Fabrication of Floor Cleaning Machine

7/21/2019 Fabrication of Floor Cleaning Machine

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INTRODUCTION

Floor cleaner is very much useful in cleaning floors in hospitals, houses, auditorium,

shops, computer centers etc; it is very simple in construction and easy to operate. Anybody can

operate this machine easily. It consist of moisture cotton brush, the brush cleans the floor and

dried with aid of small blower. Hence it is very useful in hospitals, houses, etc. The time taken

for cleaning is very less and the cost is also very less. Maintenance cost is less. Much type of

machines is widely used for this purpose. But they are working under different principles and

the cost is also very high.

Good well-maintained entrance matting can dramatically reduce the need for cleaning.

For public and office buildings about 80 to 90% of the dirt is tracked in from outside. Installing a

total of 15 feet of matting consisting of both indoor and outdoor sections will remove about 80%of this. Thus about two-thirds of the dirt can be removed at the entrance
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Reasons for cleaning floors

The principal reasons for floor cleaning are:

To prevent injuries due to tripping or slipping. Injuries due to slips and trips on level

floors are a major cause of accidental injury or death. Bad practice in floor cleaning is

itself a major cause of accidents.

To beautify the floor.

To removestains,dirt,litter and obstructions.

To remove grit andsand which scratch and wear down the surface.

To removeallergens,in particulardust.

To prevent wear to the surface (e.g. by using a floorwax or protectivesealant).

To make the environmentsanitary (e.g. inkitchens).

To maintain an optimumtraction (e.g. fordance floors).

Methods of floor cleaning

The treatment needed for different types of floors is very different. For safety it is most

important to ensure the floor is not left even slightly wet after cleaning or mopping up.

Sawdust is used on some floors to absorb any liquids that fall rather than trying to prevent

them being spilt. The sawdust is swept up and replaced each day. This was common in the past

inpubs and is still used in somebutchers andfishmongers.

It used to be common to use tea leaves to collect dirt from carpets and remove odours.

Nowadays it is sill quite common to use diatomaceous earth, or in fact any cat litter type

material, to remove infestations from floors.

There are also a wide variety of floor cleaning machines available today such as floor

buffers, automatic floor scrubbers andsweepers,andcarpet extractors that can deep clean almost

any type of hard floor or carpeted flooring surface in much less time than it would take using a

traditional cleaning method.
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Wood flooring

Wood flooring should be treated completely differently depending on whether it waxed or

oiled, or whether it has a polyurethane coating. It is important to determine the type of finish of a

wood floor and always treat it the appropriate way, for instance it is difficult to clear wood floorwax from a polyurethane floor. Simple cleaning instructions:

1. Clear the floor of any furnature that's easy to move.

2. Sweep or vacuum all loose dirt and debris.

3. Mop the floor, going along with the grain. If your floors are polyurethaned, dampen a

mop with water and a few drops of dishwashing liquid. Be sure to ring out the mop

thoroughly before using it on the floor. Run the mop back and forth, going with the grain

of the wood in smooth strokes. If your floors are lacquered or shellacked, dont use water,

which can stain the wood and cause buckling.

4. Buff the floor with a soft cloth to remove any soapy residue. Cloth diapers work well for

buffing, because theyre very soft and absorbent.

Tile and stone floors

Nowadays many modern kitchens, stairs, and bathrooms have tile flooring that can be

cleaned in three simple steps:

1. Dirt or dust should first be removed with a vacuum cleaner or a broom.

2. Have a floor cleaning solution or spray bottle for the appropriate floor. If you are

cleaning stone floors (marble, granite, travertine, etc.), make sure the cleaning agent

states that it is for stones. An acidic tile cleaning solution can be used on ceramic and

porcelain floors

3. After spraying the tile or stone floors in a small area, use amop to clean and scrub floors.
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Reducing the need for cleaning

Good well-maintained entrance matting can dramatically reduce the need for cleaning.

For public and office buildings about 80 to 90% of the dirt is tracked in from outside. Installing a

total of 15 feet of matting consisting of both indoor and outdoor sections will remove about 80%of this. Thus about two-thirds of the dirt can be removed at the entrance.

FLOOR CLEANING MACHINESTYPES AND USES

There are many various types of cleaning machines or equipment on the market today for

both commercial and residential use. This is a brief overview of the type, power sources and

uses for floor cleaning equipment. For effective cleaning results of any floor or surface, there are

four basic and simple principles to follow.

1. Time

2.

Agitation

3. Chemical

4. Temperature

Using these four simple principles will allow anyone to end up with good cleaning results.

Relative to this topic floor cleaning machines, we will be discussing the second principle;

agitation. Most floor cleaning machines and equipment are designed to provide the agitation

needed to perform the cleaning procedure. Prior to machines, agitation was accomplished with

elbow grease. However, manual agitation is burdensome to the person cleaning and increases

labor.

The introduction of cleaning machines made the janitors life easier and increased cleaning

efficiency while dramatically reducing the labor of the task.

The following is an overview of the primary pieces of floor cleaning machines and does not

cover each one. But the ones discussed in this article will cover over 90% of all floor cleaning

equipment designed to clean hard floors. When we state the cleaning of hard floors; we mean

daily or normal cleaning. Although, some of the floor cleaning machines outlined in this article
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can also provide periodic or project type cleaning functions as well. We will be covering

machines to clean carpeting and specialty cleaning machines in future articles.

FLOOR CLEANING MACHINES COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL

TYPES

Types and Uses

1. Single Disc Floor MachinesCommercial & Residential:

Electric Plug Powered equipment. These machines operate by a single motor that turns a

pad driver installed on the bottom of the machine. Either brushes or floor cleaning pads are

installed. It is the brushes or pads that provide the agitation while the motor provides a circular

motion. These machines were some of the first on the market and run between 175 to 350 RPM.

These same machines were also used to spray buff floors. This versatile machine could be used

to clean all hard floors (resilient and non-resilient) as well as carpeting.

2. Automatic ScrubbersCommercial:

Battery or Electric Plug Powered, these machines normal run between 110 to 175 RPM.

Units with slightly higher RPM are on the market.

This equipment combines to include several steps in one operation.

Application of the cleaning solution

The agitation principle utilizing either pads or brushes

Pick up of the cleaning solution

This equipment made the life of the janitor even easier because it accomplishes several

steps in one operation and further reduced the labor factor of cleaning floors. To our

understanding the very first automatic scrubber was first introduced 1905 by Finnell System, Inc.

Finnell is no longer in business but received many patents during its corporate life. These early

machines were nothing like todays automatic scrubbers. It was made with inch plate steel,

extremely heavy and was somewhat difficult to maneuver and operate mechanically.
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Nevertheless, it evolutionized the floor cleaning industry from its first introductio

Todays machines are state of the art with computerized controls, advanced battery

technology, high grade lightweight plastics, etc. They are simple to use and still a labor saver.

This versatile machine could be used to clean all hard floors

Wet/Dry VacuumsCommercial & Residential:

While this simple and effective machine may not be classified as a cleaning floor

machine, it does provide increased efficiency for manual floor cleaning and Single Disc Floor

Machines. This equipment picks up cleaning solution from the floor. Speeding up the cleaning

operation. These units are normally electric plug powered but there are some available in

mechanical operation (no power source required Aztecs Guzzler) and battery power. These

units are also great to use in hard to reach and smaller areas being cleaned. This versatile

machine could be used to clean all hard floors (resilient and non-resilient).

Specialty Grout Cleaning Machines Commercial:

These units are normally Electric plug powered and the most effective performance units

employ a cylinder brush system that allows the brush bristles to get into the grout lines of the

floor. These units are used on all types of Non-Resilient tile floors that use grout lines.

Specialty Steam Cleaning Machines Residential:

These units generate steam or hot water to provide the cleaning action to the floors. They

are primarily used in the residences and provide principle number 4 Temperature to clean the

floor instead of agitation. They are lightweight, relatively inexpensive and built for the soil levels

found in the residential market. This versatile machine that could be used to clean all hard floors.
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FLOOR SCRUBBER

Floor scrubber is a floor cleaning device. It can be simple tools such as floor mops and

floor brushes, or in a form of walk-behind or ride-on machines to clean larger floor areas by

injecting water with cleaning solution, scrubbing, and lifting the residuals off the floor. With the

advancement inrobotics,autonomous floor-scrubbing robots are available as well.

Automatic floor scrubbers

Automatic floor scrubbers, also known as auto scrubbers, are a type of floor cleaning

machine that are used to scrub a floor clean of lightdebris,dust,oil,grease or floor marks. These

machines have either rotary(disk) or cylindrical scrubbing head and an automated system for

dispensing cleaningsolution and then vacuuming it up. So, in one pass over the floor, a user can

dispense cleaning,scrub it into the floor, then vacuum it all up with an autoscrubber squeegeeattachment at the back of the machine. Auto scrubbers have a separate dispensing(solution tank)

tank and a collection(recovery tank) tank to keep your cleanwater from your dirty water and can

be categorized into one of two main types: walk behind or riding.

Floor Scrubbers are a more hygienic alternative to traditional cleaning methods such as a

mop and bucket. Environmentally safe soaps can be used in conjunction with a reduced water

system to save on both the amount of chemicals released into the environment as well as the

amount of gray water produced. Some floor scrubbers are even capable of cleaning without a

water and chemical system at all.

Most autoscrubbers can't reach edges, corners, clean under obstructions such as drinking

fountains, and can't fit into alcoves. Therefore, mopping is needed to clean areas the

autoscrubber can't reach.
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Modern floor scrubbers have a pre-sweep option that removes the need to sweep the floor

before scrubbing. The pre-sweep brush head is placed in front of the vacuum system to collect

dust and debris before it can block the vacuum system. In the past it was important to sweep the

floor before scrubbing to remove any debris and dust that could clog the vacuum hose or build

up in the vacuum motor, which can decrease performance. If this happens, the vac hose may

need to be removed to clear the obstruction and/or the vac motor may need to be blown out with

compressed air.

Stripping Solution should never be used as it can cause damage to the solution dispensing

system, but can still be vacuumed up by the machine without harm. Occasionally, the solution

system should be flushed with water mixed with vinegar to remove any soap and calcium

deposits that could build in the solution system.

After each use, the dispensing(solution) and especially the collection(recovery)tanks

should be emptied and rinsed out to prevent dirt build up. Also, the pads/brushes, vac hose, and

squeegee should also be rinsed to prevent dirt build up. The vac motor should be run for several

minutes afterwards to remove any moisture that could be present in the vac motor to reduce

chances of corrosion that could damage the vac motor. Failure do to this maintenance could

cause in a loss of vacuum airflow and increase in costly repairs.

When storing an autoscrubber, the solution and recovery tanks should be left open to

allow ventilation and to prevent odors from building up Before charging battery-powered

machines, check to make sure the water in the battery cells is covering the lead plates before

charging. If the water level is low enough to expose the plates, Fill the cell with just enough

water until the plates are covered. If batteries are discharged, never add water if the electrolyte is

visible above the plates. When charging, the battery compartment should be left open for

ventilation as hydrogen gases are emitted from the charging process. After charging, check the

battery cells again. The water level should be 1/8 below the bottom of the fill well. If the level is

low fill until it is 1/8 below the bottom of the fill well. If a battery is overfilled, the water can

overflow which can damage the battery and make a mess.


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When maintaining deep cycle batteries, distilled water is highly recommended. Never use water

with high mineral content.

Floor buffers and polishers

When floor scrubbing machines became more available to many types of facilities, there

was a need to cover a different type offlooring.Floor buffers were invented to scrub and polish

the floor withlinoleum surface. The machines use rotary brushes with soft material to clean and

make the floor shine. For marble and wood floors, floor polishers may be used to apply

protective coating to floor.

Floor-scrubbing robots

With the advancement in technologies used inautonomous robots,floor-scrubbing robots

were created by combining the features of automatic floor scrubbers with self-control operations

without an operator. Non-residential models such as HydroBot by Intellibot Robotics are suitable

for education, retail, healthcare and manufacturing facilities. These commercial floor cleaning

machines can clean 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) area in one hour.

In the residential applications, floor-scrubbing robots are available using the same

principle of operation as in the commercial applications, but with much smaller machines.

ScoobabyiRobot is an example of such robots.
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How to Operate a Floor Scrubber

Floor scrubbers clean your floor better, and leave it dryer, than you can do yourself with a

mop and bucket. They come in many sizes and styles and can thoroughly clean just about any

kind of floor surface. The principle is the same for most models: a water-and-cleaner solution is

sprayed onto the floor, scrubbed in with a vibrating or rotating brush, then vacuumed up into an

outflow tank. They're especially good for hard tiles like ceramic, as well as linoleum. For home

use, you can buy or rent small models about the size of standard vacuum cleaners.

Instructions

1. Sweep the floor thoroughly. If you use your scrubber on a floor that has a lot of loose dirt

or dust on it, the scrubber could press the dirt into the lines between tiles or spread itaround the floor.

2. Fill your intake tank with very warm water, leaving a few inches at the top. Add in the

concentrated cleaner. Don't add the cleaner first, and don't shake or splash it, as you want

to avoid stirring up suds.

3. Position the scrubber at the wall furthest from the door. If your scrubber model requires

you to pull it backward, start with the machine facing in the corner; if it's a forward-

moving model, start with your back to the corner and the machine facing out into the

room.

4. Turn on the various parts of the machine. On most models, the different functions of the

scrubber will be controlled by three different switches. Turn on the water pump first, then

the vacuum and finally the scrubber. Begin moving the machine in the direction it's

supposed to go (forward or backward). Work in slow, steady rows, watching the outflow

tank as you go to judge how soon you have to stop and replace the water.

5. Empty the outflow tank as soon as it is full. Refill the intake tank with warm water and

cleaning solution. You may have to do this several times depending on the size of the

scrubber and the amount of floor you are cleaning


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Rotary Floor Cleaning Machines

Along with vacuum cleaners, rotary cleaning machines are the most common machines

used by cleaning operatives throughout the industry. They could be accurately described as the

workhorses of the industry, given the range of tasks they can be used to perform.

Although they may all look similar, the specifications of the different types of machine

will dictate their suitability for certain tasks. For instance, machines that rotate at slower speeds

are more suitable for scrubbing tasks, whereas the faster machines are more suited to floor

polishing procedures.
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The Principles of Rotary Cleaning

Therefore, it is crucial that the correct machine is chosen to carry out any given task

efficiently. The most common varieties of machine used have a single rotating head, onto which

can be attached brushes, pads, bonnet mops, sanding discs and scarifying assemblies (more onthese later).

The head itself is driven by an electric motor or, in the case of non-electric versions,

propane and petrol. The power is transmitted to the rotating head in one of the following ways:

Direct drive where the motor is situated directly above the head with the power being

transmitted by means of a gear box.

Belt drive - where the motor is situated off centre or the rear of the rotating head with the head

itself being driven by a drive belt.

The Range of Tasks Performed

Scrubbing

Impacted soil deposits can be removed from hard floors by scrubbing, which requires the

use of a suitable cleaning solution in conjunction with the machine. Brushes or a suitably graded

abrasive pad can be used to dislodge the soil once it has been softened by the cleaning solution.

Burnishing

The tips of a rotary brush or the surface of an abrasive pad will scratch and cut at the

floor surface to create a smooth surface with a gloss finish. If this process is used on a floor that

has had polish applied, it will lead to the removal of the surface layer of polish to achieve the

same results.

Spray Cleaning

Again, like scrubbing, the machine is used in conjunction with a cleaning solution. It

differs from scrubbing in that a buffable detergent is used and it is applied using a trigger spray

or pump up bottle spray in the form of a fine mist, which, when subjected the action of the


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machine, will leave a gloss film on the surface of the floor. This process can be used to maintain

unpolished floors or to maintain the appearance of floor treated with polish.

Buffing

A soft grade abrasive pad is used to create a gloss finish on the floor. If a floor has been

recently treated with wax, emulsion or seal finish, buffing will enhance the appearance of the

floor by generating heat on the surface which will harden waxes and resins present in the newly

laid polish.

Spray Burnishing

In essence, this is very similar to spray cleaning but the term is applied to the

maintenance procedures required of floors where a buffable polish has been applied and the

abrasive pad will remove soil along with the surface layer of polish to leave a glossy finish.

Waxes and resins present in the product applied form part of the eventual finish, further

enhancing the appearance of the floor.

Scarifying

This is the most aggressive way of removing impacted soil from a surface. A scarifying

attachment is fitted to the machine that incorporates a series of sharp cutting tools that willremove soil deposits by means of a chisel like action.

Light Sanding

This can be done with the use of abrasive mesh discs used in conjunction with a slow

speed machine. They can be used to lightly sand an uneven or damaged surface or strip back

multiple layers of polish that cannot be removed by conventional stripping.

Bonnet Mopping

A cleaning process for carpets or hard floors using a standard speed rotary machine fitted

with the appropriate bonnet mop. Each surface has its own particular technique and involves a

surface-specific bonnet mop.


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Carpet

A carpet bonnet is manufactured from a mixture of polyester and viscose and is an

extremely effective cleaning technique. For best results the carpet should first be vacuum cleaned

and pre- sprayed to tackle any heavy soiling. A solution of the appropriate detergent is used to

pre-soak the bonnet mop which is then wrung out before being used to buff the carpet.

Hard Floors

With hard floor bonnet cleaning the rotary machine should have a centre feed facility and

be fitted with a solution tank A hard floors bonnet is manufactured from a mixture of nylon and

high tensile nylon which ensures that it is hard wearing and the mop does not hold too much

water. To distinguish it from carpet bonnets the hard surface bonnet generally contains easily

identified coloured fleck, and has a mesh centre to allow water to feed through to the bonnet.

The cleaning technique here is different to carpets. The bonnet is put onto the drive board

in a dry state, and dampened by feeding water through from the solution tank. Only sufficient

cleaning solution should be fed to the bonnet, and as the bonnet dries out more solution can be

fed through. If done correctly the floor should be air dried in two or three minutes.
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Types of Machine

As previously stated, although the machines may look similar, they do perform a number

of separate tasks, depending on their individual properties. In this section we will look at the

varioustypes of machines available.

Single Brush Machines

Single brush machines have, as the name implies, a single rotating drive pulley driven,

powered by an electric motor. The drive pulley itself can be driven via a belt linking it to the

rotor of the motor or through a gearbox.

All machines apart from the Ultra High Speed machines are designed to be used in

conjunction with drive brushes, abrasive pads and a wide range of other accessories and

assemblies. Ultra High Speed machines, due to their speed configuration tend to be fitted with a

fixed drive board which is not removed after use.

The working width of these machines can vary from 28 to 60 cm and the speed at which

it is driven falls into one of the following categories:

Slow or Standard Speed 120 250 rpm

High Speed 260 360 rpm

Super Speed 370 490 rpm

Ultra High Speed 500 2000+ rpm

As a general rule, machines in the Standard, High and Super Speed categories, will tend

to be swing machines which are operated in a side to side motion. They will have a head weight

on the floor of anything between 20 to 45 kilos, depending on working diameter, size and weight

of motor and general construction of the machine. The machines operate on the principal that at a

point of equilibrium or in a horizontal position to the floor the machine will hover in the same

spot. By gently raising the handle the machine will move to the right, and by gently lowering the

handle the machine will move to the left. It is a combination of this slight upward and downward

movement on the handle that allows the machine to swing in a side to side action.
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With Ultra High Speed machines, these are known as divided weight machines and tend

to be operated in a straight line method. In order to facilitate these higher speeds the rear wheels

will be in contact with the floor when in use and possibly the machine will also have a front or

central castor wheel to give further ease of mobility. Ultra High Speed machines usually have a

pad pressure of between 3 to 9 kilos, depending on the diameter and speed of the machine. This

is why they are particularly effective in polishing or burnishing hard floor surfaces, but cannot beused for more aggressive cleaning methods such as scrubbing or stripping.
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COMPONENTS REQUIRED

1. A.C Motor

2. Pulley

3.

Brushes

4. Belt

5. Cleaning liquid

6. Water

7. Battery

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

PULLEY

A pulley is a wheel on an axle that is designed to support movement and change of

direction of a cable or belt along its circumference. Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to lift

loads, apply forces, and to transmit power. In nautical contexts, the assembly of wheel, axle, and

supporting shell is referred to as a "block."

A pulley is also called a sheave or drum and may have a groove between two flanges

around its circumference. The drive element of a pulley system can be a rope, cable,belt, or

chain that runs over the pulley inside the groove.

Hero of Alexandria identified the pulley as one of six simple machines used to lift

weights. Pulleys are assembled to form a block and tackle in order to provide mechanical

advantage to apply large forces. Pulleys are also assembled as part of belt and chain drives in

order to transmit power from one rotating shaft to another.
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Block and tackle

Various ways of rigging a tackle.

A set of pulleys assembled so that they rotate independently on the same axle form a

block. Two blocks with a rope attached to one of the blocks and threaded through the two sets of

pulleys form ablock and tackle.

Ablock and tackle is assembled so one block is attached to fixed mounting point and the

other is attached to the moving load. Themechanical advantage of the block and tackle is equal

to the number of parts of the rope that support the moving block.
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Rope and pulley systems

A hoist using the compound pulley system yielding an advantage of 4. The single fixed

pulley is installed on thehoist (device).The two movable pulleys (joined together) are attached

to thehook.One end of the rope is attached to the crane frame, another to the winch.

A rope and pulley system -- that is, ablock and tackle -- is characterised by the use of a

single continuous rope to transmit a tension force around one or more pulleys to lift or move a

loadthe rope may be a light line or a strong cable. This system is included in the list ofsimple

machines identified by Renaissance scientists.

If the rope and pulley system does not dissipate or store energy, then its mechanical

advantage is the number of parts of the rope that act on the load. This can be shown as follows.
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Consider the set of pulleys that form the moving block and the parts of the rope that support this

block. If there are p of these parts of the rope supporting the load W, then a force balance on the

moving block shows that the tension in each of the parts of the rope must be W/p. This means the

input force on the rope is T=W/p. Thus, the block and tackle reduces the input force by the factor

p.

A gun tackle has a single pulley in both the fixed and moving blocks with two rope parts

supporting the load W.

Separation of the pulleys in the gun tackle show the force balance that results in a ropetension of W/2.
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A double tackle has two pulleys in both the fixed and moving blocks with four rope partssupporting the load W.

Separation of the pulleys in the double tackle show the force balance that results in a ropetension of W/4.

How it works

The simplest theory of operation for a pulley system assumes that the pulleys and lines

are weightless, and that there is no energy loss due to friction. It is also assumed that the lines do

not stretch.

In equilibrium, the forces on the moving block must sum to zero. In addition the tension

in the rope must be the same for each of its parts. This means that the two parts of the rope

supporting the moving block must each support half the load.
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Fixed pulley

The load F on the moving pulley is balanced by the tension in two parts of the ropesupporting the pulley.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polea-simple-movil2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pulley0.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polea-simple-fija.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polea-simple-movil2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pulley0.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polea-simple-fija.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polea-simple-movil2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pulley0.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polea-simple-fija.jpg


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Movable pulley

Diagram 2: A movable pulley lifting the load W is supported by two rope parts with tension W/2.

These are different types of pulley systems:

Fixed:A fixed pulley has an axle mounted in bearings attached to a supporting structure. A

fixed pulley changes the direction of the force on a rope or belt that moves along its

circumference. Mechanical advantage is gained by combining a fixed pulley with a movable

pulley or another fixed pulley of a different diameter.

Movable: A movable pulley has an axle in a movable block. A single movable pulley is

supported by two parts of the same rope and has a mechanical advantage of two.

Compound: A combination of fixed and a movable pulleys forms a block and tackle. A

block and tackle can have several pulleys mounted on the fixed and moving axles, further

increasing the mechanical advantage.
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Diagram 3: The gun tackle "rove to advantage" has the rope attached to the moving pulley. The

tension in the rope is W/3 yielding an advantage of three.

Diagram 3a: The Luff tackle adds a fixed pulley "rove to disadvantage." The tension in the rope

remains W/3 yielding an advantage of three.

The mechanical advantage of the gun tackle can be increased by interchanging the fixed

and moving blocks so the rope is attached to the moving block and the rope is pulled in the

direction of the lifted load. In this case theblock and tackle is said to be "rove to advantage

Free body diagrams

Themechanical advantage of a pulley system can be analyzed usingfree body diagrams

which balance the tension force in the rope with the force of gravity on the load. In an ideal

system, the massless and frictionless pulleys do not dissipate energy and allow for a change of

direction of a rope that does not stretch or wear. In this case, a force balance on a free body that

includes the load, W, and n supporting sections of a rope with tension T, yields:
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The ratio of the load to the input tension force is the mechanical advantage MA of the pulley

system

Thus, the mechanical advantage of the system is equal to the number of sections of rope

supporting the load.

Belt and pulley systems

Flat belt on a belt pulley

Belt and pulley system

A belt and pulley system is characterised by two or more pulleys in common to abelt.

This allows formechanical power,torque,andspeed to be transmitted across axles. If the pulleys

are of differing diameters, a mechanical advantage is realised.
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A belt drive is analogous to that of achain drive,however a belt sheave may be smooth

(devoid of discrete interlocking members as would be found on a chain sprocket, spur gear,or

timing belt) so that the mechanical advantage is approximately given by the ratio of the pitch

diameter of the sheaves only, not fixed exactly by the ratio of teeth as with gears and sprockets.

In the case of a drum-style pulley, without a groove or flanges, the pulley often is slightly

convex to keep the flat belt centred. It is sometimes referred to as a crowned pulley. Though

once widely used on factory line shafts, this type of pulley is still found driving the rotating

brush in uprightvacuum cleaners,inbelt sanders andbandsaws.Agriculturaltractorsbuilt up to

the early 1950s generally had a belt pulley for a flat belt (which is whatBelt Pulley magazine

was named after). It has been replaced by other mechanisms with more flexibility in methods of

use, such aspower take-off andhydraulics.

A.C. MOTOR

An electric motor is used for the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy.

This conversion of electrical power to mechanical energy takes place in the rotating part of the

motor. A D.C. Motor is called as Conduction motor, but an A.C. Motor is called as Induction

Motor.

Induction Motor Design Principle

We all know that an electric motor is used for the conversion of electrical energy into

mechanical energy. This mechanical energy may be used for the pumping of liquid from one

place to other by using pumps or even to blow air by blowers or ceiling fans. The conversion of

electrical power to mechanical energy takes place in the rotating part of the motor. In D.C.

Motors, the electric power is conducted directly to the armature (the rotating part) through

brushes & commutator. Thus we can say a D.C. Motor as a conduction motor. But in case of an

A.C. Motor, the rotor does not receive electric power by conduction, but by Induction. Thus they

are called as induction motors. This can be compared with the secondary winding of a

transformer. These induction motors are also called as rotating transformers. Of all motors, it is

generally a 3-phase or a poly-phase induction motor is used in a larger extent in many industries
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The Direction of rotation of an Electric motor is given by Fleming's Left Hand rule:

o It shows the relation between the direction of "thrust" on a conductor carrying a "current"

in a "magnetic field".

o Keep the Thumb, Index finger & the Middle finger of the left hand at right angles to each

other.The First finger or the index finger indicates the direction of the Field.o The seCond finger or the middle finger represents the direction of the Current.

o The THumb represents the direction of the THrust or the direction of motion of the

conductor.

Also other important Law is the Faraday's Law Of Electro Magnetic Induction.There are 3

important rules/laws of electro magnetic induction.They are as follows:

1. An EMF is induced in a coil whenever the flux through the coil changes with time.

2. The magnitude of induced EMF is directly proportional to the rate of change of flux.

3. The direction of the EMF is such as to oppose the change in flux.
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Cogging Of Induction Motors

Sometimes, when the supply voltage is low, the squirrel cage induction motor refuses to

start. This happens when the number of stator teeth and the number of the rotor teeth is equal,

thus causing a magnetic locking between the stator and the rotor. This phenomenon is other-wise

called as teeth-locking or Magnetic locking. This problem can be overcome by having the

number of rotor slots prime to the stator slots.

Plugging of Motor

The Induction motor can be stopped immediately by just interchanging any two of the

stator leads. When an induction motor is rotating at a high speed, during emergency if situation

arises that the motor has to be stopped immediately, can be done by interchanging any 2 leads of

the stator supply. By doing this, it reverses the direction of the revolving flux, which produces a

torque in the reverse direction, thus causing a breaking effect on the rotor. This breaking period

is called the Plugging period.

Analogy with the Mechanical Clutch
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The Rotor Cu loss = Slip * Rotor Input

This is evident by considering the working of mechanical clutch, used in automobiles. By

visualizing the figure pf plate clutch, it is evident that the torque on the drive shaft must be equal

to the torque on the driven shaft. Further, it should be emphasized that the these two torques are

the one and the same, because the torque is caused by the friction between the two plates. Let $1

and $2 be the angular velocities on these two shafts assuming the plate clutch is slipping.

Then input = T*1

Output= T* 2

But 2 = 1*(1-s)

So output = T* 1*(1-s)

Loss = T* 1 T* 2

Loss = T* 1 T 1*(1-s)

Loss = s * T 1

Thus

Loss = slip * input.

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages of A.C. Induction Motors:

1. It has a simple design, low initial cost, rugged construction almost unbreakable

2. The operation is very simple with almost very less maintenance as there are no brushes.

3. The efficiency of these motors is very high, as there are no frictional losses, with reasonablygood power factor.


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4. The control gear for the starting purpose of these motors is minimum and thus simple andreliable operation.

Disadvantages of A.C. Induction Motors:

1. The speed control of these motors is not easy without some loss in efficiency.

2. As the load on the motor increases, the speed decreases.

3. The starting torque is inferior when compared to D.C. Motors.

BATTERY

Battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored

chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery (or "voltaic pile")

in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the technically improved Daniel cell in 1836,

batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications.

The Lead Acid battery is made up of plates, lead, and lead oxide (various other elements

are used to change density, hardness, porosity, etc.) with a 35% sulfuric acid and 65% water

solution. This solution is called electrolyte, which causes a chemical reaction that produce

electrons. When you test a battery with a hydrometer, you are measuring the amount of sulfuric

acid in the electrolyte. If your reading is low, that means the chemistry that makes electrons is

lacking. So where did the sulfur go? It is resting on the battery plates and when you recharge the

battery, the sulfur returns to the electrolyte.

Basically there are two types of lead acid batteries (along with 3 sub categories);The two

main types are Starting (cranking), and Deep Cycle (marine/golf cart). The starting battery (SLI

starting lights ignition) is designed to deliver quick bursts of energy (such as starting engines)

and therefore has a greater plate count. The plates are thinner and have somewhat different

material composition. The deep cycle battery has less instant energy, but greater long-term

energy delivery. Deep cycle batteries have thicker plates and can survive a number of discharge

cycles. Starting batteries should not be used for deep cycle applications because the thinner

plates are more prone to warping and pitting when discharged. Dual Purpose Battery is a

compromise between the two types of batteries, though it is better to be more specific if possible.


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Wet Cell (flooded), Gel Cell, and Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) are various versions of the

lead acid battery. The Wet cell comes in two styles; Serviceable and Maintenance free. Both are

filled with electrolyte and are basicly the same. I prefer one that I can add water to and check the

specific gravity of the electrolyte with a hydrometer. The Gel Cell and the AGM batteries are

specialty batteries that typically cost twice as much as a premium wet cell. However they store

very well and do not tend to sulfate or degrade as easily as wet cell. There is little chance of a

hydrogen gas explosion or corrosion when using these batteries; these are the safest lead acid

batteries you can use. Gel Cell and some AGM batteries may require a special charging rate. If

you want the best,most versatile type, consideration should be given to the AGM battery for

applications such as Marine, RV, Solar, Audio, Power Sports and Stand-By Power just to name a

few. If you don't use or operate your equipment daily, AGM batteries will hold their charge

better that other types. If you must depend on top-notch battery performance, spend the extra

money. Gel Cell batteries still are being sold but AGM batteries are replacing them in most

applications. There is a some common confusion regarding AGM batteries because different

manufactures call them by different names; some of the more common names are "sealed

regulated valve", "dry cell", "non spillable", and "Valve Regulated Lead Acid" batteries. In most

cases AGM batteries will give greater life span and greater cycle life than a wet cell battery.

SPECIAL NOTE about Gel Batteries: It is very common for individuals to use the term GEL

CELL when referring to sealed, maintenance free batteries, much like one would use Kleenex

when referring to facial tissue or "Xerox machine" when referring to a copy machine. Be very

careful when specifying a battery charger, many times we are told by customer they are requiring

a charger for a Gel Cell battery and in fact the battery is not a Gel Cell.

AGM:

The Absorbed Glass Matt construction allows the electrolyte to be suspended in closeproximity with the plates active material. In theory, this enhances both the discharge and

recharge efficiency. Common manufacturer applications include high performance engine

starting, power sports, deep cycle, solar and storage battery. The larger AGM batteries we sell

are typically good deep cycle batteries and they deliver their best life performance if recharged

before allowed to drop below the 50% discharge rate. The Scorpion motorcycle batteries we
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carry are a nice upgrade from your stock flooded battery, and the Odyssey branded batteries are

fantastic for holding their static charge over long periods of non use. When Deep Cycle AGM

batteries are discharged to a rate of no less than 60% the cycle life will be 300 plus cycles.

GEL:

The Gel Cell is similar to the AGM style because the electrolyte is suspended, but

different because technically the AGM battery is still considered to be a wet cell. The electrolyte

in a Gel Cell has a silica additive that causes it to set up or stiffen. The recharge voltage on this

type of cell is lower than the other styles of lead acid battery. This is probably the most sensitive

cell in terms of adverse reactions to over-voltage charging. Gel Batteries are best used in VERY

DEEP cycle application and may last a bit longer in hot weather applications. If the incorrect

battery charger is used on a Gel Cell battery poor performance.


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BLOCK DIAGRAM


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WORKING PRINCIPLE

The cleaning liquid is mixed in proper proportion and it is poured into the reservoir

through the top way. The cleaning liquid is poured until the tanks are filled. Actuating the lever

opens the valve. Cleaning liquid from the tank spills on the brush. After the required amount is

delivered, the lever is released and the machine is switched ON. The brush gets drive from

motor through pulleys and belts. The brush applies pressure on the floor, when the adjuster rod

is unscrewed and the handle is moved in the required direction to clean the sufficient area.

Again the lever is operated to supply cleaning liquid whenever required. This process is

repeated, so floor is cleaned well. The cotton brush prevents the damages on the mosaic, marble

floors and gives smooth surface finish and shining.


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ADVANTAGES

Manual effort is reduced.

Operating time is less.

Cleaning and polishing can be done at same time. It consumes less cleaning liquid.

Power consumption is less.

Design is very simple.

Easy fabrication.

It occupies less floor area.

Net weight is less.

Maintenance cost less.

Easy control of cleaning solution supply.

It can be used in various floors.

Smoother operation.

By further modification the drive or movement can be made automatic.


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APPLICATIONS

Domestic purpose

Hospitals

Computer centers Auditoriums

Cultural centers

Schools

Colleges

Large scale industries

Medium scale industries

Theatres

Educational institutions


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CONCLUSION

Thus in our project we have designed the Automatic floor cleaning machine with the help

of A.C Motor and belt transmission. The machine is designed in order to enable easy operation

and to reduce the effort of human beings. Even chidren and aged people can handle this machine,

no critical operations is needed in this machine. The ultimate need of this project is satisfied and

with the help of this machine we can clean the floor easily.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Woodbank Communications Ltd. (n.d.). (2005). State of Charge (SOC) Determination.

Retrieved from http://www.mpoweruk.com/soc.htm

2. North Arizona Wind & Sun. (n.d.). (2009). Deep Cycle Battery FAQ. Retrieved

from http://www.windsun.com/Batteries/Battery_FAQ.htm

3. http://www.medicaljobsireland.ie/tag/hospital-hygiene-audit-results/

4. http://www.hmi.ie/Documents/february_2009/cover_story_hygiene_report

%20hm_Feb_09_p12.pdf

5. http://www.mrsainfection.org/mrsa-in-ireland.php

6. http://www.wsh.nhs.uk/InfectionControl/MRSA.htm Chen & Schelin:
http://www.hmi.ie/Documents/february_2009/cover_story_hygiene_reporthttp://www.wsh.nhs.uk/InfectionControl/MRSA.htmhttp://www.wsh.nhs.uk/InfectionControl/MRSA.htmhttp://www.hmi.ie/Documents/february_2009/cover_story_hygiene_report


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