FAIZA SALEEM.docx

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SUMMER TRAINING PROJECT REPORTON

ENHANCING EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH

INTERVENTION IN TATA DOCOMOSubmitted in partial fulllment of

Master in business administration proramme

Condu!ted b"UTTAR PRA#ES$ TEC$NICA% UNI&ERSIT'( %UC)NO*

Under t+e super,ision of

E-TERNA% GUI#E INTERNA% GUI#EMrs. S+ruti Me+ta Mr. Rites+Sri,asta,a/Manaer0 $R1 / $.O.#.1

SUBMITTED BY

FAIZA SALEEMM2A3rd Semester

Enrolment No. 1428170013Session 456704568

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SHERWOOD COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING, RESEARCH &

TECHNOLOGY 2ARA2AN)I

DECLARATION

I, Faiza Saleem , student of M..A at S.!.E.".#. A"AA$%I, &e'e() de*la'e t&at t&e

+'oe*t 'e+o't on -ENHANCING EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY THROUGHINTERVENTION IN TATA DOCOMO”. at Lu*no/ is an o'iinal and aut&enti*ated

/o' done () me.

I fu't&e' de*la'e t&at it &as not (een su(mitted else/&e'e () an) ot&e' +e'son in an) of

t&e institutes fo' t&e a/a'd o' an) de'ee o' di+loma.

FAIZA SALEEM

MA 3" SEM.

ate

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To complete the project is not a easy thing, you have to take the help of others. I

would like to add a few heartfelt words for the people who are the part of this

project in numerous ways people who gave unending support right from the

stage the project data was conceived

My special thanks to MR. RITES SRI!"ST"!" #E"$ %& TE

$E'"RTME(T) that provides gentle encouragement and constant support.

I am e*tremely thankful to MS SR+TI MET"#r Manager at TT) for

providing me with sense of direction in -uilding this methodical approach in this

report, continuous source of inspiration throughout the project.

I sincerely thank them for the constant cooperation, guidance and

incessant inspiration and their guidance without which this project would have

-een like a rudderless -oat. ell to put in a nutshell, without their guidance and

support this project would have -een futile.

FAIZA SALEEM

M.B.A -3rd Se

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PREFACE

MA +'o'am is one of t&e most +'ofessional *ou'ses in t&e field of manaement.

#&is *ou'se in*ludes (ot& t&eo') and a++li*ation *ontent of *u''i*ulum.

'oe*t /o' is an inte'al +a't of MA +'o'am at !S.!.E.".#. A"AA$%I”

ea*& student is 'eui'ed to do +'oe*t and &as to +'e+a'e and su(mit 'e+o't on t&e

/o' *ondu*t () t&e student.

#&is 'e+o't is t&e *ontinuation of a(o5e t'adition. #&e to+i* of t&e +'oe*t /o' /as

-ENHANCING EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH INTERVENTION IN

TATA DOCOMO”.

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ABSTRACT

#&e +u'+ose of +'odu*ti5it) is to *'eate *onditions in /&i*& +eo+le a'e /illin to

/o' /it& zeal, initiati5e, inte'est and ent&usiasm /it& a &i& +e'sonal and 'ou+

mo'al satisfa*tion, /it& a sense of 'es+onsi(ilit), lo)alt) and dis*i+line and /it& a

+'ide and *onfiden*e in a most *o&esi5e manne' so t&at oals of an o'anization

a'e a*&ie5ed effe*ti5el). 'odu*ti5it) te*&niue is utilized to stimulate em+lo)ee

'o/t&. !la'en*e F'an*s indi*ated t&is /&en &e /as t&e *&ai'+e'son of t&e 6ene'al

Food. e said -ou *an (u) a man9s time, )ou *an (u) a man9s +&)si*al +'esen*e

at i5en +la*e: )ou *an e5en (u) a measu'ed num(e' of silled motions +e' &ou' o'

da) (ut )ou *annot (u) de5otion of &ea't, mind and soul. ou &a5e to ea'n t&ese

t&ins.

If a manae' /ants to et /o' done () &is em+lo)ees &e *an eit&e' &old out a +'omise o'

a 'e/a'd fo' t&em fo' doin /o' in a (ette' o' im+'o5ed /a) o' &e ma) *onst'ain t&em,

() instillin fea' in t&em o' () usin fo'*e to do t&e desi'ed /o'. In ot&e' /o'ds, &e ma)

utilize +ositi5e o' neati5e +'odu*ti5it). ot& t&ese t)+e s a'e /idel) used ()

manaement. A +ositi5e +'odu*ti5it) in5ol5es t&e +ossi(ilit) of in*'eased moti5e

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satisfa*tion, /&ile neati5e +'odu*ti5it) in5ol5es t&e +ossi(ilit) of de*'eased moti5e

satisfa*tion.

A mao' *on*e'n of e5e') manae' s&ould (e to *ont'i(ute +ositi5el) to/a'ds t&e

a*&ie5ement of t&e o'anization9s o(e*ti5es.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO.

Int'odu*tion Em+lo)ee 'odu*ti5it) >

#&e !on*e+t


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Int'odu*tion

#o

#&e 'oe*t

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INTRODUCTION

EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY

Pr"d#$%&'&%( is a measu'e of out+ut f'om a +'odu*tion +'o*ess, +e' unit of in+ut. Fo'

eam+le, la(o' +'odu*ti5it) is t)+i*all) measu'ed as a 'atio of out+ut +e' la(o'@&ou', an

in+ut. 'odu*ti5it) ma) (e *on*ei5ed of as a met'i* of t&e te*&ni*al o' eninee'in

effi*ien*) of +'odu*tion. As su*&, t&e em+&asis is on uantitati5e met'i*s of in+ut, and

sometimes out+ut. 'odu*ti5it) is distin*t f'om met'i*s of allo*ati5e effi*ien*), /&i*&tae into a**ount (ot& t&e moneta') 5alue D+'i*e of /&at is +'odu*ed and t&e *ost of

in+uts used, and also distin*t f'om met'i*s of +'ofita(ilit), /&i*& add'ess t&e diffe'en*e

(et/een t&e 'e5enues o(tained f'om out+ut and t&e e+ense asso*iated /it& *onsum+tion

of in+uts.

Em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it) is t&e 'atio of Dt&e 'eal 5alue of out+ut to t&e in+ut of Em+lo)ee.

&e'e +ossi(le, &ou's /o'ed, 'at&e' t&an t&e num(e's of em+lo)ees, is used as t&e

measu'e of Em+lo)ee in+ut. it& an in*'ease in +a't@time em+lo)ment, &ou's /o'ed

+'o5ides t&e mo'e a**u'ate measu'e of Em+lo)ee in+ut. Em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it) s&ould (e

inte'+'eted 5e') *a'efull) if used as a measu'e of effi*ien*). In +a'ti*ula', it 'efle*ts mo'e

t&an ust t&e effi*ien*) o' +'odu*ti5it) of Em+lo)ees. Em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it) is t&e 'atio

of out+ut to Em+lo)ee in+ut: and out+ut is influen*ed () man) fa*to's t&at a'e outside of

Em+lo)eesG influen*e, in*ludin t&e natu'e and amount of *a+ital eui+ment t&at is

a5aila(le, t&e int'odu*tion of ne/ te*&noloies, and manaement +'a*ti*es.

>

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_productivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocative_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_productivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocative_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_productivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_productivity


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MEANING OF EMPLOYEE)S PRODUCTIVITY*-

Em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it) is ene'all) s+eain &eld to (e t&e same as t&e Ha5e'ae +'odu*t

of la(o'H Da5e'ae out+ut +e' Em+lo)ee o' +e' Em+lo)ee@&ou', an out+ut /&i*& *ould (e

measu'ed in +&)si*al te'ms o' in +'i*e te'ms. It is not t&e same as t&e ma'inal +'odu*t

of la(o', /&i*& 'efe's to t&e in*'ease in out+ut t&at 'esult f'om a *o''es+ondin in*'ease

in la(o' in+ut. #&e ualitati5e as+e*ts of la(o' +'odu*ti5it) su*& as *'eati5it), inno5ation,

team/o', im+'o5ed ualit) of /o' and t&e effe*ts on ot&e' a'eas in a *om+an) a'e

mo'e diffi*ult to measu'e.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_product


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% e, e

l sO f

P ro d

u !t i ,i t "

I

i

i

OB+ECTIVE OF PRODUCTIVITY

• #o ('in te*&noloi*al *&ane• Effi*ien*)

• !ost Sa5in

• Im+'o5in +'o*ess

• Li5in standa'd

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METHODS FOR IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY

#&'ou& o+e'ations and manaementIm+'o5e te*&nolo) and fa*ilitiesIn*'ease t'aininIn*'ease 'esea'*& and de5elo+ment S+endinIn*'ease em+lo)ee +a'ti*i+ationAdo+t automated and 'o(oti* s)stemsIm+'o5e 'e/a'd s)stemsEn&an*e s+eedEn&an*e flei(ilit)

NEED FOR STUDYING EMPLOYEE)S PRODUCTIVITY

1. Fo' 'o/t& of t&e *om+an).2. Mae a (alan*e (et/een em+lo)ee and Em+lo)ees.3. #o ea'n +'ofits.4. Em+lo)ee /elfa'e;. En&an*e +'odu*ti5it)=. e'sonnel de5elo+ment

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ELTON MAYO)S HAWTHORN E,PERIMENTS

Elton Ma)o9s team *ondu*ted a num(e' of e+e'iments. #&ese e+e'iments a'e often

'efe''ed to as t&e a/t&o'ne e+e'iments o' a/t&o'ne studies as t&e) too +la*e at #&e

a/t&o'ne o's of t&e este'n Ele*t'i* !om+an) in !&i*ao.


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('aes, li&tin, &umidit), and tem+e'atu'e. #&e *&anes /e'e e+lained to t&e

Em+lo)ees +'io' to im+lementation.

At t&e end of t&e e+e'iment, t&e Em+lo)ee9s /o'in *onditions, 'e5e'ted (a* to t&e

*onditions (efo'e t&e e+e'iment (ean. ne+e*tedl) t&e Em+lo)ees mo'ale and

+'odu*ti5it) 'ose to le5els &i&e' t&an (efo'e and du'in t&e e+e'iments.

#&e *om(ination of 'esults du'in and afte' t&e e+e'iment Di.e t&e in*'ease in t&e

Em+lo)ees9 +'odu*ti5it) /&en t&e) /e'e 'etu'ned to t&ei' o'iinal /o'in *onditions

led Ma)o to *on*lude t&at Em+lo)ees /e'e moti5ated () +s)*&oloi*al *onditions mo'e

t&an +&)si*al /o'in *ondition. e also *on*luded t&at Em+lo)ees /e'e moti5ated ()

mo'e t&an self inte'est and instead t&e follo/in a++lied

• #&e'e is an un/'itten unde'standin (et/een t&e Em+lo)ee and em+lo)e'

'ea'din /&at is e+e*ted f'om t&em: Ma)o *alled t&is t&e +s)*&oloi*al

*ont'a*t.

• A Em+lo)ee9s moti5ation *an (e in*'eased () s&o/in an inte'est in t&em. Ma)o

*lassified stud)in t&e Em+lo)ees Dt&'ou& t&e e+e'iments as s&o/in an

inte'est in t&e Em+lo)ees.

• o' is a 'ou+ a*ti5it), team /o' *an in*'ease a Em+lo)ee9s moti5ation as it

allo/s +eo+le to fo'm st'on /o'in 'elations&i+s and in*'eases t'ust (et/een t&e

Em+lo)ees. o' 'ou+s a'e *'eated fo'mall) () t&e em+lo)e' (ut also o**u'

info'mall). ot& info'mal and fo'mal 'ou+s s&ould (e used to in*'ease

+'odu*ti5it) as info'mal 'ou+s influen*e t&e Em+lo)ee9s &a(its and attitudes.

• Em+lo)ees a'e moti5ated () t&e so*ial as+e*t of /o', as demonst'ated () t&e

female Em+lo)ees so*ializin du'in and outside /o' and t&e su(seuent

in*'ease in moti5ation.

• Em+lo)ees a'e moti5ated () 'e*onition, se*u'it) and a sense of (elonin.

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• #&e *ommuni*ation (et/een Em+lo)ees and manaement influen*es Em+lo)ees9

mo'ale and +'odu*ti5it). Em+lo)ees a'e moti5ated t&'ou& a ood /o'in

'elations&i+ /it& manaement.

FREDRICK.W TAYLOR)S TIME MOTION STUDY

#ime and motion stud) anal)sis of t&e o+e'ations 'eui'ed to +'odu*e a manufa*tu'ed

a'ti*le in a fa*to'), /it& t&e aim of in*'easin effi*ien*). Ea*& o+e'ation is studied

minutel) and anal)zed in o'de' to eliminate unne*essa') motions and t&us 'edu*e

+'odu*tion time and 'aise out+ut, /&i*& in*'eases +'odu*ti5it) . #&e fi'st effo't at time

stud) /as made () F. . #a)lo' in t&e 1880s. Ea'l) in t&e 20t& *ent., F'an and Lillian

6il('et& de5elo+ed a mo'e s)stemati* and so+&isti*ated met&od of time and motion stud)

fo' indust'), tain into a**ount t&e limits of &uman +&)si*al and mental *a+a*it) and t&e

im+o'tan*e of a ood +&)si*al en5i'onment.

TITLE +USTIFICATION

#&e to+i* -ENHANCING EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH

INTERVENTION IN TATA DOCOMOJ s&o/s t&e +'odu*ti5it) of Em+lo)ees du'in

t&ei' /o' time. #&e to+i* suest a(out t&e +e' unit /aes of Em+lo)ees means it

defines t&ei' idle &ou' and /o'in &ou's. #ime and motion stud) is one of t&e met&ods

fo' stud) t&e +'odu*ti5it) of Em+lo)ees in indust'). #&is +'oe*t &el+s Em+lo)ees as /ell

as em+lo)e' to in*'ease +'odu*ti5it) in t&ei' o'anizations. a/t&o'ne e+e'iments also

1;

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-productiv.htmlhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Taylor-FW.htmlhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-productiv.htmlhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Taylor-FW.html


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i5e met&ods to stud) +'odu*ti5it) () its e+e'iments. #&e stud) of Em+lo)ee9s

+'odu*ti5it) mainl) de+ends u+on t&e out+ut /&i*& &e +'o5ides to t&e o'anization () &is

effo'ts.

COMPANY PROFILE

1=


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Founded () +AMSET +I TATA in /0/

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THE TATA GROUP is 1 GLOBAL (usiness 'ou+

it& +'odu*ts and se'5i*es in o5e' 2 *ount'ies


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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND

COMMUNICATION

CONSUMER PRODUCTS

ENGINEERING PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

MATERIALS

SERVICES

ENERGY

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CHEMICALS

FORMER CHAIRMEN

'ofiles of t&e men /&o &a5e led t&e #ata 'ou+ in t&e last

100@+lus )ea's

+1;e% +& T1%1 #&e Founde' of t&e #ata 'ou+ (ean /it& a

tetile mill in *ent'al India in t&e 1870s. is +o/e'ful 5ision

ins+i'ed t&e steel and +o/e' indust'ies in India, set t&e foundation fo' te*&ni*al

edu*ation, and &el+ed t&e *ount') lea+f'o f'om (a*/a'dness to t&e 'ans of

indust'ial nations.

S&r D"r17 T1%1 D!&ai'man, #ata Sons 1>04 1>32*

#&'ou& &is endea5o's9 in settin u+ #ata Steel and #ata

o/e', t&is elde' son of ?amseti #ata /as inst'umental in

t'ansfo'min &is fat&e'Gs 'and 5ision into 'ealit).

S&r N"


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+RD T1%1 D!&ai'man, #ata Sons 1>38 1>>1* #&e late *&ai'man of t&e #ata

'ou+ +ionee'ed *i5il a5iation on t&e su(*ontinent in 1>32 () laun*&in t&e ai'line

no/ no/n as Ai' India.

R1%18 N T1%1 D!&ai'man, #ata Sons 1>>1 2012

"atan $ #ata /as t&e !&ai'man of #ata Sons, t&e +'omote' &oldin *om+an) of t&e

#ata 'ou+, f'om 1>>1 to 2012.

!)'us Mist'), 4;, is t&e sit& 6'ou+ !&ai'man. e /as a++ointed as t&e

!&ai'man of t&e #ata Sons (oa'd in e*em(e' 2012 and &as (een a di'e*to' of t&e

*om+an) sin*e 200=.

In addition to (ein t&e 6'ou+ !&ai'man, M' Mist') is also t&e *&ai'man of mao'

#ata *om+anies in*ludin #ata Steel, #ata Moto's, #ata !onsultan*) Se'5i*es, #ata

o/e', Indian otels !om+an), #ata 6lo(al e5e'aes and #ata !&emi*als

M' Mist') 'aduated /it& a de'ee in *i5il eninee'in f'om Im+e'ial !ollee

London, %, in 1>>0. In 1>>7, &e 'e*ei5ed an MS* in manaement f'om t&e

London usiness S*&ool. e is a 'e*i+ient of t&e Alumni A*&ie5ement A/a'd9

f'om t&e London usiness S*&ool. e is also a fello/ of t&e Institution of !i5ilEninee's, London.

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TATA GROUP IN COMMUNICATION

!ommuni*ation is amon t&e #ata 6'ou+9s la'e' in5estments, /it& o5e' K7.;

(illion al'ead) *ommitted. #&e 6'ou+9s o(e*ti5e is to +'o5ide end@to@end

tele*ommuni*ations solutions fo' (usiness and 'esidential *ustome's a*'oss t&e

nation and inte'nationall). #&e 6'ou+9s *ommuni*ations a*ti5ities a'e *u''entl)

s+'ead +'ima'il) o5e' fou' *om+anies@ #ata #elese'5i*es Limited, its asso*iate #ata

#elese'5i*es DMa&a'as&t'a limited, #ata !ommuni*ations De'st/&ile NS$L and

#ata S). #oet&e', t&ese *om+anies *om+anies *o5e' t&e full 'ane of

*ommuni*ations se'5i*es, in*ludin

• Te:e?@"8( Ser'&$e;* Fied and Mo(ile

• Med&1 E8%er%1&8e8% Ser'&$e;* Satellite #N

• D1%1 Ser'&$e;* Leased Lines, Manaed ata $et/o's, IBMLS N$,

ial@u+ Inte'net, i@Fi and 'oad(and

• V1:#e-1dded Ser'&$e;* Mo(ile and 'oad(and !ontentBA++li*ations,

!allin !a'ds, $et #ele+&on) and Manaed Se'5i*es

• I8r1;%r#$%#re Ser'&$e;* Su(ma'ine !a(le and/idt&, #e''est'ial Fi(e'

$et/o' and Satellite Ea't& Stations and NSA# !onne*ti5it)

TATA TELESERVICES LIMITED PROFILE

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#ata #elese'5i*es Limited s+ea'&eads t&e #ata 6'ou+9s +'esen*e in t&e tele*om

se*to'. #&e #ata 6'ou+ in*ludes o5e' 100 *om+anies, o5e' 4;0,000 em+lo)ees

/o'ld/ide and mo'e 3.8 million s&a'e&olde's. In*o'+o'ated in 1>>=, #ata

#elese'5i*es Limited /as t&e +ionee' of t&e !MA 1 te*&nolo) +latfo'm in

India, em(a'in on a 'o/t& +at& afte' t&e a*uisition of u&es #ele.*om DIndia

Ltd O'enamed #ata #elese'5i*es DMa&a'as&t'a LimitedP () t&e #ata 6'ou+ in 2002.

tele*om !i'*les /&e'e it 'e*ei5ed s+e*t'um f'om t&e 6o5e'nment of India in t&e

ui* s+an of ust o5e' a )ea'.

('and s)ne'ies and *a+italize on its 5ast 'etail and dist'i(ution net/o', /&i*& is

t&e la'est amonst all +'i5ate tele*om o+e'ato's in t&e *ount').

#A#A


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+ionee' t&e +e'@se*ond ta'iff o+tion +a't of its -a) fo' &at ou seJ +'i*in

+a'adim.

#ata #elese'5i*es Limited also (e*ame t&e fi'st Indian +'i5ate tele*om o+e'ato' to

laun*& 36 se'5i*es in India unde' /it& t&e laun*& of se'5i*es in $o5em(e' 2010 in

all nine tele*om !i'*les /&e'e t&e *om+an) (aed t&e 36 li*ense. In asso*iation

/it& its +a'tne' $##

'edefine t&e 5e') fa*e of tele*oms in India. #o)o@(ased $##

t&e /o'ld9s leadin mo(ile o+e'ato's in ?a+an, t&e *om+an) is t&e *lea' ma'et

leade', used () nea'l) ;; +e' *ent of t&e *ount')9s mo(ile +&one use's.

##SL ente'ed into a st'atei* +a'tne's&i+ a'eement /it& Indian 'etail iant Futu'e

6'ou+ to offe' mo(ile tele+&on) se'5i*es unde' a ne/ ('and name #24, on t&e

6SM +latfo'm. #ata #elese'5i*es also &as a st'atei* tie u+ /it& Ni'in Mo(ile t&at

+'ima'il) *ate's to )out& sement offe'in mo(ilit) se'5i*es on (ot& !MA and

6SM +latfo'm.

#ata #elese'5i*es is t&e undis+uted ma'et leade' in t&e fied /i'eless tele+&on)

ma'et amonst +'i5ate o+e'ato's. In t&e /i'eless mo(ilit) s+a*e, t&e *om+an) in

t&e +ast &as (een 'ated as t&e -Least !onested $et/o'J in India fo' ei&t

*onse*uti5e ua'te's () t&e #ele*om "eulato') Aut&o'it) of India t&'ou&

inde+endent su'5e)s.

#oda), #ata #elese'5i*es, alon /it& #ata #elese'5i*es DMa&a'as&t'a Limited, &as

a 'ea*& in mo'e t&an 4;0,000 to/ns and 5illae a*'oss t&e *ount'), /it& a (ouuet

of tele+&on) se'5i*es en*om+assin Mo(ile Se'5i*es, i'eless esto+ &ones,

u(li* oot& #ele+&on) and i'eless se'5i*es.

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In e*em(e' 2008, #ata #elese'5i*es announ*ed a uniue 'e5e'se euit) s/a+

st'atei* a'eement (et/een its tele*om to/e' su(sidia'), i'eless ## Info@

Se'5i*es Limited and Cui++o #ele*om Inf'ast'u*tu'e Limited /it& t&e *om(ined

entit) i*in off o+e'ations /it& 18,000 to/e's, t&e'e() (e*omin t&e la'est

inde+endent entit) in t&is s+a*e and /it& t&e &i&est tenan*) 'atios in t&e indust').

#oda), t&e *om(ined entit) /&i*& &as (een 'e@*&'istened as NI


26/109

PRO+ECT OPTIMUS

it& t&e in*'easin +enet'ation of tele*om in 'u'al a'eas and t&e /ea utilit) +o/e'

situation in t&e &inte'land, a *lea' demand@su++l) a+ fo' +o/e' eists in most of

t&ese lo*ations and states. 6oin fo'/a'd, t&e de+enden*e on alte'nate sou'*es of

+o/e' /ill onl) in*'ease@t&us 'aisin (ot& t&e *ost of +o/e', as also t&e attendant

emissions, +a'ti*ula'l) if *on5entional (a*@u+ solutions of usin diesel@+o/e'ed

ene'ato's a'e em+lo)es. At ##SL, /e a'e 5e') *on*e'ned of t&e +'o(lem of

+o/e': indust') is fa*in and t&e'efo'e t&e need of it to (e atta*ed on diffe'ent

f'onts. 'omotin t&e use of alte'nati5e 'esou'*es of ene') and 'edu*in t&e use of

fuel is one of t&e im+o'tant a'eas of /o' fo' *onse'5ation of ene') and

+'omotin t&e 'es+onsi(le use of 'esou'*es.

#&e'e a'e limited o+tions t&at an) o+e'ato' *an tu'n to, (ut as a *om+an) no/n

fo' its inno5ation and en5i'onment@*ons*iousness, #ata #elese'5i*es Limited &as a

al'ead) identified initiati5es t&at a'e 'edu*in ou' emission *ount and &el+in us

de5elo+ and im+lement *leane' and 'eene' te*&noloies. #o *om+'e&ensi5el)

add'ess t&e issue of ene'). ##SL fo'med an -A++lied "esea'*&J team /it& a

mandate to o(tain ood ualit) *ontinuous +o/e' inde+endent of 'id 'elia(ilit)

and t&us (e*omin t&e lo/est *ost tele*om o+e'ato'.

#&e name of t&e +'oe*t /as *&'istened as -'oe*t


27/109

I8d""r %" "#%d""r C"8'er;&"8*

##SL te*&nolo) team initiated a s+e*ial +'oe*t fo' o+timizin Ene') !osts

*alled 'oe*t


28/109

it& im+lementin


29/109

BOARD OF DIRECTOR

Mr. C(r#; P. M&;%r(

De;&81%&"8* !&ai'man

Mr. Sr&81%@ N1r1;&@18

De;&81%&"8* Manain i'e*to'

Mr. N. C@18dr1;e>1r18

De;&81%&"8* i'e*to'

Mr. H1=&e K&&

De;&81%&"8* i'e*to'

Mr. K1#%" T;#7"#$@&

De;&81%&"8* i'e*to'

Mr. K&;@"r C@1#>1r

De;&81%&"8* i'e*to'

2>


30/109

Mr. I;@11% H#;;1&8

De;&81%&"8* i'e*to'

Mr. R1'& L171@

De;&81%&"8* i'e*to'

Mr. K&(";@& T">#@&r"

De;&81%&"8* i'e*to'

30


31/109

CAREERS TTSL

#o a*tualize t&e o'anizational Nision of -'o5idin #'usted Se'5i*e to +latfo'ma'isin out of t&e #ata 6'ou+Gs st'atei* allian*e /it& ?a+anese tele*om

mao' $##


32/109


33/109

6'ou+@$##

*om+'isin of senio' +e'sonnel f'om (ot& *om+anies. #&e *oun*il is 'es+onsi(le

fo' t&e identifi*ation of e) a'eas /&e'e t&e t/o *om+anies /ill /o' toet&e'.

#elese'5i*es Limited manaement and +'o5ide no/@&o/ to &el+ t&e *om+an)

de5elo+ its 6SM (usiness.


34/109

OB+ECTIVE OF THE REPORT

#o no/ t&e a'ea, t&at &el+s in en&an*ement of +'odu*ti5it).

#o familia' /it& t&e fundamentals of +'odu*ti5it).

nde'stand t&e #ime Q Motion Stud) and a/t&o'ne e+e'iment.

#o unde'stand t&e im+a*t of Em+lo)ee9s +'odu*ti5it) in #A#A

#o lea'n t&e 'ound 'ealit) of Em+lo)ee9s +'odu*ti5it) in #A#A

34


35/109

SCOPE OF THE REPORT

1. En&an*ement of +'odu*ti5it) of #A#A

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY

3;


36/109

Em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it) le5els in Eu'o+e.


37/109

• t&e 'elati5e effi*ien*) ains 'esultin f'om diffe'ent s)stems of manaement,

o'anization, *o@o'dination o' eninee'in.

• t&e +'odu*ti5e effe*ts of some fo'ms of Em+lo)ee on ot&e' fo'ms of Em+lo)ee.

#&ese as+e*ts of +'odu*ti5it) 'efe' to t&e qualitative dimensions of Em+lo)ee in+ut. If an

o'anization is usin Em+lo)ee mu*& mo'e intensel), one *an assume itGs due to 'eate'

Em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it), sin*e t&e out+ut +e' Em+lo)ee@effo't ma) (e t&e same. #&is insi&t

(e*omes +a'ti*ula'l) im+o'tant /&en a la'e +a't of /&at is +'odu*ed in an e*onom) *onsists

of se'5i*es. Manaement ma) (e 5e') +'eo**u+ied /it& t&e +'odu*ti5it) of em+lo)ees, (ut

t&e +'odu*ti5it) ains of manaement itself is 5e') diffi*ult to +'o5e. &ile Em+lo)ee

+'odu*ti5it) 'o/t& &as (een seen as a useful (a'omete' of t&e .S. e*onom)9s +e'fo'man*e,

'e*ent 'esea'*& &as eamined /&) .S. Em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it) 'ose du'in t&e 'e*ent

do/ntu'n of 2008200>, /&en .S. 'oss domesti* +'odu*t +lummeted.O2P

#&e 5alidit) of inte'national *om+a'isons of Em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it) *an (e limited () a

num(e' of measu'ement issues. #&e *om+a'a(ilit) of out+ut measu'es *an (e neati5el)

affe*ted () t&e use of diffe'ent 5aluations, /&i*& define t&e in*lusion of taes, ma'ins, and

*osts, o' diffe'ent deflation indees, /&i*& tu'n *u''ent out+ut into *onstant out+ut.

O3P

Em+lo)ee in+ut *an (e (iased () diffe'ent met&ods used to estimate a5e'ae &ou'sO4P

o' diffe'ent met&odoloies used to estimate em+lo)ed +e'sons.O;P In addition, fo' le5el

*om+a'isons of Em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it), out+ut needs to (e *on5e'ted into a *ommon

*u''en*). #&e +'efe''ed *on5e'sion fa*to's a'e u'*&asin o/e' a'ities, (ut t&ei' a**u'a*)

*an (e neati5el) influen*ed () t&e limited 'e+'esentati5eness of t&e oods and se'5i*es

*om+a'ed and diffe'ent a'eation met&ods.O=P #o fa*ilitate inte'national *om+a'isons of

Em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it), a num(e' of o'anizations, su*& as t&e


38/109

F1$%"r; 1e$%&8 E?:"(ee ?r"d#$%&'&%(

.S. +'odu*ti5it) and a5e'ae 'eal ea'nins, 1>472014

In a su'5e) of manufa*tu'in 'o/t& and +e'fo'man*e in 'itain, it /as found t&at

-#&e fa*to's affe*tin Em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it) o' t&e +e'fo'man*e of indi5idual /o' 'oles a'e

of ('oadl) t&e same t)+e as t&ose t&at affe*t t&e +e'fo'man*e of manufa*tu'in fi'ms as a

/&ole. #&e) in*lude

D1 +&)si*al@o'ani*, lo*ation, and te*&noloi*al fa*to's:

D2 *ultu'al (elief@5alue and indi5idual attitudinal, moti5ational and (e&a5iou'al fa*to's:

D3 inte'national influen*es e.. le5els of inno5ati5eness and effi*ien*) on t&e +a't of t&e

o/ne's and manae's of in/a'd in5estin fo'ein *om+anies:

D4 manae'ial@o'anizational and /ide' e*onomi* and +oliti*al@leal en5i'onments:

D; le5els of flei(ilit) in inte'nal Em+lo)ee ma'ets and t&e o'anization of /o' a*ti5ities

e.. t&e +'esen*e o' a(sen*e of t'aditional *'aft dema'*ation lines and (a''ie's to

o**u+ational ent'): and

D= indi5idual 'e/a'ds and +a)ment s)stems, and t&e effe*ti5eness of +e'sonnel manae's

and ot&e's in 'e*'uitin, t'ainin, *ommuni*atin /it&, and +e'fo'man*e@moti5atin

em+lo)ees on t&e (asis of +a) and ot&e' in*enti5es.

#&e =t& fa*to' of moti5atin +e'fo'man*e *an fu't&e' (e e+lo'ed unde' s)*&oloi*al

As+e*ts of o' 'odu*ti5it).

#&e eme'en*e of *om+ute's &as (een noted as a sinifi*ant fa*to' in in*'easin Em+lo)ee

+'odu*ti5it) in t&e late 1>>0s, () some, and as an insinifi*ant fa*to' () ot&e's, su*& as ".?.

38

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce_productivity#Psychological_Factors_of_Feedback_on_Performancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce_productivity#Psychological_Factors_of_Feedback_on_Performancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce_productivity#Psychological_Factors_of_Feedback_on_Performancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce_productivity#Psychological_Factors_of_Feedback_on_Performance


39/109

6o'don. Alt&ou& *om+ute's &a5e eisted fo' most of t&e 20t& *entu'), some e*onomi*

'esea'*&e's &a5e noted a la in +'odu*ti5it) 'o/t& *aused () *om+ute's t&at didnGt *ome

until t&e late 1>>0s.JO7P

P;($@":"&$1: 1$%"r; " eed71$> "8 ?er"r18$e

Feed(a* in t&e /o'+la*e *an (e 'e*ei5ed in t/o diffe'ent t)+es of /a)s. ositi5e feed(a*

is /&en an em+lo)ee is +'aised and told /&at &e o' s&e is doin 'i&t and neati5e feed(a*

is /&en an em+lo)ee is *o''e*ted and told /&at &e o' s&e is doin /'on. O8P ositi5e and

neati5e feed(a* in te'ms of /o' +'odu*ti5it) a'e 5e') im+o'tant in t&e field of Indust'ial@

o'anizational +s)*&olo). Feed(a* in t&e /o' +la*e *an (e (ot& fo'mal and info'mal.

P";&%&'e eed71$>

ositi5e feed(a* &as t&e most im+a*t on *'eatin &i&e' ualit) /o' and mo'e /o'

+'odu*ti5it) o5e'all. ositi5e feed(a* /ill also lead to a &i&e' ?o( satisfa*tion le5el. &en

'e*ei5in +ositi5e feed(a* an em+lo)ee ma) (e told t&at &is o' &e' /o' is (ein done

*o''e*tl) and t&at &e o' s&e s&ould ee+ u+ t&e ood /o'. ositi5e feed(a* is used to

'einfo'*e ood (e&a5io' and en*ou'ae t&e /o'ed to ee+ /o'in &a'd and *'eatin &i&

ualit) /o'.

O>P

Ne1%&'e eed71$>

$eati5e feed(a* &as t&e a(ilit) to slo/ /o' +'odu*tion and *'eate less ualit)

/o'. O10Po/e5e', /&en neati5e feed(a* is i5en in te'ms of *o''e*ti5e *'iti*ism t&en &i&

ualit) /o' *an (e +'odu*ed (e*ause it allo/s fo' e''o's to (e no/n and made a5aila(le to

*o''e*t. #&is t)+e of feed(a* is *alled!o''e*ti5e feed(a* .

3>

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce_productivity#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce_productivity#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce_productivity#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial-organizational_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial-organizational_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_satisfactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_satisfactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce_productivity#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce_productivity#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrective_feedbackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce_productivity#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce_productivity#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial-organizational_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial-organizational_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_satisfactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce_productivity#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce_productivity#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrective_feedback


40/109

Ge8er1: Feed71$>

ot& fo'mal and info'mal feed(a* is used in t&e /o'+la*e. &en fo'mal feed(a* is i5en

in t&e /o'+la*e it is usuall) *alled a e'fo'man*e a++'aisal. #&is t)+e of feed(a* *an (e

5e') useful /&en info'min an em+lo)ee /&at t&e) do /ell and /&at t&e) need to im+'o5e

on. O11P Info'mal feed(a* does not &a5e s+e*ifi* name (ut ma) (e demonst'ated in te'ms of a

+at on t&e (a* o' suestion t&at *omes f'om anot&e' em+lo)ee o' su+e'5iso'.

E?:"(ee "r1:e

E?:"(ee "r1:e, in &uman 'esou'*es, is defined as t&e o( satisfa*tion, outloo, and

feelins of /ell@(ein an em+lo)ee &as /it&in a /o'+la*e settin.O1P 'o5en to &a5e a di'e*t

effe*t on +'odu*ti5it), it is one of t&e *o'ne' stones of (usiness.

H&;%"r(

#&e &a++ie' t&e em+lo)ee o' /o'e', t&e &i&e' t&e +'odu*ti5it).


41/109

em+lo)ees a'e un&a++) at /o'. Failin to add'ess t&is issue lead to de*'eased +'odu*ti5it),

in*'eased 'ates of a(senteeism and asso*iated *osts, in*'eased *onfli*ts in t&e /o'

en5i'onment, in*'eased *ustome' o' *onsume' *om+laints, and in*'eased em+lo)ee tu'no5e'

'ates and *osts asso*iated /it&sele*tion and t'ainin 'e+la*ement staff.O4P

Ad'18%1e; 18d d&;1d'18%1e;

#&e 'elations&i+ (et/een em+lo)ee mo'ale and o'anizational +e'fo'man*e is

st'ai&tfo'/a'd. e'e a'e a list of ad5antaes and disad5antaes

• &en em+lo)ees a'e satisfied /it& t&ei' o(s, t&e) a'e moti5ated to /o' &a'de' and

*ont'i(ute t&e (est of t&ei' a(ilities to/a'd t&e a*&ie5ement of o'anizational oals.

• #&e) feel a++'e*iated, im+o'tant and sinifi*ant mem(e's of t&e o'anizational *&ain

and as su*&, t&e) a'e 'ead) to maintain a +ositi5e a*tion /it& t&ei' *olleaues, *lients and

an)one t&e) *ome in *onta*t /it&.

• ) +uttin t&ei' (est fa*e fo'/a'd, not onl) t&e) a'e mo'e att'a*ti5e, (ut t&e) a'e also

a(le to *om+lete t&ei' tass mo'e effi*ientl).

• !om+a'ed to em+lo)ees /&o a'e moti5ated, disenaed /o'e's a'e less effi*ient,

miss mo'e /o'da)s and *ost t&ei' em+lo)e's t&ousands of dolla's in lost +'odu*ti5it).

%ee+in em+lo)ee mo'ale &i& is one of t&e (est t&ins )ou *an do to instill lo)alt) and

maintain a +'odu*ti5e /o'+la*e.

Me%@"d; " r1&;&8

Em+lo)ees tend to la* moti5ation to +e'fo'm t&ei' o(s /&en mo'ale is lo/. A la* of moti5ation *an also (e *i'*ula' in natu'e. Manaement and em+lo)ees *an &el+ in*'ease

mo'ale in t&e /o'+la*e ()O;P

1. "e*onize em+lo)eesO=P

41

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_morale#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee#Employeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleagueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee#Employeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_morale#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_morale#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_morale#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee#Employeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleagueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee#Employeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_morale#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_morale#cite_note-6


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2. e a 'es+e*tful manae' O7P

3. a5e one@on@one meetins /it& em+lo)ees

4. In5est in )ou' em+lo)ees

;. 6et to no/ )ou' em+lo)ees

&ile t&e'e a'e man) mo'e met&ods t&an /&at is listed a(o5e, ea*& met&od is de+endent on

t&e/o'+la*e.

O'er1:: E?:"(ee Ee$%&'e8e;;

O'er1:: E?:"(ee Ee$%&'e8e;; OLE is a e) +e'fo'man*e indi*ato' D%I t&at measu'es

t&e utilization, +e'fo'man*e, and ualit) of t&e Em+lo)ee and its im+a*t on +'odu*ti5it).

Simila' to


43/109

t&e) &a5e t&e +e'son /it& t&e 'i&t sills a5aila(le at t&e 'i&t time () ena(lin

manufa*tu'e's to lo*ate a'eas /&e'e +'o5idin and s*&edulin t&e 'i&t mi of em+lo)ees

*an in*'ease t&e num(e' of +'odu*ti5e &ou's. =0 min =0 min ('ea U >00 Min

A5aila(le #ime U >00 min S*&eduled 120 min ns*&eduled o/ntime U 780 Min

A5aila(ilit) U 780 A5ail Min B >00 S*&eduled Min U 8=.=7R

Me1;#r&8 ?er"r18$e

&en em+lo)ees *annot +e'fo'm t&ei' /o' /it&in standa'd times, +e'fo'man*e *an suffe'.

Effe*ti5e t'ainin *an in*'ease +e'fo'man*e () im+'o5in t&e sills t&at di'e*tl) im+a*t t&e

ualit) of out+ut. A silled o+e'ato' no/s &o/ to measu'e /o', unde'stands t&e im+a*ts of

5a'ia(ilit), and no/s to sto+ +'odu*tion fo' *o''e*ti5e a*tions /&en ualit) falls (elo/

s+e*ified limits. A**u'atel) measu'in t&is met'i* /it& =0 Min S*&ed =0 Min ns*&ed o/ntime U >00 Minutes

43

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absenteeismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absenteeism


44/109

#&e Standa'd "ate fo' t&e +a't (ein +'odu*ed is =0 nitsBou' o' 1 MinuteBnit

#&e Em+lo)ee +'odu*es 700 #otal nits du'in t&e s&ift.

#ime to 'odu*e a'ts U 700 nits V 1 MinutesBnit U 700 Minutes

e'fo'man*e U 700 Minutes B >00 Minutes U 77.78R

Me1;#r&8 #1:&%(

A num(e' of d'i5e's *ont'i(ute to ualit), (ut t&e effo't to im+'o5e ualit) *an 'esult in a

lo/e'in of Em+lo)ee +e'fo'man*e. &en main t&e *o''elation (et/een t&e Em+lo)ee

and ualit) it is im+o'tant to *onside' fa*to's su*& as t&e t'ainin and sills of em+lo)ees,

/&et&e' t&e) &a5e a**ess to t&e 'i&t tools to follo/ +'o*edu'es, and t&ei' unde'standin of

&o/ t&ei' 'oles d'i5e and im+a*t ualit). ;.71R

OLE $1:$#:1%&"8

Effe*ti5e use of


45/109

A5aila(ilit) of 87R

#&e o' !ente' e'fo'man*e is 78R.

o' !ente' Cualit) is >=R.

;.71R Cualit) U =4.;2R

E?:"(ee I8"r1%&"8 Tr1$>ed 7( OLE

#&e follo/in ta(le +'o5ides eam+les of t&e Em+lo)ee info'mation t'a*ed ()


46/109

e'fo'man*e is t&e 'atio of t&e a*tual out+ut

of t&e o+e'ato's di5ided () t&e e+e*ted

out+ut Do' Em+lo)ee standa'd.

S+eed

Small sto+s

to la* of sills,

e+e'ien*e o' t'ainin

oo' o+e'ato' te*&niue

due to la* of sills,

e+e'ien*e o' tainin

Cualit)

Cualit) &as man) definitions, (ut a *ommon

one is t&e 'atio of salea(le +a'ts di5ided ()

t&e total +a'ts +'odu*ed.

S*'a+ o'

'e/o'

ield o' sta't@

u+ losses


47/109

/it& and t&'ou& +eo+le, so t&e) must a*ui'e at least some unde'standin to t&e fo'*es

t&at /ill moti5ate t&e +eo+le t&e) a'e to manae. Em+lo)ees a'e *om+le, and t&e) a'e

uniuel) diffe'ent.

Assumin t&at a manae'9s +'ima') tas is to moti5ate ot&e's to +e'fo'm t&e tas of t&e

em+lo)in o'anization at &i& le5els, t&e manae's must find t&e +'odu*ti5it) fa*to's

t&at /ill et su(o'dinates to *ome to /o' 'eula'l) and on time, to /o' &a'd, and to

mae +ositi5e *ont'i(utions to/a'd t&e effe*ti5e and effi*ient a*&ie5ement of

o'anizational o(e*ti5es. N'oom &as +'o+osed t&at /o' +e'fo'man*e de+ends on

+'odu*ti5it) as /ell as Em+lo)ee a(ilit) and en5i'onmental *onditions.

Pr"d#$%&'&%( I; %@e Ke( %" Per"r18$e I?r"'ee8%

#&e'e is an old sa)in )ou *an tae a &o'se to t&e /ate' (ut )ou *annot fo'*e it to d'in: it

/ill d'in onl) if itGs t&i'st) @ so /it& +eo+le. #&e) /ill do /&at t&e) /ant to do o'

ot&e'/ise moti5ated to do. &et&e' it is to e*el on t&e /o's&o+ floo' o' in t&e Gi5o')

to/e'G t&e) must (e moti5ated o' d'i5en to it, eit&e' () t&emsel5es o' t&'ou& ete'nal

stimulus. A'e t&e) (o'n /it& t&e self@+'odu*ti5it) o' d'i5eW es and no. If no, t&e) *an (e

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moti5ated, fo' +'odu*ti5it) is a sill /&i*& *an and must (e lea'nt. #&is is essential fo'

an) (usiness to su'5i5e and su**eed.

Per"r18$e &; $"8;&dered %" 7e 1 #8$%&"8 " 17&:&%( 18d

?r"d#$%&'&%(5 %@#;*

?o( +e'fo'man*e UfDa(ilit)D+'odu*ti5it)

A(ilit) in tu'n de+ends on edu*ation, e+e'ien*e and t'ainin and its im+'o5ement

is a slo/ and lon +'o*ess.


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• "est'u*tu'in o(s

• ase 'e/a'ds on o( +e'fo'man*e

#&ese a'e t&e (asi* st'ateies, t&ou& t&e mi in t&e final G'e*i+eG /ill 5a') f'om

/o'+la*e situation to situation. Essentiall), t&e'e is a a+ (et/een an indi5idual9s

a*tual state and some desi'ed state and t&e manae' t'ies to 'edu*e t&is a+.

'odu*ti5it) is, in effe*t, a means to 'edu*e and mani+ulate t&is a+. It is indu*in

ot&e's in a s+e*ifi* /a) to/a'ds oals s+e*ifi*all) stated () t&e moti5ato'.

$atu'all), t&ese oals as also t&e +'odu*ti5it) s)stem must *onfo'm to t&e

*o'+o'ate +oli*) of t&e o'anization. #&e +'odu*ti5it)al s)stem must (e tailo'ed to

t&e situation and to t&e o'anization.

In one of t&e most ela(o'ate studies on em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it), in5ol5in 31,000

men and 13,000 /omen, t&e Minnea+olis 6as !om+an) sou&t to dete'mine /&at

t&ei' +otential em+lo)ee9s desi'e most f'om a o(. #&is stud) /as *a''ied out

du'in a 20 )ea' +e'iod f'om 1>4; to 1>=; and /as uite 'e5ealin. #&e 'atins fo'

t&e 5a'ious fa*to's diffe'ed onl) sli&tl) (et/een men and /omen, (ut (ot& 'ou+s

*onside'ed se*u'it) as t&e &i&est 'ated fa*to'.

#&e net t&'ee fa*to's /e'e:

• ad5an*ement

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• t)+e of /o'

• *om+an) @ +'oud to /o' fo'

Su'+'isinl), fa*to's su*& as +a), (enefits and /o'in *onditions /e'e i5en a lo/ 'atin

() (ot& 'ou+s. So afte' all, and *ont'a') to *ommon (elief, mone) is not t&e +'ime

moti5ato'. D#&ou& t&is s&ould not (e 'ea'ded as a sinal to 'e/a'd em+lo)ees +oo'l) o'

unfai'l).

EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY* A CRITICAL E,AMINATION

Sin*e t&e ae of t&e Indust'ial "e5olution, +s)*&oloist and so*ial s*ientists &a5e (een

t')in to de*ode t&is et'emel) *om+li*ated s+e*imen *alled t&e Gem+lo)eeG. &at maes

t&e em+lo)ee moti5ated to /o' &a'dW Is it mone)W Is it so*ial statusW #ill toda), t&e'e is

no *lea' *onsensus on /&at moti5ates em+lo)ees. #&is su(e*t *ontinues to (affle

anal)sts as mo'e and mo'e data is ene'ated on em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it).

#&e'e &a5e (een se5e'al studies done to unde'stand +'odu*ti5it). Some of t&e leadin

+'odu*ti5it) t&eo'ies fo*us on em+lo)ees as a so*ial (ein /it& a *om+le set of needs.

Some of t&ese needs a'e tani(le mate'ial needs. ut most ot&e' needs a'e intani(le,

a(st'a*t, o' illusiona'). oes t&at mean /e *an ino'e t&e intani(les and fo*us onl) on

mate'ial (enefitsW

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• "ole of Mone) In em+lo)ee 'odu*ti5it)

It is said t&at mone) maes t&e ma'e o. Some 'esea'*&e's (elie5e t&at mone) sol5es

most em+lo)ee needs as it meets tani(le and intani(le 'eui'ements.

Mone) meets (asi* +&)sioloi*al needs and ot&e' needs su*& as so*ial status, 'e*onition,

+o/e', and lifest)le. #&e fatte' t&e +a)*&e*, t&e &i&e' a'e t&e le5els of +'odu*ti5it)


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t&an doneT 'odu*ti5it) +'a*ti*e and t&eo') a'e diffi*ult su(e*ts, tou*&in on

se5e'al dis*i+lines.

In s+ite of eno'mous 'esea'*&, (asi* as /ell as a++lied, t&e su(e*t of +'odu*ti5it)

is not *lea'l) unde'stood and mo'e often t&an not poorly practiced . #o unde'stand

+'odu*ti5it) one must unde'stand &uman natu'e itself. And t&e'e lies t&e +'o(lemT

"


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• #&ese assum+tions lie (e&ind most o'anizational +'in*i+les toda), and i5e 'ise

(ot& to Htou&H manaement /it& +unis&ments and ti&t *ont'ols, and HsoftH

manaement /&i*& aims at &a'mon) at /o'.

• ot& t&ese a'e H/'onH (e*ause man needs mo'e t&an finan*ial 'e/a'ds at /o':

&e also needs some dee+e' &i&e' o'de' +'odu*ti5it) @ t&e o++o'tunit) to fulfill

&imself.

• #&eo') X manae's do not i5e t&ei' staff t&is o++o'tunit) so t&at t&e em+lo)ees

(e&a5e in t&e e+e*ted fas&ion.

#&eo') Assum+tions

• #&e e+enditu'e of +&)si*al and mental effo't in /o' is as natu'al as +la) o' 'est.

• !ont'ol and +unis&ment a'e not t&e onl) /a)s to mae +eo+le /o', man /ill di'e*t

&imself if &e is *ommitted to t&e aims of t&e o'anization.

• If a o( is satisf)in, t&en t&e 'esult /ill (e *ommitment to t&e o'anization.

• #&e a5e'ae man lea'ns, unde' +'o+e' *onditions, not onl) to a**e+t (ut to see

'es+onsi(ilit).

• Imaination, *'eati5it), and inenuit) *an (e used to sol5e /o' +'o(lems () a la'e

num(e' of em+lo)ees.

• nde' t&e *onditions of mode'n indust'ial life, t&e intelle*tual +otentialities of t&e

a5e'ae man a'e onl) +a'tiall) utilized.

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!omments on #&eo') X and #&eo') Assum+tions

#&ese assum+tions a'e (ased on so*ial s*ien*e 'esea'*& /&i*& &as (een *a''ied out, and

demonst'ate t&e +otential /&i*& is +'esent in man and /&i*& o'anizations s&ould

'e*onize in o'de' to (e*ome mo'e effe*ti5e. M*6'eo' sees t&ese t/o t&eo'ies as t/o

uite se+a'ate attitudes. #&eo') is diffi*ult to +ut into +'a*ti*e on t&e s&o+ floo' in la'e

mass +'odu*tion o+e'ations, (ut it *an (e used initiall) in t&e manain of manae's and

+'ofessionals.

In H#&e uman Side of Ente'+'iseH M*6'eo' s&o/s &o/ #&eo') affe*ts t&e

manaement of +'omotions and sala'ies and t&e de5elo+ment of effe*ti5e manae's.

M*6'eo' also sees #&eo') as *ondu*i5e to +a'ti*i+ati5e +'o(lem sol5in.

It is +a't of t&e manae'Gs o( to ee'*ise aut&o'it), and t&e'e a'e *ases in /&i*& t&is is t&e

onl) met&od of a*&ie5in t&e desi'ed 'esults (e*ause su(o'dinates do not a'ee t&at t&e

ends a'e desi'a(le.

o/e5e', in situations /&e'e it is +ossi(le to o(tain *ommitment to o(e*ti5es, it is (ette'

to e+lain t&e matte' full) so t&at em+lo)ees 'as+ t&e +u'+ose of an a*tion. #&e) /ill

t&en ee't self@di'e*tion and *ont'ol to do (ette' /o' @ uite

+ossi(l) () (ette' met&ods @ t&an if t&e) &ad sim+l) (een *a'')in out an o'de' /&i*& t&e

) did not full) unde'stand.

#&e situation in /&i*& em+lo)ees *an (e *onsulted is one /&e'e t&e indi5iduals a'e

emotionall) matu'e, and +ositi5el) moti5ated to/a'ds t&ei' /o': /&e'e t&e /o' is

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suffi*ientl) 'es+onsi(le to allo/ fo' flei(ilit) and /&e'e t&e em+lo)ee *an see &is o/n

+osition in t&e manaement &ie'a'*&). If t&ese *onditions a'e +'esent, manae's /ill find

t&at t&e +a'ti*i+ati5e a++'oa*& to +'o(lem sol5in leads to mu*& im+'o5ed 'esults

*om+a'ed /it& t&e alte'nati5e a++'oa*& of &andin out aut&o'ita'ian o'de's.


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• t&e ind of su+e'5ision /&i*& +eo+le 'e*ei5e /&ile on t&e o(,

• /o'in *onditions

• inte'+e'sonal 'elations,

• sala'),

• status, and

• se*u'it)

#&ese fa*to's do not lead to &i&e' le5els of +'odu*ti5it) (ut /it&out t&em t&e'e is

dissatisfa*tion. #&e se*ond +a't of e'tz(e'9sG +'odu*ti5it) t&eo') in5ol5es /&at

+eo+le a*tuall) do on t&e o(. #&e moti5ato's a'e

• a*&ie5ement,

• 'e*onition,

• 'o/t& B ad5an*ement and

• inte'est in t&e o(.

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#&ese fa*to's 'esult f'om inte'nal ene'ato's in em+lo)ees, )ieldin +'odu*ti5it)

'at&e' t&an mo5ement.

ot& t&ese a++'oa*&es D&)iene and +'odu*ti5it) must (e done simultaneousl).

#'eat +eo+le as (est )ou *an so t&e) &a5e a minimum of dissatisfa*tion. se

+eo+le so t&e) et a*&ie5ement, 'e*onition fo' a*&ie5ement, inte'est, and

'es+onsi(ilit) and t&e) *an 'o/ and ad5an*e in t&ei' /o'.

#&e'efo'e, t&e &)iene and +'odu*ti5it) fa*to's *an (e listed as follo/s

o )iene

• !om+an) +oli*ies and administ'ation

• Su+e'5ision

• o'in *onditions and inte'+e'sonal 'elations

• Sala'), status and se*u'it)

o Moti5ato's

• A*&ie5ement

• "e*onition fo' a*&ie5ement

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• Inte'est in t&e tas

• "es+onsi(ilit) fo' enla'ed tas

• 6'o/t& and ad5an*ement to &i&e' le5el tass

Effects on Individuals of Working Environment

#&e /o'in en5i'onment &as an effe*t on indi5iduals as follo/s

• It /ill +'o5ide at least suffi*ient fo' &is (asi* needs and often mu*& mo'e. Fo'

eam+le, ;0 )ea's ao in t&e nited %indom, food and s&elte' /e'e a +e'sonGs

(asi* needs. #oda), most families /ill *onside' t&at t&e (asi* needs also in*lude a

*a', tele5ision, et*.

• It ma) o' ma) not +'o5ide adeuate se*u'it). Aain, most indi5iduals see a se*u'e

o(, t&e'e a'e ot&e's in*ludin some men on oil 'is, /&o see &i& +a) fo' a

limited +e'iod (ut /it& limited se*u'it).

• It +'o5ides an indi5idual /it& an identit). As a mem(e' of an o'anization, &e

*a''ies out a s+e*ifi* fun*tion.

• It also i5es t&e Em+lo)ee *om'ades&i+, f'eedom f'om (o'edom, and an inte'est

du'in &is /o'in life.

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• It also +'o5ides self@fulfillment fo' indi5idual /&e'e *onside'ation &as (een i5en

to ensu'e t&at t&e o( is *'eati5e and i5es o( satisfa*tion.

• It +'o5ides t&e indi5idual /it& status. #&e'e is a status in all o(s +'o5idin t&e o(

*ontent is in5estiated to mae t&e /o' mo'e inte'estin.

Effects on Work Groups of Working Environment

"ensis Lie't &as al'ead) des*'i(ed &o/ t&e 5a'ious manaement st)les in an

o'anization *an effe*t t&e 'ou+s in an o'anization.

&ilst t&e /o'in en5i'onment /ill affe*t indi5iduals, it /ill undou(tedl) &a5e a

'eate' effe*t on /o'in 'ou+s, sin*e /&ilst an indi5idual ma) &a5e *e'tain

needs, &e /ill not o(tain t&ose needs if t&e /o'in en5i'onment does not +'o5ide

t&e needs of t&e /o'in 'ou+.

#&e /o'in 'ou+ is t&e inst'ument of so*iet) t&'ou& /&i*& in la'e measu'e t&e

indi5idual a*ui'es &is attitudes, o+inions, oals and ideals, it is also one of t&e

fundamental sou'*es of dis*i+line and so*ial *ont'ols.

#&e'efo'e, t&e /o'in en5i'onment &as an effe*t on 'ou+s as follo/s

• It /ill affe*t t&e mo'ale of t&e 'ou+.

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• It /ill dete'mine /&et&e' t&e 'ou+ a*&ie5es t&e o(e*ti5es set () t&e o'anization.

• It /ill dete'mine /&et&e' t&e de'ee of *oo+e'ation +'o5ided () t&e 'ou+.

• It /ill moti5ate t&e 'ou+ to i5e of t&ei' (est.

• It /ill dete'mine /&et&e' t&e &uman 'elations /it&in an o'anization a'e ood o'

(ad.

•

It /ill also affe*t t&e 'elations (et/een manaement and t'ade unions.

• David ! Mclelland

A*&ie5ement 'odu*ti5it)


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M*!lelland illust'ates some of t&ese *&a'a*te'isti*s in des*'i(in a la(o'ato')

e+e'iment.

a'ti*i+ants /e'e ased to t&'o/ 'ins o5e' a +e f'om an) distan*e t&e) *&ose. Most

+eo+le tended to t&'o/ at 'andom@no/ *lose, no/ fa' a/a): (ut indi5iduals /it& a &i&

need fo' a*&ie5ement seemed *a'efull) to measu'e /&e'e t&e) /e'e most liel) to et a

sense of maste')not too *lose to mae t&e tas 'idi*ulousl) eas) o' too fa' a/a) to

mae it im+ossi(le.

#&e) set mode'atel) diffi*ult (ut +otentiall) a*&ie5a(le oals. In (iolo), t&is is no/n

as t&e o5e'load +'in*i+le.

In /ei&t liftin, fo' eam+le, st'ent& *annot (e in*'eased () tass t&at *an (e

+e'fo'med easil) o' t&at *annot (e +e'fo'med /it&out inu') to t&e o'anism. St'ent&

*an (e in*'eased () liftin /ei&ts t&at a'e diffi*ult (ut 'ealisti* enou& to st'et*& t&e

mus*les.

Do people #it" a "ig" need for ac"ievement be"ave like t"is all t"e time$

M*!lelland maintains, onl) if t&e) *an influen*e t&e out*ome.

A*&ie5ement@moti5ated +eo+le a'e not am(le's. #&e) +'efe' to /o' on a +'o(lem

'at&e' t&an lea5e t&e out*ome to *&an*e.

it& manae's, settin mode'atel) diffi*ult (ut +otentiall) a*&ie5a(le oals ma) (e

t'anslated into an attitude to/a'd 'iss. Man) +eo+le tend to (e et'eme in t&ei' attitude

=1


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to/a'd 'iss, eit&e' fa5o'in /ild s+e*ulati5e am(lin o' minimizin t&ei' e+osu'e to

losses.

6am(le's seem to *&oose t&e (i 'is (e*ause t&e out*ome is (e)ond t&ei' +o/e' and,

t&e'efo'e, t&e) *an easil) 'ationalize a/a) t&ei' +e'sonal 'es+onsi(ilit) if t&e) lose.

#&e *onse'5ati5e indi5idual *&ooses tin) 'iss /&e'e t&e ain is small (ut se*u'e, +e'&a+s

(e*ause t&e'e is little dane' of an)t&in oin /'on fo' /&i*& t&at +e'son mi&t (e

(lamed.

A*&ie5ement@moti5ated +eo+le tae t&e middle 'ound, +'efe''in a mode'ate de'ee of

'is (e*ause t&e) feel t&ei' effo'ts and a(ilities /ill +'o(a(l) influen*e t&e out*ome. In

(usiness, t&is a'essi5e 'ealism is t&e ma' of t&e su**essful ent'e+'eneu'.

%e#ards and ac"ievement&motivated people

Anot&e' *&a'a*te'isti* of a*&ie5ement@moti5ated +eo+le is t&at t&e) seem to (e mo'e

*on*e'ned /it& +e'sonal a*&ie5ement t&an /it& t&e 'e/a'ds of su**ess. #&e) do not

'ee*t 'e/a'ds, (ut t&e 'e/a'ds a'e not as essential as t&e a**om+lis&ment itself.

#&e) et a (ie' Hi*H out of /innin o' sol5in a diffi*ult +'o(lem t&an t&e) et f'om

an) mone) o' +'aise t&e) 'e*ei5e.

=2


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Mone), to a*&ie5ement@moti5ated +eo+le, is 5alua(le +'ima'il) as a measu'ement of t&ei'

+e'fo'man*e. It +'o5ides t&em /it& a means of assessin t&ei' +'o'ess and *om+a'in

t&ei' a*&ie5ements /it& t&ose of ot&e' +eo+le.

Feedback

A desi'e () +eo+le /it& a &i& need fo' a*&ie5ement to see situations in /&i*& t&e) et

*on*'ete feed(a* on &o/ /ell t&e) a'e doin is *losel) 'elated to t&is *on*e'n fo'

+e'sonal a**om+lis&ment. !onseuentl), a*&ie5ement@moti5ated +eo+le a'e often found

in sales o(s o' as o/ne's and manae's of t&ei' o/n (usinesses.

In addition to *on*'ete feed(a*, t&e natu'e of t&e feed(a* is im+o'tant to a*&ie5ement@

moti5ated +eo+le. #&e) 'es+ond fa5o'a(l) to info'mation a(out t&ei' /o'.

#&e) a'e not inte'ested in *omments a(out t&ei' +e'sonal *&a'a*te'isti*s, su*& as &o/

*oo+e'ati5e o' &el+ful t&e) a'e.

Affiliation@moti5ated +eo+le mi&t /ant so*ial o' attitudinal feed(a*.

A*&ie5ement@moti5ated +eo+le mi&t /ant o(@'ele5ant feed(a*. #&e) /ant to no/ t&e

s*o'e.

W"y do ac"ievement&motivated people be"ave as t"ey do$

M*!lelland *laims it is (e*ause t&e) &a(ituall) s+end time t&inin a(out doin t&ins

(ette'.

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In fa*t, &e &as found t&at /&e'e5e' +eo+le sta't to t&in in a*&ie5ement te'ms, t&ins sta't

to &a++en.

E'amples

!ollee students /it& a &i& need fo' a*&ie5ement /ill ene'all) et (ette' 'ades t&an

euall) ('i&t students /it& /eae' a*&ie5ement needs.

A*&ie5ement@moti5ated +eo+le tend to et mo'e 'aises and a'e +'omoted faste' (e*ause

t&e) a'e *onstantl) t')in to t&in of (ette' /a)s of doin t&ins.

!om+anies /it& man) su*& +eo+le 'o/ faste' and a'e mo'e +'ofita(le.

M*!lelland &as e5en etended &is anal)sis to *ount'ies /&e'e &e 'elated t&e +'esen*e of a

la'e +e'*entae of a*&ie5ement@moti5ated indi5iduals to t&e national e*onomi* 'o/t&.

( )aug"t *kill$

!an t&is moti5e, t&e need fo' a*&ie5ement, (e tau&t to +eo+leW

M*!lelland /as *on5in*ed t&at t&is *an (e done. In fa*t, &e also de5elo+ed t'ainin

+'o'ams fo' (usiness +eo+le t&at /&e'e desined to in*'ease t&ei' a*&ie5ement

+'odu*ti5it).

e also de5elo+ed simila' +'o'ams fo' ot&e' sements of t&e +o+ulation.

(c"ievement&motivated people as managers

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A*&ie5ement@moti5ated +eo+le *an (e t&e (a*(one of most o'anizations, (ut /&at *an

(e said a(out t&ei' +otential as manae'sW As /e no/, +eo+le /it& a &i& need fo'

a*&ie5ement et a&ead (e*ause as indi5iduals t&e) a'e +'odu*e's t&e) et t&ins done.

o/e5e', /&en t&e) a'e +'omoted, /&en t&ei' su**ess de+ends not onl) on t&ei' o/n

/o' (ut on t&e a*ti5ities of ot&e's, t&e) ma) (e less effe*ti5e. Sin*e t&e) a'e &i&l) o(@

o'iented and /o' to t&ei' *a+a*it), t&e) tend to e+e*t ot&e's to do t&e same. As a 'esult,

t&e) sometimes la* t&e &uman sills and +atien*e ne*essa') fo' (ein effe*ti5e

manae's of +eo+le /&o a'e *om+etent (ut &a5e a &i&e' need fo' affiliation t&an t&e)

do. In t&is situation, t&ei' o5e'em+&asis on +'odu*in f'ust'ates t&ese +eo+le and +'e5ents

t&em f'om maimizin t&ei' o/n +otential.

#&us, /&ile a*&ie5ement@moti5ated +eo+le a'e needed in o'anizations, t&e) do not

al/a)s mae t&e (est manae's unless t&e) de5elo+ t&ei' &uman sills. ein a ood

+'odu*e' is not suffi*ient to mae an effe*ti5e manae'.

M*!lelland &as found t&at a*&ie5ement@moti5ated +eo+le a'e mo'e liel) to (e

de5elo+ed in families in /&i*& +a'ents &old diffe'ent e+e*tations fo' t&ei' *&ild'en t&an

do ot&e' +a'ents.

Mo'e im+o'tantl), t&ese +a'ents e+e*t t&ei' *&ild'en to sta't s&o/in some inde+enden*e

(et/een t&e aes of si and ei&t, main *&oi*es and doin t&ins /it&out &el+, su*& as

no/in t&e /a) a'ound t&e nei&(o'&ood and tain *a'e of t&emsel5es a'ound t&e

=;


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&ouse.


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1. #&e +&)sioloi*al needs.

#&ese in*lude t&e needs /e &a5e fo' o)en, /ate', +'otein, salt, sua', *al*ium, and

ot&e' mine'als and 5itamins. #&e) also in*lude t&e need to maintain a + (alan*e

Dettin too a*idi* o' (ase /ill ill )ou and tem+e'atu'e D>8.= o' nea' to it. Also, t&e'e9s

t&e needs to (e a*ti5e, to 'est, to slee+, to et 'id of /astes D!


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&en +&)sioloi*al needs and safet) needs a'e, () and la'e, taen *a'e of, a t&i'd la)e'

sta'ts to s&o/ u+. ou (ein to feel t&e need fo' f'iends, a s/eet&ea't, *&ild'en:

affe*tionate 'elations&i+s in ene'al, e5en a sense of *ommunit). Looed at neati5el),

)ou (e*ome in*'easin sus*e+ti(le to loneliness and so*ial anieties.

In ou' da)@to@da) life, /e e&i(it t&ese needs in ou' desi'es to ma''), &a5e a famil), (e a

+a't of a *ommunit), a mem(e' of a *&u'*&, a ('ot&e' in t&e f'ate'nit), a +a't of a an o'

a (o/lin *lu(. It is also a +a't of /&at /e loo fo' in a *a'ee'.

4. #&e esteem needs@ $et, /e (ein to loo fo' a little self@esteem. Maslo/ noted t/o

5e'sions of esteem needs, a lo/e' one and a &i&e' one. #&e lo/e' one is t&e need fo' t&e

'es+e*t of ot&e's, t&e need fo' status, fame, lo'), 'e*onition, attention, 'e+utation,

a++'e*iation, dinit), e5en dominan*e. #&e &i&e' fo'm in5ol5es t&e need fo' self@

'es+e*t, in*ludin su*& feelins as *onfiden*e, *om+eten*e, a*&ie5ement, maste'),

inde+enden*e, and f'eedom. $ote t&at t&is is t&e -&i&e'J fo'm (e*ause, unlie t&e

'es+e*t of ot&e's, on*e )ou &a5e self@'es+e*t, it9s a lot &a'de' to loseT

#&e neati5e 5e'sion of t&ese needs is lo/ self@esteem and infe'io'it) *om+lees.

Maslo/ felt t&at Adle' /as 'eall) onto somet&in /&en &e +'o+osed t&at t&ese /e'e at

t&e 'oots of man), if not most, of ou' +s)*&oloi*al +'o(lems. In mode'n *ount'ies, most

of us &a5e /&at /e need in 'ea'd to ou' +&)sioloi*al and safet) needs. e, mo'e often

t&an not, &a5e uite a (it of lo5e and (elonin, too. It9s a little 'es+e*t t&at often seems

so 5e') &a'd to etT

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All of t&e +'e*edin fou' le5els &e *alls defi*it needs, o' @needs. If )ou don9t &a5e

enou& of somet&in @@ i.e. )ou &a5e a defi*it @@ )ou feel t&e need. ut if )ou et all )ou

need, )ou feel not&in at allT In ot&e' /o'ds, t&e) *ease to (e moti5atin. As t&e old

(lues son oes, -)ou don9t miss )ou' /ate' till )ou' /ell 'uns d')TJ

e also tals a(out t&ese le5els in te'ms of &omeostasis. omeostasis is t&e +'in*i+le ()

/&i*& )ou' fu'na*e t&e'mostat o+e'ates &en it ets too *old, it s/it*&es t&e &eat

on: /&en it ets too &ot, it s/it*&es t&e &eat off. In t&e same /a), )ou' (od), /&en it

la*s a *e'tain su(stan*e, de5elo+s a &une' fo' it: /&en it ets enou& of it, t&en t&e

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&une' sto+s. Maslo/ sim+l) etends t&e &omeostati* +'in*i+le to needs, su*& as safet),

(elonin, and esteem, /&i*& /e don9t o'dina'il) t&in of in t&ese te'ms.

Maslo/ sees all t&ese needs as essentiall) su'5i5al needs. E5en lo5e and esteem a'e

needed fo' t&e maintenan*e of &ealt&. e sa)s /e all &a5e t&ese needs (uilt in to us

eneti*all), lie instin*ts. In fa*t, &e *alls t&em instin*tual @@ instin*t@lie @@ needs.

In te'ms of o5e'all de5elo+ment, /e mo5e t&'ou& t&ese le5els a (it lie staes. As

ne/(o'ns, ou' fo*us Dif not ou' enti'e set of needs is on t&e +&)sioloi*al. Soon, /e

(ein to 'e*onize t&at /e need to (e safe. Soon afte' t&at, /e *'a5e attention and

affe*tion. A (it late', /e loo fo' self@esteem. Mind )ou, t&is is in t&e fi'st *ou+le of

)ea'sT

nde' st'essful *onditions, o' /&en su'5i5al is t&'eatened, /e *an -'e'essJ to a lo/e'

need le5el. &en )ou 'eat *a'ee' falls flat, )ou mi&t see out a little attention. &en

)ou' famil) u+s and lea5es )ou, it seems t&at lo5e is aain all )ou e5e' /anted. &en

)ou fa*e *&a+te' ele5en afte' a lon and &a++) life, )ou suddenl) *an9t t&in of an)t&in

e*e+t mone).

#&ese t&ins *an o**u' on a so*iet)@/ide (asis as /ell &en so*iet) suddenl)

flounde's, +eo+le sta't *lamo'in fo' a st'on leade' to tae o5e' and mae t&ins 'i&t.

&en t&e (om(s sta't fallin, t&e) loo fo' safet). &en t&e food sto+s *omin into t&e

sto'es, t&ei' needs (e*ome e5en mo'e (asi*.

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Maslo/ suested t&at /e *an as +eo+le fo' t&ei' -+&iloso+&) of t&e futu'eJ @@ /&at

/ould t&ei' ideal life o' /o'ld (e lie @@ and et sinifi*ant info'mation as to /&at needs

t&e) do o' do not &a5e *o5e'ed.

If )ou &a5e sinifi*ant +'o(lems alon )ou' de5elo+ment @@ a +e'iod of et'eme

inse*u'it) o' &une' as a *&ild, o' t&e loss of a famil) mem(e' t&'ou& deat& o' di5o'*e,

o' sinifi*ant nele*t o' a(use @@ )ou ma) -fiateJ on t&at set of needs fo' t&e 'est of )ou'

life.

#&is is Mallo/9s unde'standin of neu'osis. e'&a+s )ou /ent t&'ou& a /a' as a id.

$o/ )ou &a5e e5e')t&in )ou' &ea't needs @@ )et )ou still find )ou'self o(sessin o5e'

&a5in enou& mone) and ee+in t&e +ant') /ell@sto*ed.


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di5o'*ed /&en )ou /e'e )oun. $o/ )ou &a5e a /onde'ful s+ouse @@ )et )ou et

insanel) ealous o' /o'') *onstantl) t&at t&e) a'e oin to lea5e )ou (e*ause )ou a'e not

-ood enou&J fo' t&em. ou et t&e +i*tu'e.

;. Self@a*tualization

#&e last le5el is a (it diffe'ent. Maslo/ &as used a 5a'iet) of te'ms to 'efe' to t&is le5el

e &as *alled it 'o/t& +'odu*ti5it) Din *ont'ast to defi*it +'odu*ti5it), (ein needs Do'

@needs, in *ont'ast to @needs, and self@a*tualization.

#&ese a'e needs t&at do not in5ol5e (alan*e o' &omeostasis.


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It isn9t su'+'isin, t&en, t&e /o'ld (ein as diffi*ult as it is, t&at onl) a small +e'*entae

of t&e /o'ld9s +o+ulation is t'ul), +'edominantl), self@a*tualizin. Maslo/ at one +oint

suested onl) a(out t/o +e'*entT

#&e uestion (e*omes, of *ou'se, /&at ea*tl) Maslo/ means () self@a*tualization. #o

ans/e' t&at, /e need to loo at t&e ind of +eo+le &e *alled self@a*tualize's. Fo'tunatel),

&e did t&is fo' us, usin a ualitati5e met&od *alled (io'a+&i*al anal)sis.

e (ean () +i*in out a 'ou+ of +eo+le, some &isto'i*al fiu'es, some +eo+le &e

ne/, /&om &e felt *lea'l) met t&e standa'd of self@a*tualization. In*luded in t&is auust

'ou+ /e'e A('a&am Lin*oln, #&omas ?effe'son, Al(e't Einstein, Eleano' "oose5elt,

?ane Adams, illiam ?ames, Al(e't S*&/eitze', enedi*t S+inoza, and Alduous ule),

+lus 12 unnamed +eo+le /&o /e'e ali5e at t&e time Maslo/ did &is 'esea'*&. e t&en

looed at t&ei' (io'a+&ies, /'itins, t&e a*ts and /o'ds of t&ose &e ne/ +e'sonall), and

so on. F'om t&ese sou'*es, &e de5elo+ed a list of ualities t&at seemed *&a'a*te'isti* of

t&ese +eo+le, as o++osed to t&e 'eat mass of us.

#&ese +eo+le /e'e 'ealit)@*ente'ed, /&i*& means t&e) *ould diffe'entiate /&at is fae

and dis&onest f'om /&at is 'eal and enuine. #&e) /e'e +'o(lem@*ente'ed, meanin t&e)

t'eated life9s diffi*ulties as +'o(lems demandin solutions, not as +e'sonal t'ou(les to (e

'ailed at o' su''ende'ed to. And t&e) &ad a diffe'ent +e'*e+tion of means and ends. #&e)

felt t&at t&e ends don9t ne*essa'il) ustif) t&e means, t&at t&e means *ould (e ends

t&emsel5es, and t&at t&e means @@ t&e ou'ne) @@ /as often mo'e im+o'tant t&an t&e ends.

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#&e self@a*tualize's also &ad a diffe'ent /a) of 'elatin to ot&e's. Fi'st, t&e) eno)ed

solitude, and /e'e *omfo'ta(le (ein alone. And t&e) eno)ed dee+e' +e'sonal 'elations

/it& a fe/ *lose f'iends and famil) mem(e's, 'at&e' t&an mo'e s&allo/ 'elations&i+s /it&

man) +eo+le.

#&e) eno)ed autonom), a 'elati5e inde+enden*e f'om +&)si*al and so*ial needs. And

t&e) 'esisted en*ultu'ation, t&at is, t&e) /e'e not sus*e+ti(le to so*ial +'essu'e to (e H/ell

adustedH o' to Hfit inH @@ t&e) /e'e, in fa*t, non*onfo'mists in t&e (est sense.

#&e) &ad an un*&astel) sense of &umo' @@ +'efe''in to oe at t&ei' o/n e+ense, o' at

t&e &uman *ondition, and ne5e' di'e*tin t&ei' &umo' at ot&e's. #&e) &ad a ualit) &e

*alled a**e+tan*e of self and ot&e's, () /&i*& &e meant t&at t&ese +eo+le /ould (e mo'e

liel) to tae )ou as )ou a'e t&an t') to *&ane )ou into /&at t&e) t&ou&t )ou s&ould

(e. #&is same a**e+tan*e a++lied to t&ei' attitudes to/a'ds t&emsel5es If some ualit)

of t&ei's /asn9t &a'mful, t&e) let it (e, e5en eno)in it as a +e'sonal ui'.


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Gemeinsc"aftsgef,"l && so*ial inte'est, *om+assion, &umanit). And t&is /as a**om+anied

() a st'on et&i*s, /&i*& /as s+i'itual (ut seldom *on5entionall) 'eliious in natu'e.

And t&ese +eo+le &ad a *e'tain f'es&ness of a++'e*iation, an a(ilit) to see t&ins, e5en

o'dina') t&ins, /it& /onde'. Alon /it& t&is *omes t&ei' a(ilit) to (e *'eati5e,

in5enti5e, and o'iinal. And, finall), t&ese +eo+le tended to &a5e mo'e

+ea e+e'ien*es t&an t&e a5e'ae +e'son. A +ea e+e'ien*e is one t&at taes )ou out of

)ou'self, t&at maes )ou feel 5e') tin), o' 5e') la'e, to some etent one /it& life o'

natu'e o' 6od. It i5es )ou a feelin of (ein a +a't of t&e infinite and t&e ete'nal. #&ese

e+e'ien*es tend to lea5e t&ei' ma' on a +e'son, *&ane t&em fo' t&e (ette', and man)

+eo+le a*ti5el) see t&em out. #&e) a'e also *alled m)sti*al e+e'ien*es, and a'e an

im+o'tant +a't of man) 'eliious and +&iloso+&i*al t'aditions.

Maslo/ doesn9t t&in t&at self@a*tualize's a'e +e'fe*t, of *ou'se. #&e'e /e'e se5e'al

fla/s o' im+e'fe*tions &e dis*o5e'ed alon t&e /a) as /ell Fi'st, t&e) often suffe'ed

*onside'a(le aniet) and uilt @@ (ut 'ealisti* aniet) and uilt, 'at&e' t&an mis+la*ed o'

neu'oti* 5e'sions. Some of t&em /e'e a(sentminded and o5e'l) ind. And finall), some

of t&em &ad une+e*ted moments of 'ut&lessness, su'i*al *oldness, and loss of &umo'.

#/o ot&e' +oints &e maes a(out t&ese self@a*tualize's #&ei' 5alues /e'e Hnatu'alH and

seemed to flo/ effo'tlessl) f'om t&ei' +e'sonalities. And t&e) a++ea'ed to t'ans*end

man) of t&e di*&otomies ot&e's a**e+t as (ein undenia(le, su*& as t&e diffe'en*es

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(et/een t&e s+i'itual and t&e +&)si*al, t&e selfis& and t&e unselfis&, and t&e mas*uline

and t&e feminine

*upervisor-s %ole and .roductivityal Models

Su+e'5iso' and manaement fo' t&at +u'+ose &a5e t&e 'es+onsi(ilit) to assess t&e moti5es

and needs of t&e Em+lo)ees to de*ide t&at &o/ (est t&e) *an (e fulfilled. Ea*& indi5idual

must (e anal)zed se+a'atel) to dis*o5e' &is moti5es.


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su+e'5iso' on &o/ to do t&e +'o'am. es+ite t&ese +'o*edu'e statements if )ou &a5e a

enuine inte'est in t&e /elfa'e of t&e

eo+le )ou *an lea'n to mae a +'odu*ti5e use of " f'om t&e stand+oint of t&e +e'son

(ein moti5ated.

1. An A++'o+'iate "e/a'd Must (e sed

Most +'odu*ti5it)al t&eo') +oint to t&e idea, t&at t&e /a) to moti5ate t&e +eo+le is

to use a 'e/a'd t&at is meaninful to ea*& +a'ti*ula' +e'son. If )ou /e'e a status

&un') te*&ni*ian )ou mi&t /o' &a'd ust fo' t&e o++o'tunit) to &a5e a +a'in

s+a*e ust nea' t&e eninee'in *&ief9s +a'in s+a*e. eo+le dis+la) indi5idual

diffe'en*e /it& 'es+e*t to /&i*& 'e/a'd /ill satisf) /&i*& (asi* need. Fo' eam+le

mone) ma) not (e a 'i&t 'e/a'd fo' t&e +e'son /it& a la'e famil) in&e'itan*e.

es+ite t&is indi5idual diffe'en*e, a *ou+le of illust'ati5e ene'al statements a'e in

o'de'. #&e need fo' self@fulfillment o' self@a*tualization 'e*ei5in a fa5o'a(le

+e'fo'man*e a++'aisal *&allenin /o' assinment o' +'omotion.

2."e/a'd s&ould Na') it& #&e Size


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ou &a5e (eun some/&e'e fo' main im+'o5ement. Assume t&at )ou' des is so mess)

t&at )ou lose some im+o'tant files. ou' (oss is not o(sessed /it& t&e o'de'liness, (ut &e

'e*onizes t&at )ou slo++) /o' &a(its inte'fe'in /it& )ou' +'odu*ti5it), usin "

a++'oa*&, )ou' (oss s&ould 'e/a'd )ou /&ene5e' &e *omes a*'oss )ou' *lean and o'de'l)

des. Fo' eam+le if )ou (oss noti*es t&at )ou no lone' ee+ old *offee *u+s on )ou'

des, &e mi&t *omment - I *an al'ead) see an im+'o5ement in )ou' /o' a'ea, ee+ u+

t&e +'o'essJ Alt&ou& t&is +'o*ess sounds elementa'), s&a+in of (e&a5io' to/a'ds a

+lanned o(e*ti5e in*'eases t&e +'o(a(ilit) t&at )ou /ill mae (ie' *&anes in nea'

futu'e.

3. ou S&ould e "e/a'ded


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to ee+ on +'os+e*tin mu*& mo'e 'eadil) if )ou 'e*ei5e )ou' *ommission e5e')

mont& 'at&e' t&an afte' e5e') si mont&s.

;. ou a5e #o %no/ &at as #o e one #o 6et "e/a'ded

ou need some ind of feed(a* de5i*e in )ou' /o' to set. ou ne/ /&en )ou

&a5e done a ood o(. If )ou /e'e a ood ualit) *ont'ol te*&ni*ian, it /ould (e

&el+ful fo' )ou' (oss to tell )ou - I /ill see to it t&at a'e +'omoted to senio'

te*&ni*ian +'o5ided )ou de*'ease *ustome' 'etu'ns on a +'odu*t sa) X () 1;

+e'*ent o5e' t&e net fou' mont&s.


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&en )ou do (e&a5e mo'e asse'ti5el), )ou s&ould (e 'e/a'ded /it&

en*ou'aement of a 'easona(le so't. ou' (oss /ould (e o5e'doin +'aise if &e

o' s&e sa)s t&at &e t&in t&at *ould (e*ome a 'eat sales 'e+'esentati5e in t&e

'eion. Su*& en*ou'aement /ould lose t&ei' im+o'tan*e (e*ause t&e +'aise is

not enuine.

FACILITIES FOR EMPLOYEES

#&e *om+an) &as +'o5ided fo' its Em+lo)ees 5a'ious fa*ilities fo' t&ei' /elfa'e@

. C18%ee8 F1$&:&%&e;

#&e *om+an) &as its o/n *anteen, situated nea' t&e ent'an*e ate. #&e *anteen is o+ened

fo' 24 &ou's. #&e Em+lo)ees in t&ei' ('ea time tae t&ei' meal in t&e *anteen and a'e

uite satisfied /it& t&e *anteen fa*ilities.

. D&;?e8;1r(J F&r;%-1&d $e8%er

#&e *om+an) &as t&e fa*ilities of i5in ui* fi'st aid and it also 'uns a small

dis+ensa'). Em+lo)ees a5ail t&is fa*ilit) du'in t&e time of an) inu') o' seasonal

si*ness. #&e medi*ines i5en to t&e Em+lo)ees &e'e a'e f'ee of *ost.

3. Tr18;?"r% 1$&:&%&e; "r :"$1: ;%1

#&e Em+lo)ees a'e i5en t&e fa*ilit) of t'ans+o't /&o a'e li5in in nea'() a'ea. o'

fo'*e es+e*iall) of ni&t s&ift is i5en (us fa*ilit) and s*oote's a'e also a5aila(le fo'

t&em.

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4. S%1 #1r%er;

#&e staff mem(e's /&o a'e li5in out of station, t&e *om+an) &as i5en t&em ua'te's to

li5e /it& t&e famil). #&e) a'e +'o5ided ele*t'i*it) fa*ilit) at f'ee of *ost in t&e staff

ua'te's. At t&e *om+an) 'esidential a'ea t&e *om+an) &as also +'o5ided a (adminton*ou't fo' t&e 'e*'eation of t&ei' /o'

THE CONCEPT OF EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY

#&e *on*e+t of em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it) is not at all a ne/ idea. It &as

(een a'ound as lon as t&e'e &a5e (een em+lo)ees and em+lo)e's. &ile t&e

*on*e+t itself is not ne/, ne/ 'esea'*& and a/a'eness &a5e made ne/ as+e*ts of

em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it) not onl) a +ossi(ilit), (ut a 'ealit) in t&e /o'ld toda).

It /as not at all un*ommon in t&e +ast fo' an em+lo)e' to offe' some s)stem of 'e/a'ds

and +'i5ilees as a means of em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it). "e*ent t&inin &o/e5e' &as i5en

/a) to t&e fa*t t&at t&is +'o*ess ma) a*tuall) alienate ot&e' Em+lo)ees /&o, fo' /&ate5e'

'eason, ma) not (e as *a+a(le in a +a'ti*ula' field o' endea5o'. ltimatel), t&e (elief /as

t&at t&is /as a*tuall) *ont'a') to effe*ti5e em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it) and in 'ealit), de*'eased

em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it).

Sin*e t&e main idea (e&ind em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it) is to in*'ease Em+lo)ee +'odu*ti5it),

t&is /as seen as 5e') limited in s*o+e and det'imental in t&e lon 'un 'ea'din

em+lo)e'@em+lo)ee 'elations.

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"e*ent (eliefs and ideas &a5e int'odu*ed ne/ *on*e+ts to t&e field of em+lo)ee

+'odu*ti5it).


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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

"esea'*& in *ommon +a'lan*e 'efe's to a sea'*& fo' no/lede.

"esea'*& is a s)stemati* sea'*& of +e'tinent info'mation on a s+e*ifi*

to+i*.

-S)stemized effo't to ain ne/ no/ledeJ@ Red18 18d M"r(

-#&e mani+ulation of t&ins, *on*e+ts o' a s)m(ols fo' t&e +u'+ose of

ene'al izin to etend, *o''e*t o' 5e'if) no/lede aids in

*onst'u*tion of t&eo') o' in t&e +'a*ti*e of an a'tJ

S:e;&8erM.S%e?@e8;"8

TYPE OF RESEARCHES*@

#&e (asi* t)+es of 'esea'*&es a'e as follo/s@

1. es*'i+ti5e 5s. Anal)ti*al

2. A++lied 5s. Fundamental

3. Cuantitati5e 5s. Cualitati5e

4. !on*e+tual 5s. Em+i'i*al

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From t"e above different type of researc"es/ t"is pro0ect #ork can be described as

1uantitative vs! 1ualitative!

"esea'*& desins t&at a'e used in t&e stud) a'e as follo/s@

. E?:"r1%"r( re;e1r$@ De;&8

#&e +u'+ose of an e+lo'ato') 'esea'*& is a s)stemati* 'esea'*& is +'ima'il) to

unde'stand and de5elo+ &)+ot&esis to *o5e' all +ossi(le out*omes. A t&o'ou&

e+lo'ato') 'esea'*& la)s t&e foundation of a ood 'esea'*& desin, /&i*& /ould

satisf) t&e 'esea'*& o(e*ti5es. Sometimes e+lo'ato') 'esea'*& itself ma) (e

enou& to sol5e t&e +'o(lem.

. C"8$:#;&'e Re;e1r$@

In *ont'ast to t&e e+lo'ato') 'esea'*&, /&i*& is, s)stemati* *olle*tion of t&e

info'mation needed its anal)sis and findin as +e' t&e 'esea'*& o(e*ti5es

*on*lusi5e 'esea'*& follo/s e+lo'ato') 'esea'*&.

A la'e num(e' of o(se'5ations /e'e +ossi(le to a*&ie5e.

#&e 'esults /e'e 5alid and 'elia(le.

#&e stud) is +'o+e'l) st'u*tu'ed su*& t&at no misinte'+'etation of data is allo/ed.

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Me%@"d O D1%1 C"::e$%&"8

#&e data /as *olle*ted t&'ou& +'ima') sou'*e t&'ou& 'e*o'ds and dis*ussions /it& t&e

*on*e'ned aut&o'it) and to+ le5el manaement and middleBlo/e' le5el manaement and

f'om em+lo)ees /o'in in t&e o'anization /it& t&e &el+ of uestionnai'e met&od. #&e

'es+ondents /&o /e'e +'o5ided a set of st'u*tu'ed uestion filled t&e uestionnai'e and

feed(a* /as o(tained () +e'sonall) administe'in t&e dis*ussion on uestion ()

'es+ondent. Cuestionnai'e met&od is 5e') 5e'satile almost e5e') +'o(lem *an (e

a++'oa*&ed () t&is met&od. %no/lede, o+inion, +'odu*ti5it) and intent a'e usuall) not

o+en to o(se'5ation. Multi+le@*&oi*e uestion /e'e int'odu*ed as t&e) a'e faste' to

administe'. #&e) lend t&emsel5es to anal)sis usin 5a'ious statisti*al te*&niues. #&e)

a'e not +'one to inte'5ie/e' (ias.

S1?:&8 Me%@"d

#&e sam+le desin in*ludes t&e follo/in@

. T@e S1?:&8 U8&%

#&e sam+lin unit *onsists of t&e em+lo)ees /o'in at t&e to+@le5el, middle@

le5el and lo/e' le5el manaement in t&e o'anization.

. T@e ;e:e$%&"8 " S1?:e I%e

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#&e met&od used in t&e +'esent stud) /as non@+'o(a(ilit) met&od. In t&is

met&od e5e') item in t&e uni5e'se does not &a5e a no/n *&an*e of (ein

in*luded in t&e sam+le. #&us sele*tion +'o*ess is +a'tl) su(e*ti5e.

3. T@e S1?:e S&e

#&e sam+le size in t&e +'oe*t /as taen as 10 em+lo)ees /o'in at t&e to+@

le5el manaement and ;0 em+lo)ees /o'in at t&e middle and 30 at lo/e'

le5el manaement in t&e o'anization.

#&e s)stemati* sam+lin +'o*edu'e /as +'efe''ed in t&e +'e+a'ation of t&is +'oe*t

(e*ause of t&e follo/in 'easons@

1. E*onom) of #imes

It 'eui'es less time to mae t&e stud).

2. Minimization of E''o's

S)stemati* sam+le 'edu*es t&e *&an*es of mistaes and e''o's.

3. A**u'a*) of "esults

#&e 'esults o(tained /e'e *om+a'ati5el) mo'e a**u'ate and +'e*ise.

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) usin s)stemati* sam+lin /it& t&is sam+le size, it /as eas) to administe' t&e

uestionnai'e. #&e uestionnai'e eas) to unde'stand and a**e+t and mo'e a**u'ate

'esults /e'e o(tained /&i*& /e'e 5alid unde' most of t&e *i'*umstan*es.

#e;%&"881&re Me%@"d

Cuestionnai'e /as desined ee+in in mind t&e info'mation 'eui'ed. S+e*ial *a'e /as

taen in in*o'+o'atin eas) lanuae in t&e uestions so t&at t&e 'es+ondents a'e in a

+osition to easil) unde'stand t&em and ans/e' a**o'dinl).

u'in t&e *ou'se of f'amin t&e uestions, it /as e+t in mind t&at t&e'e s&ould (e no

am(iuit) in t&e uestions.

Multi+le@*&oi*e uestions /e'e taen to fa*ilitate t&e +in +ointin ans/e'in () t&e

'es+ondent, (eside su*& uestions a'e eas) to administe'.

DATA COLLECTION

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#&e su**ess of an) 'esea'*& +'oe*t de+ends *'iti*all) on data. So data

as t&e im+o'tant as+e*ts of 'esea'*& t&e'e mainl) a'e t/o t)+e of data

/&i*& a'e used fo' an) 'esea'*& +'oe*t.

• 'ima') data

• Se*onda') data

PRIMARY DATA*- 'ima') data a'e t&ose /&i*& a'e *olle*ted

af'es& and fo' t&e time, and t&us &a++en to (e o'iinal in *&a'a*te'. In

*ase of t&is +'oe*t /o' +'ima') data /as *olle*ted t&'ou& inte'5ie/

and st'u*tu'ed Cuestionnai'e ased to t&e indi5iduals in diffe'ent ae

sement.

I use uestionnai'e fo' *olle*tion of m) +'ima') data. I dist'i(ute some

uestionnai'e to t&e /o'e's of #A#A

+'odu*ti5i t). I &a5e also *ondu*ted some tele+&one inte'5ie/ and li5e

tal /it& t&e manae' of #A#A

Se$"8d1r( D1%1*- Se*onda') data a'e statisti*s not at&e'ed fo' t&e

immediate stud) at &and (ut /&i*& &a5e

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