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Facilitating e-Negotiation Processes with Semantic Web Technologies. Introduction. Negotiation a decision process in which two or more parties make individual decisions and interact with each other for mutual gain negozio = shop in Italian … e-Negotiation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Facilitating e-Negotiation Processes with Semantic Web
Technologies
Patrick C. K. HUNGFaculty of Business and Information Technology,
University of Ontario Institute of Technology [email protected]
Ho-fung LEUNGSenior Member, IEEE
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Dickson K. W. CHIUSenior Member, IEEE
Dickson Computer SystemsHong Kong
[email protected], [email protected]
Shing-Chi CHEUNGSenior Member, IEEE
Dept. of Computer Science Hong Kong University of
Science & [email protected]
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 2
Introduction Negotiation
a decision process in which two or more parties make individual decisions and interact with each other for mutual gain
negozio = shop in Italian … e-Negotiation
perform negotiation activities over the Internet
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 3
Background of Research D.K.W. Chiu, S.C. Cheung, P.C.K. Hung, S.Y.Y. Chiu* and K.K.
Chung*. Developing e-Negotiation Process Support with a Meta-modeling Approach in a Web Services Environment, Decision Support Systems, accepted. (*FYP students)
Peliminary Version at ICWS'03, June 2003 6th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems, Sept 2002
D.K.W. Chiu, S.C. Cheung, P.C.K. Hung, and H.F. Leung. Constraint-based Negotiation in a Multi-Agent Information System with Multiple Platform Support, HICSS37, Jan 2004.
S.C. Cheung, P.C.K. Hung and D.K.W. Chiu. On e-Negotiation of Unmatched Logrolling Views, HICSS36, Jan 2003.
S.C. Cheung, P.C.K. Hung and D.K.W. Chiu. A Meta-model for e-Contract Template Variable Dependencies Facilitating e-Negotiation, ER2002, Oct 2002
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 4
Motivation
Are there currently significant practical use of the Semantic Web?
Match-making and beyond Software requirement engineering / negotiation Model and solve practical problems with CS and
technologies Cross-over multi-disciplinary research
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 5
Objectives How to elicit negotiation requirements? Semantic Web
=> Ontologies => help negotiators’ mutual understanding of issues, alternatives, and tradeoffs
Address semantic requirements of negotiation Reduce cost and improve effectiveness of negotiation
(avoid combinatorial explosion of issues) Development of an effective and efficient negotiation
plan Applications: e-Marketplace, Web-service
negotiation, agent negotiation, requirement negotiation…
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 6
e-Negotiation Portal at e-Marketplaces
Buyers
Supplierse-Marketplace
Aggregate requests from Buyers, contactpotential Suppliers,
match Suppliersand Buyers, exchange
bids and offers,generate e-Contract
Repository
Ontologies and Concepts
e-Negotiation dataAgreements- …
bids
bids
offers
offers
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 7
An Example Ontology for Sale Negotiation of Rubber Gloves in UML Class Diagram
ShippingCost
Sale Order
OrderLine
Premium
Insurance
Size Color
Unit Cost
Delivery Delivery Date
Quantity
Payment Terms
Payee
TotalAmount
Insured Amount
Discount
Red Purple
Appearance
Refunding Policy
{unordered} attributes: deposit, installment, pay-upon-delivery, …
{ordered} attributes: small, medium, large, extra-large
{unordered} attributes: brick red, crimson, …
{unordered} attributes: light purple, magenta, …
*
Insurer
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 8
Semantic basede-Negotiation Conceptual Model
BaseConcept
Party Negotiation
Accepted Alternative Value
Alternative Value
makes
1
1..*
1..*has
1..*
1..*
*indivisiblyrelates to
1..*
2..*
involves
Issue1
1
*
*
Ontology
AuxiliaryConcept
precedes
Concept
Accepted Offer
maps to
PlanOffer
drives formulates *
1
1..*
1 ***
*resolves
1..*Task 1
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 9
Overall e-Negotiation Process Design Methodology
select agreed relevant ontologies
identify issues
evaluate tradeoffs & make offers
[need to revise tradeoff model]
creation ofagreement [all issues are
resolved][quit]
map issues into ontology concepts
check consistencyof issues &concepts
*
[consistent]
[not consistent]
synchronization bar
activity
process termination
process startcondition
Pre-negotiationphase
Negotiationphase
formulateplan
for eachcollectionof co-relatedissue derive concept
relations
[need to identify new issues]
identify alternatives
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 10
How are Ontologies Useful?
Understanding Negotiation Issues from Ontologies
Understanding Dependencies of Issues from Ontologies
Indivisible Components of Issues for Tradeoff Evaluation and Negotiation Plan
Understanding Possible Alternatives for Issues from Ontologies
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 11
Understanding Negotiation Issues from Ontologies
Perform graph search algorithm on the semantic map
Issues are preliminary identified in the first round.
For each identified issue, check if an issue can be mapped directly to a concept. If not, see if an issue can be refined into a set of more
specific concepts a cost is refined into constituent costs that sum up to
it. Incomplete Ontologies
Introduce new concepts into the ontology map Relate it with to existing ones
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 12
Understanding Negotiation Issues from Ontologies (Cont)
Perform graph search algorithm on the semantic map
For each identified concept c, Examine every un-visited node n adjacent to c in the
ontology map. For each such node n, see if the new concept is
relevant to the negotiation problem. Repeat until no more related new concepts can be
identified. Only after successful negotiation do we need to
consider combining newly identified concepts back to specify a more concise agreement
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 13
Understanding Dependencies of Issues from Ontologies
Functional dependency borrowed from fundamental relational database
concepts motivate this research The alternative for an issue is determined by the
alternatives(s) of other issue(s). cost of production depends on delivery date and
quantity. Computational dependency –
more obvious type of functional dependency hardwired computational formula E.g. insurance amount = percentage * cost of goods.
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 14
Understanding Dependencies of Issues from Ontologies
Requirement dependency (constraint satisfaction) Only after the determinant value is known can viable
alternatives be determined. E.g., whether a customer may pay by credit card,
bank draft, or remittance is evaluated according to the total amount.
Classification dependency A special type of requirement dependency in which
the classification of another issue is dependent on the outcome of an agreed issue.
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 15
Indivisible Components of Issues for Tradeoff Evaluation and Negotiation Plan
Indivisible Components of Issues Cyclic dependencies among the concepts Tradeoff Evaluation
Negotiate Size
Negotiate Color
Negotiate Refund Policy
Negotiate Unit Cost, Quantity
& Delivery Date Negotiate
Payment Terms
Negotiate Shipping
Cost & Payee
Negotiate Insurance
Premium, Insured Amount & Payee
Negotiate Discount
Compute Total
Amount
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 16
Un-Matching Tradeoff Views
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 17
Matching Tradeoff Views
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 18
Understanding Possible Alternatives for Issues from Ontologies
Alternative for issues are often in discrete values cannot be expressed in numerical values not quantized in normal practices because of difficulties
in recognizing them, e.g., color for simplicity and convenience (size => S, M, L, XL)
The elicitation of options is streamlined when a complicated issue is decomposed into concepts(appearance => size + color + shapes)
Ontologies provide explicit ordering of them (size => S < M < L < XL) implicit ordering
inheritance (“is-a”) hierarchies composition hierarchies
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 19
System Implementation Architecture
Criteria& Issues
EditorSearchEngine
Ontology Editor
criteria,issues
ontologye-Negotiation
Data & Repository
existing ontology
Ontology MaintenanceSubsystem
IssueDependency
EditorTasks
Organizer
e-NegotiationProcess
Generator
ontology, issue
issuedependency
taskdependency
e-NegotiationMatchingSubsystem
OntologyGenerator
e-NegotiationSession Manager
e-NegotiationExecuting Subsystem
e-Negotiation process
ontology
revised ontology, issues
InternetMessenger
SMS Gateway
WAPGateway
WebServer
bids & offers
Multiplatform Support Subsystem
e-Negotiation process
Multi-platformDevices
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 20
Making Offers and Counter-offers in a Negotiation Session
Identify the issue(s) to be next negotiated in the
plan
Preparereservation
prices
Make offer /counter-offer
Evaluate offer /counter-offer[offer received]
[counter-offer received]
Notify counterparty
of failure
Quit?
Revise reservation
prices
[false]
[true]
[unacceptable offer]
Have all issues been negotiated?
[false] Successfulnegotiation
[true]
[acceptable offer]Notify counterpartyof acceptance
[acceptance received]
[failure received]
start a new negotiation cycle
[ready to make an offer]
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 21
Conclusions Formulation of negotiation plan with maturing of
Semantic Web technologies Elicitation of negotiation issues, issue dependencies,
tradeoff, and alternatives Control the openness of issues Our algorithm verifies the completeness of elicited
negotiation requirements Negotiation processes are properly guided, recorded,
and managed For e-commerce activities are usually more structural
and repeatable (as opposed to political negotiations) Ontologies and plans are therefore reusable Negotiation automation with agents / integration with
EIS
Semantic e-
Negotiation HICSS38 - 22
Future Work
Formal models Elicitation of semantic distances Users having different tradeoff views (i.e., different
negotiation plan in mind) Multi-lateral negotiation Ranking of different types of issues and criteria for tradeoff
issues (Hung, HICSS 2003) Decision making to reach an optimal and stable state for
negotiators (Nash equilibrium) Study of e-Contract enforcement
(Chiu et al., HICSS 2003) Real-life negotiation practices General requirement elicitation (e.g. software)