Fall of the Ottoman Empire and Conflict in SW Asia

United States Constitution1. How many branches are there

in the U.S. government?2. How long is the president’s

term?3. Name two houses of Congress.4. Term for dividing power

between national and state governments.

5. First word in the Constitution.6. What is our national court

called?7. The Constitution is a set of __?8. What group elects the

president?

Standard SS7G8

The student will analyze continuity and change in Southwest Asia leading

into the 21st Century.

Elements

a. Explain how European partitioning in the Middle East after the breakup of the Ottoman Empire led to regional conflict.

b. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connection to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism and Zionism in Europe.

Elementsc. Describe how land

and religion are reasons for continuing conflicts in the Middle East.

d. Explain U.S. presence and interest in Southwest Asia; include the Persian Gulf conflict and invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq.

Warm Up & Review

1. What is a theocracy?2. Explain the idea of toleration?3. Why is owing money bad?4. List two things that happened in World

War I.5. What is the difference between an ethnic

group and a religious group?6. What are the two divisions of Islam?

Muslim Empires

• Leader – Caliph– Duty to spread Allah’s rule– United Middle East under one government– Created extensive trading system

• Theocracy– Government by a religious leader– Iran is a theocracy today.

Ottoman Empire’s Lands

Ottoman Empire

• Turkey, North Africa, Southwest Asia and Southeast Europe.

• Capital City – Constantinople• Leaders – Sultans• Tolerant of other religions• Legal system – justice• Powerful, stable, wealthy empire

Reasons for the Decline of Ottoman Empire

• Weakened by too many wars– Land lost to national groups and Europeans

• Ottomans’ technology begin to fall behind Europe

• Financial issues – tax collections – high debt

• On losing side in World War I

Ottoman Empire & WWI• What’s left of the Ottoman Empire

enters WWI (1914-1918) on Austrian-Hungarian Empire & Germany’s side (Central Powers)– motive was to regain some of the land

they lost.

• In 1916, France and England agreed on how to divide up the Ottoman Empire if their side (Allied Powers) won the war: known as Sykes-Picot Agreement.

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

Map of Lost Ottoman Land

Results of WWI & Partitioning• When the Ottomans and the rest of the Central

Powers lost…– The Sultanate (1922) and the Caliphate (1924) ended– Republic of Turkey was created out of the Ottoman

Empire 1923– All other land that was under the control of the

Ottoman’s was given to France and UK as a mandate– British and French partitioned (divided) the Middle

East into countries; • THIS CREATES ARTIFICIAL POLITICAL BORDERS • DID NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE NATURAL DIVISIONS IN

THE REGION – BLENDED GROUPS

Collapse of Ottoman Empire 1924

• Created lack of central authority

• European nations step in to establish order– Set boundaries which exist

today.– Boundaries did not reflect

ethic or natural divisions– Blended different groups– Source of future conflict in

region and in Europe

Middle East - 1924

Assessment1. Capital of Ottoman

Empire2. War which ended the

Ottoman Empire3. Religion of most people

in Ottoman Empire4. Rule by religious people5. Name for Ottoman

rulers6. Nations which

established order after Ottoman Empire

A. EuropeanB. World War IC. IslamD. TheocracyE. ConstaninopleF. Sultan

Israel Becomes a State -1948

• After winning World War II, Allied leaders desire state for Jews.

• Zionists – support state for European Jews

• Holocaust – Six million Jewish folks killed in Europe because of Anti-Semitism.

• European leaders decide to give Jews their traditional homeland in Palestine.

Israel

• United States gives immediate support & recognition to the new Jewish state.

• Palestinian Arabs who lived in the area were opposed to the new state.

Suez Crisis - 1956

• Egypt takes over the Suez Canal to raise money for a dam on the Nile River.

• Israel invades Egypt with British and U.S. support.

• Egypt sinks 40 ships in Suez Canal.

• United Nations resolves conflict.

Six Day War - 1967

• Arab nations move troops to the border of Israel.

• Israel strikes quickly with U.S. weapons.

• Israel captures…• Sinai from Egypt• West Bank from Jordan• Golan Heights from

Syria

Arab Israeli War 1973

• Cause: Revenge for loss of land in 1967.

• Arab nations mass forces on borders of Israel.

• Israel defeats all attacks

• Result: Arabs (OPEC) embargo oil to U.S and Europe.

Camp David Accords 1978

• President Carter brings leaders of Israel and Egypt to Washington D.C. where peace accord is signed.

• President Sadat is assassinated soon after in Egypt.

Iran Hostage Crisis 1979

• Cause – Shah of Iran is helped by U.S. (which is ally).

• Effect – Iran militants seize U.S. Embassy and take 52 American hostages

• Released after U.S. election of Reagan

Iran–Iraq War 1980 to 1988

• Iraq attacks Iran• Iraq desires to be #1

power in Persian Gulf• Religious differences• World War I tactics• 500,000 dead• No change in borders

Persian Gulf War - 1990

• Cause – Iraq invades Kuwait to gain control of oil fields

• Saddam Hussein – dictator in Iraq

• Coalition invades but does not remove Hussein from office.

• Oil fields set on fire.• U.S. victory in 100

hours.

Iraq 2003 - 2011

• President Bush– Weapons of mass

destruction– Terrorism– Saddam Hussein -

harsh dictator is captured.

– 4,476 American soldiers lost lives.

• 50,000 U.S. soldiers remain to train Iraq security people

Afghanistan

• U.S. and Europeans are at war with terrorism, not the Afghan people.

• Operation Enduring Freedom

• 1787 Americans lost• Captured and killed

bin Laden

• 100,000 U.S. soldiers

Assessment

1. Egypt2. Iraq3. Iran4. Palestine5. Israel6. United States7. Afghanistan8. Great Britain

A. Lost 1967 and 1973 WarsB. Defended Kuwait in Gulf WarC. Created in 1948D. Nation led by Saddam

Hussein, invaded by U.S.E. Where 100,000 U.S. soldiers

are defending freedomF. Theocracy; fought with Iraq in

1980’s.G. U.S. ally in Iraq and

AfghanistanH. Area in and around Israel