f2 Notes Chapter 8

7/21/2019 f2 Notes Chapter 8

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Support system in humans and animals is

called SKELETON or SKELETAL SYSTEM

3 typesofskeletalsystems

ENDOSKELETON

HYDROSTATIC

SKELETONEXOSKELETON


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Inner Frame

Refers to

bones or

cartilage

that is

inside the

body of

vertebrates.

Outer Frame

Consists of

one layer of

hard skin

derived

from

substances

like calciumcarbonate

Formed

from fluid

pressure in

space that is

enveloped

by a

muscularsystem.


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ackbone

mainly

supported by

Pelvic Girdle

Pelvic Girdle

strongest bone in

human body


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ANIMALS

Vertebrates

Land Aquatic

Invertebrates

Exoskeleton Hydrostatic

Skeletal


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Entire weight is supported by its endoskeleton.

Skeletal system : bigger and stronger than that

of the aquatic animal vertebrate system.

Big land animals : Strong and big Pectoraland

Pelvic Girdlesto support their body weight

Four-legged animals : Backboneeither curve

upwards or downwards. Enables backbone to

withstand any heavy load acting on the animal.


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Pelvic

irdle

Pectoral

irdle


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Birds : Have hollow bones and ir sp ces

inside so that the body is lighter

Advantages of hollow bones :

Lighter

Requires less calcium and phosphorous for

its formation


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Examples : Whales, dolphins

Smaller and lighter endoskeleton than

land vertebrates.

Pectoral and pelvic support that is

smaller and lighter.Most of body weight is supported

by buoyancyof the water.


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The buoyancy of the water allows the size of

the aquaticvertebrate animals to be bigger

that landvertebrate animals.


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SIMILARITIES

ENDOSKELETON

VERTEBR TE

BONES RE

FLEXIBLE

PECTOR L

ND PELVIC

GIRDLE


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SUPPORT IN

LAND

VERTEBRATES

Pectoral and pelvicgirdle support the

body weight

Big and strong

Big

DIFFERENCES

SUPPORT

SKELETON

PECTORAL AND

PELVIC GIRDLE

SUPPORT IN

AQUATIC

VERTEBRATES

Water buoyancysupports the

body weight

Small and

weak

Small


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Invertebrates are animals that do not have a

backbone.Its body is supported by :

External skeletal system (exoskeleton)

Body fluids (hyd ros tat ic skeletons)


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Exoskeleton consists of a layer of hard skin or

shell.

Examples of invertebrates with hard outer skin :

Crabs, spiders, prawns and scorpions.

Examples of invertebrates with hard shell : Snails, mussels


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For insects, the exoskeleton is called cuticle.

Cuticle is made of chitin (hard and impermeable

to water)

Cuticle prevent the insects from growing.


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Leeches, worms and octopus do not haveexoskeleton. Their bodies are soft.

Use the body fluid (also known as hydrostatic

skeleton system) as support system.

The body fluids exert a pressure on their body

walls to form a hyd ros tat ic skeleton.


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SUPPORT IN

LAND

INVERTEBRATES

Soft bodies

with external

shells

Hard and made

of chitin, for

example,

insects.

DIFFERENCES

SUPPORT

SKELETON

SUPPORT IN

AQUATIC

INVERTEBRATES

Water

buoyancy

Hard and made

of calcium

carbonate, for

example, crabs.


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Support system of plants are different based

on the type of plant.

PLANTS

Land

Woody Non-woody

(herbaceous)

Aquatic


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Examples: rubber tree, durian tree,

rambutan tree, and teak tree.

Supported by woody tissues.

Woody tissues

dense, hard on tree trunk.

made up of xylem tissues.

Most of the woody plants are tall.


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Also supported

by special

structures :- Buttress roots

- Clasping roots


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Examples: durian trees, casuarina trees,

and yellow flame trees.

Occurs at the base of the trunk where the

main roots branch off at the groundsurface and enter the soil.

Examples : money plant, certain wild

orchid.

Enable a plant to climb by growing around

and clasping its support.


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Examples: roses, bougainvillea.

Supported by turgid cells.


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Supported by special

structures :

- Thorns, Tendrils, Prop Roots

(Adventitious Roots)


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Examples: yam, water lily and lotus.Supported by water buoyancy.

Have soft stems that have air space and

their leaves broad with stomata on the

surface.

Aquatic plants that live in the water have

fine leaves.


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f2 Notes Chapter 8