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SSINA Technical Training 2019
• Basics • Manufacturing• Family/Applications
EDWARD J. BLOTED BLOT & ASSOCIATES, INC.12 High StreetBrunswick, Maine 04011
Off. (207)798-6805Cell (330) 268-9102Email: [email protected]
STAINLESS STEEL PRODUCTS TECHNICAL TRAINING SEMINARFOR IMPORT CLASSIFICATIONS
SSINA Technical Training 2019
BASICS
SSINA Technical Training 2019
ALLOY STEELS
STAINLESS STEELS IN THE ALLOY FAMILY
CO
RR
OSI
ON
RES
ISTA
NC
E
COST
CARBON STEELS
NICKEL BASE ALLOYS(ALSO CHAPTER 75)
STAINLESS STEELS
(HTS CHAPTER 72 IRON & STEEL)
SSINA Technical Training 2019
WHAT MAKES STEEL (IRON & CARBON)
STAINLESS
EFFECT OF CHROMIUM ON ATMOSPHERIC
CORROSION RESISTANCE
% CHROMIUM10.5 %
STAINLESS STEEL RANGE (HTS 7218 – 7223)
CO
RR
OSI
ON
RAT
E M
ILS
PER
YEA
R(PREDOMINATELY IRON & CHROMIUM)
SSINA Technical Training 2019
CORROSION PROTECTION
CHROMIUM OXIDE FILM
BASE METAL WITH 10.5% MIN. CHROME
THE CHROMIUM OXIDE FILM PREVENTS FURTHER DIFFUSION OF OXYGEN ON THE SURFACE, THUS PROTECTING IRON IN THE MATRIX FROM RUSTING.
STAINLESS STEEL
SSINA Technical Training 2019
SULFUR MANGANESE ALUMINUM COPPER COLUMBIUM SILICON TITANIUM CALCIUM SELENIUM
ALLOYING ELEMENTSCHROMIUM CORROSION & SCALING RESISTANCE
CARBON (1.2% MAX) HARDNESS
NICKEL ACID CORROSION RESISTANCE, FORMABILITY, AND WELDABILITY
MOLYBDENUM PITTING CORROSION RESISTANCE AND STRENGTH
NITROGEN CREVICE CORROSION RESISTANCE AND STRENGTH
SSINA Technical Training 2019
• Mechanical Properties
WHY STAINLESS • Corrosion Resistance
SSINA Technical Training 2019
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
YIELD STRENGTH
ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH
% ELONGATION
REDUCTION OF AREA
HARDNESS BENDIMPACT
STRENGTH DUCTILITY
NOTE: AS STRENGTH INCREASES, DUCTILITY DECREASES
SSINA Technical Training 2019
TENSILE TESTING EQUIPMENT
SSINA Technical Training 2019
• Corrosion Resistance
• Mechanical Properties
• Physical Properties
WHY STAINLESS
SSINA Technical Training 2019
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
include ..... MAGNETIC PERMEABILITYTHERMAL EXPANSION HEAT CONDUCTIVITYDENSITY
SSINA Technical Training 2019
• Corrosion Resistance
• Mechanical Properties
• Physical Properties
• Appearance, Hygienic, and Recyclable
• Life Cycle Cost Benefit
WHY STAINLESS
• Ease of Fabrication
SSINA Technical Training 2019
SERVICE LIFE / REPLACEMENT COST
STAINLESS STEEL
CARBON
STEEL
TOTA
L C
OST
LIFE CYCLE COST BENEFIT
SSINA Technical Training 2019
Semi-finished Stainless Sold To Specs with Only Chemistry and Capability on Mill Test Reports – No Mech Props
Generally >150mm Thick x 900mm Wide and Width > 4 x Thickness(7218.91.00.60)
SLABS
Ingots (Tapered Cast Blocks)(7218.10.00)
Generally 100mm -600 mm Squares, or Rounds (7218.99.00)
BILLETS
STAINLESS SEMI-FINISHEDHTS 7218
Generally Rectangles > 150mm Thickand Width < 4 x Thickness Cross Section > 232 cm2) =(7218.91.00.30)
BLOOMS
INGOTSINDUSTRY TERMINOLOGY HTS TERMINOLOGY
SSINA Technical Training 2019
STAINLESS PLATEHTS 7219 & 7220 – FLAT ROLLED
• 4.75 mm Thick Nominal ,Equal/Greater than 254 mm Wide• Flat Plate Mill (Discrete), and Continuous Mill Plate Coil• Annealed or Heat Treated, and Pickled/Descaled• 600 mm and Wider - 7219, < 600 mm - 7220• Not Further Worked Than Hot Rolled, Cold Rolled, or Other• Smooth Flat Surface - Straight Square Edges• Mill Test Report (Chem & Mech Props)
NOTE: Items in italic font are in scope definition for orders, but not HTS
SSINA Technical Training 2019
STAINLESS SHEET/STRIPHTS 7219 & 7220 – FLAT ROLLED
• Under 4.75 mm Thick• 600 mm and Wider (Sheet) - 7219• Greater Than 9.5 mm to 600 mm Wide (Strip) - 7220• Annealed or Heat Treated, and Pickled/Descaled • Not Further Worked Than Hot Rolled, Cold Rolled, or Other• Coil and Cut Length (Uncoiled)
• Mill Test Report (Chem & Mech Props)
NOTE: Items in italic font are in scope definition for orders, but not HTS
SSINA Technical Training 2019
STAINLESS BAR/ANGLEHTS 7222
• Straight Lengths = Scope Definition - Bars & Rods = HTS Definition• Not Further Worked Than Hot Rolled or Cold Finished = Same Product• Rounds, Hexagons, Squares, Flats, Shapes - (7222.11, .19 .20 and .30)• Angles & Structural Shapes (7222.40) • Rebar - Scope Definition not in HTS (Logical 7222.11.00.57/59)• Specified Uniform Dimensional Tolerances• Mill Test Report (Chem and Mech Props)
NOTE: Items in italic font are in scope definition for orders, but not HTS
SSINA Technical Training 2019
• Irregularly Wound Hot Rolled Coils • Hot Rolled Annealed and/or Pickled/Descaled• Rounds or Shapes Generally 5.0mm – 32mm
STAINLESS ROD HTS 7221
• Mill Test Report (Chem and Mech Props)
NOTE: Items in italic font are in scope definition for orders, but not HTS
SSINA Technical Training 2019
STAINLESS WIRE HTS 7223
• Tightly Wound Coils• Cold Drawn Or Cold Rolled from Rod• Rounds (7223.00.10)• Flats (7223.00.50)• Shapes (7223.00.90)• Specified Uniform Dimensional Tolerances• Mill Test Report (Chem and Mech Props)
SSINA Technical Training 2019
Specification AMS-5639, ASTM-A-479
WHAT’S IN A NAMEAISI Designation 304LUNS Number S30403Composition 18-8Trade Names Project 70 +Application Machining-Forging-
Redraw
Mill Test Report 19 CFR 141.89 with CBP CF 7501
SSINA Technical Training 2019
MANUFACTURING
SSINA Technical Training 2019
HOT ROLLING
DISCRETE PLATES(7219.21, .22 & 7220.11)
+ANNEALPICKLE
ANNEAL PICKLE
COILED PLATES
CAST SLAB=Melt +
CASTINGAOD+
MAKING A STAINLESS PLATE4.75 mm Thick & Larger
(7219.11, .12 & 7220.11)
- HTS 7219 > 600mm- HTS 7220 < 600mm
(Not Further Worked Than Hot Rolled)
NOTE: AOD = ARGON OXYGEN DECARBORIZATION
STAINLESS SCRAP +
RAW MATERIALSADDED TO EAF
SSINA Technical Training 2019
STAINLESS HOT ROLLED SHEET
Melt
CAST SLAB
=+CASTINGAOD
+
HOT ROLLING
+ANNEAL PICKLE
Less Than 4.75 mm Thick (HTS 7219.13, .14, .23, .24) Not Further Worked Than Hot Rolled
NOTE: AOD = ARGON OXYGEN DECARBORIZATION
STAINLESS SCRAP +
RAW MATERIALSADDED TO EAF
(Not Further Worked Than Hot Rolled)
SSINA Technical Training 2019
STAINLESS COLD ROLLED SHEET/STRIPLess Than 4.75 mm Thick (HTS 7219 & 7220)
Not Further Worked Than Cold Rolled or Other
=COLD ROLLING
ANNEAL PICKLE+HOT ROLLED SHEET
COLD ROLLED 2D SHEET
STRIP===
SLIT
CUT
POLISH
SENDZIMIR MILL
2B SHEET >600 MM WIDE (7219.32, .33, .34, .35, .90)
< 600 MM WIDE(7220.20, .90)
SSINA Technical Training 2019
MAKING A STAINLESS BILLETHTS 7218.99.00
Melt =INGOT
++ ROLLED BILLET
+AOD
Melt =VARorESR
++REMELT
VAR OR ESR BILLET
+AOD NOTE: VAR = VACUUM ARC REMELT
ESR = ELECTROSLAG REMELT
Melt =+
CASTING
CAST BILLET
+AOD
ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE
STAINLESS SCRAP +
RAW MATERIALS
SSINA Technical Training 2019
FORGEINGOT
FORGED ROUND BAR
+
ANNEAL+STRAIGHTEN
+
Generally 152.4 mm and Larger, Not Further WorkedThan Hot Worked (HTS 7222.11.00.82 & .84)
+MELT
HOT FORGED
=
AOD
+
NOTE: AOD = ARGON OXYGEN DECARBORIZATION
STAINLESS SCRAP +
RAW MATERIALSADDED TO EAF
SSINA Technical Training 2019
HOT ROLL
STRAIGHTEN
ROLLED ROUND BARGenerally 18 mm – 152.4 mm Diameter (HTS 7222.11.00.57 & .59)
Not Further Worked Than Hot Rolled
BILLET/BLOOM
+ + ANNEAL
+ HOT ROLLED
=
SSINA Technical Training 2019
Forged
Annealed
Rolled
Annealed
+
RoughTurnedForgingQualitySmoothTurned
CGE
CenterlessGroundCG &Polish
125 RMSHot
FinishedTolerances100 RMS
50 RMS
50 ≤ 38mm 70 > 38mm
50 ≤ 38mm 70 > 38mm
32 RMS
ColdFinished
Tolerances
Peel
Rough Grind
As Turned
Burnish
Polish
CG
CG Belt
Draw
Cold Drawn RMS N/A
STAINLESS COLD FINISHED ROUNDSIndustry Standards > 18 mm HTS 7222.20.00.62, .64, .67, & .69 Not Further Worked Than Cold Formed/Finished
SSINA Technical Training 2019
Peel+
Straighten& Cut
Belt Finish CGE 50 RMS
Billet +
Draw+
Rod Coil Rolling+ Anneal or
AnnealPickle
Straighten& Cut
ColdDrawn
CenterlessGround
RMS N/A
50 RMS
32 RMS
Burnish
CG & Polish
CG
Burnish & Polish Cold Drawn RMS N/A
COIL TO COLD FINISHED BARIndustry Standards < 18 mm
HTS 7222.20.00.41 & .43Not Further Worked Than Cold Formed/Finished
SSINA Technical Training 2019
STAINLESS FAMILY
SSINA Technical Training 2019
Class 1 - MartensiticClass 2 - FerriticClass 3 - AusteniticClass 4 - PH (Precipitation Hardened)Class 5 - Duplex
STAINLESS STEEL CLASSES
SSINA Technical Training 2019
CLASS 1 MARTENSITIC • Chromium With Carbon Generally > .08%• Heat Treatable For Hardness/Strength• Tempered to Improve Ductility• Minimum Corrosion Resistance• Magnetic• Part of 400 Series Grades
SSINA Technical Training 2019
CLASS 1 MARTENSITIC
43116Cr 2Ni
CORROSIONRESISTANCE
422Ni Mo W V
HIGH TEMPERATURESTRENGTH &
TOUGHNESS
440C17Cr 1.0C
WEARRESISTANCE
420 13Cr .35C
HARDNESS/STRENGTH
420F.35 Sul
MACHINABILITY
416.3
5Sul
RIFLE BARREL QUALITY416R
.10-.20Sul
410S.08 Max C
41012Cr .15 Max C
TOUGHNESS
410Cb
SSINA Technical Training 2019
MOST POPULAR ALLOYS CLASS 1 MARTENSITIC
CONTAINING < 15% CHROMIUM
AISI Grade UNS Number410416420420F
S41000S41600S42000S42020
CONTAINING > 15% CHROMIUM
AISI Grade UNS Number440C S44004
SSINA Technical Training 2019
CLASS 2 FERRITIC• Chromium With Carbon < .06%• Not Hardenable Except By Cold Working• Improved Corrosion Resistance• Not Susceptible to Stress Corrosion Cracking• Magnetic• Remainder of 400 Series Grades
SSINA Technical Training 2019
CLASS 2 FERRITIC
WELDABILITY
ECONOMICS
409Cb
43917Cr Ti
40911Cr Ti
43017Cr .05C
430F.35 Sul
MACHINABILITY
430 FR
1.25 SiSOLENOID QUALITY
44625 Cr
OXIDATIONRESISTANCE
444 2 Mo
CORROSIONRESISTANCE
SSINA Technical Training 2019
MUFFLERFERRITIC STAINLESS GRADE 409
ASTM A 240
SSINA Technical Training 2019
MOST POPULAR ALLOYS CLASS 2 FERRITIC
CONTAINING < 15% CHROMIUM
AISI Grade UNS Number409409Cb
S40900S40940
CONTAINING > 15% CHROMIUM
AISI Grade UNS Number430430F430FR434
S43000S43020 -S43400
SSINA Technical Training 2019
CLASS 3 AUSTENITIC
• Chrome – Nickel - Manganese• Not Hardenable Except By Cold Working• Best Corrosion Resistance• Non Magnetic• Excellent Formability and Weldability• 200 & 300 Series Grades
SSINA Technical Training 2019
CLASS 3 AUSTENITIC
HIGH LOW
304H
303.35Su
lMACHINABILITY
303Se
203
30418CR 8NI.08 Max C
30518Cr 11Ni
30117Cr 7Ni
WORK HARDENING302
201
302HQ
CHLORIDE CORROSION RESISTANCE
316L
317L
304L.03Max C
WELDING
321Ti 8xC
HI TEMP SERVICE
347
30925CR 12
NiSCALING
RESISTANCE
310
304N.15N
STRENGTH
XM19.30N
XM28.30N
316N.15N
31616Cr 10Ni 2Mo
SSINA Technical Training 2019
SKYSCRAPER ROOF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304 ASTM A 240
SSINA Technical Training 2019
PAVILIONAUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304
ASTM A 240
SSINA Technical Training 2019
KITCHEN APPLIANCESAUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304 ASTM A 240
SSINA Technical Training 2019
COOKING UTENSILSAUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304 ASTM A 240
SSINA Technical Training 2019
WINEMAKING VESSELSAUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304 ASTM A 240
SSINA Technical Training 2019
STAINLESS SOLAR COLLECTORS
Austenitic Grade 304 ASTM A 240 parabolic mirrors concentrate solar heat to drive a Stirling engine and generator to produce electricity
SSINA Technical Training 2019
Maine, USA Private house clad in
304 ASTM A 240 – 18 gauge sheet with a brushed finish
1887
Tom Selleck home by an architect Chesapeake Bay, USA316 ASTM A 240 stainless steel is used for the roof and walls
CONSTRUCTION
SSINA Technical Training 2019
KITCHEN SINKAUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 301
ASTM A 240
SSINA Technical Training 2019
SUBWAY & LIGHT RAIL CARSAUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 201 ASTM A 240
SSINA Technical Training 2019
STRUCTURE – BOTANICAL GARDENAUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304
ASTM A 276 & A 240
SSINA Technical Training 2019
POULTRY PROCESSING AUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304L
ASTM A 276
SSINA Technical Training 2019
1981 DELOREANAUSTENITIC STAINLES GRADE 304
ASTM A 240
SSINA Technical Training 2019
1936 STAINLESS STEEL FORD AUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304
ASTM A 240
SSINA Technical Training 2019
MEMORIAL STRUCTURE AUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304
ASTM A 240
SSINA Technical Training 2019
MOST POPULAR ALLOYS CLASS 3 AUSTENITIC
AISI Grade UNS Number301302302HQ303304304L305308L321347
S30100S30200S30430S30300S30400S30403S30500S30803S32100S34700
CONTAINING > 8% - < 24% Nickel CONTAINING > 8% - < 24% Nickel & > 1 1/2% - < 5% Molybdenum
AISI Grade UNS Number316316LXM19
S31600S31603S20910
SSINA Technical Training 2019
CLASS 4 PH GRADES•Combination of High Strength and Good Corrosion Resistance
•Precipitation Hardening•Easy Heat Treatment With No Distortion
•Tradenames
SSINA Technical Training 2019
17-4PH (630)17Cr 4Ni 3Cu
MARTENSITE toMARTENSITE
HIGHER STRENGTH & TOUGHNESS
TRANSVERSE PROPERTIES
15-5PH15Cr 5Ni 3Cu
Custom45
0
PH13
8- Mo13Cr 8Ni 2Mo 1Al
Custom45
5
A-
28615Cr 25Ni 2Ti
HIGH TEMPPROPERTIES
AUSTENITE toAUSTENITE
17-PH (631)17Cr 7Ni 1Al
AUSTENITE to
MARTENSITE
FORMABILITY
PH 15-7Mo
Most grades are registered trade names NOTE: Elements in ITALICS form the precipitate when combined with Ni
CLASS 4 PH GRADES
SSINA Technical Training 2019
GOLF CLUB IRONSPH STAINLESS GRADE 17-4 (630) ASTM A 564
SSINA Technical Training 2019
MOST POPULAR ALLOYS CLASS 4 PH GRADES
CONTAINING > 1/2% - < 24% Nickel
AISI Grade UNS Number 630 (17-4 PH) (15-5 PH) 631 (17-7 PH)
S17400S15500S17700
CONTAINING > 24% Nickel & > 1/2% - < 5% Molybdenum
AISI Grade UNS Number(A-286) S66286
SSINA Technical Training 2019
CLASS 5 DUPLEX ALLOYS •Chromium - Nickel - Moly•50% Austenite - 50% Ferrite•Excellent Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance
•Annealed Strength > 300 Series•Good Fatigue Strength
SSINA Technical Training 2019
CLASS 5 DUPLEX ALLOYS
OTHER SIGNIFICANT GRADES 2304 Ferralium 255 2507
(S32304) (S32550) (S32750)
2205(UNS S31803)22Cr 5Ni 3Mo
CONTAINING > 0.5% NICKEL & > 1/2% - < 5% MOLYBDENUM
SSINA Technical Training 2019
DEEP WELL DRILLINGDUPLEX STAINLESS GRADE 2205
ASTM A 276
SSINA Technical Training 2019
REBAR FOR BRIDGE DECKDUPLEX STAINLESS GRADE 2205
ASTM A 955
SSINA Technical Training 2019
STAINLESS SUMMARY
• Mill Test Report Chemistry Only - Semi Finished HTS 7218 - Manufacturer + Country of Origin
• Predominately Iron with 10.5% Min. Chrome, 1.2% Max. Carbon• Trade Case Scope Definition not Same as HTS
• Mill Test Report Sheet/Strip, Plate, Bar, Rod/Wire - Required by 19 CFR 141.89 with Submission of CBP CF 7501 - Manufacturer + Country of Origin
• Production Process Similar to Carbon Steel
• Grade Name Has no Number Significance
• 8 & 10 Digit HTS Category Based Upon Chemistry (Chrome, Nickel & Moly Content), and whether Hot Rolled or Cold Rolled/Finished
SSINA Technical Training 2019
CONTACTS
• www.ssina.com
• www.nidi.org• www.worldstainless.org• ED BLOT & ASSOCIATES, INC. [email protected]