxD.0Jw>[;ymzsgxD.o;wz.vXxHuD>’Dwbh.ngtylR’D;ySRxH.tDR’ftrh>ySRymzsgxD.o;tcd.w*Rtod;M.vDRI t0Joh.tw>ud;o}wDxD.tqduwX>M.rh>vXySRrRw>zdcGJ;,mwz.t*D>M.vDRI zJM.w>rXql.xHuD>tySRb.rlb.'gwz.vXutX.vDRwl>vdm’D;uwX.yD.oud;w>’D;vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.zJ 1980eH.vgtDul; 31 oDteHRb.C;’D;0h>’J.(cf)w>tX.vDRvXu[h.ySRrRw>zdwz.w>obVvXu[;ymzsgxD.w>b.o;'D;uu&Xu&dxD.b.tu&XpXzSd.obVt*D>M.vDRI

cJovh;w>td.zSd.qD.xGJt0Jtw>[l;w>*JRtHRM.vDRI zJvg,ElRtg&H.1981 eH.tylRt0Jb.w> wl>vdmtDRvXyRyRuFD(ef)zD(vf)cH*Rw*R (John

Paul II) vX0h>b.xH;u.tylRvDRI vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.teD>up>’.0JxDbdym’d.0JtcJ;ovh;w>bl.w>bgw>pl>w>emwrHR’ftrh>w>vXt’k;ql.xD.t*H>tbg’D;w>vXt[h.ql.xD.to;o[D.M.vDRI zJ 1980=1981eH.twD>ylRvJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.vJR[;qluD>tH;xvH.< uD>,y.< uD>pGH;’J.(ef)< uD>jz.ph.‘D;uD>pGH;pvJ(ef)’f[D.cd.bDrk>ySRrRw>zdu&XtySRwrSHRw*Rtod;M.vDRI zJvgpJ;ywhbX. 1981 eH.tylRw>CkxXxD.tDR’fpd;vH.’ged.u&XtySRyXRvD>qh.eDRw*Rtod;zJw>rRxHvD>uD>ylRw>&d.zSd.Clzd;cDu&J;w>td.zSd.z;’d.tqduwX>wbsDzJ0h>’J.(cf)tylRM.vDRI

w>obVvXxHuD>tHR’d;M>b.0JvXuwD>zk.udmtylRtHRuwX>uGHm0J'.zJ

=33=


vg’H.pJbX. 1981 eH.tylRzJok;cd.uF±l;pJ(vf)puH; (Jaruzelski) b.,d.0JvXpd.bH.,J;uEkmvDR’k;t0Joh.tCdt0J’k;td.xD.*h>*D>tlok;w>uvk>?qduwD>0J/ pd.vH.’ged.u&XrDudm< wu;’fb.zD.’k;Cm0Ju&XtHRtcd.te>wpSRb.’D;rhrh>vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.wcDb.w>zD.’k;CmvX[H.vXt,HR’D;0h>wzsX.tylRM.vDRI

zJvged.0hbX. 1982 eH.tylRvJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.xl.zsJ;xD.uGHmvXw>’k;CmtylR0HRt0J’d;M>b.w>cGJ;w>,mvXuvJRrRw>vX’J.(cf)w>whw>bSDubDtvD>tylRM.vDRI zJvg,lRvH 1983 eH.tylRw>xk;uGHm*h>*D>tlok;w>uvk>< b.q.w>zD.CmySRw*Rb.w*RtcGJ;t,mtd.’f’.w>M.vDRI0HRtvD>cHvXeH.t0JM.tylRvXw>uymyeD.tw>*JRvdmvXuD>zdvJ(ef)w>yX>qXvXwtd.‘D;w>pkql.cD.wu;t*D>w>[h.vRuyDRtDRvXed.bX.(vf)w>rkmw>ck.cd.z;M.vDRI

qXuwD>zJM.rh.ch(vf)uD.b.cFD; (Mikhail Gorbachev) rRM>uGHmxHuD>tw>pdw>urDRvXpd.bH.,J;uD>pXzSd.tylR’D;w>tHRrRpXRySRbSDb.rR*hRxD.w>vXuD>zdvJ(ef)tylRwpSRb.M.vDRI zJ 1986 eH.tylRuDb;cFD.rRvDRwH>uhR0JvXt0JwEkmvDRrRwHmwmto;’D;ySRxHySRuD>vXttd.vXuD>,l&yRrk>xD.txHvD>uD>ylRzDvpH.wz.vXRb.I zJM.0d.pH.(cFf)uF±l;pJ(vf)puH; (Wojciech Jaruzelski) b.w>rXM>qD.cHtDR’fod;uuwdRwJusJRw>’D;vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.’D;ySRrRw>zdu&XtySR*JRvdmw>wz.M.vDRI vXw>tHRtCdw>tpXvXtd.xD.M.rh>0Jw>urRbsD.’d.w>zD.w>z;trl;wz.’D;’k;td.xD.uhRxHuD>y’d.vXtwrh>cD.rFLeH;b.M.vDRI ‘D;zJ 1989 eH.M.pd.vH.’ged.u&XuJxD.u&XvXtzd;oJp;M.vDRI

zJvg’H.pJbX. 1990 eH.tylRw>CkxXxD.vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.vXuuJxD.zdvJ(ef)xHzdup>uD>tudwdmcd.usX>M.vDRI t0JrRw>wuJxD.vd.xD.

=34=


b.'D;ySRvXtyJRz;eDRz;tDRwz.zJM.wJzsgxD.0JvXt0J’k;td.xD.tw>yXqSXtxHtuD>tusJoEl’fw>'d.pd'd.urDRoEltod;M.vDRI tw>ymol.ymo;w*X>wusXRwvDRwH>wvDRqJ;’D;w>yJRtXyJRoDtDRvXtrRCkmto;bl;bl;wH>wH>vXok;*h>0D’D;w>bH.w>bXtw>rRwz.M.vDRI vXw>M.tCd< zJvged.0hbX. 1995 eH.tylRM.tJvH;(cf)pg’X>uG;(pf)EFLpuH;(Aleksander Kwasniewski) vXtrh>cD.rFLeH;oElzdvD>vHRw*RrReXRuGHmtDR'D;xD.uGHmvXtvD>M.vDRI

=35=


_zJ;cvh(ef)‘H>vJed.±k;pbJ;vXtrh>0JoH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;twcGgvXt,HRw*RtHRtd.zsJ.zJ0h>[J;z;(cf) (Hyde Park)< EFL,D;uD>pJ.zJvg,ElRtg&H. 30oD 1882 eH.M.vDRI %k;pbJ;t'l.zdxXzdwz.rh>ySRvXtuJ’d.uJxD< ‘D;rhrh>t0J’.wcDrRvdrR’d;b.w>cDzsdo&.vDRqD[Jod.vdtDRvXt[H.wkRvXt0JvJRrRvduhRw>vX}udxd. (Groton) uFdzJto;eH.td. 14eH.wpkM.vDRI t0JvJRrRvdb.w>vX[gb;(‘f) (Harvard) zF.pdrdRuFd‘D;cd.vg

]]w>vXyub.ysHRtDRM.wtd.eDwrHRb.çAb.q.w>ysHRtup>'.0Jtd.vDRI}}

"There is nothing to fear but fear itself."

]]qXwJm,RcDzsd'k.'gvX,'k;td.xD.tDRwz.M.wuh>I}}

"I ask you to judge me by the enemies I have made."

]]vXuvJRqlngt*D>usJtd.0JtgbdçAb.q.w>qXxX.*X>*X>usXRusXR

t*D>usJtd.xJwbd{dRvDRI}}

"There are many ways of going forward, but only oneway of standing still."

_zJ;cvh(ef) 'H>vJed. ±k;pbJ; A(1882=1945)

jzJ;

cvh(ef) ‘H>vJed. ±k;pbJ; (Franklin Delano

Roosevelt) rh>wh>trJ&uRuD>pXzSd.tuD> cd. 32 *Rw*RzJ 1933eH.wkR 1945eH.t

bX.pXRM.vDRI rh>wh>uD>cd.xJw*R{dRvXt’d;CkxXto;vGH>bsD< yXqSX0JtxHtuD>vX 12eH.twD>ylRzJtxHtuD>b.o*X>’D;rk>usdR0JRuGmtw>vDRw-xK;’D;zJ[D.cd.w>’k;cHbsDwbsDtcgM.vDRI %k;pbJ;’k;td.xD.0Jw>wdmusJRwz.’D;oEloD’fod;txHtuD>utd.uhR’D;w>vXw>ySJRt*D>M.vDRI

=36=


bH,X>w>bsXoJp;tuFd‘D;rh>wh>uFdzdvXtrRvdw>*hR’d.r;w*RwcsK;vXw>wl>vdmtDRvXEFL,D;pH.nD.uGD>u&Xw>rRtylRzJ 1907 eH.tcgM.vDRI_zJ;cvh(ef)’d;wh’d;zsDto;’D;twcGgrk.’.0JvXtrHRrh>tJvHeX.±k;pbJ;zJ1905 eH.tylRM.vDRI trHRyS>< thvH,X;%k;pbJ;< rh>oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;t’Dyk>0J>cGgvXtrh>wh>uD>trJ&uRuD>cd.zJ 1901 eH.wkR 1909 eH.tbX.pXRM.vDRI tJvHeX.rh>’H.rd._cJ;oElzdw*R'ft0Rtod;’D;t0Jo;pJvXxH±l>uD>oJ;tylR’d.r;vDRI

zJ 1910 eH.tylR_zJ;cvh(ef)‘H>vJed.±k;pbJ;b.w>CkxXtDR’fEFL,D;uD>pJ.bsD.’d.x;cDu&Xzdw*Rtod;’D;p;xD.zJM.trHR[lo.zsgxD.vXEFL,D;uD>pJ.txH±l>uD>oJ;w>rRtylRM.vDRI t0Jtw>ohw>b.tHRtd.zsgxD.vXuD>cd.0l;_’d0hvpX.trJmngtCd zJ 1913 eH.M.uD>cd.CkxXxD.tDRvXuuJxD.xHok;rk>teJ.±GJ.pXRw*RvXub.[H;zD.xD.rl'gvXCkeH.twD>ylRM.vDRI

0l;_’d0hvpX.’D;’H.rd._cJ;tcd.te>t*Roh.wz.ol.rHo;rkmvX_zJ;cvh(ef)tw>rRwz.vXqXuwD>uDcJtylR'fod;tHRtCdM.vDRI zJ 1917 eH.vXtrh>qXuwD>zJtrJ&uRuD>pXzSd.y’d.EkmvDRy.CkmvX[D.cd.w>'k;wXwbsDtcg< _zJ;cvh(ef)txHok;w>vD>w>usJw>rRwz.vJRto;*hR*hRb.b.M.vDRI zJw>’k;tqXuwD>t0J&J.usJRpXRw>’k;vXuvHRpd;yD.vJ.wuyRvXw>rR[;*DRuFXreH.csH?U-boat/w>'k;tw>[l;w>*JRwz.M.vDRI

zJ 1921 eH.w>ud>cgtqXuwD>< w>ql;w>qge;e;usHRusHR[Jb.o*X>_zJ;cvh(ef)M.vDRI w>M.tvD>cHw>CkxH.’D;oh.ngvXt0Jwl>b.w>qgyd.vH.,d.< vXtrh>w>vDRbVw>qgM.vDRI tcD.vDRbVuGHmcHcDvXmC.C.tCdt0J[;wohrlRrlReD>eD>vXRb.I _zJ;pJ;zX.ch(ef)(Frances Perkins)

vXtrh>bsD.’d.cX.p;tu&XzdvXtoh.ngvdmo;’D;_zJ;cvh(ef)w*Rem0JvXw>qgtHRvJvdmuGHm_zJ;cvh(ef)tw>ymol.ymo;’D;vXw>tHRtCdt

=37=


0JuJxD.uhRySRvXt*hRxD.w*RM.vDRI pH;0JvX<?zJ%k;pbJ;wl>b.w>qgtqXuwD>t0JvJRcDzsdb.0JeD>o;tw>qDwvJe;e;usHRusHRM.vDRI zJt0Judn>xD.uhR'D;[JuhRM.,xH.vXw>ymxD.xDo;wqH;wuh>vXttd.’D;tDRwcsK;vXtqd;uhtcgvDRr>uGHmcJvXmvDRI ydmcGgtHRtol.*hRo;0gxD.uhR< tw>oh.ngM>ySR*Rt*D>’D;ymuJySR*RtgxD.’D;tw>qdurd.tw>ul.oht’d.t,dmtd.xD.uhR0Jph>uD;M.vDRI rh>vXt0Jb.o*X>wh>w>b.ud>b.*DRt’d.t,dmtCdt0Joh.nge.yX>uhRySRvXttd.b.vXw>uDw>cJtylRtw>*h>uDM.vDRI/

_zJ;cvh(ef)rh>b.[;vXvD>qh.eDRvh.zdb.q.zJ 1928 eH.tylRt0JEkmvDRrRuhRw>vXxH±l>uD>oJ;tylRvDRI eH.vXt[JweH.tylRt0Jb.w>CkxXxD.tDR’fEFL,D;uD>pJ.tySRyXqSXw>w*Rtod;M.vDRI zJt0Jtd.vXtrl'gw>rRtylRtcgt0JxH.vdmo;’D;ySRvXttd.’D;w>xH.vXttJ.’d;’k;td.xD.w>qDwvJb.C;uD>trJ&uRurRb.vdmuhRtrk>usdR0JRuGmw>*h>uDoh’fvJ.wz.M.vDRI cDzsdySRoh.wz.tHRtw>’db.rR[l;tCd_zJ;cvh(ef)uJxD.ySR*JRxH±l>uD>oJ;t*hRuwX>tusgw*RvXuD>trJ&uRtylRM.vDRI

vgtD;uxdbX. 1929 eH.w>jyKxD.vX0D(vf)p}xH; (Wall Street) rh>w>vXtrRvDRw-xK;uD>trJ&uRtrk>usdR0JRuGmvXtrJ&uRw>pH.pdRwJpdRtylRM.vDRI trJ&uRuD>cd.[XbX;[l;bX> (Herbert Hoover) rRCXto;vXtw>[h.vDRuD>pXzSd.y’d.tw>rRpXRqlySRxlpHmzdwz.ttd.trJmngtcd.udR'D;w[h.rRpXRySRw>rRwtd.vXclylR0h>ylRwz.M.b.IuD>cd.[l;bX>}wDph>uD;oJp;wbh.vXtChxD.0JvXw>u’k;td.xD.zJ;'&X>uD>pXzSd.ySRvXtw>zH;w>rRwtd.cX.p;u&X‘D;wu;’fb.xD’g0Jw>&J.w>usJRvXw>u’k;td.xD.ursX>w>zH;w>rRtw>wdmusJRwcgM.vDRI‘f0h>EFL,D;uD>pJ.cd.w*Rtod;< _zJ;cvh(ef)*JRvdmrRpXRySRvXtw>rRw

=38=


td.wz.oyS>yS>M.vDRI t0J’k;td.xD.w>u&Xu&dwzkvXtrh>EFL,D;uD>pJ.*h>*D>tlw>rRpXRtcD.rH;±SX.vXtp;xD.rRpXRySRvXtw>rRwtd.’D;ySRol.uho;yS>vXtrRw>wuJvXRoh.wz.M.vDRI

zJM.tqXuwD>ySRxH._zJ;cvh(ef)‘fuD>pJ.EFL,D;tcd.w*RvXtrRuJxD.vd.xD.w>t’d.trk>’D;w>CkxXxD.ph>uD;tDRvXuuJxD.’H.rd._cJ;wh;uD>cd.cX.p;vXuEkmvDRw>CkxXzJ 1932 eH.w>rRxHuD>w>zD.w>z;trl;vXtu[JtylRM.vDRI zJM._zJ;cvh(ef)woh.ngvDRwH>0JvXurRb.vdmuhR0Jrk>usdR0JRuGmvDRw-xK;tw>*h>uD‘fvJ.b.< emouht0JrReXRuGHmySRvXtjyXw>’D;tDRvXtrh>xHzdup>uD>oElzdvXySRursX>b.ol.b.o;tDRwtgb.wz.M.vDRI

‘fuD>cd.w*Rtod;_zJ;cvh(ef)tw>[l;w>*JRtqduwX>M.rh>0Jw>EkmvDRrRb.vdmuhRxHuD>tphwX;tw>[;*lm[;*DRwz.M.vDRI p;xD.vXrk>usdR0JRuGmtw>vDRw-xK;td.xD.vHRvHRphwX;cJvXmtusg,J>ylwylM.w>rXql.vXuu;wHmuGHmto;M.vDRI vXw>tHRtCdySRursX>wqHrs;u,RtphymuDRvXto;orl'DuwD>t*D>vDRr>uGHm0J'.M.vDRI zJ 1933eH.p;xD.oDtqXuwD>ySRtrJ&uRzdwz.wemM>vXRtphwX;tusJoElwz.vXRtCdursX>wz.p;xD.xk;uhRtph’D;ymuhR0JvXt[H.M.vDRIzJ_zJ;cvh(ef)EkmvDRp;xD.uJxD.uD>cd.woDylRuGHmtqXuwD>t0J[h.vDRtuvk>vXw>ub.u;wHmuGHmphwX;cJvXmM.vDRI xJM.wbsDt0JrXbsD.’d.u&XvXu'k;td.xD.w>od.w>oDvXttk.uDRto;vXySRvXtymuDRphvXphwX;tylRwz.zJusd.ph*h>0Dw>vDRw-xK;rh>td.xD.toDwbsDtcgt0Joh.tphwvDRr>b.vXRt*h>M.vDRI

zJ 1933 eH.vgrm±S; 9 oDteHRM._zJ;cvh(ef)ud;bsD.’d.u&Xw>td.zSd.vDRqDM.vDRI vXw>td.zSd.tylRt0JpH;b.u&Xzdoh.wz.vXw>[h.w>zH;

=39=


w>rRwM>tw>*h>uDtHRw>rRb.vdmuhRohxJvX ?xHuD>y’d.teD>up>’.0J[h.vDRw>rRvdRvdR/ M.vDRI vXoXvgtwD>ylR_zJ;cvh(ef)wD.xD.oJp;y}wDmt&h’d.wz.qlbsD.’d.u&XvXtb.C;’D;w>Ch.vDRuhRw>[h.w>zH;w>rRwM>tHRtw>*h>uDM.vDRI bsD.’d.wl>vdmw>ywHxD.wbsDtHRM.vDRI bsD.’d.tw>td.zSd.vDRqDwbsDtHRw>p;xD.oh.ngtDR’ftrh>rk>eHRwu,Rw>usJR‘D;w>tHRymzsgxD.±k;pbJ;oEloD*H>cD.xH;w>*h>wz.M.vDRI

xHuD>y’d.p;xD.[h.vDRw>rRqlursX>ttd.vXurRw>rRtguvkmM.vDRI _zJ;cvh(ef)*JRvdmrRpSRvDRuGHmw>[h.w>zH;w>rRwM>tw>*h>uD< ‘D;t0JusJ;pX;rRpSRvDRph>uD;ySRvXtzH;w>rRw>wuJvXRwz.tw>*h>uDM.vDRI w>u&Xu&dtusgwzkvX_zJ;cvh(ef)‘k;td.xD.wh>0JM.rh>0JzJ;’&X>y’d.*h>*D>tlw>rRpXRyXqSXw>u&XvXt[h.usd.phw>qD.xGJqlySRvXtvd.b.w>rRpXReD>eD>wz.ttd.M.vDRI zJvgtDul; 1935 eH.tylRM.w>tX.vDRwl>vdmySR*h>0Dw>bH.w>bXtoJp;M.vDRI u&XtHR’k;td.xD.0JxHvD>uD>ylRo;yS>uwD>usd.phqD.xGJtusJoEl‘D;&J.usJRyXqSXuD>pJ.pXzSd.’D;uD>pJ.tw>[l;w>*JRvXurRpXRySRvXw>rRwtd.oh.wz.t*D>M.vDRI

xHuD>w>rR*kRxD.yoDxD.M>w>vXySRolzH;zdt*D>u&X (vXtJuvH;usdmwcDrh>0J National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

–NAACP) rk>v>0JvXw>CkxXxD._zJ;cvh(ef) zJ 1932 eH.tHRuqdwuD>uGHmw>pH.nD.pX>oH< w>pH.nD.oHySRolzH;zdM.vDRI ySRtR_zHRuRtrJ&uRzd[;0hR0DR[l;*JRxD’gw>pH.nD.pX>oHw>toElcH*REkmvDRy.CkmvXw>rRpXR_zJ;cvh(ef)vXurReXRw>t*D>vDRI _zJ;cvh(ef)trg< tJvHeX.%k;pbJ;ph>uD;rh>ySRvXtxD’gw>pH.nD.pX>oHtoEltHRz;,HmvHM.vDRI w>M.0HRtvD>cHw,Hmb.w>uGJ;y}wDmw>xD’gw>pH.nD.pX>oHt*h>tw>od.w>oD

=40=


wbh.vDRI w>od.w>oDy}wDmtHRymzsgxD.zJ;’&X>tw>vdmuGD>y’d.vXt’k;td.xD.w>od.w>oDw*Rv>v>vXwrRvXySJRtrlt’gzJw>pH.nD.pX>oHuJxD.to;tqXuwD>M.vDRI zJ 1935 eH.tylRw>wdmtd.vXu[h.*H>[h.bg_zJ;cvh(ef)vXuqD.xGJw>od.w>oDy}wDmtHRt*D>M.vDRI rh>emouh’fM.’D;_zJ;cvh(ef)orXvXuwJpXRw>vXvHmw>od.w>oDy}wDmtHRt*D>M.vDRI t0JpH;0JvXt0Jrh>qD.xGJvHmy}wDmtHRySR0gzH;zdzD.w>z;vXuvHRxH;w>vD>wz.wys>tw>ur.eDwpkb.I vXw>M.tCdt0JuC.uGHmvXw>CkxXvXcHwbsDtylRvDRI

zJ 1936 eH.w>CkxXxD.trJ&uRuD>cd.tqXuwD>w>xD’g_zJ;cvh(ef)vXtwrRwDtw>tX.vDRvXurRb.vdmzd;'huhRphwdmymtCdvDRI ySRweDReDRwcDymw>ur.vXtvdRvXtrh>cD.rFLeH;oElzdw*RvDRI rh>emouh< oEloDvXw>’k;td.xD.tDRtHRtgwuh>ySRzD.w>z;zdwz.b.ol.b.o;0J’d.r;tCd_zJ;cvh(ef)rReXRuGHmxHzdup>uD>y.wH.cX.p;vXt’d;CkxXo;wz.nDu’.M.vDRI

zJw>bd;b.&RvDRvX_zJ;cvh(ef)td.’D;w>wdmvXu’d;CkxXto;oX0Dw0D0HRtvD>cHw>ymw>ur.vXt0JtpdurDR’d.xD.t*h>tgxD.0JM.vDRIvXw>M.tCd_zJ;cvh(ef)uJxD.ySRxJw*R{dRvXtvk>oh.cgywmw>od.w>oDvXwtd.uGJ;vDRto;vXtrh>uD>cd.w*R’D;CkxXto;oX0Dw0DwohvhRwuhRb.M.vDRI b.q.zJ 1940 eH.tylRt0JrReXRu’D;w>vXw>CkxXoXbsDwbsDtylRM.vDRI

zJ[D.cd.w>’k;cHbsDwbsDtqXuwD>M.cDzsd_zJ;cvh(ef)rRpSRvDRtw>td.qX xX.vXw>bX.pXRoEl'D;td.uhRvXod.rSHRu%l>wuyRtCd< vXcHuwX>,y.tok;rk>wz.EkmvDR'k;trJ&uRtyvJubDoM (Pearl Har-

-bour) 'D;w>M.tvD>cHtrJ&uRb.EkmvDRqlw>'k;tylRM.vDRI zJ 1944

=41=


eH.tylRt0Jb.w>CkxXxD.tDRvGH>0Dw0DvXtuuJxD.uD>cd.M.vDRIb.q.wcsK;oXEGHzJuFXreH.ok;rk>[h.vDRuGHmto;vXw>’k;’D;ymvDRpku0JRzJ 1945eH.vgrhR 7oDM._zJ;cvh(ef)‘H>vJed.±k;pbJ;pl;uGHmto;M.vDRIt0JoH0HRtvD>cH< trgtJvHeX.±k;pbJ;‘D;tzdcGgcH*RvXtrh>uF‹(rf)±k;pbJ;‘D;_zJ;cvh(ef)±k;pbJ;uFLe,X>wz.[l;*JR0JvXxH±l>uD>oJ;w>zH;w>rRtylRM.vDRI

=42=


vJM>(ef)td.zsJ.xD.vX0h>ph(rf)bX; (Simbirsk) vXuD>&X±SgtylRzJvgthjzh.10oD< 1870 eH.teHRM.vDRI ty>rh>tvD>u0DRuFdySR[h.ul.w>vXtrh>ySRvXtzD.usXRCmw>emvXttd.ympXR (Conservative) < ’D;rh>ph>uD;&X±SgtDo’D; (Orthodox) tw>td.zSd.zdw*RM.vDRI trd>wcDrh>0JuoH.o

]]w>obVrh>w>vXtvk>'d.yOR'd.pH;w>M.rh>w>vXtrh>twDvDRI AtCdw>vk>'d.yOR

'd.t0JM.w>ub.eDRvDRtDRvDRI}}

"It is true that liberty is precious - so precious thatit must be rationed."

]]ySRw*RvXttd.'D;usdwcd.M.yXqSXySRt*RA100AvXtusdwtd.eDwcd.b.ohvDRI}}

"One man with a gun can control 100 without one."

]]w>vXw>vH.w>vDM.w>rh>wJtDRwvD>vD>uJxD.uhRvXw>trh>twDM.vDRI}}

"A lie told often enough becomes the truth."

bsJ;'HrX>vJM>(ef) A(1870 = 1924)

bsJ;

’HrX>vJM>(ef)(Vladimir Lenin) rh>ySR*JR xH±l>uD>oJ;vXt&h'd.w*R’D;wuwD> CDrh>,RzSd.eH. 20 w>yX>qX*h>0DtySRqdurd.w>w*R< ‘D;tw>qdurd.t'd.t,dmwz.’db.rR[l;&X±Sg’D;[D.cd.’Dbh.ph>uD;M.vDRI t0J[h.ul.yXqSX&J.usJJR0Jbd(vf)±SHbh; (Bolshevik) tw>[H;w>pdw>urDRySJRwkmvXuD>&X%SgtylRzJ 1917eH.tylR’D;t0Jrh>ph>uD;pd.bH.,J;tcd.te>vXtol.xD.pd.bH.,J;uD>tqduwX>w*RvDRI tw>[h.vDRto;vXr;pH.(Marxist) oEltusdRtusJwz.tgwuh>w>oh.ngtDRvXvJM>(ef)oEl (Leninism) M.vDRI

=43=


&.vXtyXb.w>vD>w>usJwz.tzdrk.M.vDRI t[H.zdCDzdw’l.tHRrh>ySRvXtoGH.usJ.usD’D;uvkm’l.tguvkm< t0Jrh>ySR[JvDRpXRvXySR&X±Sgzd< ySRcg(vf)rH;(cf)zd< ySR,l’Rzd< ySRuFXreH.zd< ySRpGH;’H;(±Sf)zd’D;b.wb.t*Rutd.’H;0JM.vDRI vJM>(ef)to;b.w>vk>bXtDRvXxH±l>uD>oJ;yX>qXw>tw>xH.wz.cDzsdt0J>cGg< tJvJ;pJ’X>< vXtod.vdtDRb.C;cg(vf)r;(pf) (Karlmax) tw>qdurd.t*h>tusdRwz.tCdM.vDRI

zJt0JrRvdw>vXuFdtcgt0JrR'k;eJ.0JeD>uD>vXtrh>ySRvXtcd.Elm*hR< rh>vXw>M.tCdtoud;oh.wz.[;qSJ;tDRM.vDRI t0Jrh>wtJ.’d;to&.orgtw>zD.usXRCmw>emvXttd.ympXRtw>xH.wz.b.q.vXtw>rRvdrR’d;tylRt0Jzsd;pd0J’.M.vDRI t0JtJ.z;vHmvXtb.w>uGJ;tDRvXud;(of) (Goethe) ’D;xX;uFJeJ; (Turgenev), 'D;w>uGJ;wz.tHR’db.rR[l;tDRvXtw>td.rl’DwuwD>ngM.vDRI

zJvJM>(ef)o;p>tcgw>ol.tk;o;tk;tvD>[Jb.tDRcHrHRvXtrRb.’dtDR’d.’d.uvJmM.vDRI zJ 1886 eH.tylRvJM>(ef)ty>pl;uGHmto;cDzsdcd.ElmovDtoGH.usdRwJmw>qgtCdvDRI zJvgrhR 1887 eH.tylRzJvJM>(ef)to;td. 17 eH.tqXuwD>t0J>cGgt’d.uwX>vXtrh>tJvJ;pJ’X>b.zD.’D;w>pX>oHtDRcDzsdtw>rRw>pkql.cD.wu;vXw>rRyd>rh.yd>vXtrRysHRrRzk;p>pDRyRtJvJ;pJ’X>oX*Rw*R (Tsar Alexander III) to;orltCdvDRI t’Dyk>0J>rk.tJe.wcDzJySRzD.t0J>cGgtJvJ; pJ’X>tcgt0Jtd.ph>uD;vDRI ‘D;zJM.ySRxk;z;tDR’D;t[H.zdCDzd’D;vJRymtDRvXo0DwzsX.vXtpDRpkR’D;tw>vD>cgp. (Kazan) 40 uHvdrHxX.M.vDRI cDzsdySRymtDRvXt0Jrh>ySRyX>qXw>zdvXtoHuGHmw*Rt'Dyk>0J>cGgtCdt0JxH.b.0JvXySRtg*RorXtDR< wwl>vdmtDR'D;wue.CkmtDRvXRb.M.vDRI vXw>tHRtCdvJM>(ef)nduGHm0Jw>bl.w>bg’D;txHtuD>txH±l>uD>oJ;tusdRtusJM.vDRI

=44=


vXcHuwX>t0JrR0JwkRySRwl>vdmtDRvXcgp. (Kazan) zF.pdrdRzJt0JrRvdb.C;w>bsXoJp;t*h>M.vDRI zJt0JrRvd'H;w>vXzF.pdrdRuFdtcg’.vJmt0JrRoud;w>vXxH±l>uD>oJ;w>rRtylRM.vDRI cDzsdvXt0Jy.CkmvXw>ylxD.xD'gy'd.tylRtCdySRb.rlb.'gzD.tDR’D;qSXtDRqlvD>u0DRyXRuD>t0JR'X;M.vDRI yXRuD>tusgw*RoHuG>tDRvX ?zdo.ydmcGgzd{X< b.rEkRtCdeylxD.w>vJ.< w>cJvXm0HRtvD>cH< cJtHRvXerJmngtd.’D;w>’l.wbh.vHI/ vXw>emM>vDRto;ySJRqX.uvmtylRvJM>(ef)pH;qXtDR< ?w>’l.t0JM.wusXRvXRb.I erh>qD.tDRM.uvDRySD>0J’.vDRI/ cDzsdt0Jtw>rRwz.tCdySR[DxD.uGHmtDR’D;wwl>vdmtDRvXw>rRvdrR’d;tylRvXRb.I

w>[DxD.uGHmtDR0HRtvD>cHt0JvJRql0h>ph>(xf)zHxX.bX; (St. Peterburg)

‘D;rRvd‘.w>vXteD>up>’.0J’fuFdzdvXw>csXw*Rtod;M.vDRI t0JzsdxD.w>bsXoJp;tw>’d;pJ;zJ 1891 eH.tylR< ‘D;rh>ySRtcD.xH;uwX>w*RvXtoud; 124 *RtusgvDRI 0HRtvD>cHvJM>(ef)p;xD.rRvdxHo;b.C;w>bsXoJp;vXp.r.&. (Samara) tylRM.vDRI

zJ 1893 eH.tylRt0JvJRol.vDRuhRtw>td.w>qd;tvD>zJ0h>ph>(xf)zHxX.bX;'D;zJM.t0JrRw>b.C;oJp;wuyRM.vDRI zJM.t0Jp;xD.’k;td.xD.0Jr;pH; (Marxist) [D.vmw>[l;w>*JRwz.'D;eDRz;vDRtu&Xzdwz.Ck*Rwu%l>M.vDRI t0Joh.p;xD.orHord;b.C;pJ;zDu[.w>rRvD>< ymzSd.p&DywD>oh.wz.'D;uGJ;&RvDR0JvHm&RvDRwz.vDRI vXu±l>wz.tHRtylRt0JxH.vdmph>uD;o;’D;rk.vd.bd w*RvXtrh>e;’JpX;’.jcL;pug,> (Nadezhda Krupskaya) ‘D;t0Joh. ’d;wh‘d;zsDto;zJ 1898eH.M.vDRI

zJ 1895 eH.tylRt0JvJRqluD>pGH;pvJ(ef)’fod;uxH.vdmto;’D;ySR’fod;

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tDR'ftrh>ySR*h>0Dt’H.rd._cJ;zdvXtySJR’D;w>xH.w>qdurd.wz.M.vDRIzJM.t0JxH.vdmuwdRoud;w>’D;uFDRuFHzsJ;cged. (Georgi Plekhanov) ’D;t0Joh.*h>vdmoud;b.C;’D;w>’k;td.xD.uhRw>qDwvJvXuD>&X±SgtylRM.vDRI zsJ;cged.tJ.’d;'k;td.xD.vH;b&X>ySR*D>rm(ySRvXtwDRywD>td.vXw>bX.pXR) twDRywD>< ‘D;rhrh>vJM>(ef)wcDo;pJvXw>'k;td.xD.ySRrRw>zdtwDRywD>M.vDRI cDzsdvXw>o;wvDRyvdmtHRtCdySR*h>0D’H.rd._cJ;wh;y.wH.vDRz;0JcHzkvXtrh>rJ±SHbh;(pf) (Mensheviks) ‘D;bd(vf)±SHbh;(cf) (Bolsheviks) u&Xwz.M.vDRI

zJvJM>(ef)[JuhRu’guhRqluD>&X±Sgtcg[JuhRpdmCkm0J’D;vHm&RvDRwz.vXtwzd;oJp;wz.M.vDRI t0JtJ.’d;’k;td.xD.w>yX>qXtvHmw>upD.wbh.M.vDRI zJt0Jbl;up;xD.xk;xD.vHmw>upD.tHRweHRM.w>zD.t0J’D;cd.e>rRoud;w>’D;tDRwz.M.vDRI t0Jb.vDRqlCdmylRvX 15vgtwD>ylRM.vDRI w>M.0HRtvD>cHy'd.[DxD.uGHmtDRqluD>pH;bX&H,>(Siberia) ‘D;zJM.t0J’D;jcL;pug,>‘d;wh’d;zsDto;M.vDRI t0Joh.td.qd;zJM.wkRvX 1900 eH.wpkt0Joh.vJR0JqluD>pGH;pvJ(ef)zJt0Joh.’k;td.xD.uhRvHmw>upD.wbh.vXtrh>tH;pjc> (Iskra)< tcDynDrh>0J ?rh.tltzD/ M.vDRI vHmw>upD.trHRtHR[JcDzsdto;vXxgwusdR< ?rh.tltzDurRtd.xD.rh.tlv./ M.vDRI zJt0Jtd.vXuD>pGH;pvJ(ef)tqXuwD>t0J’d;M>w>pdw>urDR’D;uJxD.b.ySR*h>0D’H.rd._cJ;wh;y.wH.tcd.te>w*RM.vDRI t0Jtd.’D;tw>xH.wcDwXRvXtwtJ.’d;qDwvJ0Jb.tHRrh>w>*h>cd.oh.wrHRvXt'k;td.xD.w>vDRz;vXy.wH.wzktHRtylRM.vDRIw>rRoHql.oH*D>ySRvXph>(ef)zHxX.bX;zJ 1905 eH.tylR[h.ql.xD.vJM>(ef)to;vXuwJw>vXw>’k;td.xD.w>pkql.cD.wu;tw>[l;w>*JRt*h>M.vDRI w>wwXmwegtHRtd.xD.to;cDzsdcdpJ; (Cossacks) tok;rk>wz.c;ySR[;ymzsgxD.w>b.o;vXw>rkmw>ck.tylRwz.vXy>’d.uFDuFHRuJ;yD (Georgi Gapon) wDcd.&d.rJ0JM.vDRI w>uJxD.o;t0JtHR’k;td.

=46=


xD.w>jyKxD.vXuD>&X±SgtylRwbsK;wDRngM.vDRI zJM.vJM>(ef)[JuhRu’guhRqluD>&X±Sg’D;td.0JzJM.u,HmcHeH.< b.q.w>wp;xD.rRw>yX>qXeD>uD>'H;b.< rh>vXp> (Tsar) pDRyR[h.w>cGJ;w>,mtgr;qlySRursX>ttd.’fod;tokwol.xD.o;[hw>vXRw*hRt*D>M.vDRI zJ 1906 eH.M.w>CkxXxD.vJM>(ef)vXuuJxD.uD>&X±SgySR*h>0D’H.rd._cJ;wh;ySRrRw>zdy.wH.turH;wHmw*RM.vDRI b.q.p;xD.zJM.wkRvXw>yX>qXp;xD.zJ 1917 eH.tqXuwD>< t0Jol0J'.tw>qXuwD>tgwuh>vXtb.td.u’kwpd>wvD>vXuD>,l&yRtylR< ‘D;w>uDw>cJrh>[Jb.o*X>tDRe;e;usHRusHRb.q.t0JusJ;pX;uGJ;&RvDR’.txH±l>uD>oJ;w>uGJ;wz.M.vDRI

zJ[D.cd.w>’k;wXwbsDp;xD.oDoH.bSJtqXuwD>vJM>(ef)td.qd;’H;’.w>vXuD>tD;p}xH,gtylRM.vDRI zJvgtDul; 1914 eH.tylRt0Jb.w>zD.M>tDRcDzsdt0Jrh>uD>&X±Sgtw>rJmcsHw*RtCdM.vDRI b.q.w>’k;vDRtDRqlCdmylRwpd>wvD>0HRtvD>cHw>[h.tDRtcGJ;vXuok;tvD>qluD>pGH;pvJ(ef)M.vDRI zJt0JxD.w>td.zSd.vX0h>bX(&f)eH> (Berne) tcgt0JymzsgxD.tw>xH.vXw>’k;w>,RwbsDM.tzDcd.M.vDRI w>obH.obk.vXttd.xD.tHRt0Jym0JvXtrh>’.ySRrRvJ>tD.uD>tw>rR’D;wJzsgxD.0J’.vXySRqd.±SJ.vh;zdoh.wz.vXtqD.xGJw>’k;M.rh>ySR,d;u'gbDqlySRzH;w>rRw>zdtwDRywD>ttd.M.vDRI

vJM>(ef)o;wrkm’d.’d.uvJmcDzsdtgwuh>ySRqd.±SJ.vh;zdvXuD>,l&yRtylRwz.qXwJmvXuqD.xGJw>’k;tw>*JRvdmtCdM.vDRI zJM.tcgt0J[h.tgxD.tw>qXuwD>’D;tw>*H>w>bgcDzsdw>[;0hR0DR*JRvdmw>vXw>qDwvJuhR ?ySRrRvJ>tD.uD>w>'k;qlxHvD>uD>ylRw>'k;/ M.vDRI vJM>(ef)&J.usJR'k;td.xD.w>&RvDRoEl'fod;tu[h.oq.xD.od.rSHRok;rk>wz.vXtubd;u’guhRtusdcd.qlty’d.yyS>wz.ttd.’D;p;xD.qd.%SJ.vh;tw>yX>qXt*D>M.vDRI

=47=


zJvgpJ;ywhbX. 1915 eH.tylR< eHcdv;cH*Rw*R (Nicholas II) p;xD.yXqSXuD>&X±Sgtok;rk>vXt’k;w>vXw>rJmngw>'k;ysD vXrk>xD.wuyRM.vDRI tw>rRwbsDtHRtxHuD>ok;rk>w*X>wusXRvXRb.’D;zJ 1917 eH.twD>ylRw>qD.xGJy'd.ph>uD;pSRvDR’d.’d.rk>rk>M.vDRI xHuD>y'd.tw>}wDw>cGJ;w>,mtoEl’D;w>tD.cd.z;vmqSd;toElwz.tCdw>qSXpku0JRyD;vDvXtvd.wz.ql&X±Sgtok;rk>’fod;tu’k;w>vXpdRwkRw>’k;tylRt*D>wohvXRb.M.vDRI zJ 1917 eH.tylRySRok;zdb.oHvXw>’k;ylRtgM>’H;ySR1<300<000 *R< ySRb.’dwcDxD.b;wkRvX ySR 4<200<000 *R‘D;ySRvX’k.’gzD.M>M.tgM>’H;ySR 2<417<000 *RM.vDRI

w>’k;wbsDtHRrRb.’db.xH;ph>uD;uD>&X±Sgtrk>usdR0JRuGm’d.’d.rk>rk>M.vDRI w>tD.w>tDoh.wz.pSRvDRtCdtyOR'd.xD.0J’.M.vDRI zJvg,ElRtg&H. 1917 eH.M.vX0h>zJ;}xd}uJ;(‘f) (Petrograd) tylR< w>zdw>vHRtyORtuvHRxD.wkRvXCkq;M.vDRI

vXcHuwX>zJ 1917 eH.M.w>yX>qXtd.xD.0J’.vXuD>&X±SgtylRM.vDRIteD>eD>M.w>yX>qXtd.xD.0JcHwDRvXw>weH.M.twD>ylRM.vDRI zJvgrm±S;tylRySRrRw>vXx;pwHtw>rRvXph>(xf)zHxX.bX;0h>ylRwz.qXxX.ylxD.uhRty'd.’D;tw>[;ymzsgxD.o;wbsDtHRySRvXtuxdwz.tuxd*JRqXxX.xD'gw>vXusJtzDcd.M.vDRI p>pDRyRtw>pdw>urDR[;*DRuGHm’D;‘lr> (Duma) u&XvXtb.w>wDcd.&d.rJtDRvXtJvJ;pJ’X>c&JpuH; (Alexander Kerensky) zD.xD.uhRw>pdw>urDRM.vDRI vJM>(ef)wcDp;xD.&hvdmto;’D;ySRuFXreH.zdwz.vDRI t0Joh.qSXu’guhRtDRqluD>&X ±SgylRylRzsJ;zsJ;rh>M>oXysXRt0Ju[H;M>w>pdw>urDR’D;rRuwX>uGHmw>’k;vXuD>&X±SgtylRM.vDRI c&JpuH;ph>uD;bl;uvDRCHRwh>vXw>*h>uDwrHRCDtHRtCdM.vDRI t0JwtJ.’d;rRywkmw>’k;vXuD>&X±SgtylRb.< ‘D;t0Joh.b.wl>b.cD.b.w>< w>vDRrl>vDRr>M>t0Joh.’d.’d.rk>rk>’D;b.uG>

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qX.rJmph>uD;w>uDw>cJe;e;usHRusHRvXtxHvD>uD>ylRM.vDRI zJvgtD;uxdbX.tylRvJM>(ef)xD.[H;uhRw>pdw>urDRvXw>*>oGH.*>pDRbl;wtd.b.M.vDRI

zJbsJ;’HrX> tH.vH; vJM>(ef)to;td. 47eH.tcgw>CkxXxD.tDRvXturh> ?Society of People’s Commissars/vXtrh>cD.rFLeH;y.wH.u&Xtcd.M.vDRI y’d.toDwzktw>*h>uDwz.rh>w>vXt’d.trk>M.vDRI w>’k;w>’D;uD>uFXreH.M.0HRuGHm0JwbsDCDM.vDR (tw>’k;wbsDtHRtw>ud;o}wDrh>0J?ud.< wrh>w>’k;b./)I uFXreH.EkmvDRrRM>,l.jch(ef)b.q.w,Hmb.&X±SgrRM>uhR0JcDzsduFXreH.C.uGHmvXw>’k;tylRtCdM.vDRI w>vD>w>usJwz.w>[h.eDRvDRuGHmtDR< ‘D;w>vD>weDReDRM.rh>pHm{dRySJR{dRtvD>wz.M.vDRI pJ;zDu[.w>rRvD>< w>cl.vX>cl.vh< phwX;’D;w>tyD;tvDwz.vD>cX.o;y’d.[H;M>uGHm0J’.M.vDRI rhrh>&X±SgtD;o’D;w>td.zSd.wcDw>rRuwX>uGHmtDRM.vDRI

zJ 1918 eH.M.w>xD'k.xD'gtd.xD.vXrJ±SHbh;(pf)"Mensheviks"(ySRt0g)‘D;bd(vf)±SHbh;(cf)"Bolsheviks" (ySRt*DR) tbX.pXR'D;w>*h>uDtHRwkRxD.qlxHvD>uD>ylRw>'k;M.vDRI ySRt0grh>’d;M>b.w>qD.xGJvXuD>}bH;xh(ef)’D;trJ&uRuD>pXzSd.b.q.vXw>*JRvdme;e;usHRusHR0HRtvD>cHt0Joh.b.C.uGHm0J’.M.vDRI

zJ 1919 wkRvX 1921 eH.twD>ylRw>o.0HRvDR’d’D;w>vdRud>ySHmnd;w>qgvDRvXuD>&X±SgtylR’D;ySRoHtgM>’H; 27 uuGJ>M.vDRI vXw>urRb.vdmuhRw>[;*lm[;*DRt*D>vJM>(ef)p;xD.ymvDRrk>usdR0JRuGmw>wdmusJRtoDwcgM.vDRI w>&J.w>usJRtHRtd.’D;w>qdurd.wz.vXw>urRrlxD.uhRrk>usdR0JRuGmvXtvDRw-xK;tHRM.vDRI ySRxlpHmvdmySJRwz.’d;M>b.w>cGJ;w>,mvXuqgb.w>tD.w>tDvXzFgz;’d.tylR’D;’d;vJySRrRw>zd

=49=


vXurRw>vXt0Joh.t*D>M.vDRI ySRxlpHmzdvXtrRvJ>xD.tpHmvD>M.w>p;xD.oh.ngtDR’ftrh>ulv. (Kulaks) wz.M.vDRI pJ;zDu[.w>rRvD>vXt’d;vJySRrRw>zdpSRM>’H;t*RcHqHM.w>qguGHmtDR’D;w>rRvD>tup>vD>vHRwz.ChxD.vXuyXu’guhRtDRoh0JM.vDRI rh>emouht0JwxH.b.tw>wdmusJRtHRtolto.vXvXySJRySJReDwbsDb.I zJvgtDul;30 oD< 1918 eH.teHRqd.%SJ.vh;yX>qXw>u±l>tcX.p;< ‘d&>c.zs> (Dora

Kaplan) c;vJM>(ef)’D;usdcsHcHzsX.EkmvDRqltrd>yS>tylR’D;w>xk;xD.uhRtDRwM>b.tCdvJM>(ef)tw>td.ql.td.cVw*hR'fod;vXtylRuGHmvXRb.I

zJvgrhR 1922 eH.tylRuvHRzF;tDRtqduwX>wbsD’D;weH.wcsK;ySJRxD.uvHRzF;u'D;tDRcHbsDwbsDM.vDRI tw>td.rlvXttd.wh>cHeH.twD>ylRt0J*JRvdmbSDb.uhR0Jw>vXtwb.bsd;b.'gwz.M.vDRI t0JxH.0JvXtvD>td.vXt0Joh.urRoud;w>’D;rDRtd.,XRtxHtuD>wz.’D;rRvDRr>uGHmw>wvXxD.ySJRxD.vXtbFL.&d.u&h.pH.w>rRtylRwz.M.vDRI t0JusJ;pX;rRvDRwH>ph>uD;vX}xdpuH. (Trotsky) uxD.b.uhRvXtvD>< wrh>pwgvh. (Stalin) b.M.vDRI t w>*JRvdmtHRwvXxD.ySJRxD.b.I pwgvh.rh>ySRvXtohtb.’D;td.’D;w>ul.w>q;’d.wuh><wkR’.vJmvXvJM>(ef)b.ymyeD.tDRM.vDRI zJ 1923 eH.tylRpwgvh.xH.vXtw>qge;xD.’D;b.o*X>ph>uD;w>xD.toDwbsDtCdt0JoHwcDyR’D;uwdRw>wohvXRb.I t0Judn>xD.wohvXR’D;oHuGHmcDzsdtcd.ElmovDtoGH.usdRwJmw>qgzJ 1924eH.vg,ElRtg&H. 21 oDM.vDRI

=50=


oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;td.zsJ.xD.zJvgtD;uxdbX. 27 oD 1858 eH.vX0h>EFL,D;tylRM.vDRI t0Jrh>ySRrRrk>usdR0JRuGmtxl;twDRtzdcGgvGH>*RtusgcH*Rw*R< ‘D;w>,k>M>trHRvdmuGJvX ?xJ’H>/ vXtrh>rHRwzsX.zJt0Jo;p>tcgvXtwtJ.’d;0Jb.M.vDRI t0Jwl>b.w>qgvXtrh>w>o;bH;’D;w>rJm,kmvXt0JxH.w>xJtbl;M.vDRI vXw>M.tCdvXto;uql.xD.t*D>ty>pH;b.tDRvX< ?etd.’D;ecd.Elm< b.q.ewtd.’D;erd>yS>b.<eub.’k;td.xD.erd>yS>vDRI/ vXurRpXRb.tzdcGgt*D>< ty>teD>up>’.0JbSDxD.eD>cdw>td.ql.td.cVw>*JRvdmuGJt’X;wzsX.zJt[H.ylRzJxJ’H> ?*JRvdmuGJ’D;rR*hRxD.teD>cd*H>}wDqXto[D.’D;vXcHw>oh.ngtDRvXt*H>ql.xJod;’D;ye>rHR/ w’kngM.vDRI zJoH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;o;p>’ft

]]uwdRw>uzDvDzd'D;pdmCm'D;eD.vJmz;'d.wbdwuh>I}}

"Speak softly and carry a big stick."

]]e[;qSJ;w>'dw>wD>rh>ohM.wD>eDwxH.w*hRçAb.q.wb.wD>uzDvDzdeDwbsDw*hRI}}

"Don't hit at all if it is honorably possible to avoid hitting;but never hit soft."

oH.,d.'d±k;pbJ; A (1858 – 1919)

oH.

,d.’d±k;pbJ; (Theodore Rossevelt)

rh>wh>trJ&uRuD>pXzSd.tuD>cd. 26 *Rw*RM.vDRI t0Jrh>wh>cd.e>vXt

ol.ql.o;ql.td.*X>cX.oeX>’D;*JRvdmxJ;*H>xJ;bgoyS>yS>vXtw>rR’d.xD.vJ>xD.uD>trJ&uRtw>EkmvDRrRCkmto;’D;xH*kRuD>*R*h>0Dwz.M.vDRI

=51=


qXuwD>t0JvJRydmtySR[H.zdCDzdtcHql,l&yRxHuD>wz.tylR’D;zJM.t0JohxD.jz.ph.’D;uFXreH.tusdmrlmrlmeD>eD>M.vDRI

zJ 1876 eH.oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;to;td. 18 eH.tqXuwD>t0Jb.w>wl>vdmtDRvX[gb;(‘f) (Harvard) zF.pdrdRtylRvDRI zJM.tqXuwD>b.C;’D;w>vdmcd.vdmuGJvXto;pJwz.tusgy.Ckm’D;w>eD.csH< bD;upX.w>xd< w>’d;uoh.’D;w>[;0hR0DR[;vdmuGJwz.M.vDRI vXw>rRvdrR’d;wuyRph>uD;oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;rh>uFdzdvXto;pJ’D;usJ;pX;xJ;*H>xJ;bgvXtw>rRvdtylR’D;vXw>od.vdtqXuwD>t0J[h.vDRt*H>bgto[D.’D;[l;*JRvXu±l>w>rRvdoud;w>tylRoyS>yS>M.vDRI wbsDzJtw>rRvd'X;tylRo&.w*RpH;b.tDRvX ?uG>vXtHR±k;pbJ;{XIIIoh.ngvXySRvXtod.vdw>vXwDRylRM.rh>,RvDR/ M.vDRI

zJ 1878 eH.tylR< oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;xH.vdmto;’D;tJvH;[J;o;0hRvHR(Alice Hathaway Lee) vXtrh>ySRbD;pxX.zd[H.zdCDzdw’l.tzdrk.M.vDRI t0Joh.cH*Rb.ymw>tJ.wDz;,Hm’D;zJt0Joh.ChxD.vXu’d;wh’d;zsDto;tqXuwD>ySR}wDt0Joh.< b.q.vXcHuwX>zJvgtD;uxdbX.27 oD< 1880 teHRM.t0Joh.’d;wh’d;zsDb.uhRto;*hR*hRb.b.M.vDRIzJqXuwD>t0JM.tylRoH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;ty>< cDzsdvXcJpX.w>qgb.tuzktCdpl;uGHmto;zJvgzhR-bLRtg&H. 9 oD< 1878 eH.teHRM.vDRI y>w*Rtw>oHwbsDtHRrRvDRobSH;oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;vXto;td.xJ 21 eH.{dRto;e;e;uvJm< wu;’fb.owl>uvmt0JxH.vDRuhRto;vXt0JuJxD.vH[H.cd.CDcd.w*RvHM.vDRI

xJM.wbsDoH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;vJRrRvdu’guhRw>vXcd.vdbH,>w>bsXoJp;udF‘D;zJ 1881 eH.tylRrh>vXt0J[JuhR[l;*JRvXuD.pJ.EFL,D;w>td.zSd.z;’d.tylRtCd[;xD.uGHm0JvXtuFdM.vDRI zJM.w>CkxXxD.tDR'ftrh>

=52=


&H.zXbsH;cX. (Republican) tu&Xzdw*Rtod;'D;vXcHw>CkxXxD.u'D;tDRcHbsDvXuyXqSX&H.zXbsH;cX.tySRwz.t*D>M.vDRI

qXuwD>zJM.oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;’fq.trJ>xD.[JujyK>u_yDRxD.tod;tvD>tvRvXtywD>xD.uU>uU>tHRw>qduwD>tDRwohwM>eDwrHRb.I rh>emouh’fM.’D;< zJ 1884 tylRtw>td.rlb.td.uhRvXw>o,k>ondw>ol.vDRobSH;o;vDRobSH;e;e;uvJmtylRM.vDRI t*h>wcD[Jto;’ftHR< zJtrgtd.zsJ.xD.tzdydmrk.vXtrHRrh>tJvH;±k;pbJ;vHzJvgzhR-bLRtg&H. 12 oDteHRM.uvh>w>qgb.trgtCdtd.zsJ.0HRcHoDzJw>tJ.trk>eHR (Valetine) M.trgpl;uGHmto;M.vDRI w0HR’fb.wuwD>CDtrd>ph>uD;qd;uhe;e;uvJmb.w>vdRud>ySHmnd;w>qgM.vDRI w>weHRCDzJ 1884eH.vgzhR-bLRtg&H. 14 oDteHRtrgoH0HR[gcDvDRM.trd>ph>uD;oHo'.uGHmtDRM.vDRI

zJ 1884 eH.tylR< oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;vJRqltuD>rk>EkmwuyRvX’gcd.x.0h> (Dakota) vXt td.ySJRxJw>b.,d.b.bSD’D;bk.tD.q.zduD>zdzJM.<rk>v>0JvXysDz;vJ>o,k>wk>vXttd.qd;0JvXtylRtHRurRvDRr>pXRtw>wl>b.cD.b.vXtuDtcJwz.M.vDRI t0JvJRcDzsdb.0Jrk>EkmySRvHRvlRusLqSgwz.tw>rRqg’D;rRo;thMtDR< uG>tDRwrkmvXt0Joh.ud;tDRvX ?ySRrJmcsHvGH>zsX.zd/ cDzsdvXt’d;rJm’d;tCd’D; ?ySRcD.ngp>zd/ cDzsdvXttd.vX0h>’D;wrRnDEk>w>rRe;b.tCdvDRI vXcHu,Du,DySRud;*Roh.ngymuJxD.tDRcDzdst0JrRqXySRvXtrRtXtDRrRthMtDRwz.vXw>uwdRvDReHRvDRthvXte;tusHR rhwrh> wbsDbsDvXtpkcd.o.td.0Jph>uD;’d;oMRxD.to;vXySRrRtXw>’D;t0Joh.tw>rRy,GJtzDcd.M.vDRI tw>ol.’d.o;zsd;tHRrwRr;woh.ngeDwcD.b.I ySRoh.ngM.t*h>M.rh>xJ’.w>bs.wzk{dRvXt[k.tcsH’D;vXcHEGHtwD>ylRt0JCd>uhR0JvX’gcd.x.w>vD>oukRq;’;< w>vJRusJrh>uDcJb.q.w'G;0JvXRb.M.vDRI 'D;vX

=53=


cHuwX>ySRvXySRud;tDRvX ?rk>xD.x;cDySRcD.ngp>zd/ w*RtHRzD.csK;M>u,J>ySRvXt[k.tcsHwz.M.vDRI zJqXuwD>tHRtylRt0JuGJ;ph>uD;vHmvJ>wz.< 'D;vHmvXtuGJ;0HR0Jwz.tusgy.Ckm’D;vHmvGH>bh.vXtrh>?History of America’s Westward Expansion/ vXw>xk;xD.&RvDRtDRzJ 1889 eH.’D; 1896 eH.twD>ylRM.vDRI

zJ 1889 eH.tylR&H.zXbsH;cX.uD>cd.[J&H;pX.CkxXxD.tDRvXuuJxD.uD>trJ&uRxHvD>uD>ylRw>zH;w>rRcD.rH;±SX.tu&Xzdw*RM.vDRI zJ1895 eH.tylRoH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;uJxD.0J0h>EFL,D;yXRuD>tcd.M.vDRI ylRuGHmweH.&H.zXbsH;cX.uD>cd.rch(ef)vh (Mckinley) CkxXxD.tDRvXuuJxD.xHok;teJ.±GJ.oCJRM.vDRI oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;*JRvdmoyS>yS>vXw>qD.xGJw>rR’d.xD.vJ>xD.uD>trJ&uRxHok;t*H>tbgrh>’fod;urRtgxD.uD>trJ&uRtw>EkmvDRrRy.Ckmto;vX[D.cd.’Dbh.*h>0DtywD>t*D>M.vDRI zJpyh.’D;trJ&uR’k;vdmo;tqXuwD>oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;[l;*JR’fok;cd.’d.*D>*h>vXtyXrkmo;rRuvDcD.cVok;&h.w&h.M.vDRI

zJ 1898 eH.tylRoH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;uJxD.0JEFL,D;uD>pJ.tcd.’D;vXcHuhRzJ1900 eH.M.t0Jb.w>CkxXxD.tDRvXuuJxD.uD>cd.cH*Rw*RvXrch(ef)vhtzDvmM.vDRI uD>cd.rch(ef)vhb.w>ul.tXrRoHuGHmtDRzJvgpJ;ywhbX. 1901 eH.tylRtCdt0JxD.uhRvXuD>cd.usX>tvD>wbsDCDvDRI0HRtvD>cH’fuD>trJ&uRxH±l>uD>oJ;tusJoEltd.ympXRtod;zJ 1904eH.w>rRxHuD>w>Ck xXtqXuwD>w>CkxXxD.uhR oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;vXuD>cd.M.vDRI zJt0JuJuD>cd.tqXuwD>‘k;td.xD.0Jw>xD’gw>M>yXpd&dRrRw>oElrh>’fod;urR*hRxD.0J’D;uymyeD.}wDCmrk>usdR0JRuGmu&XusX>rk> (Corporation) wz.tw>pdw>urDRM.vDRI wu;‘fb.< vXuD>pJ.zsD.&H;’. (Florida) tylRzJ 1903 eH.M.t0Jol.xD.0JursX>tzDu&X>tqduwX>wu0DR< ‘D;zJ 1906 eH.tylRwcDt0JbSDxD.0JxHuD>tvX>xl.

=54=


tqduwX>wzsX.zJ0drh(if) (Wyoming) uD>pJ.tylRM.vDRI

b.C;’D;xH*kRuD>*R*h>0Dw>rRtylRwz.wcD< oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;bd;b.&RvDR0J’.vXuD>trJ&uR ?-uX;uwdRw>uzDvDzd’D;pdmCm'D;eD.vJmz;’d.wbd/ M.vDRI tw>emM.rh>0JzJxHuD>t*Roh.wz.oh.ng0JvXtrJ&uR’Do’Xtw>rd.M>o;vDwz.cDzsdw>’k;w>,Rtw>rRysHRrRzk;oh0JvHtqXuwD>w>bH.w>bXvXtrJ&uRt*D>u*hRxD.0J’.M.vDRI oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;’fMqX.tod;tw>zD.*X>Cmrd(ef)&dtw>ymo;oEl (Monroe

doctrine) tHRtCd}wD0J’fod;xH*kRuD>*Rwz.tokw[Jol.vDRto;vXcJ&h>bH,g[D.u0DRw>vD>wz.tylRw*hRM.vDRI 0HR‘D;t0JChxD.ql.0Jw>cGJ;w>,mvXtrJ&uRxJwzk{dRuEkmvDRy.Ckmb.vXv;wh.trJ&uRw>vD>wz.tylRM.vDRI t0J[h.*H>[h.bgph>uD;vXw>ubSDxD.yegrgxHusdRM.vDRI zJ 1906 eH.tylRt0J’d;M>ed.bX.vfw>rkmw>ck.cd.z;cDzsdtw>[H;rl’gb.C;w>ywkmuGHm&dpd (Russo) ‘D;,y.w>’k;tCdM.vDRI

oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;td.bSH;uhRvXuD>cd.tvD>zJ 1908 eH.tylRM.vDRI zJ1912 eH.w>rRxHuD>w>CkxXtqXuwD>t0J*JRvdmxD’gySRvXtxD.wh>tvD>vXtrh>0hv,X.x;(zfxf) (William Taft) rh>vXt0Jo;wvDRyvdm’D;ySRtHRtusJoElb.tCdM.vDRI tw>*JRvdmtHRrRvDRrk>_yHjygySR[h.&H.zXbsH;cX.w>z;wz.0HR[h.vDRuhRw>cGJ;w>,mql0l;_’d 0hvpX> (Woodrow

Wilson) vXtrh>‘H.rd._cJ;oElzdvXuuJxD.uhRuD>cd.M.vDRI vXcHuhRzJ1919 eH.vg,ElRtg&H. 6 oDteHRM.oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;pl;uGHmto;M.vDRI t0Jrh>oHb.q.tw>M>ogvXtymvDRwJmwh>0Jwz.td.rl‘f’.w>wkRrk>rqgweHRtHRM.vDRI oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;rh>uD>cd.vXtrJ&uRCkxXxD.t*hRuwX>tusgw*RM.vDRI tgM>tM.t0Jrh>wh>0Rw*RvXtol.bsXo;bsXvXtrgtzDcd.< rh>wh>y>w*RvXtzdwz.uG>vdrR’d;tDR< ‘D;rh>ph>uD;xHzduD>zdw*RvXt*kmusJ;pX;CkusJ’D;’k;td.xD.w>t’d.trk>vXt

=55=


xHtuD>t*D>< ‘D;vX[D.cd.’Dbh.t*D>ypH;ohvDRI t0Jrh>wh>ySRuGJ;vHmzdvXtw>rRtolto.td.xD.tgtguvJm< rh>wh>ySR[;0hR0DRvXw>’Do’X*H>cD.xH;ySR*h>0DcGJ;,mwz.vXwtd.’D;w>vDRbSH;vDRwDRb.< rh>wh>ySR*JRxH±l>uD>oJ;ul.w>oh’d.r;w*RvXtqDwvJ[D.cd.MqX.w>td.o;0;w&H;tDRwz.’D;xDbdM.tw>[l;w>*JRwz.’d;oMRxD.to;vXw>xH.b.C;’D;w>obV< w>wDw>-w>wkRod;xJod;vXw>bsXoJp;tzDvm’D;t0Jrh>ySRvXttd.zsgol.zSHo;nDw*RM.vDRI

zJteD>qH;’ftcgtrHRvdmuGJvXySR,k> M>tDRvXtrh>?xJ’H> (Teddy)/wzsX.td.rlwkRrk>rqgweHRtHRvXwRoluGDwuvkmtylRvXw>ud;vXwRolzdxJ’H> (Teddy Bear) M.vDRI

=56=


t0Jrh>ySRqgw>upJ;upd;w*Rtzdrk.’D;td.zsJ.xD.zJ 1925eH.vgtD;uxdbX. 13oDteHRzJ0h>}uJ> og (Grantham) vh(ef)cd>±Sg,X> (Lincolnshire)

uD>pJ.tylRM.vDRI t0JvJRrRvdw>zJtD;pzD; (Oxford) zF.pdrdR‘D;zJt0JzsdxD.uFd0HREkmvDRrRw>’fySRCkoh.ngrRvduoH.uoDyDngw*RM.vDRIvXcHuhRt0JrRvduhRoJp; w>bsX0HR'D;uJxD. yD>&Dw*RM.vDRI

zJ 1951 eH.vg’H.pJbX. 13 oDteHRt0J’d;wh’d;zsDto;’D;ySRrRrk>usdR0JR

]]ydmrk.w*Rv>v>vXte>yX>w>yXqSX[H.CDtw>*h>uDwz.M.td.bl;xD.vH'D;w>e>yX>

w>yXqSXxHuD>tw>*h>uDvHM.vDRI}}

"Any woman who understands the problems of running a home willbe nearer to understanding the problems of running a country."

]]w>uJb.ySRvXttd.'D;tpdurDRM.'fod;'D;w>uJb.ySRwl>'d.uDR'd.rk.w*Rtod;vDRIAerh>b.

wJySR*RvXerh>rEkRvJ.M.ewrh>ySRwl>'d.uDR'd.rk.b.I}}

"Being powerful is like being a lady. If you have to tell people you are, you aren't."

]],rh>ySRvXto;plRvDRqDzJtvD>cHuwX>,rh>rRM>w>vX,o;vDwrHRtcgvDRI}}

"I am extraordinarily patient, provided I get myown way in the end."

rg}uJ; oJ;cFX. A(1925= AAA)

rg

}uJ;oJ;cFX. (Margaret Thatcher) rh>ydmrk.tqduwX>vXtuJxD.,l.eJ;wJ;ch'X.(rf) t

udwdmcd.usX>M.vDRI t0J[H;zD.xD.rl‘gCkm’D;w>tX.vDRvXurRM>uhR-bh;xh(ef)rk>usdR0JRuGmtw>vXw>ySJR< ‘D;*JRvdmrRvXySJRxD.tw>wdmtHRcDzsdqguGHmxHuD>y’d.tw>rRvD>tgwDRvXw>yXuhRtDRvXySReD>w*RM.vDRI

=57=


uGmzdw*RvXtrHRrh>‘JeH;(pf)oJ;cFX. (Denis Thatcher) M.vDRI ‘fcD.pXbX;xh;y.wH.tu&Xzdw*Rtod;w>CkxXxD.rg}uJ;oJ;cFX. (Margaret

Thatcher) vXuuJM>zh;(cFf) vh (Finchley) tcX.p;zJ 1959eH.vgtD;uxdbX.tylRM.vDRI cHeH.ylRuGHmtqXuwD>t0JEkmvDRvX[g&d.rJ;rh;vJ(ef) (Harold Macmillan) ty’d.tylR’fbsD.'d.teJ.±GJ.oCJRvXo;yS>uwD>usd.phw>qD.xGJ’D;xHvD>uD>ylRw>tk.uDRo;w>rRt*D>M.vDRI

zJ 1964 eH.w>rRxHuD>w>[h.w>z;trl;tuwD>cD.pXbX;xh;y.wH.C.uGHm'D;[g&d.0hvpX. (Harold Wilson) uJxD.uhRudwdmcd.usX>toDM.vDRI tJ;'0;[J;(xf) (Edward Heath) vXtrh>cD.pXbX;xh;tcd.te>toDw*RCkxXxD.uhRrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.vXuuJxD.y.wH.xD'gw>tySRwJw>yXvXo;yS>uwD>usd.phw>qD.xGJ’D;xHvD>uD>ylRw>tk.uDRo;w>rRt*D>M.vDRI vXcHuhRvXy.wH.xD'gw>tw>rRtylRt0J[H;zD.xD.uhRtrlt’gb.C;w>ymvDR[H.CD (zJvgtD;uxdbX. 1965 eH.)< usd.ph (vgthjzh.1966 eH.) od’D;vDo[D. (zJvgtD;uxdbX. 1967 eH.)< 0HpdmwDqSXw>rR (vged.0hbX. 1968 eH.) ‘D;w>ul.b.ul.ohw>rR (vgtD;uxdbX.1969 eH.) wqDb.wqDM.vDRI

zJ 1970 eH.w>rRxHuD>w>[h.w>z;trl;zJcD.pXbX;xh;y.wH.rReXRw>tcgrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.uJxD.ul.oh’D;pJth.yDng0JRusdRteJ.±GJ.w*RM.vDRI zJvgtD;uxdbX. 1970 eH.tqXuwD>w>*h>vdmbSDvdmt’d.trk>td.xD.cDzsdt0JywkmuGHmuFdtw>[h.vDRuvDw>Ek>xHvXzdo.EGHeH.qltzDcd.wz.’D;rR’d.xD.0JuFdw>tD.tbl;tvJtCdM.vDRI

zJM.tqXuwD>cDzsdvXudwdmcd.usX>tJ;‘0;[J;(xf)tw>*JRvdmymvDRzDvpH.vXw>yORw>uvHR’D;w>[JEkmtzDcd.tCdw>obH.obk.uJxD.vXt0J’D;ySRrRw>zdu&XtbX.pXRvDRI tw>ymvDRw> bsXvXtxD’gySR

=58=


qXxX.ymzsgxD.o;wz.uJxD.uhRw>obH.obk.vXySRrRw>zd’D;w>rRup>wz.tbX.pXRM.vDRI zJ 1973 eH.M.w>cl.vX>cl.vhtySRrRw>zdqXxX.ymzsgxD.o;’D;td.’D;w>ymvDRw>ymo;toElvXtrh>?Work-to-rule/< 'fypH;w>tod;rRw>vXuyXb.w>t*D>M.vDRI vXw>tHRtCdvXoXEGHtwD>ylRw>wb.vD>b.p;td.xD.0J’D;rh>vXySRrRw>zdwz.wrRw>'D;[;ymzsgxD.w>b.o;tCdvDrh.tlo[D.oHwvD>vD>M.vDRI zJ 1974 eH.wkRCDRtcgtJ;‘0;[J;(xf)rRxHuD>w>[h.w>z;trl;b.C; ?rwRyXw>vJ./ M.vDRI t0JC.uGHmtCdzJM.[g&d.0hvpX.’D;ySRrRw>zdy.wH.tw>pdw>urDR[Jtd.xD.u’guhRM.vDRI

zJvg,ElRtg&H. 1975eH.tylRrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.b.cD.qXvdmto;'D;tJ;'0;[J;(xf)vXw>*kmvdmyXcD.pXbX;xh;y.wH.tylRM.vDRI zJvgzhR-bLRtg&H. 4oDteHRrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.rReXRuGHmtJ;‘0;[J;(xf)cDzsd’d;M>b.w>z;130< rhrh>[J;(xf)wcD’d;M>0J 119 w>z;M.vDRI t0JuJxD.cd.e>ydmrk.tqduwX>w*RvXtyXqSXxH±l>uD>oJ;y.wH.t’d.trk>wzktHRM.vDRI cDzsdvX[J;(xf)C.uGHmtCdorX0Jw>[H;zD.xD.rl’gvXoJ;cFX.w>yXw>jy;tu’kzDvmM.vDRI

zJ 1976 eH.vgrm±S; 16 oDteHR[g&d.0hvpX.[H;zD.xD.rl'g'fudwdmcd.usX>tod;vXuF‹(rf)cDvJ;[J(ef) (James Callaghan) tvD>M.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>rg}uJ;oJ;cFX.pl;ug'D;bSDb.rR*hR’k;td.xD.uhRpkxGJoElxH±l>uD>oJ;tw>wdmusJRuU>uU>’D;t0Jwdmol.ymo;tgxD.ph>uD;vXzFgtrk>usdR0JRuGmwuyRM.vDRI zJvg,ElRtg&H. 1978 eH.tylRw>ymw>ur.vXtvdRcDzsdtw>xD.uwdRw>’D;ymzsgxD.w>b.,d.b.bSDb.C;t0Joh.tw>wl>b.ySRwcDbDrk>vXt[JEkmvDRqlxHvD>uD>ylRt ?w>vk.bX/ t0Joh.t*h>tCdM.vDRI

=59=


zJ 1978 eH.tylR’JeH;(pf)[Hvh (Denis Healey) vXtrh>usd.ph0JRusdRcd.*h>vdmbSDvdmp;xD.ymvDR0Jtw>yXqSXusd.ph*h>0DvXtCH;M.vDRI w>tHRy.Ckm’D;w>rRpSRvDRursX>tusd.phvXtpl;ug0JvXw>ul.b.ul.oh’D;w>td.ql.td.cVt*D>M.vDRI ySRyJRxHeDRz;w>wz.wJzsgxD.0JvXw>tHR'k;td.xD.0JoElwrHRvXw>p;xD.oh.ngtDR'ftrh>*H>cD.xH;w>xk;xD.usd.phoEl (Monetarism) M.vDRI wkRCDRzJ 1978 eH.wbsDcDzsdw>rRpSRvDRursX>tusd.phtw>rRtCdursX>wz.tw>ol.wrHo;wrkmtd.xD.'D;w>ymzsgxD.w>b.o;t’d.trk>ydmxGJxD.tcHM.vDRI tCd zJ1979 eH.w>rRxHuD>w>[h.w>z;trl;tqXuwD>ySRrRw>zdy.wH.C.uGHmnDu’.M.vDRI

zJM.tqXuwD>vXuD>}bH;xh(ef)tylRrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.uJxD.ydmrk.tqduwX>w*RvXtuJxD.xHuD>tudwdmcd.usX>M.vDRI ‘D;zJvged.0hbX.1979 eH.tylRt0JvJRxD.uD>,l&yRrk>usdR0JRuGmw0Xtcd.’d.e>vJ>w>td.zSd.< ‘D;zJM.t0JrRw>wX.yD.oud;b.C;uD>}bH;xh(ef)tw>[h.vDRo;vXuD>,l&yRrk>usdR0JRuGmw0X (European Economic Community-

EEC) tphwdmymtylRM.vDRI

oJ;cFX.ty’d.tHR*JRvdmzD.Cm’H;’.usd.ph*h>0DtzDvpH.wz.vX’J;eH;(pf)[Hvh’k;td.xD.0J’.M.vDRI phod.oGHpSRvDR0J< b.q.zJ 1979 eH.’D;1980 eH.tbX.pXRySRvXtw>zH;w>rRwtd.wz.tgxD.0JcHq;M.vDRIzJ 1981 eH.pX>uFH.tD;jzh.[d0H> (Sir Geoffrey Howe) vXtrh>usd.ph0JRusdRcd.bd;b.&RvDR0Jtw>rRpSRvDRtgxD.w>pl;ugusd.phvXursX>t*D>wz.M.vDRI zJqXuwD>‘fod;tHRtylRw>rRw>[H;ursX>tw>b.o;'D;w>tpXzsgxD.vXrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.rh>udwdmcd.usX>vXySRb.o;tDRtpSRuwX>w*RvX}bH;xH;(±Sf)w>pH.pdRwJpdRtylRM.vDRI

=60=


oJ;cFX.ty’d.Ckph>uD;phymuDRcDzsdrR0J’.w>qguGHmxHuD>y’d.trk>usdR0JRuGmw>rRqlySReD>w*RtpkylRtw>wdmusJRM.vDRI w>tHRy.Ckm’D;w>qguGHm}bH;xH;(±Sf) xJvH.w>qJ;usd;tcDyeH.< }bH;xH;(±Sf)ubD,lRw>vJRw>uhRw>rRvD>wz.< &d(vf)±GJ;(pf) (Rolls Royce) ‘D;}bH;xH;(±Sf)pwHw>rRvD>wz.M.vDRI

zJ 1982 eH.vgthjzh.xD. 2 oDteHRtguFJxHe> (Argentina) tok;rk>EkmvDR’k;uD>zD;(cf)vJusd>wz. (Falkland Islands) M.vDRI rRu’D;weHRbDrk>pXzSd.u&XymzsgxD.tw>rRb.vdmuhRw>*h>uDeD.*H> 502< ChxD.0JvXtguFJxHe>tok;rk>u[;xD.uGHmvXuD>zD;(cf)vJtylRM.vDRI ‘D;zJvgthjzh.xD.5 oDteHR}bH;xH;(±Sf)xHok;[;xD.vX0h>zD;rD;(of) (Portsmouth) ‘fod;uvJRrRpXRzD;(cf)vJt*D>vDRI }bH;xH;(±Sf)tok;rk>qDvDRto;vXuD>zD;(cf)vJutd. 200 rHRvm0;0;’D;zJ 1982 eH.vgrhRxD. 2 oDteHRtguFJxHe>tubD’k;ok;vXtrHRrh>uFJe&X>bJ(vf)}uJed. (General Belgrano) vDRbsX0J’.M.vDRI cHoDtylRuGHm}bH;xH;(±Sf)tubDvXtrHRrh>pDRvd.pDRyRubD±SJ;zH(vf) (HMS Sheffield) b.’D;rsdmo.z;’d.wzsX.M.vDRI

}bH;xH;(±Sf)tok;rk>pH.vDRvX0h>pgcgvd;(pf) (San Carlos), uD>zD;(cf)vJ(‘f)usd>tylRzJvgrhR 21 oDteHRM.vDRI w>’k;uJxD.wkRvX}bH;xH;(±Sf)tok;rk>rRM>0h>zD;pwgvh (Port Stanley) wpk’D; zJ1982 eH.vg,lR 1 oDteHRtguFJxHe>tok;rk>ymvDRuGHmpku0JRM.vDRI rg}uJ;oJ;cFX.teD>up>‘.0JtrHR[lo.zsgxD.’d.’d.uvJmcDzsdw>’k;wbsDtHRrh>w>uJxD.vd.xD.vXt*hR’D;zJ1983 eH.w>rRxHuD>w>zD.w>z;trl;tqXuwD>cD.pXbX;xh;y.wH.rReXRw>vXw>z; 144 zsX.vXtrh>w>z;ttguwX>M.vDRI

rg}uJ;oJ;cFX.’k;td.xD.w>&hvdmo;bl;bl;wH>wH>’D;trJ&uRtuD>cd.&d;eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)M.vDRI t0Joh.cH*RvXmo;vDRyvdmvXuymto;*X>*X>

=61=


'D;ql.ql.vXpd.bH.,J;tzDcd.M.vDRI vXw>tHRtCdw>oh.ngtDR’ftrh>ydmrk.vXtcd.udRtod;M.vDRI rh>emouh’fM.’D;zJvged.0hbX. 1983eH.tylRrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.o;xD.w>’d.’d.uvJmcDzsdvXtrJ&uRtok;rk>EkmvDR’k;}uJe’> (Grenada)< vXtb.w>yXtDRvX}bH;xH;(±Sf)vXwtd.’D;w>wX.yD.oud;qdb.tCdM.vDRI

oJ;cFX.ty’d.[l;*JRrR’f’.zDvpH.oElvXw>rRpSRvDRySRrRw>zdu&Xw>pdw>urDRM.vDRI zJM.w>w[h.tcGJ;vXySRuqXxX.ymzsgxD.o;’D;u;wHmuGHmus;wz.b.I tCdySRrRw>zdu&Xcd.e>wz.vXw>urRw>qXxX.ymzsgxD.o;tw>[l;w>*JRwz.tzDcd.b.[H;M>tu&Xzdwz.tw>b.o;vX-uX;rR0J{gw-uX;rR0J{g< wu;'fb.rh>rR0JoXysXRu&XwcDb.[H;rl'gvXtu&Xzdtw>[l;w>*JRtzDcd.M.vDRI xHuD>y’d.qXxX.*X>usXRxD’gw>rRup>’D;ySRrRw>zdtw>obH.obk.wz.< ’D; 1984eH.ySRcl.vX>cl.vhzdtw>ymzsgxD.to;tHRvX 12 vgtwD>ylRb.qduwD>uGHmto;’D;w>uJxD.vd.xD.wtd.eDwrHRb.M.vDRI

zJw>cl.vDRuGHmpd.bH.,J;cd.e>cd(ef)pwJxhcFX.eH;ud. (Konstantin

Chernenko) zJ 1985 eH.vgrm±S; 13 oD0HRtcgrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.xH.vdmto;’D;cd.e>toDrh.ch(vf)uD.b.cFD; (Mikhail Gorbachev) M.vDRI zJuD.b.cFD;bd;b.&RvDRtoEltoDvXtud;0JvX?Perestroika/ ('fypH;w>tod;w>ol.xD.qDvDRuhR) 0HRtvD>cHrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.tw>xH.vXpd.bH.,J;uD>pXzSd.tzDcd.vJvdmuGHmto;M.vDRI oEloDtHRbd;b.&RvDRtw>bSDb.rR*hRxD.rk>usdR0JRuGm< xH±l>uD>oJ;’D;w>qJ;w>vRvXttd.'D;w>ynd.vXurRwkRxD.xD.b;uhRpd.bH.,J;trk>usdR0JRuGmt*D>M.vDRIuD.b.cFD;‘k;td.xD.ph>uD;usJoElwz.vXtynd.0JvXuol.xD.qDvDRuhRrk>usdR0JRuGmw>rRcDzsd[h.*H>[h.bgpd.bH.,J;pJ;zDu[.’D;w>ol.w>zs;tw>rRvD>oh.wz.vXtb.w>yXtDRvXySReD>w*RM.vDRI

=62=


zJ 1985 eH.vged.0hbX. 13 oDteHRw>rRw>td.zSd.tqXuwD>rg}uJ;oJ;cFX.wtX.vDRwl>vdmw>xH.b.C;w>EkmvDRqluD>,l&yRw>vJvdmusd.phtywD>tw>zH;w>rR (European Exchange Rate Mechanism) tylRb.I rh>emouh< wvgylRuGHmt0JvJRxD.vl.pJbX.,l&yRu&XuD.u;(Luxembourg European Council) tw>td.zSd.< ‘D;zJw>td.zSd.tqXuwD>t0Jo;vDRyvdm’D;qJ;pkyeD.vX ?Single European Act/ tylRvDRI

zJvgthjzh. 1986 eH.tylRrh>vXrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.[h.tcGJ;vXtrJ&uRubD,lR'k;ok;upD>vDRvXuD>}bH;xh(ef)tylR‘D;[;xD.vJRwh>vDRrh.yd>vXuD>vH;bF>tylRtCdt0Jb.w>yJRtXyJRoDtDRvXySRtgtg*D>*D>M.vDRI w>tHRrh>vH;bF>tySRrRwXxD.wXvDRw>tzktu&Xwz.vJR'k;wh>vHtrJ&uRtbsDwpSRb.tvD>cHtw>ydmxGJxD.M.vDRI

zJ 1987 eH.w>rRxHuD>w>CkxXtrl;M.t0J’d;M>tw>pdw>urDRoXbsDwbsD’D;rReXRw>cDzsdw>z; 102 M.vDRI zJeH.t0JM.tylRw>oh.ngymyeD.tDRvXtrh>udwdmcd.usX>vXtyXuD>}bH;xh(ef) ,HmuwX>vXteH. 100twD>ylRM.vDRI rh>emouhzJvgthjzh. 1989 eH.w>’k;td.xD.ySRw0Xw>[h.w>bl;w>vJ (w>ChySRunDtcd) vXuD>puD;vJ(‘f)(Scotland) tcgtw>rHR[lo.zsg[;*DRuGHme;e;uvJmM.vDRI w>ChySRunDtcdt0JtHRweH.ylRuGHmr;uD>}bH;xh(ef)’Dwbh.vlRydmrRxGJ0JM.vDRI cdoGJtoDwrHRtHRwrh>w>vXtuJxD.vd.xD.b.trJmngqSXySRursX>vXw>[;ymzsgxD.w>b.o;wz.tylRM.vDRI

zJvged.0hbX. 1990 eH.tylRrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.’ftrh>cD.pXbX;xh;y.wH.u&Xtcd.w*Rtod;b.EkmvDRjyXw>vXw>rRxHuD>w>CkxXtrl;tylRM.vDRI w>CkxXtcD.xH;uwX>w0Dt0JrReXRw>b.q.vXcHw0Dt*D>ySRvXtzD.w>z;vXt*D>wz.wvXwySJRvXRb.tCdzJvged.0hbX. 20oD<

=63=


1990 eH.teHRt0JpH.vDRvXudwdmcd.usX>tvD>’D;uFD(ef)rhuFX> (John

Major) uJxD.uhRudwdmcd.usX>toDM.vDRI

vXcHuwX>rg}uJ;oJ;cFX.zJvgrm±S; 1992 eH.tylRt0J[;xD.uGHmvXbsD.'d.vmtylRM.vDRI vXcHuhRt0JEkmvDRqlbsD.'d.x;tylR'ftrh> ? Baro-

-ness Thatcher of Kesteven/ tod;M.vDRI

=64=


ySRth’,.zdwz.ud;M>trHRvXu.’H>r[.'r;< tcDynDrh>ySRol.*hRo;0gw*RM.vDRI t0Jtd.zsJ.xD.zJvgtD;uxdbX. 2oD< 1869eH.vXzD.bJ’> (Porbandar)< uD>th’,.tylRM.vDRI u.’H>rh>ySR[JvDRpXRvX[H.zdCDzdvXtcd.udR’d.r;tvk>tv>xloEltylRw*RM.vDRI zJu.’H>to;td. 13eH.M.t0J’d;wh’d;zsDto;'D;c;pxX> b; (Kasturba) vXto;td.12eH.cDzsdrd>y>wz.tD.CH;tD.CD.M>t0Joh.’ftvk>tv>td.0Jtod;M.vDRI u.’H>tzdcGgtd. 4 *RvDRI tzdcGg[;&H;v; (Harilal) ‘D;r;eH;v;(Manilal) M.td.zsJ.vXuD>th’,.tylR’D;tzdcGg&g(rf)’X;(pf) (Ramdas)

‘D;‘X;(zf)’X;(pf) (Devdas) M.td.zsJ.vXu vHRxH;uD>tR_zHRuRtylRvDRI

]]rJmcsHwwd.'D;wwd.t*D>M.urRbsD.[D.cd.'Dbh.trJmcsHvDRI}}

"An eye for eye only ends up making the whole world blind."

]]tcD.xH;t0Joh.wue.CkmeRb.IA0HR'D;t0Joh.ueHRb.z.vJeRçAt0Joh.uylxD.xD'geR

'D;tuwX>M.erReXRw>M.vDRI}}

"First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then theyfight you, then you win."

]]yrh>tJ.'d;xH.w>qDwvJrRto;vX[D.cd.csXtHR'D;yub.rR'k;td.xD.tDRvDRI}}

"We must become the change we want to see in the world."

r[.'r;u.'H> A (1886=1948)

r

[.'r;u.’H> (Mahatama Gandhi) rh>w> bl.w>bg’D;xH±l>uD>oJ;cd.e>vXtrHR[lo.zsgvX,RzSd.eH. 20 twD>ylRvDRI t0JrRxl.zsJ;xD.uD>th’,.vX}bH;xH;(±Sf)y’d.tpkylRcDzsdw>ylxD.xD’gvXw>pkql.cD.wu;wtd.b.’D;ySRoh.eD.rRvRuyDRtDR’fth’,.’Duvkmty>tod;vDRI

=65=


zJu.’H>ymzsgxD.tw>tJ.’D;tw>ol.td.o;td.b.ySRud;*R’J;tzDcd.tcgvXtrg’D;tzdcGgwz.tzDcd.M.t0JwvlRb.0Jto;tgtgvXRb.I

u.’H>rRvdw>bsXoJp;vX0h>vd’d. (London) tylR’D;[JuhRu’guhRqluD>th’,.zJ 1891 eH.’fod;u’d;olvDRto;’D;w>vXtrRvdb.0Jwz.M.vDRI t0Jto;td. 21 eH.zJtrd>pl;uGHmto; ylRuGHmpSRvgtvD>cHM.vDRIzJ 1893 eH.M.w>bsXoJp;vXtrRvdb.0Jwz.pl;ug0JvXuD>th’,.ylRemouhwuJxD.vd.xD.b.tvD>cHt0Jok;vD>ok;usJql0h>e;xD(vf)(Natal)< uvHRxH;uD>tR_zHRuRvXurRw>vXoJp;w>u&Xu&dtylRt*D>M.vDRI

zJM.tqXuwD>}bH;xH;(±Sf)y’d.yXw>vXuvHRxH;tR_zHRuRuD>M.vDRI zJt0J*JRysK>usJ;pX;ChxD.tcGJ;t,m’f}bH;xH;(±Sf)xHzduD>zdw*Rtcgb.w>orXxD’gtDRtod;< w,Hmb.M.xH.b.ph>uD;0JvXySRth',.zd wz.wl>b.w>’fM.tod;M.vDRI u.’H>’D;ySRth’,.zdt*Rwz.w>}wDtDRvXwb.xD.’d;vh.rh.tltywD>xDvXySR0gzH;zdwz.’d;tDRM.b.I ySRth’,.zdwz.w>wwl>vdmph>uD;t0Joh.vX[H.’GJtgzsX.< w>wD>qgtDR’D;nDEk>b.w>rRtXrRe;tDRM.vDRI u.’H>pl;ugw>bsXoJp;vXuylxD.xD’guhRw>pH.nD.ySRth’,.zdvXtwwDw-w>’d.r;wz.M.vDRI u.’H>M.vXtcD.xH;cD.bdvHRvHRb.w>vk>bXtDRvX[H.’l>oEl(Hinduism)< uFeH.ph.oEl (Jainism) ’D;c&Hmzdw>bl.w>bgoEl’D;ySRuGJ;vHmrHR[lo.zsgwz.’ftrh>xDpxGg (Tolstoy) ‘D;od&D (Thoreau) tw>uGJ; wz.tCdt0J'k;td.xD.0Jp;x,;u&;[; (Satyagraha) (w>[h.vDRv; vXtrh>twD)‘D;usJtHRrh>usJvXwtd.’D;w>pkql.cD.wu;b.'D;rh>w>vXubSDb.rRb.bsd;b.’guhRw>urlRur.wz.M.vDRI t0Jtw>rRusJoEltHRrh>’fod;uylxD.xD’gxH±l>uD>oJ;w>wwDw-w>wz.vXusJvXw>pkql.cD.w

=66=


u;wtd.b.tylR’D;pl;ugph>uD;usJvXtrh>’l.csXxD’gw>< w>wrRCkmrRoud;w> (w>wbX&X>Ckm)< w>uGJ;vHmvJ>’D;&RvDRvHmuhvHmcDwz.’D;w>yX>qXxD’gw>vXwtd.’D;w>pkql.cD.wu;b.wz.M.vDRI zJt0Jtd.vXuvHRxH;tR_zHRuRuD>teH. 20 twD>ylRt0Jb.vDRqlCdmylRwbsK;bsDvDRI zJ 1914 eH.M.uvHRxH;tR_zHRuRxHuD>y’d.tX.vDRwl>vdm0J’.u.’H>tw>ChxD.w>wbsK;rHRM.vDRI

t0JrReXRw>zJuvHRxH;tR_zHRuRtylRzJ 1914 eH.0HRtvD>cHu.’H>[JuhRu’guhRqluD>th’,.tylRM.vDRI t0Jtw>rRwpd>wvD>tHRuJxD.0Jw>[;0hR0DR’D;rRw>vXySRunDol;oh.vRuyDRt*D>vXteH. 20twD>ylRvDRIzJu.’H>to;td. 45eH.M.t0JEkmvDRqlxH±l>uD>oJ;vXth’,.tw>ChM>uhRw>obVvX}bH;xH;(±Sf)tpkylRvDRI zJ 1919 M.ySRylxD.xD’g}bH;xH;(±Sf)wz.tgxD.*D>xD.0J'.M.vDRI }bH;xH;(±Sf)wdmym0JvXu'k;td.xD.w>bsXoJp;vXuzD.wh>EkmySRursX>wz.vXtylxD.xD’gw>wz. qlCdmylRvXtud;0JvX&dvJ;w>&J.w>usJR (Rowlatt acts) M.vDRI w>tHR’db.rR[l;u.’H>vXubd;b.&RvDR Satyagraha toDvXtxk;M>ySRvXqD.xGJrRpXRu.’H>to;vXtuuGJ>wz.tuuGJ>vDRI

zJvgthjzh. 1919 eH.M.w>[l;*JRylxD.xD’g&dvJ;w>&J.w>usJRtCd}bH;xH;(±Sf)ok;wz.rRoHql.oHpd;ySRxHzduD>zd*D>rk>*D>yRvDRI zJ}bH;xH;(±Sf)rRM>w>upD.vXySRth’,.zdwz.’D.wJmvDysHRtusdR’D;rRwHmwmvh.rh.tlusJvXtbl;’D;0h>tJ(rf)&H;p> (Amritsar) M.t0Joh.xk;xD.bd;b.&RvDR*h>*D>tlw>uvk>vXw>wb.rRw>xH.vdmtd.oud;vdmto;b.I }bH;xH;(±Sf)bd;b.&RvDRvXw>wb.td.zSd.&dzSd.b.oemuh[D.u0DRcDu&J;y.wH.w>td.zSd.&dzSd.b.w>rRtDRM.vDRI zJrk>Ch>vDR 5 e.&H. 15 rH;eH;tuwD>M.}bH;xH;(±Sf)=th’,.ok;rk>oH.bdwz.u0DRCmw>td.zSd.&dzSd.vDRI ok;uhcd.&h.eD.(vf)‘JeX. (Bri. Reginald Dyner) tok;zdwz.c;oH

=67=


ySRvXwtd.’D;pku0JRwz.vXtrh>0JydmcGg< ydmrk.’D;zd’Hzdo.wz.vXtymzSd.&dzSd. xD.to;zJ 0h>tJ(rf)&H;p>M.vDRI ySRok;zdwz.c;w>,Hm0JrH;eH;10 C.C.’D;w>oh.ngb.vXc;usdt0Dutd. 0J 1<650 0D rhrh>ok;zdw*RM.c;0Jusd 33 0DM.vDRI }bH;xH;(±Sf)y’d.w>bd;b.&RvDRvXtzd;oJp;ymzsg0J’.vXySRoHySRyS>cJvXmcJqhtd.0J’. 379 *R< 'D;rhrh>w>bd;b.&RvDRvXw>csXvXtwzd;oJp;ymzsg0J’.vXySRoHcJvXmtgM>’H; 1<000 *R’D;ySRb.'dwcDtgM>’H; 2<000 *RC.C.M.vDRI y’d.tySRrRw>zd‘D;uxX.prH; (Dr. Smith) wcDymzsg0J’.vXw>oHw>yS>cJvXmtd.0JtgM> 1<800 *RvDRI cDzsdvX0h>tJ(rf)&H;p>w>rRoHql.oH*D>tHRtCdySRqD.xGJrRpXR}bH;xH;(±Sf)vXtuuGJ>wz.uJxD.uhRySRrRpXRqD.xGJySRth’,.zdwz.vDRI

zJ 1920 eH.M.u.'H>uJxD.ySRt&h’d.uwX>w*RvXth’,.txH±l>uD>oJ;tylRvDRI t0JqDwvJuGHmth’,.’DuvkmcDu&J; (Indian National

Congress) ‘D;rR0Jw>&J.w>usJRb.C;'D;w>wbX&X>rRCkmrRoud;w>rkmrkmck.ck.’D;}bH;xH;(±Sf)‘D;xD’g’l.csX0Jw>zdw>vHR’D;w>ol.xD.vXtb.C;'D;}bH;xH;(%Sf)wz.tCdySRursX>b.zD.vXtuxdwz.tuxdvDRI

zJ 1922 eH.M. u.’H>b.w>pH.nD.’D;b.vDRqlCdmylR,Hm 6 eH.M.vDRIcHeH.ylRuGHmtcgt0Jxl.zsJ;xD.uGHmvXw>pXCmtylR’D;*kRuhRtcHvXxH±l>uD>oJ;’D;[h.vDRto;vXmvXmqhqhvXu*JRysK>usJ;pX;rR*hRxD.w>&hvdmrkmvdmvX[H.’l>'D;rl.pvh.tbX.pXRM.vDRI vXw>*h>tHRtCdw>td.o;e;xD.’d.M>tvD>vDRI zJ 1930 eH.tylR< u.’H>bd;b.&RvDR’D;u&Xu&dxD.ySRxHzduD>zdwz.vXtuxD’gw>[h.tHo.cdoGJtw>[l;w>*JRvDRI ySRursX>tg*RymzSd.xD.to;’D;vJRqlyD.vJ.eHR’fod;urRyF;0J‘.vXt0Joh.wz.rRtHo.ohvXteD>up>’.0J’D;yD.vJ.txHM.vDRI

vX}bH;xH;(±Sf)w>bsXoJp;tylRymzsg0J’.vXth’,.wz.xk;xD.tHo.

=68=


vXtrh>ySRth’,.zdtw>tD.tcd.oh.xH;vXteD>up>’.0Jwohb.<b.q.yORtHo.M>xJ’.vXcDyeH.w>rRvD>vXw>[h.cGJ;wz.ttd.vDRIcDyeH.w>rRvD>wz.tHRrh>}bH;xH;(±Sf)y’d.tw>M.vDRI u.’H>&J.usJRu&Xu&dxD. ?24 oDtwD>ylRw>vJRqlyD.vJ./ ‘D;xk;xD.tHo.vXyD.vJ.ylRM.vDRI w>vJRqlyD.vJ. w>[l;*JRtHRtylRt0JxXzSd.ySRursX>t*H>tbgM>vXtuvD>wz.tuvD>vXtydmxD.tcHM.vDRI zJvgthjzh. 15oDM.u.’H>vJRwkRvXyD.vJ.eHR’D;pH;uwdRvDRw>qlySRursX>wz.ttd.vDRI ‘D;zJ 8; 30 e.&H.M.t0J[H;xD.tHo.qH;qH;zdwud>vd.tCd< zJM.u.’H>uJxD.ySRvXtvk.oh.cgy wm}bH;xH;(%Sf)tw>bsXoJp;vHM.vDRIzJu.’H>p;xD.rRur.}bH;xH;(%Sf)tw>od.w>oDtcgySRtg*RydmxGJxD.tcH’D;rR0J'fM.ph>uD;tCdw,Hmb.’D;vXwEGHtwD>ylRw>zD.wh>Ekmt0Joh.wz.qlCdmylR< ySJRvk.uGHmb.r;to;’D;u.’H>teD>up>’.0Jph>uD;vDRb.qlw>pXCmtylRu’D;M.vDRI

zJ 1931 eH.M.u.’H>xD.td.zSd.vXvD>qh.eDRu0DRcDz&J;w>td.zSd.z;'d.’fth’,.’DuvkmcDu&J;cX.p;xJw*R{dRvXw>rRtDRvX0h>vd’d.M.vDRIb.q.t0J[;xD.uGHmvXy.wH.tylRzJ 1934eH.vXuxD’gw>’D;uolusJvXwtd.’D;w>pkql.cD.wu;’fxH±l>uD>oJ;w>td.o;td.0Jtod;M.vDRI uF0>[;v;M>±l; (Jawaharlal Nehru) uJxD.cd.e>vXu.’H>tvD>vDRI

u.’H>b.o;vXth’,.u[H;Cm*X>usXRrd>vky>v>’lo0Drk>usdR0JRuGmtusJoemuhudwdmcd.usX>M>±l;wcDtw>xH.wvDRyvdm’D;u.’H>vXw>*h>tHRtzDcd.b.I tCdM>±l;qDwvJuGHmth’,.’fcsK;pdRtod;‘D;bSDxD.pJ;zDu[.w>rRvD>wz.< vh.rh.tlusJwz.’D;usJtoDwz.M.vDRI

zJ 1945 eH.M.}bH;xH;(±Sf)y’d.p;xD.wJ&J>w>t’d.trk>b.C;vg,lR1947eH.rD;b;w.tw>usJR (Mountbatten Plan) ’D;w>&J.w>usJRtHRrh>

=69=


usJvXw>u[h.uhRw>obVqlxHuD>toDcHbh.vXtrh>uD>th’,.’D;uD>y.uH.pw.< 0HR’D;w>ueDRz;vDRuD>qX'fw>bl.w>bgyedbsXzDcd.tod;M.vDRI zJvgtDul; 15oD< 1947 eH.teHRM.th’,.rRM>uhRxHuD>w>obVvX}bH;xH;(±Sf)ttd.M.vDRI uD>th’,.tHRb.w>yXtDRvX}bH;xH;(±Sf)p;xD.vX 1857eH.vHRvHRvHM.vDRI w>’k;w>,Rql.’d.xD.’D;w>wXxD.wXvDRvX[H.’l>’D;rl.pvh.tbX.pXR[JydmxGJxD.tcHvDRI u.’H>wJM>cJ;w>vXuD>th’,.uCluzd;t*D>’fod;[H.’l>’D;rl.pvh.utd.qd;wylRCDvXw>rkmw>ck.tylRvDRI uD>th’,.oh.z;uGHmcHuh’D;uJxD.uD>cHbh.zJ 1948eH.M.vDRI uD>th’,.tylRySRtd.qd;tgwuh>rh>ySR[H.’l>zd’D;rhrh>rk>Ekmy.uH.pw.xHuD>M.ySRrl.pvh.zdtd.qd;0JtgM.vDRI rk>xD.y.uH.pw.M.tcJtHRuJxD.xHuD>vDRvDRqDqDwbh.vXtb.w>ud;tDRvXuD>bhuvg’h;(±Sf) (Bangladesh) M.vDRI u.’H>orXxD’guD>th’,.tw>oh.z;uGHmqltuhtcD’D;t0Jto;tk;’d.’d.uvJmvXw>obH.obk.uJxD.vXw>bgcHzktuql;tCdM.vDRI

zJvg,ElRtg&H. 13 oD< 1948 eH.zJu.’H>to;td. 78eH.tcgt0Jp;xD.’k.w>tD.Chbgxkuz.vXttd.’D;w>ynd.vXuqduwD>uGHmw>rRoHrR0DvDRI zJylRuGHm 5oDM.ySRylxD.xD’gw>tcd.te>wz.tX.vDRwl>vdm0J’.vXuqduwD>uGHmw>obH.bk.tHRtCdu.’H>ywkmuGHmw>’k.w>tD.Chbgxkuz.w>M.vDRI t0Jtw>’k.w>tD.Chbgxkuz.tHRuJxD.w>rRpXRwpJ;wrSJ;vXw>pkql.cD.wu;'D;w>obH.bk.uJxD.oukRq;’;vXySR[H.’l>zd’D;ySRrl.pvh.zdwz.tbX.pXRvXtrRrJmqS;t0Joh.cHcDcHuyRvXmM.vDRI b.q.w>obH.bk.tHRtd.0J’.wkRrk>rqgweHRtHRvDRI

zJ 1948eH.vg,ElRtg&H. 30 oDteHRzJu.’H>qduwD>uGHmw>’k.w>tD.Chbgxkuz.w> 12 oD0HRtvD>cH< t0Jb.w>ul.tXrRoHuGHmtDRvXySR

=70=


[H.’l>zdvXtcd.udRw*RvDRI ySRvk>’d.yOR’d.w*RtHRtpdturDRvk>bXuGHmzdpdRvHRpdRtpdRwz.tpdRM.vDRI ‘D;ySR'fod;tHRtusgw*Rrh>ph>uD;0Jrgwh.vloX.ch (Martin Luther King Jr) vXtrh>ySRvXtpl;ugu.’H>toElvXtrh>w>ylxD.xD’gvXtwtd.’D;w>pkql.cD.wu;tusJvXt’db.rR[l;’D;qDwvJuGHmySRw0X*h>0DvXuD>trJ&uRpXzSd.tylRM.vDRI

zJu.’H>pl;uGHmo;tqXuwD>w>rRvRuyDRtDR’D;w>uwdRvk>’d.yOR’d.tzsX.wz.tusgpJth.ySRul.b.ul.ohvXtrHR[lo.zsgvXtrh>tJ(vf)bX;tgpwg (Albert Einstein) pH;0J’ftHR=“Generations to come willscarce believe that such a one as this walked the earth in flesh and

blood.” 'fypH;w>tod;<?zdpdRvHRpdRySRvXu[JvXcHwz.wrh>uem0JvXySRvXt[h.vDRto;vXmvXmqhqheD>uD>’D;oGH.’D;xH’ftHRtd.vX[D.cd.csXtHRb.M.vDRI/

=71=


t0Jrh>ySRvXt*JRvdmrRtd.xD.pdRwkRyRyRtw>pdw>urDRM.vDRI zJyRyRt*Rwz.td.'.vXtvD>,HR'D;ySR*D>rk>< w[;,HR'D;b.xH;u.(Vatican) b.tqXuwD>< uFD(ef)zD(vf)cH*Rw*Rtw>rRtgvXw>vJR0hRvJR0DR[;Ckoh.ngw>tylRM.vDRI vXcHqHCkeH.twD>ylRzJt0JuJyRyRtqXuwD>t0J[;xD.vXuD>tH;wvH.tcsX’D;[;rRw>o;ckupD. 102bsD’D;vJR[;td.oud;xHuD> 130 bh.vX 144 bsDtylRM.vDRI t0Jrh>yRyRw*RvXt[;0hR0DRpDRpkR,HRM>’H;yRyRt*Rwz.tw>vJRymzSd.M.vDRI

zJ 1978 eH.vgtD;uxdbX. 16oDteHRzJuFD(ef)zD(vf)cH*Rw*RtHRto;

]]w>obVpH;w>M.wrh>w>rRzJ'.yo;b.çArhrh>wcDrh>w>td.'D;w>obVcGJ;,m

vXyurR w>vXy-uX;rRM.vDRI}}

"Freedom consists not in doing what we like, but in having the right to do what we ought."

]]w>*JRvdmrRvXySJRxD.ySR*h>0Dw>wDw>w>vXw>pkql.cD.wu;tusJwohb.IAAw>pkql.cD.wu;rR

o HvDR uhRw>vX t ynd.0JvXu'k;td.xD.0Jwz.M.vDRI}}

"Social justice cannot be attained by violence. Violence killswhat it intends to create."

]]qXuwD>vXtu[Jp;xD.to;weHRtHRvDRI Awrh>cJ*DRuXmb.I}}

"The future starts today, not tomorrow."

yRyRuFD(ef)zD(vf)cH*Rw*R A(1920=2005)

(ef)zD(vf)cH*Rw*R(Pope John Paul II)

ub.w>oh.eD.xD.tDR'fyRyRvXt[;0hR0DRrRw>o;ckupD.w*Rtod;vDRI vX&drhRcJ;ovH;c&Hmzdw>td.zSd.tw>pH.pdRtylRt0Jrh>yRyRxJw*R{dRvXt[;vX[D.cd.'Dbh.uwdRw>’D;ySR*D>rk>tgM>’H;yRyRvXt*Rwz.M.vDRI

uFD

=72=


td. 58 eH.tqXuwD>t0Jb.w>CkxXxD.tDRvXuuJxD.yRyRM.vDRIvX,RzSd. 20 eH.twD>ylRt0Jrh>yRyRto;p>u wX>xJw*R{dRvXw>CkxXxD.tDRvX,RzSd. 15eH.vHRvHRt0Jrh>yRyRvXtwrh>ySRtH.wvH.zdb.tqduwX>w*RM.vDRI ySRvXtxH.vdmto;’D;tDRwz.wJzsgxD.to;pDqSHtw>*hRw>0g’ftrh> ?w>uyDRzdwzsX.vXtck./ ‘D; ?vDq.’XvXySRoh.ngtgwzsX./ ‘D;zJt0JvJRuhRwylRv>v>ySRtJ.b.tDRo;vDb.tDRM.vDRI

zJ 2004eH.vgrm±S; 14oDM.uFD(ef)zD(vf)uJxD.yRyRvXtrRtrlt’g,HmuwX>w*RvXzH;,X;(pf)cGH*Rw*R (Pius IX) ‘D;ySRpDqSHzHxX. (St.

Peter) tvD>cH< ‘D;tw>rRrl’g’fySRpdmw>o;ckupD.tHRvJRto;’d.M>*hRM>’H;vH,d.wqHoX*Rw*R (Leo XIII) M.vDRI

'fySRuFdzdw*Rtod;zJe;pH> (Nazi) yXw>tpdRyRyRuDF(ef)zD(vf)td.zsJ.xD.zJ 1920eH.vgrhR 18oDteHRvX0h>0;’d0J;(pf)(Wadowice)< vXuD>zdvJ(ef)tylR’D;trHReD>uD>zJtcgzJM.rh>0Jcg&d(vf)0d;xhv; (Karol Wojtyla) M.vDRI zJt0Jto;td.Cd;eH.tqXuwD>trd>oHo’.uGHmtDRM.vDRI ylRuGHmoXeH.t0J>cGgw*Rrh>vXw>vdRud>ySHmnd;b.tDRtCdoHuGHm0J’.M.vDRI ty>rh>wh>ok;puDRvXtyXqSXok;rk>'d.wzk’D;zJ 1941 eH.tylRoHo’.uGHmtDRph>uD;M.vDRI yxH.b.vX< cg&d(vf)0d;xhv;tHRzJto;ySJRxD. 20eH.tqXuwD>t[H.zdCDzdvXtbl;uwX>’D;tDRtusgoX*RoHo’.uGHmtDRM.vDRI

cg&d(vf)0d;xhv;rh>o;p>vXol.*hRo;0g’D;&hySRoh’d.r;w*R< ‘D;t0Jto;pJvXw>’d;eD.wvl.< w>[;0hR0DRvdmuGJ< w>xD.upX>b;uvd< w>yD>xH’D;w>0>csHzdwz.M.vDRI t0Jrh>wh>ph>uD;uFdzdvXto;pJvXw>xD.’k;eJ.w>’dw>wJmvXySRtg*RtrJmngM.vDRI ‘D;t0JuJxD.ySRvXtzFJ;vXusdmtw>

=73=


ul.b.ul.ohw*R< ‘D;t0JuwdR< uGJ;’D;z;usdm 11usdmb.bsJ;bsJ;bsD;bsD;M.vDRI

‘fuFdzdw*Rtod;zJe;pH>rRM>yXb.uD>zdvJ(ef)tpdRtqXuwD>t0Jol.ql.o;*JR’d.r;vXw>bl.w>bgw>rRwuyRM.vDRI t0JqXwJmvDRto;ymvDRtw>td.rltd.*JRcJvXmvXrk.ueDRpDqSHeD>rR&HvXtb.qd.*hRtylR<CkxXxD.teD>up>rDxd.’ftrh>xlxX;(pf)xX;(pf) (Totus tuss)< rh>v;wh.tw>ud; (rh>0J ?cJvXmrh>ew></ ‘fypH;w>tod;eD>rR&H) M.vDRI

zJcg&d(vf)0d;xhv;to;eH.td. 38 eH.tqXuwD>t0JuJxD.bH%SD;vXto;p>uwX>w*RvXuD>zdvJ(ef)pdRwkRw>pH.pdRwJpdRtylRM.vDRI vXcHuhRcGHeH.ylRuGHmtqXuwD>t0JuJxD.uhRcJ;ovH;w>td.zSd.wz.tcd.vXto;p>uwX>< rRw>vXw>wDw>vdRtylR’D;yXqSXw>vXxHuD>wbh.tylRvXttd.’D;ySRvXtwpl>wem,GRwz.M.vDRI zJ 1978eH.tylRySRtg*RurXur.b.to;vXcJ;ovH;w>td.zSd.wz.tcd.tcDvh.uFd (College

of Cardinals) CkxXxD.tDRvXuuJxD.ySRwDcd.&d.rJ&drhRcJ;ovH;w>td.zSd.M.vDRI

tw>xH.w>ymo;wz.ySRweDReDRxH.0JvXuFD(ef)zD(vf)cH*Rw*RtHRrh>ySRvXtyX>qXw>w*RM.vDRI t0JqXxX.*X>usXR wh>vXySR*h>0DcGJ;,mwz.t*D>< yJRtXyJRoD0JySRvXtzD.CmrDRpd&dRtoElwz.< CkxH.M>usJvXw>urRClrRzd;uhRySR,l’Rzdoh.wz.< wJoud;w>’D;w>bl.w>bgw>pl>w>emt*kRt*Rwz.<‘D;*kmusJ;pX;’k;td.xD.ySRc&HmzdvX[D.cd.’Dbh.vXutd.’D;w>&d.zSd.Clzd;=tw>*kmusJ;pX;tHRw>uJxD.vd.xD.wtd.b.C.C.ngM.vDRI

ySRtg*RpH;0JvXuFD(ef)zD(vf)cH*Rw*RtHRtw>qD.xGJw>&d.zSd.Clzd;tw>zH;w>rRvXtuD>zdvJ(ef)tylRrRvDRpSRpXRcD.rFLeH;oElvXuD>,l&yRtylR

=74=


M.vDRI t0J*JRvdmph>uD;w>vXw>vDRzsJ.vDR[dvXttd.xD.vXySRxl;ySRwDR’D;ySRuJ’d.uJxDtbX.pXR< yJRz;eDRz;0Jusd.phup>toEltw>’d.xD.vJ>xD.wz.’D;uD>rk>EkmySRtHRwC.zdtoEl< ‘fypH;w>tod;w>o;uGH[D.cd.w>xl;w>wDRvXtrh>w>uvDuvDM.vDRI

vXySRto;wvDRyvdm’D;tDRwz.t*D>wcDt0Joh.xH.0JvXuFD(ef)zD(vf)cH*Rw*RvDR*m’fySRvXtusJ;pX;C.u’guhRchcgpdRqXuwDRte.&H.wzsX.tcd.qlw>vD>cHwuyRM.vDRI ySRweDReDRyJRtXyJRoDtcD.pXbX;xh;oEltw>xH.vXtql.tudR (w>cd.udR'D;zD.usXRCmw>emvXttd.ympXR) vXo;*h>yDngtylR< vXt}wD0Jydmrk.vXtuuJxD.w>bl.w>bgcd.e>rh>*hR< }wDph>uD;ydmrk.vXutd.’D;w>’Do’X[k;o;tusJoEl’D;w>rR[;*DR[k;tusJwz.rh>*hRM.vDRI t0JpH;uwdR0JvX[D.cd.ySReD.*H>tw>tgxD.wvXuGHmtcX;t*h>tHRvDR*m’fw>CJRvXysXRw,k>tod;< ‘D;pH;ph>uD;0JvXw>yvD>y’Dqdpl;ugydmcGgw>zsD.vXu}wDqXth;(pf)w>qgtHR[h.*H>[h.bgtgxD.w>ouJmy0;w*hRw0g’D;vXw>tHRtCdth;(pf)w>qgb.&RvDRtgxD.to;wcDM.vDRI

zJ 2002 eH.vgthjzh.tylRt0Jud;uD>trJ&uRcJ;ovH;w>td.zSd.wz.tcd.ql0h>b.xH;u.(ef)tylRvXuxD.w>td.zSd.vXcHoDtwD>ylR’fod;uwX.yD.oud;b.C;’D;w>[lxD.ogvDRvXw>bl.w>bgcd.e>vXuD>trJ&uRtylRtw>rRql.rRpd;zdo.vXoGH.xH;wuyRt*h>M.vDRI t0JpH;b.w>td.zSd.wz.tcd.te>vXt[JxD.w>td.zSd.wz.vXw>td.zSd.oDcg’D;ySRrRw>bl.w>bgtw>rRwz.tw>rRql.rRpd;zdo.vXoGH.xH;wuyRM. ?rh>w>rRur.w>bsXoJp;wrHR/ ‘D; ?vXup>,GRtrJmngrh>w>’J;b;/ M.vDRI

w>ul.rRoHtDRyRyRuFD(ef)zD(vf)cH*Rw*Rrh>ySRvXt&h’d.r;w*RcDzsdb.weHRzJ 1981eH.

=75=


tylRySRul.tXrRoHw>w*Rc;tDRzJw>rRvRuyDRrk.ueDRpDqSHeD>rR&Htw>vD.zsgxD.o;trl;zJ0h>zJ;xHr. (Fatima)< uD>zd;wl>uX.(vf)(Portugal)

tylRM.vDRI t0Jem0JvXcDzsdeD>rR&Htw>qd.*hRtCdto;orlylRzsJ;0J*hR*hRb.b.M.vDRI vXcHuhRt0JvJR[;td.oud;ySRvXtul.tXrRoHtDR< ySRxX;uH.zdvXtrHRrh>rJrJ;tvHRthc. (Mehmet Ali Agca)< w*RvXCdmwzsX.tylR’fod;uvJRys>0Jtw>ur.t*D>M.vDRI

t0JvJR[;ph>uD;qlvD>pDqSHvX0h>zJ;xHr.tylRvXupH;bsK;eD>rR&HvXtrRylRzsJ;to;orlzJpDRoDw*R[JozSdCDR’fod;uqJ;oHtDRvX’Dt*D>b.q.wcsK;qJ;0J’fb.tcgtd.ywkmuGHm0JtCdM.vDRI

ursX>tyRyR'D;tw>ogvXcHuwX>yRyRuFD(ef)zD(vf)cH*Rw*Rtw>td.rltrk>eHRvXcHuwX>wz.tylRb.uG>qX.rJm0Jw>td.ql.td.cVtw>*h>uDwz.vDRI zJ 1992eH.tylRw>zSJ;xk;xD.uGHmw>ud>vd.wvd.vXttd.vXtySHmyS>tylR< zJ 1993 eH.M.tzHb.cd.tCHwvXuGHmto;< zJ 1994 eH.tuH.’k.CHwcDu>uGHm‘D;zJ1996eH.tylRwcDw>b.zSJ;xk;xD.uGHmtySHmz;’hM.vDRI

uFD(ef)zD(vf)cH*Rw*RzJto;yS>tuwD>b.wl>ph>uD;xl.ys>ued;w>qg<cD.vh>cd.CHqXw>qg< t,D>‘hqg’D;tw>ylRvD>tvD>zJw>c;tDRzJ 1981eH.M.rRb.’dqguhRtDRwpSRb.M.vDRI zJ 1992eH.tylRw>zSJ;xk;xD.ph>uD;w>ud>vd.wvd.vXtySHmyS>tylR’D;w>b.zSJ;xk;xD.qDwvJuGHmt,D>‘htCHqXzJ 1994eH.oh.v.vDRuwD>0HRtvD>cHM.vDRI

t0Jwl>b.w>e;e;uvJmb.q.yRyRtHR*JRvdm[;0hR0DR’f’.w>< vJRw>uhRw>vXtrh>w>pH.pdRwJpdRtw>vJRwz.qluD>c,lbg (Cuba)< uvHRxH;tR_zHRuR< uD>pH&H,> (Serial)< uD>,l.jch(ef) (Ukraine)< ‘D;uD>}uH;(pf)

=76=


tylRxH.vdmto;’D;ySRvXtuuGJ>wz.< Ckm’D;ySRo;p>wz.M.vDRI

b.q.zJvgzhR-bLRtg&H. 2005eH.tylRrh>vXyRyRtHRtw>ogxD.ogvDRw>*h>uDtd.xD.e;e;uvJmtCdySRb.qSXu&DuGHmtDRqlw>qg[H.M.vDRI vXcHuhRpSREGHtwD>ylR< vXt0JuogM>unDxD.t*D>ySRb.xXEkmuvHRyDRbdqltudm,l>bdtylRqltuvHRusdRM.vDRI

zJvgzhR-bLRtg&H. 27oD< 2005eH.zJw>rRrk>’J;tJuFHvX;w>qd.*hR(Sunday Angelus blessing) teHRt0J[h.vDRuGHmrl’gqlySRt*Rw*RvXuvJRM>uhRtvD>M.vDRI t0JtHRrh>yRyRw*RtHRvJRxD.rRvRuyDRrl;wohb.tcD.xH;uwX>wbsDM.vDRI

rhrh>vXc&Hm*JRqXxX.orlxD.uhRtw>qd.*hRrk>eHRwcDyRyRtHRu&Xu&dxD.CkxXcJ;ovH;w>td.zSd.wz.tcd.te>vXuyXqSXrl;wz.vXEGHpDqSHwuwD>tylRM.vDRI zJc&Hm*JRqXxX.orlxD.uhRteHR< rk>’J;teHRM.t0JymzsgxD.to;vXb.wH;u.w>ol.xD.tyJ}wDzdtylRvXuqd.*hRySRursX>tg*RvXt[JymzSd.xD.o;zJ ?St. Peter’s Square/ ph;zHxX.puGJM.vDRI t0JuwdRqd.*hRpJCJRw>b.q.uwdRw>oD.M>xJwpJ;{dRM.vDRI

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=77=


0hpxX.cFX;cF‹(vf)td.zsJ.xD.zJvged.0hbX. 30 oD 1874 eH.tHRzJEl>bsJ[H,h (Blenheim) vXtD; pzD;±Sg,X> (Oxfordshire) [D.u0DRtylRM.vDRIty>< vD;&J’d;cFX;cF‹(vf) (Lord Randolph Churchill) rh>ySR*JRxH±l>uD>oJ;vXtrHR’d.’D;ySRoh.ngtDRtgw*RM.vDRI 0hpxX.cFX;cF‹(vf)rRvdw>vXok;

]]vXyo;w>wl>b.cD.b.wz.tylRyuCkusJvXyurRM>w>ol.ql.o;*JR

'D;usJ;pX;td.rlvX w>ylRzsJ;tylRM.vDRI}}

"We shall draw from the heart of suffering itself the means of inspiration and survival."

]]y'k;td.xD.w>td.rltd.*JRohcDzsdw>vXy'd;M>wz.çAb.q.y'k;td.xD.

w>o;orlwzsX.ohcDzsdw>vXy[h.vDRM.vDRI}}

"We make a living by what we get, but we make a lifeby what we give."

]]ywJzsgxD.A]yrRw>t*hRuwX>vDR}AM.tbsK;wtd.b.IAeub.rRuJxD.vd.xD.

w>rRvXtvD>td.wz.M.vDRI}}

"It is no use saying, 'We are doing our best.' You have got to succeed in doing what is necessary."

0hpxX.vH,d;e;pyJpX>cFX;cF‹(vf)A(1874=1965)

pX>

(&f)0hpxX.vH,d;e;pyJpX>cFX;cF‹vf (Wins-

-ton Leonard Spencer Churchill) rh>xHuD>cd.e>z;’d.w*RvXtqXxX.*X>usXRxJw*R{dRvXw>xD’gw>rXql.rXpd;oEl (zJ;qh;oEl) tylRM.vDRI t0JrRoDxD.uhR[D.cd.’Dbh.w>em ’H.rd._ch.pH.tw>’d.pd’D;wDcd.&d.rJuD>}bH;xh(ef)vXurRM>w>rReXRzJ[D.cd.w>’k;cHbsDwbsDtqXuwD>M.vDRI

=78=


*h>0DcDvh.uFd< vX0h>pJ[X; (Sandhurst) tylRwcsK;vXtEkmvDRrRw>’fok;zdw*Rtod;’fb.M.vDRI t0Jtd.vXw>rJmng'k;wh>w>vXuD>th’,.trk>EkmuvHRpd;’D;vXuD>pl>’> (Sudan) tylRM.vDRI zJt0JrRw>’fok;zdtqXuwD>t0JqSXw>’k;tw>upD.weHRb.weHRvXvDysHR’D;uGJ;ph>uD;0JvHm’ftrh>r;v;cgok;rk>t*h>=1898eH. (The Story of the Malakand Field Force)

‘D;xHusdw>’k;–1899eH. (The River War) wz.M.vDRI

zJ 1899eH.M.0hpxX.cFX;cF‹(vf)[;xD.vX}bH;xH;(±Sf)ok;rk>tylR0HREkm vDRrRuhRw>’fySRuGJ;w>’k;w>upD.vXrDeHzd;(pf) ?Morning Post/ vHmw>upD.t*D>M.vDRI zJt0Jtd.vXuD>tR_zHRuRuvHRxH;uGJ;w>upD.b.C;bd0X (Boer) w>’k;tqXuwD>bd0Xtok;rk>zD.M>tDRM.vDRI vXw>bl.*hRwD>b.tylRt0Jxl.zsJ;xD.uhR0HRtvD>cHt0JuGJ;uhRw>upD.t&h'd.uwX>vXttd.vXw>y&XtrJmngwubsH;tylRM.vDRI zJt0J[JuhRu’guhRqluD>tJuvH;tqXuwD>uGJ;uhR0Jtw>vJRcDzsdvXvHmwbh.tylRvXtrh> ?London to Ladysmith/ 'D;vHmtHRzJ 1900eH.tylRw>xk;xD.&RvDRtDRM.vDRI

zJeH. 1900 tylR0hpxX.cFX;cF‹(vf)uJxD.cD.pXbX;xh;oElbsD.’d.cX.p;tu&XzdvX0h>td(vf)[J(rf) (Oldham) ‘D;t0JuJxD.ySRqD.xGJw>bSDb.rR*hRxD.ySR*h>0Dw*RM.vDRI zJ 1904eH.tylRrh>vXty.wH.cd.e>wz.u’k;td.xD.w>qDwvJtCd0hpxX.cFX;cFŒ(vf)wl>vdm0Jwohb.< ‘D;t0JqXwJmvXuEkmvDRrRoud;w>vXvh;b&X.y.wH.tylRM.vDRI zJvH;b&X.oElzdrReXRw>CkxXzJ 1905eH.tqXuwD>w>CkxXxD.0hpxX.cFX;cF‹(vf)vXuuJxD.eJ.±GJ.oCJRvXcd.vd.eH.0JR’X;tylRM.vDRI

zJ 1908eH.tylRt0JEkmvDRvXudwdmu&XtylR’fyeHmw>uRu&Xtcd.w*Rtod;’D;zJ 1910eH.wcDt0JuJxD.0JxHvD>uD>ylReJ.±GJ.w*RM.vDRI ‘f

=79=


eJ.±GJ.w*Rtod;0hpxX.cFX;cF‹(vf)’k;td.xD.w>rR*hRxD.CdmtusJoElwbsK;rHRM.vDRI w>tHRy.Ckmph>uD;’D;w>[h.w>od.vd’D;w>zH;oud;rRoud;w>vXySRCdmzdt*D>< wuwD>CDt0J’k;td.xD.w>tH;xGJuG>xGJvDRqDtw>u&Xu&dwz.vXurRpXRySRCdmzdvXtxl.zsJ;xD.uGHmvXCdmylRwz.M.vDRI rh>emouh< zJ0h>0J(vf±Sf) (Welsh) ySRcl.vX>{dRvh{dRtw>ymzsgw>b.o;td.xD.tqXuwD>0hpxX.cFX;cF‹(vf)pl;ugok;rk>wz.vXurR*X>usXRtw>[h.w>uvk>tCdt0Jb.w>yJRtXyJRoDe;e;usHRusHRM.vDRI

zJ 1911eH.vgtD;uxdbX.tylR0hpxX.cFX;cF‹(vf)uJxD.0JxHok;tcd.e>’d.xDtqduwX>w*R’D;t0JbSDb.rR*hR'D;'k;td.xD.uhRxHok;vXtvlRxD.chcgpdRqXuwD>M.vDRI 0hpxX.cFX;cF‹(vf)rh>wh>cd.e>tusgw*RvXt’k;td.xD.ubD,lR’k;ok;vXtok;rk>t*D>vDRI zJ 1912eH.M.t0Jol.xD.ubDwD.ubD,lR’k;ok; (Royal Naval Air Service) tw>zH;w>rRM.vDRIt0J’k;td.xD.ph>uD;uvHRok;0JRvD>vXuvHRok;0JRvD>cd.oh.tylR’fod;w>up;xD.pl;ugpJ;zDu[.w>rRtoDwrHRtHRvXvXySJRySJRt*D>M.vDRI0hpxX.cFX;cF‹(vf)o;ql.’d.r;vXw>‘k;td.xD.w>toDoh.wz.tHRtCdt0JEkmvDRrRvdw>eD.vdubD,lRtw>od.vdwz.M.vDRI

zJ[D.cd.w>’k;z;’d.wXwbsDp;xD.zJ 1914eH.tqXuwD>t0JEkmvDRvXw>’k;u&XuD.u;tylRM.vDRI rh>emouhzJ 1915eH.tylRcDzsdt0JC.uGHmvX’g’JeJvJ;(pf)w>’k; (Dardanelles Campaign) tylRtCdw>ymw>ur.vXtvdR’D;w>qduwD>uGHmtrlt’g0HRok;uGHmtvD>tvRqlbsD.’d.tcd.te>vD>vRvXtrh> “Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster” M.vDRIrh>vXt0Jto;wrkmvXtw>pdw>urDRwtd.vXRvXxHuD>y’d.w>’k;&J.usJRtylRvXRtCd< t0JEkmvDRrRu’guhRw>ql}bH;xH;(±Sf)ok;rk>’d.tylR’D;yXqSX0Jok;&h.w&h.vXuD>puD;vJ(ef)ok;rk> (Royal Scots Fusiliers) tylRvXxHuD>trk>EkmwuyRM.vDRI

=80=


zJ 1917eH.M.t0J[JuhREkmvDRrRu'guhRw>vXy'd.w>rRtylR'fok;w>pku0JR'D;w>yD;w>vDudwdmtod;M.vDRI 'D;vX 1919eH.wkRvX 1921eH.twD>ylRt0J[H;rl'g'ftrh>w>'k;w>,R'D;ubD,lRtw>zH;w>rRteJ.&GJ.w*RM.vDRI vX 1924=1929eH.tbX.pXRwcDt0JuJxD.udwdmvXtrh>?Chancellor of the exchequer/ tvD>tvRM.vDRI

w>xD.'k;wz.0HRtvD>cHteH.wqHtwD>ylRvXt*D>rh> ?eH.bl.w*hRwD>wb./ M.vDRI teD>up>‘.0Jtw>xD’gySRth’,.zdtw>pH.nD.yXvDRto;’D;tw>qD.xGJpDRyRtJ’0;oX*Rw*RzJ ?w>ylxD.cDzsdw>b.ys>pkys>cD.vXvD>vRpdurDRtylR/(cDzsdxHzduD>zdwb.o;vXRtDR) td.xD.wz.ySRtgwuh>wo;vDRyvdm'D;tDRb.I tCdzJt0Jtw>[h.yvD>b.C;’D;e;pH.uFXreH.utd.xD.’D;}bH;xH;(±Sf)ub.zD.xD.uhRw>pku0JRt*h>tcgySRwue.CkmtDRvXRb.I zJ 1939eH.[D.cd.w>’k;z;’d.cHbsDwbsDtd.xD.tqXuwD>< 0hpxX.cFX;cF‹(vf)uJxD.xHok;tcd.tqduwX>w*RM.vDRI zJ 1940eH.vgrhRtylRudwdmcd.usX>eJbHvHcFgbX.vh (Neville Cham-

-berlain) pH.vDRvXudwdmtvD>tvRtylR’D;0hpxX.cFX;cF‹(vf)xD.uhRvXtvD>M.vDRI t0JorXw>ymvDRpku0JRqle;pH.uFXreH.tpkylRtCdtxHtuD>b.o;tDRtgxD.M.vDRI zJw>’k;tqXuwD>t0JzH;w>rRw>ql.’d.r;< wymzsgtw>vDRbSH;vDRwDReDwpJ;b.I tw>&hvdm’D;trJ&uRuD>cd.±k;pbJ;rh>w>vXt*hR'd.r;’D;t0JrRwHRrRoud;’D;pd.bH.,J;uD>pXzSd.vXwbsDwcD.b.o*X>’D;w>uDw>cJM.vDRI

zJ 1945eH.w>’k;0HRtvD>cHw>rRw>CkxXtqXuwD>0hpxX.cFX;cF‹(vf)b.ys>uGHmtpkvXtvD>tvRtylR< b.q.t0Jrh>’H;’.u&XxD’gw>tcd.vXtud;o}wDxD.'D;wJzsgb.C;w>'k;ck. (Cold War) tw>b.,d.wz.M.vDRI t0J'k;td.xD.0Jw>uwdRwzsX.’fod;ySRuoh.ngtDRtgtg

=81=


*D>*D>vXtrh> ?Iron Curtain/x;t,.bs;o’X*< ‘D;[h.*H>[h.bguD>,l&yR=uD>trJ&uR (Trans-Atlantic) vXupXzSd.vdmuhRo;t*D>M.vDRI‘D;zJ 1951eH.M.t0JuJxD.u’D;udwdmcd.usX>toDwbsDM.vDRI t0JpH.vDRuGHmvXtvD>tvRtylRzJ 1955eH.< b.q.rh>’f’.bsD.‘d.cd.e>w*RwcsK;vXtoH’fb.tcgM.vDRI t0J*JRvdmw>vXxH±l>uD>oJ;tylR’D;rRvXySJRxD.w>tgrHRtusgt0Jymwh>ph>uD;vHmvXt0JuGJ;0JvXtxk;M>ySRol.ySRo;tgr;tCdzJ 1953eH.tylRt0J’d;M>ed.bX.vHmvJ>yDngcd.z;M.vDRI

vXcHuwX>zJ 1965 eH.vg,ElRtg&H. 24oDteHR0hpxX.cFX;cF‹(vf)trlt’gvXySJRvXtw>rRtylR’D;pl;uGHmto;orl< ‘D;xHuD>[H;rl'gcl.vDRuhRtDR*hR*hRb.b.M.vDRI

*"Iron Curtain" rh>0D>}oJwzsX.vXtwJzsgxD.w>tqXvXtrRvDRz; Warsaw Pact xHuD> 'ftrh>cD.rFLeH;xHuD>< vDRqD'.w>&X%S.'D;rk>xD.,l&yR< 'D; NATO xHuD>'ftrh>rDRtd. ,XRxHuD>wz.< vDRqD'.w>trJ&uRuD>pXzSd.'D;rk>Ekm,l&yRxHuD>wz.M.vDRI w> tHRp;xD.to;vX 1945eH.C.C.wkRvXw>'k;ck.uwX>uGHmvX 1991eH.tylRM. vDRI

=82=


]]rhwrh>,Rb.M.çArh>rwRvJ.IA'D;rhwrh>cJtHRb.M.çAqH;cgvJ.I}}

"If not me, who? And if not now, when?"

]]w>vXerR0HRtDRvXr[gweHRrh>zsg'd.b.eRM.weHRtHRtwD>ylRerRw>0HRwtguJ.qd;b.I}}

If what you have done yesterday still looks big to you, youhaven't done much today."

]],rh>cD.rFLeH;oElzdçAySRcD.rFLeH;oElzdwH>eD>w*RvDRIAvXySRweDRt*D>urh>w>rHrD>vXt0Joh.t*D>

oh.oh.vDRI Ab.q.vX,*D>M.w>tHRrh>,w>ynd.cd.oh.vDRI}}

"I am a Communist, a convinced Communist! For some that maybe fantasy. But to me it is my main goal."

rh.ch(vf)uD.b.cFD; A(1931=AAA )

ch(vf)uD.b.cFD; (Mikhail Gorbachev)

td.zsJ.xD.zJ 1931eH.tylRM.vDRI t0J rh>pd.bH.,J;qd.±SJ.vh;xHzdup>uD>pX

zSd.tcd.zJ 1985=1991eH.tbX.pXRvDRI rh>wh>cd.e>vXcHuwX>w*RvXtrR[;*DRuGHmcD.rFLeH;oElvXpd.bH.,J;'D;rk>xD.,l&yRxHuD>wz.tylR0HRrRzsgxD.w>rRtrd>vHRrd>yS>vXw>'k;td.xD.w>qDwvJtusJtoElt*D>M.vDRI

rh.

uD.b.cFD;’k;td.xD.tw>&J.w>usJRvXurRql.xD.uhRpd.bH.,J;tusJoEl< b.q.vXcHuhRrR[;*DRuGHm0JvXwtd.’D;w>qdurd.xHvXt*h>b.M.vDRI tusJoEl< tzDvpH.oh.wz.ynd.0JvXurRp>vDRuhRw>zh.qXCkm’D;uD>rk>Ekm< vDRqD’.w>trJ&uRuD>pXzSd.0HR’D;[h.vDRto;*JRvdmrRuwX>uGHm0Jw>’k;ck. ?Cold War/ vXteDRz;[D.cd.p;xD.vXeH. 1940 wz.vXmtqXuwD>M.vDRI

rh.ch(vf)uD.b.cFD;td.zsJ.xD.zJvgrm±S; 2 oD 1931eH.vX0h>_zH.bded,H.

=83=


(Privolnoye) vXpd.bH.,J;uD>pXzSd.tylR< rh>0Jw>ol.w>zs;tySRul.b.ul.ohvXtrRw>vXw>ol.w>zs;tvD>wwDRtylRtzdcGgM.vDRI

uD.b.cFD;tzk ?Pantelei Yefimovich Gopkalo/ rh>pd.bH.,J;uD>pXzSd.tcD.rFLeH;y.wH.wzktu&XzdvXtol.wDo;&Rw*R’D;rh>ph>uD;’lo0Dol.zs;pHmySJR0JRusdRtySRyXRvD>qh.eDR (pHmvD>ySJRvD>vXtb.w>yXtDRvXySRtg*R) w*RM.vDRI zJ 1937eH.tylR NKVD* yXRuD>yh>qSgwz.zD.uD.b.cFD;tzk’D;vdmuGD>tDRvXtrh>w>u&Xu&dclol.vXwzd;oJp;tcd.vXtqD.xGJvH,d.}xd;puH> (Leon Trotsky) M.vDRI t0Jb.td.vXCdmylR’D;b.w>rRy,GJtDRvXcHeH.C.C.twD>ylRwkRvXvg’H.pJbX. 1938 eH.tylRr;w>ys>xD.uGHmtDRM.vDRI

vXuD.b.cFD;tw>uGJ;uhRt*h>tusdRtylRymzsgxD.0JvXw>uJxD.o;tHRrRb.’dtxH±l>uD>oJ;w>*kRxD.yoDxD.wqH;wpSRb.M.vDRI uD.b.cFD;tzkrh>ySRcD.rFLeH;zdwH>eD>w*R’D;od.vdM>tvHRcGgb.C;’D;ySRz;'d.cg(vf)r;(pf) (Karl Marx)< _zH’X>&H;(cf)tJuFX>(vf) (Frederick Engels) tw>zH;w>rRt*h>tusdRoh.wz.< ‘D;rh>wod.vdM>0JvH,d.}xd;puH>t*h>b.q.od.vdM>ph>uD;0JvJM>(ef) (Lenin) tw>zH;w>rRt*h>tusdRwz.M.vDRI

zJ[D.cd.w>’k;cHbsDwbsDtqXuwD>uD.b.cFD;to0Db.w>rRM>yXtDRvXuFXreH.tok;rk>M.vDRI vXcHuhRuD.b.cFD;uGJ;zsgxD.0JvX< ?zJw>’k;0HRtqXuwD>,o;eH.td.wqHvGH>eH.vDRI ypdRM.rh>zd’Hzdo.vXw>’k;tuwD>tpdRM.vDRI w>‘GJ.tlySR'D;w>ymvDRwJmM>ySRw>yElRtvD>vXyw>ouJmy0;’D;yw>xH.b.C;’D;[D.cd.cHrHRvXmtylRvDRI/

*NKVD, w>ud;ph>uD;tDRvXursX>cD.rFLeH;'GJylR*h>0Du&XvXtrh>pd.bH.,J;uD>pXzSd.tyXR uD>yXqSXw>u&Xclol.vXt[H;rl'gvXw>qD.oeH;w>vXxH%l>uD>oJ;tusJt*D>zJpwg vh. (Stalin) yXw>tpdRM.vDRI

=84=


wcsK;vXuD.b.cFD;vJRxD.rRvdw>bsXoJp;vXrD;pud.zF.pdrdR‘fb.tcgt0JrRw>’fw>uXRzSd.*>zSd.w>ol.w>zs;tySRrRw>zdw*Rtod;M.vDRI zJt0Jrh>uFdzdtqXuwD>t0JEkmvDRvXpd.bH.,J;uD>pXzSd.tcD.rFLeH;y.wH.u&XtylR’D;wuwD>CD’d;wh’d;zsDuhRto;’D;&J;p.xH;xd.&Jud. (Raisa

Titorenko) M.vDRI

uD.b.cFD;zsdxD.zF.pdrdRudF0HRtvD>cHuJxD.0J’.cD.rFLeH;o;p>u&X (ud;0JvXud.pdrd. ?Komsomol/ u&X) cd.e>vXt[H;rl’gvXmqXvXmuwD>w*RM.vDRI zJ 1955eH.tylRuD.b.cFD;b.w>CkxXxD.tDR’fcD.rFLeH;o;p>u&XyXqSXw>urH;wHmteJ.±GJ.wXw*RM.vDRI wkRCDRvX 1960eH.M.uD.b.cFD;tw>zH;w>rRvJRxD.vJRxDuU>uU>’D;uJxD.0Ju&XtHRtcd.t'd.uwX>vX0h>pw;}bd.zl(vf) (Stavropol) tylRM.vDRI rRu’D;weH.zJw>rRcD.rFLeH;y.wH.cDu&J;cHqHcHbsDwbsDvX0h>rD;pud.tqXuwD>t0Jrh>cX.p;vXu’d;CkxXto;vXt[JvX0h>pw;}bd.zl(vf)M.vDRI

zJ 1964=1967eH.tbX.pXRuD.b.cFD;rRvdu’D;w>zJpw;}bd.zl(vf)w>ol.w>zs;tzF.pdrdRvXurRM>’H>u&H.w>vRuyDRcHcgwcgt*D>< ‘D;zJ1970eH.wkRCDRwpkw>CkxXxD.tDRvXuuJxD.pw;}bd.zl(vf)[D.u0DRtySRyXqSXw>eJ.±GJ.wXw*RM.vDRI tw>rRrl’gvXtrR0Jwz.’k;rHol.rHo;b.,l&H.tJ_’d.zd; (Yuri Andropor) vXtcgzJM.rh>xHuD>bH.bXurH;wHmtcd.w*R (urH;wHmtHRw>ud;ph>uD;vX KGB) M.vDRI ow;’D;tJ_’d.zd;pl;ugtw>[l;w>*JRvXuok;xDxD.uD.b.cFD;tvD>tvRtrlt’gt*D>M.vDRI

zJ 1971eH.tylRuD.b.cFD;uJxD.0JcD.rFLeH;y.wH.vD>cX.o;yXqSXw>urH;wHmtu&Xzdw*RM.vDRI vXcHuhRt0Jok;uhRtvD>td.vD>qd;ql0h>rD.pud.’D;uJxD.ol.zs;0JRusdRteJ.±GJ.w*RM.vDRI zJ 1980eH.tylRuD.b.

=85=


cFD;uJxD.0JzdvH;bl&d. (Politburo) u&Xtu&XzdvXto;p>uwX>w*RM.vDRI vXvGH>eH.twD>ylRt0JuJxD.ySRcH*Rw*RvXcD.pwgwh.cFX.eJ;ud.(Konstantin Chernenko) tzDvmM.vDRI

zJ 1985eH.cFX.eJ;ud.oH0HRtvD>cHvD>cX.o;yXqSXw>urH;wHmCkxXxD.uD.b.cFD;vXuuJxD.cD.rFLeH;y.wH.teJ.±GJ.cd.usX>w*RM.vDRI ‘fy.wH.cd.e>w*Rtod;wuwD>CDt0Jp;xD.rXql.vD>cX.o;yXqSXw>urH;wHmcD.pXbX;xh;u&Xzdwz.vXu[;xD.uGHmvXtrlt’gtylRt*D>M.vDRI vXt0Joh.wz.tcX.p;uD.b.cFD;rRySJRuhRtDRvXySRydmcGgo;p>vXttd.’D;w>xH.vXw>bSDb.rR*hRxD.uhRw>t*D>M.vDRI

zJ 1985eH.tylRuD.b.cFD;'k;td.xD.&J.usJRymvDR0Jw>rRb.C;w>[;0hR0DRxD'gw>tD.cd.z;vmqSd;'D;w>tDoH;tDrhRwz.M.vDRI t0JuwdRw>ymzsgxD.ph>uD;w>*h>b.C;w>vd.b.vXzXR&J;p}xd.&H;c.?Perestroika

(w>ol.xD.qDvDRu'guhR)/ t*h>wz.< 'D;w>tHRrRb.bsd;b.'gxD.uhRrk>usdR0JRuGm< xH%l>uD>oJ;'D;w>qJ;w>vRtw>qDwvJwz.< vXttd.'D;w>ynd.vXurR*hRrRb.*D>xD.uhRpd.bH.,J;trk>usdR0JRuGmt*D>M.vDRI uD.b.cFD;’k;td.xD.zDvpH.wz.vXynd.0JvXu’k;td.xD.zFgrk>usdR0JRuGmtusJoElcDzsdw>[h.*H>[h.bgySReD>w*Rtw>yXb.pd.bH.,J;tpJ;zDu[.w>rRvD>’D;ol.zs;tw>rRvD>wz.M.vDRI rh>emouhpd.bH.,J;w>M>yXrRw>tuh>t*DRu&Xwz.rRvDRwH>0JvXw>’k;td.xD.w>qDwvJwz.tHRuJxD.uJxDwohb.< ‘D;vXus;wz.tylRw>zdw>vHRvXttd.wz.qH;pSR0J’.M.vDRI

uD.b.cFD;bd;b.&RvDRph>uD;w>qDwvJpd.bH.,J;xH*kRuD>*R*h>0DtzDvpH.M.vDRI zJ 1987 eH.tylRt0JxH.vdmo;’D;&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef) (Ronald

Reagan) ‘D;qJ;pkyeD.vXvHmCH;Cmb.C;w>urRuwX>uGHmEFLcsH,gt

=86=


ok;rk> (ud;0JvX Immediate Nuclear Forces [INF]) M.vDRI t0JrRvDRwH>ph>uD;vXt0JwEkmvDRrRwHmwmo;vXxHuD>vXrk>xD.,l&yRtylR’GJylRzDvpH.wz.vXRb.< ‘D;zJ 1989eH.M.t0Jbd;b.&RvDR0JvXuxk;uGHmpd.bH.,J;tok;rk>wz.vXuD>t.zu.eH;pw.(ef)tylRM.vDRI tCdvXcHweH.t0J’d;M>b.w>[h.vRuyDRtDRvXed.bX.(vf)w>rkmw>ck.tcd.z;M.vDRI

uD.b.cFD;td.yvD>to;vXtokwqSXCDRpd.bH.,J;tok;odvh.x;z;’d.qlrk>xD.uD>,l&yRw>vD>wz.tylRzJw>ymzsgxD.o;xD’gcD.rFLeH;y’d.wz.uJxD.o;tvD>w*hRM.vDRI vXpSRvgtwD>ylRcD.rFLeH;y’d.vXuD>zdvJ(ef)< uD>[guh.&H.< uD>bl.uh&H,g< uD>%l.rheH,g< ‘D;rk>xD.uD>uFXreH.wz.tylRvDRySD>uGHm0J’.M.vDRI

rh>vXySRcD.pXbX;xh;oElzdwz.tvD>tvRtpdurDRtd.’H;tCduD.b.cFD;tw>*kmusJ;pX;vXu’k;uJxD. pd.bH.,J;uD>pXzSd.vXurh>uhR’H.rd. u&h.pH.txHtuD>tHRrh>w>vXtrR[;*DRtrHRto.M.vDRI zJvgtDul;1991eH.tylRt0Jxl.zsJ;xD.vXok;rDRpd&dRvXtb.w>u&Xu&dxD.tDRvXySR*JRxH±l>uD>oJ;vXtql.tudRvXcD.rFLeH;y.wH.t’GJylRM.vDRI uD.b.cFD;cDqXuhRw>*h>uDtHRcDzsdywkmuGHm0JvD>cX.o;yXqSXw>urH;wHmM.vDRI rh>emouh’fM.’D;rh>vXpd.bH.,J;uD>pXzSd.tHRvDRrk>vDRz;uGHmvXuD>pJ.vDRqDwz.tylRtCdzJ 1995eH.vg’H.pJbX. 25oDteHRuD.b.cFD;[;xD.uGHmvXtrl’gw>rRtylRM.vDRI

=87=


tH.&.(ef)tuD>cd.w>oh.ngud;ph>uD;tDRvX±S. (Shah) M.vDRI cd.rHeH.rh>0Jph>,H;rD;pwgz> (Sayyid Mostafa) tzdcGg< vXtrh>w>bl.w>bgtySRul.b.ul.ohw*RvXtoHzJcd.rHeH.td.zsJ.ylRuGHmCkvgtqXuwD>M.

]]w>yX>qXvXw>*JRvdmtDRvXuD>tH.&.(ef)tylRySRursX>wz.ud;o \xDxD.vXttJ.'d;tH.pv.

w>bgvDRI AySRursX>oh.wz.tHR w*JRqX xX. ylxD.w>vX'H.rd.u&h.pH.utd.xD.

vXt0Joh.t xHuD>ylRt*D>b.I}}

"In the revolution that was achieved in Iran, people were screamingthat they wanted Islam; these people did not rise up so their

country could have democracy."

]]ySRvXtxD'gySRoh.wz.'fod;'.'D;cJpX.w>qgud.vd.wz.vXw>b.zSJ;xk;xD.uGHmtDRM.vDRI

rhwrh>'fM.b.'D;t0Joh.u[k.rR[;*DRw>ud;rHR'J;vDRI }}

"Those who are against us are like cancer tumors that need to beremoved surgically; otherwise they will corrupt everything."

]]ySRub.rRvdM>w>vXrd>w*RvXtvJRqSXtzdcGg'.0JqluGD>tylR'D;

xJM.wbsDtzdcGgb.w>pH. nD.oHuGHmM.vDRI}}

"People have to learn from the mother who brought her own sonto court and then her son was hanged."

tg,.xdv.cd.rHeH. A( 1902=1989)

,.xdv.cd.rHeH. (Ayatollah Khomeini)< trHRtvXtySJRrh>0Jph.,H;±k;[dv.tJ(vf)

rl.p;&H;tJ(vf)cd.rHeH. (Sayyid Ruhollah al-Musari

al-Khomeini)M.vDRI rh>wh>w>bl.w>bgcd.e>w*RvXttd.u’kvXySRuD>’D;yXqSXw>yX>qXtrHR[lo.zsgvXw>’k;vDRySD>uGHmtH.&.(ef) (Iran) tuD>cd.rd.[.rJ;&H;p.±S.z.vgbH; (Muha--mmad Reza Shah Pahlavi)zJ1979eH.tylRM.vDRI

tg

=88=


vDRI zJcd.rHeH.to;td. 15eH.tqXuwD>trd>’D;trk>*>oHo’.uGHmtDRtCdt0J>cGgw*Rb.uG>xGJvk>’d.xD.uhRtDRM.vDRI cd.rHeH.rRvdtH.pv.tvHmpDqSH< (ud;0JvXcd.&. ?Qur'an/ ?Koran/)< Ckm‘D;t0J>cGg’D;rRvdwd>M>zH;Cm0J±SH,.tH.pv.w>bg (Shia Islam) t*H>cD.xH;w>bl.w>bgyDngwz.M.vDRI

w>M.tvD>cHcd.rHeH.vJRql0h>t;&. (Arak) ‘D;rRvdtH.pv.tw>bsXoJp;zJM.vDRI zJeH. 1920 p;xD.oDwz.tylRto&.vXtod.vdtDRvJRok;uhRtvD>td.vD>qd;ql0h>cGX(rf) (Qom) tCdcd.rHeH.vJRydmtcH’D;tvD>tvR’fudFzdtod;uJxD.uhRqltg,.xdv. (Ayatollah)< rh>0D>}oJwzsX.vXySR±SH,.zdol0JvXtud;tySRrRvdw>zdvXtcDynDrh>0J ?up>,GRtw>[h.og/ M.vDRI t0Jwl>vdmrH;pxH;pHp>oEl (Mysticism) vXtrh>oElvXtod.vdw>pl;uGHmnduGHm[D.cd.tw> rkmvRo;ckud;rHR’J;’D;td.rlydmxGJ’fw>td.rltw>clol.vXup>,GRymvDR0Jtod;M.vDRI rh>vXw>M.td.usJ.usDCkmto;’D;w>bsXoJp;< w>ohqdurd.qdur;w>tw>od.w>oD’D;w>Ckoh.ngw>o;orluJxD.t*h>tusdR (Philosophy) tCdcd.rHeH.trH;pxH.pHp>oeltHRxk;M>tysJ>tbD.rRoud;w>wz.to;tgr;vDRI

‘fySRtH.&.(ef)zdtg*Rwz.tod;cd.rHeH.ph>uD;ol.’d.o;zsd;b.wcDbDrk>tpdurDRwz.tw>[JEkm vDRrRwHmwmw>vXuD>tH.&.(ef)tylRM.vDRIwcDbDrk>ty’d.yyS>wz.nDEk>qD.xtH.&.(ef)tcd.te>vXt’k;td.xD.csK;pdRtzDvpH.oElwz.vXtvk>oh.cgywmtH.pv.w>bgtvk>tv>xloElwz.M.vDRI vXcd.e>’fod;tHRwz.tusgcd.e>tqduwX>rh>0J&H;p.±S.z.vgbH; (Reza Shah Pahlavi) vXtrRvDRySD>uGHmtH.&.(ef)ty’d.tqduwX>wzkzJ 1921eH.cDzsd&X±Sgy’d.tw>rRpXRtCdM.vDRI cd.rHeH.o;’d.xD.w>b.q.zJeH. 1930 wz.twD>ylRt0JwEkmvDRrRCkmto;vXxH±l>uD>oJ;tw>[l;w>*JRtylR’fb.I t0Jem0JvXxH±l>

=89=


uD>oJ;w>rRtw>wDcd.&d.rJwz.-uX;td.vXw>bl.w>bgtySRul.ohul.b.tywD>xDwz.tpkylRM.vDRI vXw>M.tCdt0JymvDRo;usXRrkq+’D;wl>vdm0Jtg,;xdv.[h,X>&H; (Ayatollah Haeri) tw>qXwJmvXtokw}wDqX&H;p.±S.tw>&J.w>usJRvXtxD’gtH.pv.w>bgtw>qJ;w>vR’D;vk>v>xloElvXuD>tH.&.(ef)tylR’H;w*hRM.vDRI zJ 1941eH.tylRcd.rHeH.uGJ;vHmqlz.vgbH;ty’d.vXtpH;0J< ?w>uvk>wz.vXok;rDRpd&dRy’d.’k;td.xD.’D;ym*X>ymusXR0Jwz.tvk>tyORwtd.eDwrHRb.I/&H;p.±S.z.vgbH;0HRtvD>cHtzdcGg< rd.[.rJ;&H;p.±S.z.vgbH;(Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi)< xD.uhRtvD>’D;ySRtHRtpdurDRtd.xD.zJ 1941eH.cDzsd}bH;xH;(±Sf)< jz.ph.’D;trJ&uRtw>rRpXRtCdM.vDRIvXcHuhRwqHcHeH.ylRuGHmtqXuwD>trJ&uRvD>cX.o;yh>qSgu&XrRpXRz.vgbH;y’d.tod.rSHRu&Xwz.vXu[DxD.uGHmt’k.t’gvXtrh>udwdmcd.usX>rd.[.rJ;rd;p.’J; (Mohammad Mosaddeq) M.vDRI ok;u±l>wzktw>rRtHR[h.tgxD.cd.rHeH.to;o[D.vXuyJRtXyJRoDb.&H;p.±S.z.vgbH;ty’d.M.vDRI

zJeH. 1960 p;xD.oDwz.tylR±S.ty’d.wzktHRbd;b.&RvDR0Jw>yX>qXvXt0g ?White Revolution/ vXt’k;td.xD.0JuD>rk>Ekmtw>xH.w>qdurd.tgrHR’ftrh>w>cGJ;w>,mwkRod;xJod;vXydmrk.t*D>’D;w>ul.b.ul.ohvXtwb.xGJ’D;w>bl.w>bgb.oh.wz.M.vDRI zJw>rRzH;pH.,H. (Faziye) w>ul.vdmtd.oud;vX0h>cGX(rf)tqXuwD>vXw>ol.'d.o;zsd;tylRcd.rHeH.xD'g}wDqX0J%S.y'd.tzDvpH.wz.tCdwbsDCDt0Jb.w>zD.wh>EkmtDRqlCdmylRzJ 1963eH.0HRw>[DxD.uGHmtDRvXuD>tH.&.(ef)tylRzJ 1964eH.M.vDRI tCdcd.rHeH.vJRtd.vJRqd;uhR0JzJtJ(ef)e;uF.(An Najaf)vXtrh>%SH,X.t0h>pDqSHwzsX.vXttd.vXuD>tH.&;(cf)tuvHRpd;wuyRM.vDRI zJM.t0J*JRvdm’k;td.xD.0Jw>od.w>oDwxH.vXtrh>< ?ySRohySRb.ySRoh.nge>yX>w>bsXoJp;tw>wDcd.&d.rJ=Rule

=90=


of the Jurist/ vXtud;o}wDxD.vXw>bl.w>bgcd.e>wz.uyXuhRw>t*D>M.vDRI cd.rHeH.&RvDRtw>xH.w>qdurd.tHRvXuFdzd 12<000*RtusgvDRI p;xD.vX0h>tJ(ef)e;uF.’D;vXcHuhRvX0h>zJ&H;(pf)zJ 1978eH.ylRuGHmt0Jtd.qd;0JtvD>M.cd.rHeH.*JRvdm[h.oq.xD.ySRtH.&.(ef)zdoh.wz.vXurRvDRySD>uGHm±S.’D;t0JtrJ&uRod.rSHRwz.vXtpH;0JvXtrh>ySRoh.wz. ?vXt[k.M>ySRvXycd.Elm/ M.vDRI vXcHuwX>zJw>rR[;*DRuGHm±S.’D;[DxD.uGHmtDRvXuD>ylRzJvg,ElRtg&H. 1979eH.tcgcd.rHeH.[JuhRu’guhRqluD>tH.&.(ef)tylRvDRI zJvg’H.pJbX.tylRw>bsXoJp;toDwbh.b.w>xk;xD.&RvDR’D;ymzsgxD.0JvXuD>tH.&.(ef)urh>uhRtH.pv.rH;xHzdup>uD>< ‘D;rhrh>cd.rHeH.wcDw>,k>qDwvJuhRtrHRvXthrg (Imam)< vXtcDynDrh>ySRxD.rd.[.rJ;tvD>‘D;w>td.rltcd.te>’d.xDw*RM.vDRI

cd.rHeH.xD.yXw>weH.ylRuGHmtqXuwD>< tH.&;(cf) (Iraq) EkmvDR’k; tH.&.(ef)’D;w>obH.obk.wbsDtHR,Hm0JvXCd;eH.twD>ylR’D;ySRoHySRyS>’D;w>b.[;*lm[;*DRtgtguvJmvDRI w>vXmbl.vXmphRvXw>’k;tylRtgxD.0Jtgtg*D>*D>'D;cd.rHeH.pH;0J<?w>’k;w>,RM.vDR*m’fySRtDvDRw>pk.wcG;tod;/ ‘D;t0Jwl>vdm0J[D.cd.bDrk>pXzSd.u&Xtw>usJRvXw>uywkmuGHmw>’k;wpd>zdM.vDRI

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=91=


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*H> w>bg'D;tw>td.*X>cX.oeX.M.vDRI}}

"Remember, the storm is a good opportunity for the pine and thecypress to show their strength and their stability."

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"My duty is like that of a helmsman who must steer safely theboat-the Fatherland-through storms and take people to

the shores of happiness."

[dcFH.rhA(1890=1969)

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=92=


uD (Saigon) M.w>,k>uhRtrHRvX0h>[dcFH.rh ( Ho Chi Minh City) M.vDRI

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=93=


ph.vXtu[Jtd.xD.t*D>M.vDRI

zJ[dcFH.rhrRvdw>0HRtcgvXqXuwD>zk.udmtylRt0JuJxD.uFdo&.w*RM.vDRI w>M.0HRtvD>cHt0JymvDRto;vXuuJxD.ySRubDzdw*RM.vDRI w>tHRrRpXRtDRvXu[;0hR0DRb.0JvXxHuD>vDRqDvdmo;tgbh.tylRM.vDRI t0JvJR0hR0DRb.Ckmph>uD;vXxHuD>tgbh.vXjz.ph.rRvJ>tD.uD>wz.yX0J’.M.vDRI vXw>tHRtCd[dcFH.rhrRvdM>0JvXySRbH.,J;e.zdtHRwrh>ySRxJwuvkm{dRvXtwl>b.w>tD.wlmtD.uvdRb.M.vDRI

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=94=


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=95=


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=96=


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=98=


2I uvHRpd;uD>bH.,J;e.ub.w>yXtDRvX[dcFH.rhvDRI3I uvHRxH;uD>bH.,J;e.ub.w>yXtDRvXidR’h>’H,J (Ngo Dinh

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idR’h>’H,Jrh>ySRvXwtd.’D;w>o;pJvXxHuD>w>zD.w>z;trl;tylRvXupXzSd.uhRbH.,J;e.t*D>b.I tCdxH±l>uD>oJ;ySRxD’gtDRoh.wz.p;xD.qdurd.xD.usJvXurR*X> usXRuhRt0Joh.tw>ynd.w>wdmt*D>M.vDRIzJw>qduwD>uGHmxHuD>w>zD.w>z;tw>wdmusJRweH.ylRuGHmtqXuwD>ursX>tgtg*D>*D>ymwh>uGHmt[H.tCDcDCDRqlbH.,J;e.yS>ylRu&Xu&dxD.to;zD.xD.pku0JRvXuxD’gw>t*D>M>vDRI zJ 1959eH.twD>ylRw>w,mvXidR’h>’H,Jty’d.yyS> 1<200*RC.C.b.w>rRoHuGHmt0Joh.M.vDRI

tcD.xH;uwX>[dcFH.rhxD’g0Jw>wdmul.usJRt0JtHRM.vDRI t0JuwdRxD’gw>’D;pH;0JvXvXuvHRxH;bH.,J;e.tylRok;u±l>xD’gw>wz.-uX;qdurd.xD.w>u&Xu&dxD.w>rRpXRt*h>tgM>’f’k;td.xD.w>rRwysKmwysDRxD’gidR’h>’H,Jy’d.M.vDRI

rh>emouhvXcHuwX>[dcFH.rho;vDRyvdmvXu[h.vDRw>rRpXRqlw>’k;

=99=


pJ;_yJ;tok;u±l>wz.tpkylRM.vDRI t0J[h.*H>[h.bgph>uD;ySRzD.pku0JRtu±l>tgzkvXu&d>zSd.to;wylRCD’D;’k;td.xD.w>yX>qXtw>u&Xu&dvXttd.’D;tpdurDR’D;rRw>wkRvDRwDRvDRM.vDRI t0Joh.o;vDRyvdmvXw>*h>tHRtCd’D;zJvg’H.pJbX. 1960eH.tylRuvHRxH;bH.,J;e.’Duvkmw>xl.zsJ;u&Xpd (National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam

[NLF]) b.w>’k;td.xD.tDRM.vDRI u&XtHRtrJ&uRud;0JvXbH.,J;uD(Vietcong)< ‘D;u&XtHRtylRy.Ckm’D;xH±l>uD>oJ;’D;w>bl.w>bgtu±l>tgM>’H;wqHcHzkngM.vDRI zJM.tcguvHRxH;bH.,J;e.’Duvkm w>xl.zsJ;u&Xpdtu&Xcd.rh>0J[G.od. (Hua Tho) vXtrh>0h>pJuX> (Saigon)tyD>&Dw*RM.vDRI t0Jwrh>r;pH. (Marxist) oElzdb.< emouhtu&XzdvXtrRpXRqD.xGJw>[l;w>*JRtHRtgwuh>rh>cD.rFLeH;oElzdM.vDRI

uvHRxH;bH.,J;e.’Duvkmw>xl.zsJ;u&XpdtHRu&Xu&dxD.to;vXok;u±l>zdwz.vXteD.*H>td.oX*RwkRvXt*RwqHM.vDRI ok;u±l>oh.wz.tHRud;0JvXok;,JRM.vDRI ok;,JRoh.wz.tHRrRoud;w>vXw>o;wzsX.CDtylR< w>*h>w>usdRclol.vXt0Joh.oh.ng0Jw*R’D;w*RM.ymCm0J’.vXto;ylRM.vDRI tCdzJok;zdw*Rv>v>w>rh>zD.M>t0Joh.’D;rRtXrRe;t0Joh.tcgt0Joh.wrRb.’duhRt’Duvkmw>xl.zsJ;u&Xpdtgtgb.M.vDRI

uvHRxH;bH.,J;e.’Duvkmw>xl.zsJ;u&Xpdtw>ynd.cd.oh.M.rh>0Ju’d;M>ySRywD>rk>zdvXcdcd.w>vD>oh.wz.tw>qD.xGJM.vDRI zJu&XtHRtok;EkmvDRvX’lo0DwzsX.b.wzsX.tylRt0Joh.‘due.vlRydmrRxGJw>ouJ;y0;tw>bsXwz.M.vDRI u&Xzdud;*R’J;b.w>[h.vDRtDRvX?w>eJ.usJ/ wz.M.vDRI w>tHRy.Ckm’D; =

1I vhRwuhR[;qSJ;w>rRvXurR[;*DRb.w>vXtb.xGJ'D;ySR ursX>'ftrh>w>vD>< pHmvD>usd;vD>'D;[H.{dRCD{dRwz.wuh>I

=100=


2I wb.rRy.Ckmo;vXw>yOR rhwrh> Chvd>w>vXySRursX>w tJ.’d;qgtDRrh>*hR< ‘k;vd>vDRtDRrh>*hRwz.b.I3I vhRwuhRwb.rR[;*DRyw>uwdRb.I4I vhRwuhRrR rhwrh> uwdRw>vXt’k;emySRursX>vXyrRtXrR oDt0Joh.M.w*hRI5I rRpXRursX>vXweHRb.weHRtw>rR‘ftrh> w>ul;bkul;[k< 0HpXRoh.rk.< ‘X.xH< q;w>cGJ;w>‘D;t*Rtd.’ftgr;vDRI

zJ 1964eH.tylRtrJ&uRuD>cd.usX>vh’X>bH>uFD(ef)pX> (Lyndon B. John-

son) &J.usJR0J‘k;,R&J.usJRvXtud;0JvX?Operation Rolling Thunder/M.vDRI w>&J.w>usJRtHRtw>ynd.rh>0JurR[;*DRuGHmuvHRpd;bH.,J;e.trk>usdR0JRuGm’D;qD.oeH;tDR’fod;uywkmtw>rRpXRql’k;,RpJ;_yJ;u±l>vXuvHRxH;M.vDRI w>&J.w>usJRtHRynd.ym0JvXu,Hm0JxJCd;EGH{dR<b.q.,Hm0JvXoXeH.twD>ylRngM.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>trJ&uRy’d.vJRwh>vDRrh.yd>vXuD>bH.,J;e.td.vXtw.wuuGJ>ngM.vDRI

zJ 1969 eH.tylR[dcFH.rhpl;uGHmto;M.vDRI

=101=


rD.pH.wdtd.zsJ.xD.zJvg’H.pJbX. 26oD 1893eH.teHRvXySRrk>qh.rk>*DR’l.zdxXzdw’l.tylRvX±Sg{d.±Sgo0D (Shaoshan)< vX[l.e. (Hunan) uD>&h.tylRM.vDRI ty>rh>ySRvXtod.oDw>CH;‘d.r;’D;rD.pH.wdnDEk>xD’gty>tw>[H;w>pdw>urDRM.vDRI wbsDM.rD.pH.wdwJ0JvX<?,y>rRvdb.w>vXuFdcHeH.’D;t0Jz;vHmb.*hR*hRvXuymuDRCmvHmt*D>M.vDRI rhrh>,rd>wcDwohvHmeDwzsX.b.I t0Joh.cH*RvXmtySR[H.zdCDzdM.rh>’.ySRrk> qh.rk>*DRzdvDRI ,JwcD,rh>,ySR[H.zdCDzdtySRul.b.ul.ohw*RvDRI ,oh.ngw>uGJ;vXt*hRwz.< b.q.,o;wpJz;tDRb.I w>vX

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usdt*D>tvD>td.vXw>ub.zD.xD.usdvDRI}}

"War can only be abolished through war, and in orderto get rid of the gun it is necessary to take up the gun."

]]ok;rk>wzkvXtwtd.'D;tw>qJ;w>vRM.rh>ok;rk>vXtw>oh.nge>yX>wtd.b.M.vDRI

Aok;rk>vXtw>oh.nge>yX>wtd.b.M.rReXRt'k.t'gwohb.I}}

"An army without culture is a dull-witted army, anda dull-witted army cannot defeat the enemy."

]]ySRursX>çA'D;xJ'.ySRursX>M.çArh>ok;rk>wz.vXtol.ql.o;*JRvXw>'k;td.xD.

[D.cd.w>pH.pdRwJpdRM.vDRI}}

"The people, and the people alone, are the motive forcein the making of world history."

rD.pH.wdA(1893=1976)

pH.wd (Mao Zedong) vXtrh>cdcd.ySRrR pHmzdw*RtzdcGgwDcdd.&d.rJw±l;cD.rFLeH;t

w>[l;w>*JRvX 1930eH.’D; 1940eH.twD>ylR’D;uJxD.ySRyXqSXw±l;uD>zJ 1949eH.M.vDRI

rD.

=102=


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rD.pH.wdp;xD.rRvdb.0JcD.zFL±SX.oEltw>uGJ;b.C;uD>pH.tw>pH.pdRwJpdRwz.< tvHmtvJ>yDngwz.< ‘D;tw>qdurd.yDngwz.M.vDRIzJt0Jp;xD.rRvdw>tcgto&.orgwz.od.vdph>uD;tDRb.C;’D;ySR’k;td.xD.uhRcD.zFL±SX.oElvXtvJRxD.vJRxDtw>qdurd.wz.M.vDRI zJ 1911eH.M.rD.pH.wdvJRok;tvD>qluD>&h.t0h>cd.0h>cFJ±S.(Changsha)< ‘D;uJxD.0JxHzdup>uD>tok;zdw*RzJw>yX>qXxD’g%S›(if)(Qing) pDRyRtpdRtcgM.vDRI zJrD.pH.wdtd.vX0h>cFJ±S.tqXuwD>t0JCkz;vHmb.C;uD>rk>Ekmtw>qdurd.yDngwz.< ’D;vHmw>upD.’D;uFXeX>wz.rh>w>vXxd.[l;xd.*JRxD.ph>uD;to;’d.r;vDRI

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=103=


cDzsd&X±Sgtw>yX>qXtw>xd.[l;xd.*JRtCdzJvg,lR 1921eH.vX0h>±SJ.[g (Shanghai) tylRw>’k;td.xD.w±l;cD.rFLeH;y.wH.< ud;ph>uD;0JvXpH.pH.zH>tu&X (Chinese Communist Party) ‘D;rD.pH.wdrh>u&XzdtqduwX>tusgw*RvDRIvXtgeH.twD>ylRrD.pH.wd’D;twHRoud;wz.ysdmrRxGJvJM>(ef)tw>qdurd.vXt*JRvdmyX>qXw>’D;rReXRw>vXuD>&X%SgtylRM.vDRI t0Joh.*h>vdm0JvX< vXuD>th%SX.tylR'fod;w>urR'd.xD.vJ>xD.w>yX>qXtu%l>t*D>t&h'd.vXw>ub.rRtDRvXcdcd.w>vD>wz.tylRtgM>'H;vX0h>wz.tylRM.vDRI

rD.pH.wd[l;*JRrRw>’fxH±l>uD>oJ;ySRu&Xu&dw>w*RvX±SJ.[gt0h>ylRM.vDRI cDzsdvXpd.bH.,J;pXzSd.u&XvXuD>&X%SgwcDtw>rRpXRtCdtJ.uvkmu&Xy.wH.vXtud;0JvXuDrhw. (Kuomintang) rR’d.xD.tw>pdw>urDRvXw%l;uD>tylRuG‹>uG‹>vDRI w>u&Xu&dtHRtcd.vXtrHRrh>pl;,J.pg (Sun-Yat-Sen) pl;uGHmto;zJvgrm±S; 12oD 1925 eH.teHRM.vDRI0HR’D;cF.uH.%S›; (Chiang Kai-Shek) uJxD.uhRw>u&Xu&dtHRtcd.vXtvD>M.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>cF.uH.%S›;p;xD.[l;*JRrRysDuGHmySRcD.rFLeH;zdwz.vXw>u&Xu&dtHRtylRM.vDRI vXw>M.tCd< ySRcD.rFLeH;zdvXtwl>b.w>‘D;ylRzsJ;xD.zJpdRt0JM.wz.p;xD.u&Xu&dxD.to;’D;’k;td.xD.0JuFH,gpH.pd.bH.,J; (Jiangxi Soviet) tu&XvDRI

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ySRvJRw>zdoh.wz.tHRvJRcDzsdb.0Jw>uDw>cJe;e;usHRusHRvDRI weHRM.

=104=


t0Joh.vJRw>M> 50rH;vm’D;zJvgtD;uxdbX. 20oD< 1935eH.teHRM.t0Joh.vJRwkRql0h>±SJpH. (Shensi) M.vDRI w>w,mvXySRvXtrl’H;wz.teD.*H>td.wh>uhRxJ 30<000uv;*RvXt[;w>vD>pDRpkRtrH;vm8<000 M.vDRI

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cD.rFLeH;wz.rRM>yX0JxHuD>vJ>xD.uU>uU>'D;zJ 1949eH.vgtD;uxdbX.1 oDteHRrD.pH.wdbd;b.&RvDR0Jw>ol.xD.qDvDRuhRw%l;uD>ursX>xHzd

=105=


up>uD>M.vDRI

zJ 1958eH.tylRrD.pH.wdbd;b.&RvDRvXuqJ;rRw>t’d.trk>vXtrh>w>rR’d.xD.w>ol.w>zs;’D;w>zH;w>rRwz.M.vDRI w>rRtd.xD.uhRw>wdmusJRtHRy.Ckm’D;w>’k;td.xD.w>rRoud;w>vXw>ol.w>zs;t’d.trk>tylRvXySRt*R 75<000 y.CkmrRoud;w>M.vDRI ySRrRoud;w>wz.td.’D;t0Joh.tup>’.0JtpHmysD’D;tpJ;zDu[.w>rRvD>wz.vDRI ‘l.zdxXzdw’l.pkmpkm’d;M>b.w>rRtw>M>bsK;wz.’D;t0Joh.td.ph>uD;’D;teD>up>t*D>w>vD>zdwu0DRM.vDRI ‘fvJ.*hR< rh>vXoXeH.twD>ylRxH’d.’D;tw>ol.w>zs;[;*lm[;*DR’d.r;tCdtw>xk;xD.w>ol.w>zs;tolto.wz.pSRvDR0Je;e;uvJmvDRI ‘D;cDzsdvXpd.bH.,J;uD>pXzSd.qXwJm’D;xk;uGHmtySRul.ohul.b.tgtg*D>vXxHvD>uD>ylRtCdrRb.’dph>uD;tw>td.o;M.vDRI w>tpXvXt[Jtd.xD.M.rh>0Jw>[;*lm[;*DR’d.’d.rk>rk>M.vDRI w>w,mvXzJw>qJ;rRw>t’d.trk> (Great Leap

Forward) tqXuwD>ySRvXto;orlb.vDRr>uGHmM.utd.vXySRt*R31 ql 33 uuGJ>tbX.pXRM.vDRI

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=106=


xH±l>uD>oJ;w>rRtylRzJt0Jp;xD.’k;td.xD.vk>v>w>qJ;w>vRtw>yX>qXM.vDRI zJvg’H.pJbX. 3oD< 1966eH.teHRM.vhbJ{d.xD.wJvDRw>’D;[h.*H>[h.bgwDRxDuFdzd’D;cDvh.uFdzdwz.vXuyJRtXyJRoDcd.e>wz.vXeH.uH;w.jcL.±SJ;tw>qdurd.vk>bXt0Joh.to;wz.M.vDRI

vXrD.pH.wdtw>ud;o}wDxD.tCd< wDRxDuFdzdvX0h>yH.uhwz.p;xD.u&Xu&dxD.to;vXtu±l>wz.’D;ud;vDRto;vXw%l;*DRok;M.vDRI rD.pH.wdymyeD.wl>vdm0Ju±l>oh.wz.tHR< ‘D;wDRxDuFdzd’D;zF.pdrdRuFdzdvXxHvD>uD>ylRwz.u&Xu&dxD.to;cs›o’H;’k;td.xD.0Jw%l;*DRok;wz.tgtg*D>*D>M.vDRI uFdzdoh.wz.tHRp;xD.yJRtXyJRoD0JuFdo&.wz.< uFdtySRyXqSXw>cd.e>wz.< ‘D;y’d.yyS>wz.M.vDRI zJvgtDul; 18oD< 1966eH.zJw>uG>u’guhRvXtb.w>rRtDRzJ0h>yH.uhxH,gegrJpuGJ (Beijing’s

Tiananmen Square) tcgw>ymzsgvXrD.pH.wd’d;M>b.0Jw%l;*DRok;vXtuuGJ>wz.M.vDRI w>[h.vDRw>uvk>vXuFdwz.ub.qduwD>uGHmto;’D;uFdzdvXxHvD>uD>ylRcJvXmu[Jql0h>yH.uhvXuxH.b.rD.pH.wdvXySRtg*RbgtDR’fySR’lySRCdRvXtvDR*mup>,GRw*Rtod;t*D>M.vDRIuFd{dRuD.{dR’D;zF.pdrdRoh.wz.b.qduwD>uGHmto;p;xD.vX 1966 eH.wkRvX 1969 eH.M.vDRI rD.pH.wdwJe>yX>uFdzdoh.wz.b.C; ’D;<?rRobSH;w>vD>vHRvGH>rHR/vXtrh>w>xH.w>qdurd.vD>vHR< w>qJ;w>vRvD>vHR< xloElvD>vHR’D;vk>v>vD>vHRwz.M.vDRI w>wXxD.wXvDRtd.xD.cDzsdw%l;*DRwz.rR[;*DRw>bgtvD>wz.< ‘GJvRw>ul.ohtw>zH;w>rRwz. (‘ftrh>w>*DRvXw>whtDRwz.< vHm{dRvJ>{dRwz.’D;w>ud;rHR’J;vXtb.xGJ’D;vk>v>xloEl’D;xH*kRuD>*Rtw>qJ;w>vRwz.) M.vDRI cd.e>vXt&h’d.Ckm’D;w%l;*DRtok;wz.rRoud;w>vXw>rRoHrR0DySRwhw>*DRzdwz.< ySRuGJ;vHmzd’D;ySRvXqJ;usXqJ;uds;bs;pJvdmo;’D;xH*kRuD>*Roh.wz.M.vDRI ySRvXtwl>b.w>oh.wz.wcDw>yJRtXyJRoDtDRvXySRursX>trJmng< w>rRrJmqS;rRqH;vDRpSRvDRtvRuyDR’D;w>rR

=107=


qgy,GJteD>cdvXw>td.zSd.wz.tylR< ‘D;qXuwD>tHRb.w>oh.ngtDR’ftrh>w>wl>b.cD.b.tuwD>M.vDRI ySRul.b.ul.oh’ftrh>ySRuGJ;vHmzdvgtd;±S›. (Laoshe) ‘D;ySRuGJ;w>pH.pdRwJpdR0l;[. (Wu Han) wz.rh>ySRvXty.CkmvXySRwl>b.w>vXtuxdwz.tuxdtusgvXtb.w>rRoH rhwrh> b.oHb.yS>cDzsdw%l;*DRtok;tw>rRy,GJtCdvDRI ySRtg*Rb.vDRqlCdmylR< rhwrh>b.wcDw>rXql.tDRvXurRw>tuk>tySRtw>rRwz.M.vDRI

y'd.vXtpl;ugwcDwXRoElwz.ymyeD.y’d.yyS>vXtwtd.’D;wcDwXRoElto;wz.vXurR’X.rRy,GJ0Jt*D>M.vDRI vH,l.±SD%SH.vXtuJxD.w±l;uD>cd.vXrD.pH.wdtvD>rh>cd.e>vXtwtd.’D;wcDwXRoElto;w*RM.vDRI vXvH,l.%SD%SH.tw>rRb.vdmw>*h>uDtusJoElwqDb.wqDtylR< w>vdmuGD>tDRvXt0Jrh> ?w±l;uD>usd.phup>oEltySReJ.usJtcD.xH;uwX>w*R</ ‘D;rh>ph>uD;ySR,d;u’gbDqlrD.pH.wdttd.M.vDRI t0Jpl;uGHmto;zJ 1969eH.vXw>’k;CmtCdmylRM.vDRI ySRvXtb.xGJ’D;vH,l.tusJoEl’ftrh>‘J(if)pg{d.zh (Deng Xiaoping) wz.b.w>xk;xD.uGHmtDRvXy’d.tvD>tvRylR0HRw>wh>Ekmt0Joh.qlCdmylR rhwrh> [DxD.uGHm0JvXxHvD>uD>ylRM.vDRI ok;cd.vhbg{d. (Lin Biao)< vXtrh>ySRvXttd.ySdRrD.pH.wdtw>qJ;w>vRw>yX>qXtusJoElM.xD.uhRvXrD.pH.wdtvD>’fuD>cd.w*Rtod;zJ 1969eH.tylRM.vDRI

zJ 1967eH.vXw±l;*DRtxXylRM.w>th.vdmqd;uhtd.xD.vXw±l;*DRtok;rk>< ud;0JvXxHzduD>zdw>xl.zsJ;ok;rk>’d. (zH.tJvfth.= People’s Libe-

-ration Army) tylRtCdw>ud;zSd.uhRt0Joh.vXutd.uhRwylRCD’D;u&Xu&dxD.uhRto;M.vDRI vX 1967 eH.’D; 1969 eH.twD>ylRySRt*RvXtuxdwz.b.oHb.yS>cDzsdw>pkql.cD.wu;uJxD.to;vXw±l;*DRtzktu&XtbX.pXR< ‘D;vXw±l;*DR’D;ok;rk>’d.tbX.pXRM.vDRI vX

=108=


tuzD.CH;xD.uhRw>td.o;t*D>rD.pH.wd’D;tySRrRoud;w>wz.ymvDRy’d.tw>u&Xu&dwz.vXutd.vXxHzduD>zdw>xl.zsJ;ok;rk>’d.w>yXtzDvm’D;p;xD.’k;td.xD.u’D;tw>qJ;w>vRw>yX>qXtoDwcgvXtud;0JvX ?w>[;0hR0DRrRuqSDxD.vD>vRtywD>wz./ M.vDRI p;xD.vX 1969 eH.tylRy’d.yyS>’D;ySRul.b.ul.ohvXttd.vX0h>ylRwz.b.w>qSXt0Joh.qlcdcd.w>vD>vXurRw>rRvXte;< ’D;’fod;urRvdb.rD.pH.wdtw>zH;w>rRt*D>M.vDRI ySRo;p>vX0h>ylRvXto;td. 16‘D; 19 eH.tbX.pXRwz.w>qSXzsd;t0Joh.qlcdcd.w>vD>wz.’fod;u’d;od.vdto;vXySRcdcd.zdwz.ttd.M.vDRI [H.zdCDzdwz.xDbdw>ymvDRz;t0Joh.’D;rXql.t0Joh.vXutd.vXw>td.o;vXte;e;usHRusHRtylRpDRpkR,HRvdmo;w*R’D;w*RvXtrHRvmvXtuxdwz.M.vDRI t0Joh.wz.'d;M>w>ysJvXu[JuhRu'guhRt*D>wohb.tCdySRo;p>tg'Htg*Rb.td.wh>vXcdcd.w>vD>wz.tylRvXtgeH.twD>ylRM.vDRI

zJeH. 1970 wz.p;xD.oDoDtqXuwD>rD.pH.wdqJ;*JRvdmrRvXySJRtw>ynd.vXtrh>w>rRpSRvDRrk>usdR0JRuGmtw>wvXwySJRvX0h>’D;cdcd.w>vD>wz.tbX.pXRM.vDRI ySR0h>zdtzdtvHRoh.wz.b.td.qd;’D;rRw>vXySRcdcd.yS>v>usgzdoh.wz.tusgvDRI rhrh>ySRcdcd.yS>v>usgySRzH;w>rRw>zd’D;ySRok;zdtzdtvHRoh.wz.xD.rRvdb.w>vXuFdvXw>td;xD.u’guhRtDRzJt0Joh.rRvdb.rD.pH.wdtw>zH;w>rRt*h>wz.’D;ySRcdcd.yS>v>usgzdtw>zH;w>rRM.vDRI uFdzdvXtuxdwz.’d;M>b.*H>cD.xH;uoH.w>rRvd’D;uJxD.uoH.o&.[;0hR0DR< vJRCDR0Jqlcdcd.w>vD>’D;[h.vDR0J*H>cD.xH;ql.cs›rRpXRqlySRcdcd.yS>v>usgzdvXtw’d;M>b.ql.cs›rRpXReDwbsDttd.M.vDRI 0h>’d.0h>xDtw>qJ;w>vRwz.b.w>qDwvJuhRtDRqlw>yX>qXtw>*JRuvH.< w>*JR'd*JRwJm‘D;vHmvJ>yDngwz.’D;w>oh.wz.tHRb.w>’k;td.xD.tDRcDzsdrD.pH.wdtrgvGH>*Rw*RvXtrh>uFH,g%SH(if) (Jiang Qing) tusd.phw>qD.xGJtCdvDRI w>rRtoDwrHRtHR’k;eJ.

=109=


zsgxD.0JySRcdcd.yS>v>usgzdtw>*JRvdm’D;[h.vRuyDR0JySRyXRvD>qh.eDRrD.pH.wdM.vDRI

zJw>qJ;w>vRtw>yX>qXtw>xH.wcDwXRw>wz.[;*DRuGHmzJ 1970eH.wz.tcX.o;tqXuwD>t*h>tusdR’D;tusJoElweDRqJ;rR’H;’.w>to;M.vDRI zJM.rD.pH.wdqD.xGJu’guhRySRvGH>*Rtu±l>< vXtrh>uFH,g%SH(if) (rD.pH.wdtrg)< 0J(if)[D0J(ef) (Wang Hongwen)< ,g{d.0J,l0>(Yao Wenyuan) ‘D;pJ(if)cFX%SH;,d. (Zhange Chungqiao) wz.M.vDRI zJy.wH.tzkwqHcDu&J;w>td.zSd.z;’d.zJ 1973eH.0HRtvD>cHySRwcDwXRoElzdvGH>*RtHRyXb.0JtvD>tvRySJR’D;w>pdw>urDRvXzdvH;bl&d. (Polit-

buro) M.vDRI zJrD.pH.wdoHzJ 1976eH.0HRtvD>cH< trguFH,g%SH(if) ’D;ySRvGH>*Rtu±l>zdt*Rwz.b.w>zD.M>tDRvXtrRur.w>tCd’D;rR[;*DRtxHtuD>tCdph>uD;M.vDRI uFH,g%SH(if)wcDw>tk.o;vXttd.’D;w>ur.tCdw>pH.nD.vXw>urRoHtDR< b.q.vXcHuhRw>’k;vDRtDRqlCdmylRwpdRo;M.vDRI w>zD.t0Joh.wbsDtHRw>bd;b.&RvDRzd;oJp;vXtw>[l;w>*JRwuwX>’H;b.< wkRvX 1981 eH.r;ySRvGH>*Rtu±l>tHRw>tk.o;ymw>ur.t0Joh.vXtw>ur.tCd< ‘D;cD.rFLeH;y.wH.u&XvXtb.w>yXqSXtDRvX’J(if)pD.(0f)yh. (Deng Xiaoping) pH.nD.uGHmw>qJ;w>vRtw>yX>qXM.vDRI

rD.pH.wdoHvX0h>yH.uhzJvgpJ;ywhbX.xD. 9 oD< 1976 eH.teHRM.vDRI

zJ 1949=1975eH.tbX.pXRzJrD.pH.wdtok;rDRpd&dRy’d.yX w>tpdRM.w>w,mvXySRvXtb.pl;uGHmto;orlcDzsdrD.pH.wdtzDvpH.tCdM.utd.vXySR 54< 750<000 ql 56<900< 000 *RtbX.pXRngM.vDRI

=110=


zJ 1923eH.cDzsdvXt0J[H;M>ql.xHuD>w>pdw>urDRtCdb.C.uGHm0J< ‘D;wuwD>CDrReXRuhRw>cDzsdvX’H.rd.u&h.pH.tusJM.vDRI zJt0Jtw>pdw>urDR’d.pdtqXuwD>t0J-wLmuGHm0Ju,J>rh>ySRvXtxD’gtDRwz.’D;’k;td.xD.0Jtw>wdmusJRvXttd.’D;w>xH.w>uG>pdb.C;’D;w>vk>bX[D.cd.’D;w>rRvDRwlmuGHmySR,l’Rzdoh.wz.M.vDRI

t’d;(zf)[h;wvX>td.zsJ.xD.zJvgthjzh.xD. 20oD< 1889eH.vXtD;p}xH,.t0h>qH;qH;zdvXtbl;’D;uFXreH.uD>qXM.vDRI [h;wvX>trd>ty>cH*RvXmrh>ySRvXt[JvXySRrk>qh.rk>*DRzdt‘l.zdxXzdtylRM.vDRI ty>tJ

]]w>vXySR*h>0Db.xGJw>vd.M.rh>w>ymzsgxD.w>tD&DmtDyD'D;w>o;ok.t*h>M.vDRI}}

"Humanitarianism is the expression of stupidity and cowardice."

]]w>vH.w>vDM.rR'd.xD.tDRçArRtDR,d,dçAwJ0HRwJuhRtDR'D;t0Joh.uem0JwbsDCDvDRI}}

"Make the lie big, make it simple, keep saying it, and eventually theywill believe it."

]]w>t&h'd.tqduwX>vXw>uJxD.vd.xD.t*D>M.rh>w>'k;td.xD.w>rRwysKmwysDRw>t

w>rR xDbdçAvXttd.*X>cX.oeX.'D;vXtuwX>wtd.b.M.vDRI}}

"The very first essential for success is a perpetually constant andregular employment of violence."

t'd;(zf)[h;wvX> A(1889=1945)’d;(zf)[h;wvX> (Adolf Hitler) rh>ySRtD;p}xH,.zdvXtuvk>ohuwdRb.< wJw>wxH.

tw>uwdRxk;M>ySRto;’D;ySRtd.ySdRtDR’D;tw>td.xD.td.vDRph>uD;xk;M>ySRtg*Rto;M.vDRI zJeH.1920 ‘D;eH. 1930 p;xD.oDwz.tylRzJySR*h>0D< xH±l>uD>oJ;’D;rk>usdR0JRuGm*kRxD.yoDxD.tcgt0Jtw>pdw>urDR[J’d.xD.vXuD>uFXreH.tylRM.vDRI

t

=111=


vGJ;(pf)[h;wvX> (Alois Hitler) M.td.zsJ.xD.'fzdvXty>wtd.tod;cDzsdtrd> ([h;wvX>tzH) rh>ySRrRw>vXySR[H.'D;'XorlxD.'D;[H.up>ydmcGgtCdM.vDRI tJvGJ;(pf)[h;wvX>rh>ph>uD;ySRohySRb.vXttd.vXySJR’D;w>rk>v>uG>pdw*R'D;vXcHuhRuJxD.b.cdoGJ0JRusdRty’d.o;yS>w*RM.vDRI

zJ[h;wvX>rRvdw>vXwDRzk.uFdtqXuwD>tw>usJ;pX;tolto.[JzsgxD.*hR’d.r;’D;zsgvXcgqlngtw>rRvdrR’d;t*D>w>cGJ;*hR,mb.td.ymvDRvHto;vXtrJmngM.vDRI vXtwHRoud;uFdzdoh.wz.tusgt0Jrh>ySRvXtrHR[lo.zsg’D;ySRtJ.tDRo;vDtDRcDzsdt0Jtd.ph>uD;’D;cd.e>w>wDcd.&d.rJtuH>tpDwz.tCdM.vDRI t0Jrh>ph>uD;zdo.w*RvXttd.’D;w>em,dm’d.r;vXw>bl.w>bgtylRM.vDRI vXCkvgtwD>ylR[h;wvX>vJRtd.bl;’D;bJeH;’H;xh(ef) (Benedictine) tzF.z;’d.wzsX.M.vDRI zF.z;’d.wzsX.tHRtw>yeD.vXttd.zsg’d.uwX>M.rh>0JpG;pwH;c.(Swastika)

tw>yeD.M.vDRI ‘ftrh>o;p>w*Rtod;[h;wvX>tw>rHrD>qdymM.rh>0JvXtuuJxD.oDcg (pDRoD) ‘D;rRw>bl.w>bgtw>rRM.vDRI

zJ[h;wvX>rRvdw>vXwDRxDuFdz;’d.wzsX.tylRtcgrh>vXuFdzdvXtzsd;pd’D;jyXw>tgtCdt0Jwrh>vXRySRzsd;pduwX>vXtwDRylRvXRb.< vXw>*h>tHRtCdt0Jw*kmusJ;pX;w>vXRb.I ty>o; ‘d.xD.tDRrh>vXty>td.’D;w>ynd.z;’d.vXt*D>vXzJt0JzsdxD.tcguEkmvDRrRw>vXtD;p}xH,.ursX>w>zH;w>rRtylRM.vDRI rh>emouh’fM.’D;[h;wvX>rh>’f’.zdvXtElRuh.e>,GR< ‘D;trd>ty>o&.orgtd.’D;w>ynd.vXt0JuvJvdmuGHmtw>ymo;vXtw>rRvdtylRb.q.w>uJxD.uJxDwrRto;eDwrHRb.I vXtwHRoud;wz.tusgph>uD;[h;wvX>trHRw[lo.wzsgvXRb.I t0Joh.wtJ.’d;ymtDR’ftuFdzdcd.e>tusgw*Rtod;vXRb.I [h;wvX>o;pJb.C;w>[h.vDRw>uvk>’D;rRvXmtw>qXuwD>’D;uFdzdvXto;p>M>tDRwz.M.vDRI zJ 1900 eH.wkRCDRtcg[h;wvX>t’GJvRw>ul.oh’ftrh>ySRwhw>*DRw*Rtod;M.[Jtdd.zsgxD.0J’.M.vDRI

=112=


[h;wvX>to;td.wqHoXeH.zJty>oHo’.uGHmtDRtqXuwD>M.vDRIty>tw>oHtHRw[h.tySR[H.zdCDzdvXw>uDw>cJb.C;usd.phtw>[JEkmb.< t0Joh.t[H.zdCDzdtd.’D;teD>up>t[H.’.0J’D;t0Joh.’d;M>ph>uD;ursX>w>zH;w>rRusd.phw>qD.xGJw>[h.o;unDRwpSRb.M.vDRI t0J[;xD.uGHmuFdzJto;td. 16eH.tqXuwD>rh>vXtw>td.ql.td.cVw*hRb.’D;tw>zH;w>rRvXuFdph>uD;w*hRb.tCdM.vDRI

zJ[h;wvX>to;td.wqHCd;eH.tqXuwD>t0J’d;M>b.w>M>ogvXty>ymvDRwJmM>tDRoh.wz.M.vDRI t0J’d;M>b.ph’D;vJRtd.vJRqd;uhR0Jql0h>bH,Jeg (Vienna) ‘D;&J.usJR0JvXuuJxD.’GJvRw>ul.ohtuFdzdw*RM.vDRI [h;wvX>td.’D;w>qdurd.t’d.t,dmvXw>ohw>b.tylR’D;zJ0h>bH,Jeg’GJvRw>ul.b.ul.ohtuFd (Vienna Academy of Art) wwl>vdmtw>ywHxD.tcgt0Jo;[;*lm[;*DR0J’.M.vDRI t0JywHxD.ph>uD;ql0h>bH,Jegw>ol.xD.bSDxD.tuFd (Vienna School of Architecture) b.q.w>wwl>vdmtDRb.rh>vXt0Jwtd.’D;zsduFdtvHmtk.o;b.tCdvDRI

cDzsd[h;wvX>tw>ywHxD.cHbsDvXmtHRwb.w>wl>vdmtDRb.tCdt0JrJmqS;e;e;uvJm’D;u[JuhR’k;oh.ngtrd>vXw>rRto;’D;tDR’fvJ.t*D>[JuhR0Jwbl.vXRb.I tcX.p;t0Jtd.qd;’f’.w>vX0h>bH,JegtylR’D;ymrRto;vXtrh>’GJvRw>ul.b.ul.ohuFdzdw*RM.vDRI

zJ 1909eH.tqXuwD>[h;wvX>ub.oDGvDRtrHRvXok;*h>0Dw>zH;w>rRtylRM.vDRI t0JwtJ.‘d;[H;rl’gvXuD>tD;p}xH,.< vXtwtJ.’d;0Jt*D>b.I tCdy’d.tvHmy&Xbd;b.oh.ngvXtwkRvXttd.wz.ymr>uGHm0J’.M.vDRI ySRb.rlb.’gwz.b.usJ;pX;0JvXvGH>eH.twD>ylR’fod;u’d;M>b.tw>tX.vDRrRoud;w>M.vDRI vXcHuwX>zJ 1914eH.t0JvJR’d;uG>to;rRuG>tw>td.ql.td.cVvXuEkmvDRvXtD;p}xd.[Xug

=113=


&,>ok;rk> (Austro–Hungarian army) tylRt*D>vDRI t0Jwb.w>wl>vdmtDRcDzsd< ?t0Jw-uX;’D;w>[H;xD.zD.xD.rl’gvXw>’k;w>,R’D;rRpXRw>b.< t0Jt*H>p>’d.r;vDRI pdmw>pku0JRoh.wz.wM>b.</tCdvDRI

[D.cd.w>’k;wXwbsDp;xD.oDtqXuwD>rh>w>cGJ;*hR,mb.wrHRvX[h;wvX>up;xD.oDtw>rRM.vDRI t0J’d;M>b.w>cGJ;w>,mvXuEkmvDRy.CkmvXw>tk.o;b.C;uD>uFXreH.rh>xHuD>vXt‘d.pdM>’f,l&yRxHuD>t*Rwz.t*h>M.vDRI [h;wvX>qSXxD.tvHmywHxD.wbh.’fod;uoGDEkmtrHRvXb.bg&h,> (Bavarian) tok;rk>tylRvDRI [h;wvX>xD.ok;w>rRvdpSRM>’H;cHvgtwD>ylR0HRtok;&h.b.cD.qX’k;w>tqduwX>wbsDzJtbl;’D;0h>tH_zJ;(pf) (Ypres)< xD’g}bH;xH;(±Sf) ‘D;bJ(vf)uFH,> (Belgian)

tok;rk>wz.M.vDRI vXw>’k;tylRw>c;tDRbl;ub.< ‘D;to;orlylRzsJ;wbsK;bsD< ‘D;w>[h.vRuyDRtDRvXxl.pkngx; (Iron Crosses) cHbh.’D;w>wD.xD.tvD>tvRqlok;puDR_yHtywD>M.vDRI tok;cd.uGJ;w>vXt*h>’ftHR<?’fySRvXtCh>w>cVw*Rtod;< t0JymzsgxD.tw>ol.’lo;’lto[D.< ‘D;to;vXwtd.’D;w>ol.ysHRo;zk;vXtvDRuG>vdM.vDRI vXw>b.,d.b.bSD’D;w>oHchoHySRtw>td.o;’d.’d.rk>rk>tylR< zJvDysHRw>qJ;usd;tusdRwJmuGHmcJvXmtqXuwD>< [h;wvX>tw>[l;w>*JRvXtwtd.’D;w>vDRbSH;vDRwDR’D;w>ysHRw>zk;b.tHRrRnDxD.usJvXw>*h>w>usdRvXt&h’d.wz.uwkRCDRbVbVqSDqSDt*D>M.vDRI/

w>’k;td.xD.ph>uD;ok;vDRqDobVu&X (Free Corps) vXtrh>*XRuD>tu&XwzkvXt’k;xD’gcD.rFLeH;tw>EkmvDRrRwysKmwysDRw>vXuD>uFXreH.tylRM.vDRI u&XtHRtu&Xzdwz.’k;td.xD.e;pH. (Nazi) tw>u&Xu&d?qhuRolC;/vXt[H;rl’gvXe;pH.y.wH.tok;rk>t*D>M.vDRI

[D.cd.w>’k;wXwbsD0HRtvD>cH[h;wvX>b.w>CkxXxD.tDRvXuEkm

=114=


vDRvXyh>qSgok;u±l>wzktylR< ‘D;t0J’d;M>b.trlt’gvXub.uG>[k.uG>pl.uFXreH.ySRrRw>zdy.wH.u&XM.vDRI y.wH.wzktHRt0JxH.0J’ftrh>pJ;zDu[.wzsX.vXuqSXtDRqltxH±l>uD>oJ;tw>rRwkRtuwX>M.vDRI tw>ol.uh.o;ugySR,l’RzdvXt’d.xD.uU>uU>tHRuJxD.uhRvXtw>u&Xu&dtxH±l>uD>oJ;w>rRusJcd.oh.tusgwrHRM.vDRI w>bd;b.&RvDRw>*h>w>usdRvXy.wH.w>td.zSd.wz.t*D>td.zsgxD.0JvXw>xD’gySR,l’Rzd (Anti-Semitic) vHmw>upD.wz.tylRM.vDRI [h;wvX>tw>ymo;’D;tw>uvk>ohuwdRb.xk;M>ySRo;tHRtd.zsgxD.vXw>td.zSd.zJw>rRtDRzJ 1919eH.vgtD;uxdbX. 16oDteHRM.vDRI

'fod;w>ol.'d.o;zsd;utd.xD.vXySRto;ylR'D;ySRub.o;'D;rk>v>w>vXtDRt*D>xDbd[h;wvX>[JwkRpJRcHvXw>td.zSd.tylRM.vDRI wcsK;vXtp;xD.uwdRvDRw>’fb.tcgt0JvJRxD.[H;M>tvD>vXysJ>pDRtzDcd.<qXxX.*X>wyX>ue.xHw>,>cD,>cD’D;td.cd;0JwkRvXw>woD.woJeDwrHRw>td.bO.,k>uvmr;p;xD.uwdRw>M.vDRI tcD.xH;wpd>zdM.zsgvXtol.ued;o;ued;’D;tw>uwdRtd.uwD>b.to;ylRxH.ylRxH.M.vDRI 0HR’D;t0Jp;xD.rR*X>xD.uhRto;u,Du,D’D;tw>td.xD.td.vDRtuh>t*DRvXtuwdRvDRw>tylRqDwvJuGHmto;M.vDRI t0Jp;xD.[l;0;,Dm,kR,Dm,kRqltHRqlb;’D;p;xD.uwdRw>wcDcD’k;eJ.pk’k;eJ.cD.wcDcDvDRI t0JuwdRvDRw>vXw>uvk>’d.uxgoGgtylR’D;uwdRrSHuwdRysD>w>b.C;w>wwDw-w>vXt[Jb.uD>uFXreH.M.vDRI 0HR’D;t0JuwdRql.xD.tySR’due.tDRwz.to;vXutd.’D;w>ol.[ho;[h’D;w>ol.uh.o;ugt*D>M.vDRI zJ[h;wvX>uwdRw>0HRtcgursX>wz.bl;xD.vXuysK>b.to;’D;rh>[h.ul.0J’fvJ.*hRb.q.t0Joh.urRxGJ0J'.M.vDRI

[h;wvX>uwdRvDRw>0HRtqXuwD>[;xD.uGHmvXysJ>pDRcd.wbsDCDcVo’H;’D;ySRwxH.tDRvXRb.I ySRu’dM>tDRw>*DRM.orX0J< ynd.0JvXu’k;

=115=


td.xD.’D;’k;vDRurXur.ySR*RvXt*h>< ‘D;tw>wdmtd.vXu[h.oq.xD.ySRtg*RvXu[J’D;e>[lb.ySRw*RvXySRwJzsgxD.t*h>’ftrh>?rhR±SHtRySRtk.uhRcD.uhRw>toD/w*Rtod;tw>pH.wJRwJvDRM.vDRI

[h;wvX>ty.wH.ySRrRw>zdwz.rRpXRtDR’D;t0JuGJ;y}wDm0Jty.wH.w>wdmusJRvXty.Ckmw>*h>cHqH,J>xH.M.vDRI w>uGJ;y}wDmtHRw>ymzsgxD.tDRvXursX>tw>td.zSd.tylRzJ 1920eH.vgzhR-bLRtg&H. 24oDteHR‘D;ySRo;td.[JxD.w>td.zSd.tgM>’H;t*R 2<000 M.vDRI w>*h> 25xH.tHRtusgy.Ckm’D;w>rR[;*DRuGHmbX>pJ(vf)w>tX.vDR (Versailles

Treaty)< w>[H;M>rRtgxD.w>M>bsK;vXw>’k;w>,Rt*D>< y’d.tw>[H;M>pl;ugursX>tw>vD>w>usJvXwtd.’D;w>vd;uhRtyOR< w>rR[;*DRySR,l’RzdtxHzduD>zdw>cGJ;w>,m< ‘D;w>[DxD.uGHmySR,l’Rzdwz.vXt[JEkmvDRtd.vXuD>uFXreH.tylRzJ[D.cd.w>’k;p;xD.tqXuwD>wz.M.vDRI

rhrh>y.wH.wzktHRtrHRwcDw>vJvdmuhRtDRql’Duvkmqd.±SJ.vh;uFXreH.ySRrRw>zdy.wH. (National Socialist German Worker’s Party)< ‘D;u&XwzktHRtw>yeD.rh>0JeD.w,>t*DRvXttd.’D;pG;pwH;c.tw>pJyeD.(e;pH>tw>yeD.) wbh.M.vDRI

vXvGH>eH.twD>ylRySRrh>wtJ.’d;ue.Ckm[h;wvX>txH±l>uD>oJ;w>uwdRvDRw>b.q.cJtHRt0Jtd.’D;tySR’due.w>zdtgtg*D>*D>vHM.vDRIxH±l>uD>oJ;tw>td.o;ph>uD;qDwvJuGHmto;M.vDRI zJ[D.cd.w>'k;wXwbsD0HRtuwD>uD>uFXreH.b.C.uGHmvXw>'k;tylR’D;xHzduD>zdwz.tw>rk>v>vXcgqlngt*D>pSRvDR0J'.M.vDRI vX0h>bX>pJ(vf)tylRw>rXM>qD.cHuFXreH.y’d.vXuqJ;pkyeD.vXw>rkmw>ck.tw>tX.vDRtylRvXtub.[h.vDRuGHmtw>yX 13rs;u,RM.vDRI w>tHRtcDynDrh>0Ju

=116=


b.[h.vDRuGHmtySRursX> 6uuGJ>*R’D;t[D.vmw>xl;w>wDRph>uD;ub.[h.vDRuGHm0Jtrs;u,RwpSRb. (‘ft rh> pX>ylRx;ylR 65rs;u,R<vX>oGJ.v; 45rs;u,R< ySm0g 72rs;u,R) ‘D;tpJ;zDu[.w>rRvD>10rs;u,RM.vDRI uFXreH.tcdvdeH.w>yXvXxH*kRuD>*Rph>uD;uvDRr>uGHm0J’.M.vDRI vXbX>pJ(vf)w>tX.vDRtylRymzsgxD.ph>uD;0JvXuFXreH.ub.vd;uhRw>[;*lm[;*DRvXw>’k;w>,RtCdtyORM.vDRI w>&J.w>usJRtHRcJvXmtd.xD.wkRvXuFXreH.xHvD>uD>ylRw>xl;w>wDR 38rs;u,RngM.vDRI

zJchcgqXuwD>M.tylR[h;wvX>wb.td.o,k>xJw*R{dRb.I uFXreH.tok;zdvXtvJRxD.rRvdw>vXttd.wz.[h.eDRvDRoud;w>*h>w>usdRb.C;[h;wvX>tw>xH.vXw>b.C.uGHmvXw>'k;wbsDtHRtzDcd.M.vDRI [h;wvX>tw>*h>w>usdRvXt[h.eDRvDR0Jwz.tySRok;zdxH.'D;oh.ng0J< wl>b.0JvXt0Joh.wwl>b.w>rJmqS;vXRb.I [h;wvX>wJb.t0Joh.vXvXw>’k;ysDtylRrwRr;wrR’X.rR[;*DRb.uFXreH.tok;rk>b.I emouhrh>vXySR,l’Rzd’D;r;pH. (Marxists) oElzdvXtyX>qXw>’D;*JRvdmrR[;*DRclol.w>vXw>’k;tylRwz.tw>,d;u’gbDqlt0Joh.ttd.tCdM.vDRI

zJ 1923eH.vged.0hbX. 8oDteHR[h;wvX>rRw>td.zSd.zJrXeH;(cFf)(Munich) bH,X>bsD.wzsX.tylR’D;wJzsgxD.0JvXuyX>qXu’guhRw>t*D>M.vDRI rRu’D;weHRt0JqSXok;rk> 2<000*R ?ulod;w>olC;/ ‘fod;uEkmvDR’k;bgbX&H,>y’d.t*D>vDRI b.q.[h;wvX>b.w>zD.M>tDR’D;w>wh>EkmvDRqlCdmylRvX0h>vJpbX; (Landsberg) M.vDRI w>pH.nD.tDRvXt0Jub.vDRqlCdmylR,J>eH.M.vDRI emouht0JvDRb.qlCdmylRxJcGHvg{dR’D;ySRys>xD.uGHmtDRM.vDRI zJt0Jtd.vXCdmylRtqXuwD>p;xD.uGJ;0JvHmtcD.xH;wu}wL>vXtrh>rh(ef)cg(zf) (Mein Kampf) M.vDRI

=117=


vHmtHRtu}wL>cHb.w>xk;&RvDRtDRzJ 1927eH.M.vDRI zJ[D.cd.w>’k;cHbsDwbsDp;xD.tcgvHmtHRySRyORz;tDRtbh.,J>uuGJ>qltzDcd.M.vDRI

vXrh(ef)cg(zf)tvHmylR[h;wvX>uGJ;zsgxD.0JtxH±l>uD>oJ;w>qdurd.oh.wz.M.vDRI t0JymzsgxD.0JvXySRuFXreH.zd (vXw>urlRur.tylRuGJ;zsg0J’ftrh>tg&H,> [Aryan] uvkm’l.) rh>uvkmwuvkmvXtywD>xDM>uvkm*Rwuh>t*h>wz.M.vDRI ?w>uGJ;eD.uGJ;Cgud;rHR’J;vXtb.C;’D;ySR[D.cd.zdtw>qJ;w>vR< ‘GJvRw>ul.b.ul.ohtw>rR< pJth.’D;w>pkohtw>ohw>b.vXyxH.b.vXrk>rqgweHRtHRwz.cJvXmC.C.rh>’.ySRtg&H,>zdtw>rRM.vDRI/

zJ[h;wvX>xl.zsJ;xD.uGHmvXCdmylR0HRtvD>cHt0JqXwJmvDRto;vXu[H;M>uGHmxHuD>w>pdw>urDR’fxHuD>w>bsXoJp;cd.oh.tod;< ‘D;wrh>b.vXw>pku0JRtusJb.M.vDRI zJ 1930eH.w>rRxHuD>w>zD.w>z;trl;tcg[h;wvX>te;pH.y.wH.rRM>w>z;vXtrHR[lo.zsg 18 rs;u,RM.vDRI zJ 1932eH.M.t0JuJxD.uD>cd.’D;rReXRw>z; 30rs;u,RM.vDRI

wkRCDRvX 1937eH.wbsD’fusJoElvXtuGJ;zsg0JvXrh(ef)cg(ef)vHmtylRtod;< t0Jtd.uwDRvHto;vXu*JRvdmrRtd.xD.tw>&J.w>usJRt’d.trk>tHRtolto.M.vDRI zJw>rRz.&X>cDz&J;w>td.zSd.z;’d. (FÅhrer

Conference) zJvged.0hbX. 1937eH.tylRt0Jud;tySRvXtrRpXRw>vXok;*h>0Dcd.e>’d.xDuwX>wz.wylRCD’D;uGJ;&J.vDR0Jtw>&J.w>usJRvXu’d.pdvX[D.cd.csXt*D>M.vDRI ySRvXtxD’gw>&J.w>usJRwz.w>ywkmuGHmt0Joh.M.vDRI

t’d;(zf)[h;wvX>yXb.uD>uFXreH.vX 12eH.twD>ylRzJ[D.cd.w>’k;cHbsDwbsDtuwD>tHRySRb.oHb.[;r>uGHmt*RvXtuuGJ>M.vDRI vXw>tHRtCdt0JuJxD.pH.pdREkmtySRtXoHCd>oHvXySRo;[htDRt’d.uwX>

=118=


w*RvXw>pH.pdRwJpdR’DwuwD>tylRM.vDRI zJ 1933eH.t0JuJxD.xHuD>tudwdmtqXuwD>t0JqduwD>uGHmxHuD>w>bsXoJp;cd.oh.< ‘D;vXw>pkql.cD.wu;tylRqD.oeH;qD.vDRbXuGHmxH±l>uD>oJ;ySRxD’gtDRwz.0HRymxD.uhRe;pH> (Nazi) vXu[H;uGHmxHuD>tw>pdw>urDRt*D>M.vDRI t0JqDvDRymvDRtw>od.w>oDvXtoDwz.< Ckm’D;yXRuD>clol.tXoD(ud;0JvXuJ;px;zd.=Gestapo) wzk< ‘D;ol.xD.0JxH%l>uD>oJ;w>'k;CmvD>(concentration camps)* wz.vXurRoHzSd.ySR,l’Rzdwz.< ySRuFH;zpH.zd(Gypsies) wz.’D;xH±l>uD>oJ;ySRxD‘gw>wz.t*D>M.vDRI [h;wvX>txH*kRuD>*Rw>rRtzDvpH.vXttXoHe;oHtHRrh>w>vXt’k;td.xD.[D.cd.w>’k;cHbsDwbsDzJ 1939eH.M.vDRI zJw>’k;p;xD.oDtqXuwD>tw>&J.w>usJRtHRuJxD.vd.xD.M>tDR< emouhwkRCDRzJ 1942eH.tqXuwD>w>td.o;qDwvJuGHmto;M.vDRI ‘D;zJ 1945eH.M.od.rSHRtok;rk>wz.EkmvDRqluD>uFXreH.tylR’D;C.CDRtcd.ql0h>cd.0h>bXRvh(ef) (Berlin) M.vDRI vXw>’k;’DwuwD>tylRw>&J.w>usJRtd.vXw>ul.rRoH[h;wvX>wbsK;bsDb.q.w>uJxD.vd.xD.wtd.eDwrHRb.I owl>uvmzJw>td.o;zsgvXt0Joh.uC.uGHmvXw>’k;tylRwbsDtok;cd.*D>*h>vXttd.vXtcD.xH;wz.xH.vXtw>&J.w>usJRtHRtbsK;wtd.vXRtCdw’due.tDRvXRb.I tCdzJ 1945eH.vgthjzh. 30oDteHRt0JrRoHvDRuhRto;M.vDRI trgvXtoDw*RvXtrh>< tHbR}bD(ef) (Eva Braun)ph>uD;rRoHvDRuhRto;wylRCD’D;tDRM.vDRI

*Concentration camp rh>'Ju0DRzJw>vJRymySRvXtwzD.pku0JRwz.'ftrh>xH%l>uD>oJ; ySRCdmzd< ySRvXt[JvXxH*kRuD>*R< ySR,l'Rzd'D;t*Rtd.'ftgr;vDRI 'Ju0DRtHRw>ol. xD.'D;yXqSXtDRvXe;pH.ok;rDRpd&dRy'd.vXuD>uFXreH.tylRwcsK;vX[D.cd.w>'k;cHbsD wbsD'D;zJ[D.cd.w>'k;cHbsDwbsDzJ 1939=1945eH.twD>ylRM.vDRI

=119=


&d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)td.zsJ.xD.zJvgzhR-bLRtg&H. 6oD< 1911eH.vX0h>xJ;zH;ud. (Tampico)< thvhEGJ> (Illinois) uD>pJ.tylRM.vDRI ty>trHRrh>0JuFJ;(cf)&HuJ>(ef) (Jack Reagan) ‘D;trd>wcDeJvH.&HuJ>(ef) (Nelle

Reagan) M.vDRI t0Jtd.’D;t0J>cGgw*RvXtrHRrh>0JeH(vf) (Neil) M.vDRItrd>ty>ud;tDRvX ?’X;(cFf)/ rh>vXty>pH;0JvXtvDR*m’D;ySR’X;(cFf)zdvXtbD.’D;eD>qH;w*RtCdM.vDRI t0Joh.t[H.zdCDzdusd.phwtd.vXtd.ySJRtgv>uJmqd;b.tCdt0Joh.ok;CDRto;qlrk>Ekmw>vD>cX.o;wuyRvXuCkzH;CkrRb.t*D>vDRI zJ&d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)‘d.xD.wqDb.wqD’D;vXcHuwX>t0Joh.ol.vDRb.tw>td.w>qd;tvD>vX0h>’H;pX. (Dixon) zJthvhEGJ>uD>pJ.tylRM.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>&d.eJ(vf)0hv

]]ursX>w'k;td.xD.w>'k;wz.b.çArh>'.xHuD>y'd.vXt'k;td.xD.w>'k;M.vDRI}}

"People do not make wars; governments do."

]]erRpXRt0Joh.vXuxH.b.w>uyDRrh>wM>oXysXR'k;wl>t0Joh.vXw>ud>wuh>I}}

"When you can't make them see the light, make them feel the heat."

]]td.0;w&H;'D;ySRt*hRuwX>vXexH.M>tDRohwz.0HR[h.vDRw>pdw>urDR'D;rRwHmwmw>w*hRI}}

"Surround yourself with the best people you can find, delegateauthority, and don't interfere."

&d.eJ(vf) 0hvpX. &HuJ>(ef) A(1911=2004 )

eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef) (Ronald Wilson

Reagan) rh>wh>w>*DRrltcGg*JR’dw*RvXt*JRvdmuJxD.cJ.vH.zdeH,gtuD>pJ.cd.cHbsD0HRt0JuJxD.ph>uD;trJ&uRuD>cd.vGH>qH*Rw*RM.vDRI ‘fuD>cd.tod;ySRtg*Roh.eD.tDR’ftrh>cd.e>vXtrRrl’gvXySJRvXw>rRywkmuGHmw>’k;ck.’D;wuwD>CDtrk>usdR0JRuGmtusJoElvXttd.’D;w>*h>vdmbSDvdmM.vDRI

&d.

=120=


pX.&HuJ>(ef)to;td. 12eH.M.vDRI &d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)zsdxD.wDRxDuFdzJw>vD>t0JM.’D;zJtzdsxD.tcg’d;M>w>vRuyDRwz.vXtb.C;’D;w>vdmcd.vdmuGJ’D;w>[l;w>*JRvXw>od.vdtcsXt*Rwz.M.vDRI

zJ&d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)zsdxD.wDRxDuFd0HRtvD>cHvJRxD.rRvdu’D;w>vX,l.&J;u. (Eureka) cDvh.uFd, vXtb.w>yXqSX&J.usJRuwJmuwDRtDRvXc&Hmtw>rXzdwz.tu&X (Disciples of Christ) M.vDRI zJM.&d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)uJxD.0JuFdzdtcd.w*RM.vDRI vXuFdtw>’d;pJ;tr;wz.rh>w*hRuJmqd;xJM.b.q.zJ 1932eH.tylRt0JzsdxD.0J*hR*hR’d;M>’H>u&H.w>vRuyDRvXw>rRvdb.C;ySRw0Xtgzk*h>0D’D;rk>usdR0JRuGmM.vDRI

zJ 1932eH.rh>vXuD>trJ&uRtrk>usdR0JRuGmvDRw-xK;tCdySRCkb.w>rRuDcJ0J’.M.vDRI rh>emouh&d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)ymql.’.to;o[D.xDbdvDRI zJt0JwD.xD.w>rRwylRv>v>ySRwwl>vdmtDReDwzkb.I vXcHuwX>t0J’d;M>uhRw>rRvX WOC uGJRvhvdRoM’fySR&RvDRuwdRvDRw>vXuGJRvhvdRtylRw*Rtod;M.vDRI tw>ouJmy0;td.zsgxD.wz.vDRxk;M>ySRol.ySRo;’D;tuvk>rkmuxgqXrkmb.vDRo;ySRtCdw,Hmb.w>ok;xD.tvD>vXuvJR&RvDRuhRw>uvk>vX0h>’J;(pf)rUeJ;(pf) (Des Moines) vXuGJRvhvdRoMz;’d.tylRvXw>ud;tDRvX WHO

M.vDRI zJ0h>’J;(pf)rUeJ;(pf)tylR&d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)uJxD.ySR&RvDRw>vdmcd.vdmuGJw>upD.’D;t0J&RvDRb.C;t[D.u0DRzF.pdrdRzsX.xlw>vdmuGJt*h>wz.< wuwD>CDt0J&RvDRph>uD;cFH.c.ud.bh;(pf)bD(vf)w>vdmuGJt*h>vX0h>&hvh>zH(vf) (Wrigley Field) tylRM.vDRI tw>rRb.C;w>&RvDRw>uvk>vXuGJRvhvdRtylRtHRuJxD.vd.xD.*hRr;tCd< t0J’d;M>b.vgvJ*hR*hR’D;trHR[lo.zsg0J’.M.vDRI

zJ 1937eH.tylR&d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)vJRtd.vJRqd;uhR0Jql0h>vD;(pf)

=121=


thuFX>vH;(pf) (Los Angeles) tylR’D;tw>rk>v>w>wdmtd.vXuuJxD.b.[DvH0l; (Hollywood) tcGg*JR’dw*RM.vDRI t0JvJRrRuG>to;’k;eJ.tw>ohw>b.tgbsD0HRtvD>cH ?Warner Brothers Studios/ [h.vDRtDRw>rRvXtub.*JR’d0JvXw>*DRrltywD> (B) vXusd.phwdmympSR0J (low-

budget B Film) tylRM.vDRI t0Jwl>vdmw>rRtHRtCdw>weH.M.t0J’d’D;&RvDRb.tw>*DRrlw,k>vXtcd.wDrh>< ?Love is in the Air=w>tJ.M.td.vXuvHRusg/ M.vDRI zJt0Jp;xD.*JR’dvX[DvH0l;vXcHeH.twD>ylR*JR’db.0JylwqH,J>,k>vXw>*DRrltylRM.vDRI ‘ft0JrRwh>vH0Jt*hRuwX>vX0h>’J;(pf)rUeJ;(pf)tylRtod;cJtHRwbsDtrHR[lxD.ogvDRuU>uU>< tylt*h>tusdRwz.*hRxD.’D;w>*DRrlvXt’d0Jph>uD;t,k>rkmxD.M.vDRI w>*DRrltrkmuwX>cH,k>vXt’dwh>0JM.rh>0JEl;&D;cH(ef) (Knute Rockne)< ySRtrJ&uRzdcJvXmvXt*JR’d0JySRxlzsX.xltrHR[lo.zsguFD;uFH;(zf) (George

Gipp) t*h>< ‘D;t*Rw,k>wcDrh>0J ?King’s Row/ vXt0Jbl;u’d;M>tcJ’rH>w>rRvRuyDRtcd.z;ngM.vDRI zJ[D. cd.w>’k;cHbsDwbsDtqXuwD>t0J*JRvdmrRw>vXw>*DR[l;*JRw>rRtqduwX> (First Motion Picture

Unit) wcgtylR’D;’k;td.xD.0Jw>*DRrl[h.w>od.vdvXySReD.ubD,lRwh>vDRrh.yd>wz.t*D>M.vDRI zJt[H;rl’grRw>’ftHRtqXuwD>< *JR’db.0JvXw>*DRrltgM>tbh.,J>qHtylRM.vDRI

zJ 1940eH.tylR&d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)‘d;wh’d;zsDuhRto;’D;rk.*JR’dvXt’d;M>tcJ.’rH>w>vRuyDRcd.z;w*RvXtrh>0JuF‹(ef)0h(rf)rJ(ef) (Jane

Wyman) M.vDRI ySR’Drg0RcH*RtHRw,HmwrD>rRM>0JtzdcH*RvXtrh>< rD>&H(ef) (Maureen) ‘D;r;uX>(vf) (Michael)< (rhrh>tzdoX*Rw*RwcDtd.zsJ.qdwvXtvgwb.’fb.tCdtd.zsJ.0HR’D;oH0J’.M.vDRI) t0Joh.td.Ckmqd;Ckm0Ju,HmCd;eH.’D;zJ 1948eH.tylRvDRz;0J’.M.vDRI vXcHuhRzJ 1952eH.M.&d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)[H;u’D;trgvXtoDw*RvXtrHRrh>eJ(ef)pH>’;bH;(pf) (Nancy Davis)< rh>ph>uD;rk.*JR’dw*RM.vDRI

=122=


t0JzsDo;0HRw,HmrRM>ph>uD;tzdcH*RvXtrh>&d(ef) (Ron) ‘D;zJ}xH;±S.(Patricia) M.vDRI t0Jtd.Ckmqd;Ckm’D;trgcH*Rw*RtHRwkRvXto;orl’DwpdRngM.vDRI

zJeH. 1940 wz.bl;uvXm’D;vXeH. 1950 wz.tylR< &d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)p;xD.oDtxH±l>uD>oJ;tw>[l;w>*JRcDzsd[;0hR0DRuwdRxD’gySRcD.rFLeH;zdvXuD>trJ&uRtylRwz.’D;xD’gph>uD;0JySRvXt0Jem0JvXtrh>ySRwz.vXtEkmvDRclol. vX[DvH0l;tylR’D;Ckoh.ngclol.w>wz.M.vDRI zJ 1946 eH.tylRw>CkxXxD.tDR’ftrh>cGg*JR’d ?Screen Actors

Guild/tu&Xcd.w*RM.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>&d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)vJvdmuGHmph>uD;xH±l>uD>oJ;y.wH.tu&Xwz.< vXtrh>’H.rd._cJ;(Democrat) ql&H.zXbsH;cX. (Republican) M.vDRI

zJ 1966eH.tylR&d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)qXwJm0JvXu’d;CkxXto;vXuuJxD.cJ.vH.zdeH,gtuD>pJ.cd.< ‘D;t0JrReXR0JySRvXtjyX’D;tDRvXtrh>zJ;}bD(ef) (Pat Brown) M.vDRI ‘fuD>pJ.cd.e>w*Rtod;t0Jywkm0Jy’d.tw>olusd.olph’D;cdoGJwz.wpSRb.M.vDRI t0Jywkmph>uD;w>qD.xGJvH;b&X>ySR*h>0Db.xGJw>b.bD.b.nDtw>wdmusJRw>rRwpSRb.vXt0Jem0JvXuD>pJ. y’d.w-uX;rRpXRw>wdmusJR’fod;tHRwz.b.M.vDRIzJ 1969eH.< uFdzdoh.wz.qXxX.ymzsgxD.to;vXursX>zDu&X>tylRtd.Ckm’D;w>pkql.cD.wu;tcgt0JqSXvDR0JxHvD>uD>ylR*XRuD>wz.qlbX;uJvh (Berkeley) uFdzdu&X>vXtb.C;’D;cJ.vH.zdeH,gzF.pdrdRuFd’fod;uywkmuGHmuFdzdymzsgxD.to;rRwysKmwysDRw>t*D>M.vDRI xHvD>uD>ylR*XRuD>wz.b.pl;ugw>pdurDR’D;w>pku0JRvXuywkmySRymzsgxD.o;wbsDtHRt*D>M.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>uFdzdrk.uFdzdcGgwz.b.‘db.xH;tgr;’D;vXtusgoHxJw*R{dRM.vDRI w>uJxD.to;tHRrh>w>vXt’k;vDRol.uwkRvDRo;uwkRySR< ‘k;vDRurXur.ySRt’d.uwX>zJ&d.eJ(vf)

=123=


0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)yXw>’fuD>pJ.cd.w*RtpdRvXcHuwD>vXmtylRM.vDRI

zJ 1976eH.tylR&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)ymvDRo;vXuEkmvDR[l;*JRvXuuJxD.uD>cd.t*D>M.vDRI t0JjyXvdmto;’D;uD>cd.u&X(vf)zD;(‘f) (Gerald

Ford) zJw>rR&H.zXbsH;cX.*H>cD.xH;w>zD.w>z;trl;wz.tylR< b.q.wrReXRw>b.I vXcHuhRzJ 1980eH.tylRt0J[l;*JRu’guhR’D;rReXR0JvH;b&X>&H.zXbsH;cX.uFD;(uFf)bl;(±Sf) (George Bush) zJw>rR*H>cD.xH;w>zD.w>z;trl;tylRvDRI t0JrReXRuGHmbl;(±Sf)’D;[h.vDRuhRtDRw>cGJ;w>,mvXuuJxD.cX.p;vXu’d;CkxXto;vXuuJxD.uD>cd.cH*Rw*RvX&H.zXbsH;cX.tylRM.vDRI t0Joh.cH*R*JRvdm’D;rReXRuGHmuD>cd.uF‹rH>c;xX.(Jimmy Carter) vXtrReXRwh>uD>cd.zD;(‘f)zJ 1976eH.w*RM.vDRI zJ1981eH.< &d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)to;td. 69eH.tcgt0Jb.w>CkxXxD.tDRvXuuJxD.trJ&uRuD>cd.usX>< vXtrh>ySRvXto;yS>uwX>vXySR’d;CkxXo;ud;bsD’J;tusgw*RvDRI

&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)tw>uJxD.uD>cd.usX>wbsDtHRb.td.ywkmuhRcDzsdvXySRwzktcX.p;vXtrh>uFD(ef)[h(ef)cV (John Hinckley) c;tDRvXusdzJ1981eH.vgrm±S; 30 oDteHRtCdM.vDRI vXw>wqdurd.tylR< [h(ef)cVtw>c;uD>cd.wbsDtHRwb.xGJ’D;xH±l>uD>oJ;eDwrHRb.I rh>’fod;u’k;ol.rHo;rkmrk.*JR’do;p>w*RvXtrh>uFd;’HRzD;pxX. (Jodie Foster) t*D>M.vDRI w>[h.&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)*h>*D>tlw>ulpg0HRtvD>cHt0JbsguhR*hR*hRM.vDRI xJM.wbsDweH.CDzJvgtDul;tylRt0J[DxD.uGHmubD,lRw>vJRw>uhRoMcd.pD>tySRrRw>zd 13<000*RvXtw’due.vlRydmrRxGJtw>uvk>’D;ymzsgxD.tw>b.o;xD’gtDRtCdvDRI

&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)txHvD>uD>ylRzDvpH.tHR’d;oMRxD.to;vXw>od.w>oDwz.vXtb.C;’D;w>rRpSRvDRrRtH.vDRzJ;’&X>uD>pJ.pXzSd.trl

=124=


t’g’D;trl’gwuGD>wz.’D;t*RwrHRw>ud;vX?&HuJ>(ef)eDrh;oEl* (Rea-

ganomics)/vXt’d;oMRxD.to;xJvXw>xk;xD.&RvDRtusJoElwuyR{dRvXrk>usdR0JRuGmySR[l;*JRtgoX>v;zX> (Arthur Laffer) ‘k;td.xD.0JM.vDRI w>uwdR ?&HuJ>(ef) eDrH;oEl/ tHRrh>vHmrJmzsX.trHR[lo.zsgtusgwzsX.vXtb.xGJ’D;&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)trk>usdR0JRuGmoElM.vDRIzJeH. 1980 &H.zXbsH;cX.*H>cD.xH;u±l>[l;*JRtcg< bl;(±Sf)ymzsgxD.usJoElt0JtHR’ftrh>bl’ltrk>usdR0JRuGm (Voodoo economics) oEl’fypH;w>tod;rk>usdR0JRuGmoElvXtvDRo;pJb.q.rRw>wwkRxD.xD.b;b.M.vDRI bl;(±Sf)’fySRtg*Rtod;em0JvX&HuJ>(ef)tzDvpH.wz.tHRwuJxD.uJxDeDwbsDvXud;eHRtw>td.rltylRb.M.vDRI rk>rqgweHRtHRzJyuG>u‘guhRw>rRto;vXtylRuGHmM.ySRrRrk>usdR0JRuGmtg’Htg*Ro;vDRyvdm’D;bl;(±Sf)M.vDRI

uD>cd.&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)[;0hR0DRxD’gzJ;’&X>y’d.tw>olusd.olphtgtg*D>*D>< b.q.t0JrRtgxD.w>olusd.phvXw>’Do’XwuyRM.vDRI t0Jpl;ug0J’Dv>tubDvXtu,Rwz.tu,RvXok;*h>0Dt*D>< w>pku0JRt*D> (vX’fttd.ympXRnDEk>tod;’D;EFLcsH,X.w>pku0JR)< pJ;zDu[.w>rR’D;w>CkxH.oh.ngw>rRuG>tw>rRwz.t*D>M.vDRI tw>wdRusJRqH;udmzdwrHRvXtrh> SDI rhwrh> Star Wars tw>wdmusJRtHRvDRvX0Jph’Dv>tgM>’ftuuGJ>wuuGJ>M.vDRI tw>wdmusJRtHRvXcHuhRb.w>xk;

*Reaganomics rh>rk>usdR0JRuGmtusJoElvXtrJ&uRuD>cd.&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)’k;td.xD.0JM.vDRI w>*h>vGH>xH.vXtb.C;’D;&HuJ>(ef)trk>usdR0JRuGmusJoElM.rh>0J= =w>rRpSRvDRxHuD>y’d.w>pl;ugusd.ph =w>rRpSRvDRcdoGJvXw>xXtDRvXw>[JEkmtzDcd. =w>rRpSRvDRxHuD>y’d.tw>bsXb.xGJ’D;rk>usdR0JRuGmtzDcd. =yXqSX&J.usJRw>xk;xD.usd.ph’fod;’D;urRpSRvDRphod.oGHt*D>wz.M.vDRI ySRvXtxD'grk>usdR0JRuGmoElt0JtHRud;0JvXbl'lrk>usdR0JRuGmoEl (Voodoo

Economic) M.vDRI

=125=


uGHmtDRM.vDRI t0JrRw>tHRrh>’fod;trJ&uRutd.uwJmuwDRto;vXpd.bH.,J;uD>pXzSd.tw>[JEkmvDR’k;t0Joh.M.vDRI pd.bH.,J;uD>pXzSd.rh>xHuD>wbh.vXtrJ&uRqX.rJmwh>vHvXw>’k;ck.tylRp;xD.vXeH.1940 tcX.o;vHRvHRvHM.vDRI t0Jtw>td.uwJmuwDRto;wz.td.ymvHb.q.zJt0J[;xD.uGHmvXuD>cd.tvD>0HRtvD>cHw>&hvdmvXuD>trJ&uR‘D;uD>&X±SgtbX.pXR*hRxD.0JoyS>uwX>cDzsdvX&X±Sgpd.bH.,J;tcd.e>rh.ch(vf)uD.b.cFD;tw>*JRvdmxJ;*H>xJ;bgtCdvDRI uD.b.cFD;’D;&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)b.qJ;pkyeD.vXvHmCH;CmwbsK;bh.tylRvXt0Joh.tX.vDRvXurRpSRvDRw>xk;xD.EFLcsH,X>w>pku0JRvXxHuD>cHbh.vXmtylRzJ&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)uJuD>cd.cHbsDwbsDtuwD>M.vDRI

w>&hvdmo;’D;pd.bH.,J;uD>pXzSd.*hRxD.0Jb.q.&d;eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)EkmvDR’k;xD’g’f’.w>ySRcD.rFLeH;zdwz.vX[D.cd.’Dbh.tylRM.vDRI zJ 1982eH.trJ&uRtok;rk>tw>EkmvDR’k;uD>}uJe’> (Grenada) tqXuwD>t0Jrh>ySRvXtzD.ysHRM.vDRI wu;’fb.bsD.’d.ymyeD.0JvXw>EkmvDRrRy.Ckmo;vXuD>eH>c&;uG> (Nicaragua) w>*h>rh>w>vXwzd;oJp;emouh&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)EkmvDRqD.xGJ’.w>w>yX>qXtu&XvXtrh> ?Contras/vXtyX>qXxD’geH>c&;uG>ty’d.M.vDRI zJt0Jrh>’fuD>cd.tqXuwD><uD>trJ&uRqSXvDRph>uD;w>Clw>zd;tok;rk>wz.qluD>vJ;bed. (Leba-

non) tylR’D;vJRwh>vDRrh.yd>rR[;*DRuGHmuD>vH;bH.,g (Libya) ySRrRwysKmwysDRw>u&Xwz.M.vDRI

zJ 1984eH.w>rRxHuD>w>CkxXtoDwbsDtqXuwD>ursX>CkxXxD.u’D;uD>cd.&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)vXu[H;rl’gcHuwD>wuwD>vX[H.0gtylRM.vDRI t0JrReXRuGHm0JySRjyXw>’D;tDRvXtrh>‘H.rd._cJ;wh;0D(vf)xX.rD’h(vf)(Walter Mondale) M.vDRI tw>[H;rl’g’fuD>cd.w*Rtod;wuwD>tHRb.w>cJ.olcJ.*DRtDRvXtrRy.Ckmto;’D;tH.&.(ef) (Iran) ‘D;eH>c&;

=126=


uG>yX>qXw>u&XtCdM.vDRI w>yJRtXyJRoDtDRvXtqgw>pku0JRqluD>tH.&.(ef)’fod;urRM>usd.phvXurRpXRySRxD’gcD.rFLeH;oElvXuD>eH>c&;uG>t*D>M.vDRI

zJ 1989eH.uFD;(ufF)bl;(±Sf)xD.uD>cd.tqXuwD>&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)[;xD.’D;td.bSH;uhR0J’.M.vDRI t0JvJRok;uhRtvD>’D;td.bSH;vXt[H.toDwzsX.vX0h>zd0h>bJ(vf)tJ(&f) (BelAir) vXvD;(pf)thuFX>vJ;tylRM.vDRI zJ1992eH.tylRt0Jo;vDRyvdmvXutk.to;vXw>CdxHorHord;t0Jtw>rRCkmto;’D;tH.&.(ef)=eH>c&;uG>yX>qXw>u±l>tusgwcgb.q.w>ywkmuGHmtw>qXwJmtHRcVo’H;rh>vXySRCdxHorHord;w>wz.oh.ngvX&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)tw>wd>eD.w>vXtuJxD.to;zJt0JyXw>tqXuwD>w*hRvXRb.tCdM.vDRI w,HmwrD>uoH.o&.rRuG>tDR’D;ymzsg0JvXt0J‘d;M>tJ(vf)pJrX>w>qg (Alzheimer’s disease) vXtrRb.’dtcd.Elm’D;tw>rReD.wz.M.vDRI tCdzJ 1994eH.tylRt0Jtd.bSH;uhR0JvXw>rRw>vXursX>t*D>0HRtd.qd;uhR0J’D;trgeJ(ef)pH>vXtrk>eHRrk>oDvXttd.wD>’H;wz.’DwuwD>ngtylRM.vDRI t0Jpl;uGHmto;zJ 2004eH.vg,lRxD. 5 oDteHRzJ0h>bJ(vf)tJ(&f)< cJ.vH.zdeH,guD>pJ.tylRM.vDRI

=127=


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]]ok[JrRrEkRzJtHRvJ.IAvXokCdw>wXxD.wXvDRvX,0h>ylRvXmvHI}}

"Why are you here? My city is in chaos because of you."

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