F. Embryology1. When species are thought to be closely

related, their embryos share more characters than species that are less closely related.

2. Many animals with backbones are very similar during early stages of embryo

A. Large-scale evolutionary changes over long periods of time

B. 6 patterns:

III. Macroevolution

1. Mass extinctions: asteroid/earth changing event

2. Adaptive radiation: single species or small group evolves into several different species

3. Convergent evolution: unrelated organisms evolve and resemble each other• Ex: sharks (fish), penguin (bird) and dolphin

(mammal)– Analogous structures

4. Coevolution: two species which are close because of interactions evolve at the same time in response to each otherex: bees and flowers

5. Punctuated equilibrium: long-stable periods of evolution with brief periods of rapid change

6. Changes in developmental genes• Hox genes: genes that

control growth as embryo grows• Affects what body

parts become front, rear, top, bottom; # of wings, legs, segments• Contributes to the

variation involved in natural selection