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FairDealingAnalysisWorkshop
22February2017
copyright.ualberta.ca
WhatisFairDealing?
"FairDealing"isanimportantcomponentofusers'rightsinCanadiancopyrightlaw,allowingforthereproducEonanduseofselecEonsofcopyright-protectedworksforcertainpurposeswithoutrequiringpermission,providedthatuse/dealingis"fair”.
CopyrightAct,s.29Research,privatestudy,etc.
29Fairdealingforthepurposeofresearch,privatestudy,educaEon,parodyorsaEredoesnotinfringecopyright.Cri5cismorreview
29.1FairdealingforthepurposeofcriEcismorreviewdoesnotinfringecopyrightifthefollowingaremenEoned:
[aNribuEonofsourceandauthor]Newsrepor5ng
29.2FairdealingforthepurposeofnewsreporEngdoesnotinfringecopyrightifthefollowingaremenEoned:
[aNribuEonofsourceandauthor]
HubbardvVosper[1972]2Q.B.84
“Itisimpossibletodefinewhatis“fairdealing.”ItmustbeaquesEonofdegree.…[discussionofconsideraEons]...OtherconsideraEonsmaycometomindalso.But,aYerallissaidanddone,itmustbeamaNerofimpression.…Thetribunaloffactmustdecide.”
LordDenning,M.R.
HubbardvVosper(cont’d)ConsideraEons:• “Youmustconsiderfirstthenumberandextentofthe
quota5onsandextracts.Aretheyaltogethertoomanyandtoolongtobefair?
• “Thenyoumustconsidertheusemadeofthem.Iftheyareusedasabasisforcomment,criEcismorreview,thatmaybefairdealing.IftheyareusedtoconveythesameinformaEonastheauthor,forarivalpurpose,thatmaybeunfair.
• “Next,youmustconsiderthepropor5ons.TotakelongextractsandaNachshortcommentsmaybeunfair.But,shortextractsandlongcommentsmaybefair.
• “Otherconsidera5onsmaycometomindalso.”
CCH[2004]1SCR339
“…thefairdealingexcep5onisperhapsmoreproperlyunderstoodasanintegralpartoftheCopyrightActthansimplyadefence.AnyactfallingwithinthefairdealingexcepEonwillnotbeaninfringementofcopyright.”
McLachlin,CJC
CCH(cont’d)“DrawingonthedecisioninHubbard,supra,aswellasthedoctrineoffairuseintheUnitedStates,[Linden,J.A.]proposedthatthefollowingfactorsbeconsideredinassessingwhetheradealingwasfair:(1)thepurposeofthedealing;(2)thecharacterofthedealing;(3)theamountofthedealing;(4)alterna5vestothedealing;(5)thenatureofthework;and(6)theeffectofthedealingonthework.AlthoughtheseconsideraEonswillnotallariseineverycaseoffairdealing,thislistoffactorsprovidesausefulanaly5calframeworktogoverndetermina5onsoffairnessinfuturecases.”
McLachlin,CJC
AUCCGuidelines(2012)
Guidelines1. Teachers,instructors,professorsandstaff
membersinnon-profituniversiEesmaycommunicateandreproduce,inpaperorelectronicform,shortexcerptsfromacopyright-protectedworkforthepurposesofresearch,privatestudy,criEcism,review,newsreporEng,educaEon,saEreorparody.
AUCCGuidelines(cont’d)4.Ashortexcerptmeans:
(a) upto10%ofacopyright-protectedwork(includingaliterarywork, musicalscore,soundrecording,andanaudiovisualwork)(b) onechapterfromabook(c) asinglearEclefromaperiodical(d) anenErearEsEcwork(includingapainEng,print,photograph, diagram,drawing,map,chart,andplan)fromacopyright-protectedwork containingotherarEsEcworks(e) anenErenewspaperarEcleorpage(f) anenEresinglepoemormusicalscorefromacopyright-protectedwork containingotherpoemsormusicalscores(g) anenEreentryfromanencyclopedia,annotatedbibliography, dicEonaryorsimilarreferencework
providedthatineachcase,nomoreoftheworkiscopiedthanisrequiredinordertoachievetheallowablepurpose.
FairDealingAnalysis
• Purposes(CopyrightAct)• Factors(CCH)
SampleforAnalysis
TeacherwantstomakeaPDFcopyofonebookchapter(oftwelve)tobemadeavailableonanLMSonlytothestudentsinherclass.
Purposes(CopyrightAct)
• Research• PrivateStudy• EducaEon• Parody• SaEre• CriEcism• NewsReporEng
TheSixFactors(CCH)
(1) thepurposeofthedealing;(2)thecharacterofthedealing;(3)theamountofthedealing;(4)alterna5vestothedealing;(5)thenatureofthework;and(6)theeffectofthedealingonthework.
1.PurposeoftheDealing[54]“InCanada,thepurposeofthedealingwillbefairifitisforoneoftheallowablepurposesundertheCopyrightAct,namelyresearch,privatestudy,criEcism,reviewornewsreporEng.(…)“Asdiscussed,theseallowablepurposesshouldnotbegivenarestricEveinterpretaEonorthiscouldresultintheunduerestricEonofusers’rights.Thissaid,courtsshouldaNempttomakeanobjecEveassessmentoftheuser/defendant’srealpurposeormoEveinusingthecopyrightedwork.(…)“Moreover,…,somedealings,evenifforanallowablepurpose,maybemoreorlessfairthanothers;researchdoneforcommercialpurposesmaynotbeasfairasresearchdoneforcharitablepurposes.”
2.CharacteroftheDealing[55]“Inassessingthecharacterofadealing,courtsmustexaminehowtheworksweredealtwith.IfmulEplecopiesofworksarebeingwidelydistributed,thiswilltendtobeunfair.“If,however,asinglecopyofaworkisusedforaspecificlegiEmatepurpose,thenitmaybeeasiertoconcludethatitwasafairdealing.“IfthecopyoftheworkisdestroyedaYeritisusedforitsspecificintendedpurpose,thismayalsofavourafindingoffairness.“ItmayberelevanttoconsiderthecustomorpracEceinaparEculartradeorindustrytodeterminewhetherornotthecharacterofthedealingisfair.”
3.AmountoftheDealing[56]“Boththeamountofthedealingandimportanceoftheworkallegedlyinfringedshouldbeconsideredinassessingfairness.Iftheamounttakenfromaworkistrivial,thefairdealinganalysisneednotbeundertakenatallbecausethecourtwillhaveconcludedthattherewasnocopyrightinfringement.“AsthepassagefromHubbardindicates,thequanEtyoftheworktakenwillnotbedeterminaEveoffairness,butitcanhelpinthedeterminaEon.Itmaybepossibletodealfairlywithawholework.(…)“Theamounttakenmayalsobemoreorlessfairdependingonthepurpose.Forexample,forthepurposeofresearchorprivatestudy,itmaybeessenEaltocopyanenEreacademicarEcleoranenErejudicialdecision.However,ifaworkofliteratureiscopiedforthepurposeofcriEcism,itwillnotlikelybefairtoincludeafullcopyoftheworkinthecriEque.”
4.AlternaEvestotheDealing[57]“AlternaEvestodealingwiththeinfringedworkmayaffectthedeterminaEonoffairness.Ifthereisanon-copyrightedequivalentoftheworkthatcouldhavebeenusedinsteadofthecopyrightedwork,thisshouldbeconsideredbythecourt.“IagreewiththeCourtofAppealthatitwillalsobeusefulforcourtstoaNempttodeterminewhetherthedealingwasreasonablynecessarytoachievetheulEmatepurpose.Forexample,ifacriEcismwouldbeequallyeffecEveifitdidnotactuallyreproducethecopyrightedworkitwascriEcizing,thismayweighagainstafindingoffairness.”
5.NatureoftheWork[58]“ThenatureoftheworkinquesEonshouldalsobeconsideredbycourtsassessingwhetheradealingisfair.“AlthoughcertainlynotdeterminaEve,ifaworkhasnotbeenpublished,thedealingmaybemorefairinthatitsreproducEonwithacknowledgementcouldleadtoawiderpublicdisseminaEonofthework—oneofthegoalsofcopyrightlaw.“If,however,theworkinquesEonwasconfidenEal,thismayEpthescalestowardsfindingthatthedealingwasunfair.”
6.EffectoftheDealingontheWork
[59]“Finally,theeffectofthedealingontheworkisanotherfactorwarranEngconsideraEonwhencourtsaredeterminingwhetheradealingisfair.“Ifthereproducedworkislikelytocompetewiththemarketoftheoriginalwork,thismaysuggestthatthedealingisnotfair.“Althoughtheeffectofthedealingonthemarketofthecopyrightownerisanimportantfactor,itisneithertheonlyfactornorthemostimportantfactorthatacourtmustconsiderindecidingifthedealingisfair.”
CCH(2004)-reprise
“ThefairdealingexcepEon,likeotherexcepEonsintheCopyrightAct,isauser’sright.Inordertomaintaintheproperbalancebetweentherightsofacopyrightownerandusers’interests,itmustnotbeinterpretedrestric5vely.”
McLachlin,CJC
ToolsandFlowCharts• AthabascaUniversity-FairDealingAnalysisTool
hNp://library.athabascau.ca/services/video/fair-use/FairUse_Main.html
• BowValleyCollege-FairDealingCharthNps://bowvalleycollege.ca/Documents/Learning%20Resource%20Services/Copyright/Fair%20Dealing%20Chart.pdf]
• BowValleyCollege-FairDealingAnalysis
hNp://bowvalleycollege.ca/Documents/Learning%20Resource%20Services/Copyright/Fair%20Dealing%20Anaylsis.pdf
• CMEC’sCopyrightDecisionTool(FairDealingGuidelines)hNp://copyrightdecisiontool.ca/DecisionTool/
• Queen'sUniversity-FairDealingEvaluatorhNp://library.queensu.ca/help-services/copyright-fair-dealing/fair-dealing-evaluator
• UniversityofAlberta–FairDealingAnalysisFlowcharthNps://d1pbog36rugm0t.cloudfront.net/-/media/ualberta/faculty-and-staff/copyright-office/2017-fair-dealing-analysis-flowchart---24feb2017.pdf
