FACOLTÀDISTUDIUMANISTICILingue ecultureperlamediazione linguistica

Traduzione

Prof.ssaOlgaDentia.a.2017-2018

LESSON1

Whatistranslation?

Whatwordscometoyourmindwhentalkingabouttranslation?

PART1

INTRODUCTIONTOKEYISSUESINTRANSLATION

Communication

Codification decodification

Sender message Receiverfeedback

Languageandculture

Culture: a series of practicesMeaning making: identity, belongingMeaning: context, usage and historicalcircumstances

Language: a shared codeConcepts:organized,arranged,classifiedintoaconceptualsystem

Keyconcepts

involvingLanguages,Linguistics,CommunicationStudies,Philosophy,CulturalStudies, thusSociolinguistics Textlinguistics DA

Speechacttheory Ethnography

Translation:MULTILINGUAL

INTERDISCIPLINARY

Somedefinitions• Translation:a. the subject field,b. the product,c. a process-oriented approach linking formal andfunctional aspects of communication

• Cross-cultural communication: learning a newlanguage v requiring a translator (w.) or interpreter(o.)

• Translation: the development of interculturalcommunication skills, cross-cultural awareness &understanding between peoples

• Monitoring effectiveness

Therefore,

• Successfulcross-culturalcommunication:structures,functionsandsocio-culturalaspects

• Processoftranslation:üoriginalwrittentext(theSourceText,henceforthST)intheoriginalverballanguage(Sourcelanguage,henceforthSL)

üawrittentext(Target Text,henceforthTT)inadifferentverballanguage(Target Language,henceforthTL)

Inparticular,

• Meaningmaking:fromthetextleveltothesurfacelevel

• languageelementsrelatetocontextoftext,situationandculture:

1.TheSTisassessedagainstitsculturalandsocialcontext

2.Itscommunicativefunctionisrecognized3.Itsstructureisevaluated(fromwidertextualelementstogrammar&lexis)

Theprocessoftranslation:• Syntacticcomponent:formality• Semanticcomponent:content• Pragmaticcomponent:purpose

IntendedmeaningoftheSTwriter’smessage:• semanticvpragmatic(context-free/context-bound)

(Ulrich1992:8)

Translationinvolves

• Comparing2diverselanguages• Understandingtheirsocially-conditionedaspects

• Clarifyingtheirfunctionsinaparticularcontext

• Ourmainaim:translationskills,beingabletotranslatedifferenttexttypesanddiscourses“toasatisfactorydegreeofcommunicativeequivalenceandcompetence”(Ulrich1992:9)

The quality of translation:1. Text type2. Socio-cultural context (client, market or

translator)3. Quality standardKey Skills needed: linguistic & cognitive,

training/practice, connected (reading &writing, text & stylistic analysis), workingknowledge of the topic

Jakobson’s categories

• Intralingual translation(orrewording)• Interlingual translation(ortranslationproper)• Intersemiotic translation(ortransmutation)(Jakobson 1959/2000:114inMunday 2001:5)

TheOriginofTranslationstudies

• JamesS.Holmes(1972,1988)– aclusterofissuesconcerningtranslatingandtranslation

• MarySnell-Hornby (1988)&MonaBaker(1997)– a‘new’independentdiscipline

PART2

SOMENOTESONTHEHISTORYOFTRANSLATION

Conflictingguidelinesforthetranslator(Ulrich1992:15)

Keysissuesoverthecenturies• WordvSense(unit,focus,ST&TTrelation)• LiteralvFree• FaithfulvFree• FormvContent• PedagogictranslationvImitation• FormalvDynamic• SemanticvCommunicative

Word-for-word ImitationDegreesofFaithfulness

Theorigin• CICERO (literal v free translation) & HORACE(faithfulness to the sentence) (1st century BCE – )

• ST JEROME & MARTIN LUTHER (4th century CE –Middle Ages) – not word-for-word T but a readable& intelligible vernacular version of the Bible (TL)

• DOLET (1540) – guidelines for the translator(sense/content, SL/TL knowledge, meaningfaithfulness, plain speech, style)

Latin -> French, religious -> literary/poetic texts• DRYDEN (17TH c.) – metaphrase, paraphrase,imitation + morel duty of translator: TL orientation

• DENHAM (1656) v FRASE TYTLER (early1900s): idea, style/manner, ease. Loyalty totruth & beauty

• Romanticism (18th c.) & creative power:GOETHE – Literary translation: plain prose,parodistic, symbiosis/fusion

• Victorian England & national pride (guide theTL reader)

• From the late 18th century to mid-1900, agrammar-translation method mechanic/repeated study of grammatical rules andstructures)

• Direct method or communicative approach toEnglish lg teaching (replicate authentic lg learningconditions)

• ARNOLD (1914) – direct, simple & noble style;aesthetics over accuracy

• In the 1960s, in the USA: the translationworkshop concept, comparative literature &contrastive analysis approaches

• SL content & form (SL-oriented approach) v TLreader by adapting the ST form to TL conventions(TL-oriented approach)

• NIDA (1960s) – shift to the message receiver + +formal v dynamic equivalence (text in context +pragmatic effect)

• Same period: NEWMARK’s categories of semantic(contextual meaning) & communicativetranslation (effect) + KOLLER’s analysis ofequivalence

ØNo one single way to translate + no one singlemethodology

• VINAY & DARBELNET’s taxonomy of the linguisticchanges occurring in translation

• CATFORD’s linguistic model and LEUVEN-ZWART’s1980s translation shift approach

• REISS & VERMEER’s text-type and skopos theory(1970s-1980s) + NORD’s text-linguistic approach

• HOUSE’s register analysis + the development ofdiscourse-oriented approaches (1990s): BAKER &HATIM & MASON – Halliday’s linguistic approach– translation as a communication w/in a socio-cultural context

• EVEN-ZOHAR, TOURY & the Manipulation School– systems theories & target-oriented ‘descriptive’translation studies

• LEFEVERE’s (1980s-1990s) – cultural studies,gender studies & translation & postcolonialtranslation theories

• BERMAN & VENUTI – the foreign element intranslation and the ‘invisibility of thetranslator (Munday 2001: 16); naturalizing asthe main method to translate

• STEINER’s ‘hermeneutic motion’, POUND’s useof archaisms, BENJAMIN’s ‘pure language’,DERRIDA & the deconstruction movement

• SNELL-HORNBY’s integrated approach

Munday 2001:10

Munday 2001:13

Futuretrends

• MT(machinetranslation)vHT• Textlinguistics,DA,AI,Computationallinguistics->analysisoftheSLtextsandtheirsynthesisintheTL

• MAT(computerizeddictionaries,text-relatedglossaries,concordance)