Research ArticleExtraction of Essential Oils of Rosmarinus officinalis Lby Two Different Methods Hydrodistillation and MicrowaveAssisted Hydrodistillation

Majda Elyemni 1 Bouchra Louaste2 Imane Nechad1 Taha Elkamli3 Abdelhak Bouia2

Mustapha Taleb4 Mahdi Chaouch1 and Noureddine Eloutassi1

1Laboratory ofMaterials Engineering andEnvironment Faculty of SciencesDharElMahraz SidiMohammedBenAbdellahUniversityBP 30003 Fez Morocco

2Laboratory of Biotechnology Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz Sidi Mohammed Ben AbdellahUniversity BP 30003 Fez Morocco3Laboratory of Biological Test Food and Nutritional Transition Team (ETAN) Ibn Tofail University BP 133 Kenitra Morocco4Laboratory of Engineering Electrochemistry Modeling and Environment Faculty of Sciences Dhar El MahrazSidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University BP 30003 Fez Morocco

Correspondence should be addressed to Majda Elyemni yemnimajdagmailcom

Received 26 November 2018 Revised 7 February 2019 Accepted 5 March 2019 Published 1 April 2019

Academic Editor Paula B Andrade

Copyright copy 2019 Majda Elyemni et alThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

The extraction of essential oils is generally carried out by two main techniques azeotropic distillation (hydrodistillationhydrodiffusion and steam distillation) and extraction with solvents However these traditional methods are a bit expensiveespecially since they are extremely energy and solvent consuming This work consists in studying two methods of extraction ofthe essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L microwave assisted hydrodistillation (MAH) and Clevenger hydrodistillation (CH)Several parameters have been studied the extraction time the yield and the chemical composition of the essential oils as wellas the efficiency and cost of each procedure The results obtained revealed that microwave-assisted hydrodistillation makes itpossible to minimize the extraction time of the essential oils in comparison with conventional hydrodistillation Thus the sameyield of essential oils is obtained for 20 minutes only with MAHwhile it takes 180 minutes with CH In addition the quality of theessential oil is improved thanks to a 114 increase in oxygenates In conclusion the MAH method offers significant advantagesover conventional hydrodistillation and can therefore replace it on a pilot and industrial scale

1 Introduction

Rosmarinus officinalis L commonly known as rosemary isa shrub belonging to the Lamiaceae family and native to theMediterranean basin[1] This plant has been widely used intraditional medicine since antiquity and it has also been usedas a food preservative and flavoring agent [2 3]

Rosemary contains an essential oil to which it owesits interesting properties It is known for its antioxidantantimicrobial anti-inflammatory anticarcinogenic antidia-betic [4] antinociceptive [5] and antithrombotic properties[6] and antiulcerogens [7] diuretics [8] and hepatoprotectiveeffects [9] These biological properties have made rosemarya potential new therapeutic agent in the treatment of many

diseases One of themain derivatives of this emblematic plantin traditional medicine is its essential oil

The essential oil secreted by glandular trichomes ismainlylocated in leaves and the flowers the highest quality essentialoil is obtained from the leaves [10]

Rosmarinus officinalis L essential oil is usually isolatedby hydrodistillation steam distillation or extraction withorganic solvents These techniques cause the loss of certainvolatile compounds due to long extraction times and degra-dation of unsaturated or esterified compounds by thermalor hydrolytic effect For example monoterpenes may besusceptible to chemical changes under stream distillationconditions and even the conventional solvent extractionduring removal of solvent by distillation In addition many

Hindawie Scientific World JournalVolume 2019 Article ID 3659432 6 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520193659432

2 The Scientific World Journal

of these methods are time-consuming and energy intensive[10 11]

However in order to reduce the extraction time andimprove the quality of essential oils new extraction tech-niques have been developed such as microwave assistedextraction solvent extraction under pressure supercriticalfluid extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction [12 13]Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation has been used for theextraction of laurel essential oils [14] lavender [15] andthyme [16] and rosemary has also been studied [17 18] Facedwith all these innovative methods of extraction of essentialoils the choice of the most efficient method is relevant for abetter optimization of time yield and cost of production

This work aims tomake a comparative study of twometh-ods of extraction of essential oils of Moroccan Rosmarinusofficinalis L conventional hydrodistillation and microwaveassisted hydrodistillation These two methods were chosento study the effect of microwave energy on the quantityand quality of rosemary essential oil In addition the costenergy consumption and environmental impact have beenoptimized in order to have an optimal method for theproduction of essential oils of better quality at lower cost andwith good performance and meeting the requirements of thecompanies

2 Materials and Methods

21 Plant Material The samples of rosemary were harvestedat the flowering stage during the month of May 2018 in theregion of Fez (406m 34∘0110158405910158401015840 Latitude North and 5∘0010158400110158401015840Longitude West) Only the aerial part of plant was used theleaves and the apical parts were dried in the shade for eightdays at a temperature room fixed at 25∘C

22 Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation The microwave-assisted hydrodistillation was carried out using an assemblyconsisting of a domestic microwave oven (MWD 119 WHwhirlpool China 20L 1100W) directly connected to aClevenger-type extractor and a cooling system to condensethe distillate continuously The excess of Condensed waterwas refluxed to the extraction flask in order to restore thewater to the plant material (Figure 1)

Microwave assisted hydrodistillation was carried outunder the optimum conditions of the extracting time micro-wave power and ratio waterplant material [19]

100 g of rosemary samples was placed in a 2-literflask containing distilled water (200ml) heated inside themicrowave oven cavity and the mixture was heated at a fixedpower of 600W until extraction of the all essential oils

The essential oils taken from different extractions aredried under anhydrous sodium sulphate and stored in thedark until they are used for analysis The extractions weredone at least three times and mean values of the yield andstandard deviation were determined

23 Hydrodistillation by Clevenger For the extraction ofessential oils from rosemary by hydrodistillation under opti-mal operating conditions a quantity of 100 g of rosemary wasadded to 800ml of distilled water in a 2-liter flask [20] The

Condenserwater

Essential oilAqueous phase

Plant materialMicrowave oven

Figure 1 Schematic representation of the microwave-Clevenger

set was placed in a balloon heater attached to a refrigeratorto ensure condensation of essential oils for 3 hours At theend of the distillation two phases were observed an aqueousphase (aromatic water) and an organic phase (essential oil)less dense than water The essential oil was collected driedunder anhydrous sodium sulphate and stored in sealed vialsin the dark at 4∘C until used Experiments were conductedtwice for each condition

24 Yield of Essential Oils The yields of essential oil ofrosemary were expressed in g relative to 100 g of dry vegetablematter it was calculated according to Equation (1)

Yield () =Amount of extracted oil (g)

Amount of dry vegetal matter mass (g)

times 100

(1)

25 Energy Consumption The energy consumption requiredto carry out the CH and MAH extractions was determinedby a watt-meter connected to the input of the microwavegenerator and that of the heater

26 Quantity of CO2 The carbon dioxide released into theatmosphere is calculated according to the literature to obtain1 kWh of coal or other fossil fuels 800 g of CO2 will bereleased into the atmosphere during combustion [21]

27 Chromatographic Analyses of Essential Oils Thechemicalcomposition of the rosemary essential oils extracted by bothmethods is performed by gas chromatography coupled withmass spectrometry (GCMS)

The GC analysis was performed using a chromatographyequipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and twocapillary columns of different polarities OV type 101 (25mx 022mm x 025mm) and Carbowax 20M (25m x 022mmx 025120583m) The carrier gas is helium with a flow rateof 08mlmin and the oven programming temperature is

The Scientific World Journal 3

Table 1 Mean value maximum minimum range Standard error and Standard deviation of essential oil yield of rosemary

Minimum () Maximum () Range () Mean () Standard deviation () Standard error ()MAH 032 039 007 0353 0035 0020CH 031 037 006 0347 0032 0019

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Yiel

d (

)

Time (min)

CHMAH

Figure 2 Yield profiles as a function of time for CH and MAHisolations of essential oil from rosemary

between 50 and 200∘C with a gradient of 5∘Cmin CPGMScoupling was performed on a DB1-type fused silica capillarycolumn (25m x 023mm x 025120583m) with helium as a carriergas and temperature programming identical to that of theGC

3 Results and Discussion

31 Yield and Extraction Time of Essential Oils The descrip-tive statistics of the yield including mean standard deviationstandard error maximum and minimum from the threerepetitions were presented in Table 1The results showed thatthe same extraction yield was obtained by the two isolationmethods which is of the order of 135 plusmn 004 with aconfidence interval of 95 (plt005) (mean plusmn196 standarderror)

The cumulative yield of the essential oils from rosemaryobtained during a single extraction from the three repetitionsfor each extraction method as a function of time is shown inFigure 2 For both extraction techniques CH or MAH theextraction temperature is equal to the boiling of the water atatmospheric pressure (100∘C) To reach this temperature andto obtain the distillation of the first droplet of essential oil ofrosemary it is necessary to heat for 3min only with MAHagainst 45min for the CH A 20-minute extraction time byMAH gives a yield similar to that obtained after 180min bymeans of CH

Several studies have reported that the heat generated bythe microwave heating involves a partial pressure gradientof volatile compounds and internal overheating leading toembrittlement or rupture of the cell walls more rapidly and

more efficiently [11 16 22] As a result the kinetics ofthe extraction process of essential oils is accelerated whichexplains the difference in time between the two extractionmethods studied This can be explained by the rate of heattransfer between the two extraction methodsMAHDutilizesthree ways of heat transfer within the sample irradiationconduction and convection while the heat transfer by HDcan occur through conduction and convection only

32 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils The results relat-ing to the chemical composition of the essential oils of Ros-marinus officinalis L extracted by the two extractionmethodsare summarized in Table 2 The chromatographic profiles areillustrated in Figures 3 and 4These results made it possible toidentify 16 compounds for the two methods which representa total of 9980 in CH and 9975 in MAH

The analysis of the results shows that the chemicalcomposition of the essential oils obtained by the twomethodsis identical between the two MAH and CH methods withslight quantitative differences in certain constituents Indeedthe cineole has the major constituent with a slightly higherrate for MAH compared to CH which is respectively 3218and 3120

However the percentages of camphor (1654 in CH and1620 in MAH) and 120572-pinene (1582 in CH and 1540 inMAH) are lower for MAH compared to those of CH

A critical observation of the composition of the oilshas revealed that the amounts of oxygenated compoundsare substantially higher and the amounts of monoterpenehydrocarbons are lower in MAH extracted rosemary oil incomparison with CH

These results are consistent with those of Bousbia etal [11] Karakaya et al [23] and Moradi et al [18] whichconfirm that the contents of oxygenated compounds in the oilobtained byMAH are higher than those of the oil obtained byCH The largest proportion of oxygenates in MAH extractedessential oils is probably due to the low water content inthe system and the speed of the heating process comparedwith conventional hydrodistillation Thus the thermal andhydrolytic degradations of oxygenated compounds are lim-ited [24 25] Oxygen compounds have a high dipole momentand will interact more vigorously with microwaves and canbe extracted more easily unlike monoterpene hydrocarbonsthat have a weak dipole moment [14]

Oxygen compounds are more valuable than hydrocar-bons in terms of their contribution to the fragrance andtherapeutic properties of the essential oil and can be used asessential oil quality measures

33 Costs Energy and Environment The reduced cost ofextraction is clearly advantageous for MAHmethod in termsof time and energy The time required for extraction of the

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 2 Chemical composition of rosemary essential oils obtained by CH and MAH

No Compounds Kovatrsquos index MAH () CH ()Monoterpene hydrocarbons 3584 3719

1 120572-Pinene 939 154 15822 Camphene 954 916 9773 120573-Pinene 979 372 3564 120572-Terpinene 1017 249 2445 para-Cymene 1025 415 4796 Limonene 1028 092 081

Oxygenated monoterpenes 6303 61767 Cineole 1030 3218 3128 120573-myrcene 1048 4 3759 Linalool 1097 137 14910 Camphor 1146 162 165411 Borneol 1169 164 14712 120572-Terpineol 1199 736 71613 Verbenone 1205 028 015

Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 027 01114 120573-Caryophyllene 1419 012 00815 120572-Caryophyllene 1423 015 003

Other oxygenated compounds 061 07416 Bornyl acetate 1289 061 074

Total oxygenated compounds 6364 625Total nonoxygenated compounds 3611 373

Total 9975 998

abundance

2e+07

15e+07

1e+07

5000000

0

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 22002100 2300time (min)

Figure 3 Chromatogram of essential oils of rosemary extracted by CH

essential oils contained in 100 g of rosemary was found at180min for the CH and 20 minutes for the MAH while theenergy required to perform this extraction is 225 kWh forthe CH and 023 kWh for the MAH (Table 3) This indicatesa substantial saving in the cost of extracting essential oils

when using the MAH instead of the HC in terms of time andenergy

Regarding environmental impact the amount of carbondioxide released into the atmosphere during CH (1800 gCO2) extraction is higher than that released during MAH

The Scientific World Journal 5

abundance

2e+07

15e+07

25e+07

1e+07

5000000

0

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 22002100 2300time (min)

Figure 4 Chromatogram of essential oils of rosemary extracted by MAH

Table 3 Energy consumption and CO2 rejected of CH and MAHmethods

MAH CHExtraction time (min) 20 180Electric consumption (kWh) 023 225CO2 rejected (g) 184 1800

extraction (184 g CO2) Therefore the MAH represents ardquogreen technologyrdquo for the extraction of essential oils

4 Conclusions

The essential oils extracted by MAH are quantitatively(yield) and qualitatively (aromatic profile) similar to thoseobtained by conventional hydrodistillation although thetreatment time has been significantly reduced in the caseof MAH (20min) by relative to CH (180min) Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation provides an essential oil with higheramounts of oxygenates substantial energy savings reducedcost and reduced environmental burden with less CO2released into the atmosphere It can be concluded that theMAH method is a good alternative for extracting essentialoils of rosemary

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

References

[1] L Ban B Narasimhamoorthy L Zhao J A Greaves and WD Schroeder ldquoAntioxidant activities from different rosemaryclonal linesrdquo Food Chemistry vol 201 pp 259ndash263 2016

[2] M-E Cuvelier H Richard and C Berset ldquoAntioxidative activ-ity and phenolic composition of pilot-plant and commercialextracts of sage and rosemaryrdquo Journal of the American OilChemistsrsquo Society vol 73 no 5 pp 645ndash652 1996

[3] E Ibanez A Kubatova F J Senorans S CaveroU Reglero andS B Hawthorne ldquoSubcritical water extraction of antioxidantcompounds from rosemary plantsrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 51 no 2 pp 375ndash382 2003

[4] H Rafie H Soheila and E Grant ldquoRosmarinus officinalis(Rosemary) a novel therapeutic agent for antioxidant antimi-crobial anticancer antidiabetic antidepressant neuroprotec-tive anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity treatmentrdquoBiomedicalJournal of Scientific amp Technical Research vol 1 no 4 2017

[5] M E Gonzalez-Trujano E I Pena A L Martınez et al ldquoEval-uation of the antinociceptive effect of Rosmarinus officinalis Lusing three different experimental models in rodentsrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 111 no 3 pp 476ndash482 2007

[6] J Yamamoto K Yamada A Naemura T Yamashita and RArai ldquoTesting various herbs for antithrombotic effectrdquo Nutri-tion Journal vol 21 no 5 pp 580ndash587 2005

[7] P C Dias M A Foglio A Possenti and J E de CarvalholdquoAntiulcerogenic activity of crude hydroalcoholic extract ofRosmarinus officinalis Lrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol69 no 1 pp 57ndash62 2000

[8] M Haloui L Louedec J-B Michel and B Lyoussi ldquoExperi-mental diuretic effects ofRosmarinus officinalis andCentauriumerythraeardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 71 no 3 pp 465ndash472 2000

[9] A Raskovic I Milanovic N Pavlovic T Cebovic S Vuk-mirovic and M Mikov ldquoAntioxidant activity of rosemary(Rosmarinus officinalis L) essential oil and its hepatoprotective

6 The Scientific World Journal

potentialrdquo BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol14 p 225 2014

[10] M L Presti S Ragusa A Trozzi et al ldquoA comparison betweendifferent techniques for the isolation of rosemary essential oilrdquoJournal of Separation Science vol 28 no 3 pp 273ndash280 2005

[11] N Bousbia M Abert Vian M A Ferhat E Petitcolas B YMeklati and F Chemat ldquoComparison of two isolation methodsfor essential oil from rosemary leaves Hydrodistillation andmicrowave hydrodiffusion and gravityrdquo Food Chemistry vol114 no 1 pp 355ndash362 2009

[12] B Kaufmann and P Christen ldquoRecent extraction techniquesfor natural products microwave-assisted extraction and pres-surised solvent extractionrdquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 13 no2 pp 105ndash113 2002

[13] ZWang L Ding T Li et al ldquoImproved solvent-freemicrowaveextraction of essential oil from dried Cuminum cyminum L andZanthoxylum bungeanumMaximrdquo Journal of ChromatographyA vol 1102 no 1-2 pp 11ndash17 2006

[14] M Kosar Z Tunalier T Ozek M Kurkcuoglu and K H CBaser ldquoA simple method to obtain essential oils from Salviatriloba L and Laurus nobilis L by using microwave-assistedhydrodistillationrdquo Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Section CJournal of Biosciences vol 60 no 5-6 pp 501ndash504 2005

[15] S Perino-Issartier C Ginies G Cravotto and F Chemat ldquoAcomparison of essential oils obtained from lavandin via dif-ferent extraction processes ultrasound microwave turbohy-drodistillation steam and hydrodistillationrdquo Journal of Chro-matography A vol 1305 pp 41ndash47 2013

[16] M-T Golmakani and K Rezaei ldquoComparison of microwave-assisted hydrodistillation withthe traditional hydrodistillationmethod in the extraction of essential oils fromThymus vulgarisLrdquo Food Chemistry vol 109 no 4 pp 925ndash930 2008

[17] O O Okoh A P Sadimenko and A J Afolayan ldquoComparativeevaluation of the antibacterial activities of the essential oilsof Rosmarinus officinalis L obtained by hydrodistillation andsolvent free microwave extraction methodsrdquo Food Chemistryvol 120 no 1 pp 308ndash312 2010

[18] S Moradi A Fazlali and H Hamedi ldquoMicrowave-assistedhydro-distillation of essential oil from rosemary Compari-son with traditional distillationrdquo Avicenna Journal of MedicalBiotechnology vol 10 no 1 pp 22ndash28 2018

[19] M Akhbari S Masoum F Aghababaei and S Hamedi ldquoOpti-mization of microwave assisted extraction of essential oils fromIranian Rosmarinus officinalis L using RSMrdquo Journal of FoodScience and Technology vol 55 no 6 pp 2197ndash2207 2018

[20] M Fadil A Farah Ihssane T Haloui and S Rachiq ldquoOpti-mization of parameters influencing the hydrodistillation ofRosmarinus officinalis L by response surface methodologyrdquoJournal of Materials and Environmental Science vol 6 no 8 pp2328ndash2336 2015

[21] J Bernard Sciences et Vie vol 214 p 68 2001[22] M A Ferhat B Y Meklati J Smadja and F Chemat ldquoAn

improved microwave Clevenger apparatus for distillation ofessential oils from orange peelrdquo Journal of Chromatography Avol 1112 no 1-2 pp 121ndash126 2006

[23] S Karakaya S N El N Karagozlu S Sahin G Sumnu and BBayramoglu ldquoMicrowave-assisted hydrodistillation of essentialoil from rosemaryrdquo Journal of Food Science and Technology vol51 no 6 pp 1056ndash1065 2014

[24] M Bendahou A Muselli M Grignon-Dubois et al ldquoAntimi-crobial activity and chemical composition of Origanum glan-dulosum Desf essential oil and extract obtained by microwave

extraction Comparison with hydrodistillationrdquo Food Chem-istry vol 106 no 1 pp 132ndash139 2008

[25] M E Lucchesi F Chemat and J Smadja ldquoSolvent-freemicrowave extraction of essential oil from aromatic herbscomparison with conventional hydro-distillationrdquo Journal ofChromatography A vol 1043 no 2 pp 323ndash327 2004

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Journal ofNanomaterials

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal 3

Table 1 Mean value maximum minimum range Standard error and Standard deviation of essential oil yield of rosemary

Minimum () Maximum () Range () Mean () Standard deviation () Standard error ()MAH 032 039 007 0353 0035 0020CH 031 037 006 0347 0032 0019

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Yiel

d (

)

Time (min)

CHMAH

Figure 2 Yield profiles as a function of time for CH and MAHisolations of essential oil from rosemary

between 50 and 200∘C with a gradient of 5∘Cmin CPGMScoupling was performed on a DB1-type fused silica capillarycolumn (25m x 023mm x 025120583m) with helium as a carriergas and temperature programming identical to that of theGC

3 Results and Discussion

31 Yield and Extraction Time of Essential Oils The descrip-tive statistics of the yield including mean standard deviationstandard error maximum and minimum from the threerepetitions were presented in Table 1The results showed thatthe same extraction yield was obtained by the two isolationmethods which is of the order of 135 plusmn 004 with aconfidence interval of 95 (plt005) (mean plusmn196 standarderror)

The cumulative yield of the essential oils from rosemaryobtained during a single extraction from the three repetitionsfor each extraction method as a function of time is shown inFigure 2 For both extraction techniques CH or MAH theextraction temperature is equal to the boiling of the water atatmospheric pressure (100∘C) To reach this temperature andto obtain the distillation of the first droplet of essential oil ofrosemary it is necessary to heat for 3min only with MAHagainst 45min for the CH A 20-minute extraction time byMAH gives a yield similar to that obtained after 180min bymeans of CH

Several studies have reported that the heat generated bythe microwave heating involves a partial pressure gradientof volatile compounds and internal overheating leading toembrittlement or rupture of the cell walls more rapidly and

more efficiently [11 16 22] As a result the kinetics ofthe extraction process of essential oils is accelerated whichexplains the difference in time between the two extractionmethods studied This can be explained by the rate of heattransfer between the two extraction methodsMAHDutilizesthree ways of heat transfer within the sample irradiationconduction and convection while the heat transfer by HDcan occur through conduction and convection only

32 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils The results relat-ing to the chemical composition of the essential oils of Ros-marinus officinalis L extracted by the two extractionmethodsare summarized in Table 2 The chromatographic profiles areillustrated in Figures 3 and 4These results made it possible toidentify 16 compounds for the two methods which representa total of 9980 in CH and 9975 in MAH

The analysis of the results shows that the chemicalcomposition of the essential oils obtained by the twomethodsis identical between the two MAH and CH methods withslight quantitative differences in certain constituents Indeedthe cineole has the major constituent with a slightly higherrate for MAH compared to CH which is respectively 3218and 3120

However the percentages of camphor (1654 in CH and1620 in MAH) and 120572-pinene (1582 in CH and 1540 inMAH) are lower for MAH compared to those of CH

A critical observation of the composition of the oilshas revealed that the amounts of oxygenated compoundsare substantially higher and the amounts of monoterpenehydrocarbons are lower in MAH extracted rosemary oil incomparison with CH

These results are consistent with those of Bousbia etal [11] Karakaya et al [23] and Moradi et al [18] whichconfirm that the contents of oxygenated compounds in the oilobtained byMAH are higher than those of the oil obtained byCH The largest proportion of oxygenates in MAH extractedessential oils is probably due to the low water content inthe system and the speed of the heating process comparedwith conventional hydrodistillation Thus the thermal andhydrolytic degradations of oxygenated compounds are lim-ited [24 25] Oxygen compounds have a high dipole momentand will interact more vigorously with microwaves and canbe extracted more easily unlike monoterpene hydrocarbonsthat have a weak dipole moment [14]

Oxygen compounds are more valuable than hydrocar-bons in terms of their contribution to the fragrance andtherapeutic properties of the essential oil and can be used asessential oil quality measures

33 Costs Energy and Environment The reduced cost ofextraction is clearly advantageous for MAHmethod in termsof time and energy The time required for extraction of the

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 2 Chemical composition of rosemary essential oils obtained by CH and MAH

No Compounds Kovatrsquos index MAH () CH ()Monoterpene hydrocarbons 3584 3719

1 120572-Pinene 939 154 15822 Camphene 954 916 9773 120573-Pinene 979 372 3564 120572-Terpinene 1017 249 2445 para-Cymene 1025 415 4796 Limonene 1028 092 081

Oxygenated monoterpenes 6303 61767 Cineole 1030 3218 3128 120573-myrcene 1048 4 3759 Linalool 1097 137 14910 Camphor 1146 162 165411 Borneol 1169 164 14712 120572-Terpineol 1199 736 71613 Verbenone 1205 028 015

Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 027 01114 120573-Caryophyllene 1419 012 00815 120572-Caryophyllene 1423 015 003

Other oxygenated compounds 061 07416 Bornyl acetate 1289 061 074

Total oxygenated compounds 6364 625Total nonoxygenated compounds 3611 373

Total 9975 998

abundance

2e+07

15e+07

1e+07

5000000

0

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 22002100 2300time (min)

Figure 3 Chromatogram of essential oils of rosemary extracted by CH

essential oils contained in 100 g of rosemary was found at180min for the CH and 20 minutes for the MAH while theenergy required to perform this extraction is 225 kWh forthe CH and 023 kWh for the MAH (Table 3) This indicatesa substantial saving in the cost of extracting essential oils

when using the MAH instead of the HC in terms of time andenergy

Regarding environmental impact the amount of carbondioxide released into the atmosphere during CH (1800 gCO2) extraction is higher than that released during MAH

The Scientific World Journal 5

abundance

2e+07

15e+07

25e+07

1e+07

5000000

0

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 22002100 2300time (min)

Figure 4 Chromatogram of essential oils of rosemary extracted by MAH

Table 3 Energy consumption and CO2 rejected of CH and MAHmethods

MAH CHExtraction time (min) 20 180Electric consumption (kWh) 023 225CO2 rejected (g) 184 1800

extraction (184 g CO2) Therefore the MAH represents ardquogreen technologyrdquo for the extraction of essential oils

4 Conclusions

The essential oils extracted by MAH are quantitatively(yield) and qualitatively (aromatic profile) similar to thoseobtained by conventional hydrodistillation although thetreatment time has been significantly reduced in the caseof MAH (20min) by relative to CH (180min) Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation provides an essential oil with higheramounts of oxygenates substantial energy savings reducedcost and reduced environmental burden with less CO2released into the atmosphere It can be concluded that theMAH method is a good alternative for extracting essentialoils of rosemary

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

References

[1] L Ban B Narasimhamoorthy L Zhao J A Greaves and WD Schroeder ldquoAntioxidant activities from different rosemaryclonal linesrdquo Food Chemistry vol 201 pp 259ndash263 2016

[2] M-E Cuvelier H Richard and C Berset ldquoAntioxidative activ-ity and phenolic composition of pilot-plant and commercialextracts of sage and rosemaryrdquo Journal of the American OilChemistsrsquo Society vol 73 no 5 pp 645ndash652 1996

[3] E Ibanez A Kubatova F J Senorans S CaveroU Reglero andS B Hawthorne ldquoSubcritical water extraction of antioxidantcompounds from rosemary plantsrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 51 no 2 pp 375ndash382 2003

[4] H Rafie H Soheila and E Grant ldquoRosmarinus officinalis(Rosemary) a novel therapeutic agent for antioxidant antimi-crobial anticancer antidiabetic antidepressant neuroprotec-tive anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity treatmentrdquoBiomedicalJournal of Scientific amp Technical Research vol 1 no 4 2017

[5] M E Gonzalez-Trujano E I Pena A L Martınez et al ldquoEval-uation of the antinociceptive effect of Rosmarinus officinalis Lusing three different experimental models in rodentsrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 111 no 3 pp 476ndash482 2007

[6] J Yamamoto K Yamada A Naemura T Yamashita and RArai ldquoTesting various herbs for antithrombotic effectrdquo Nutri-tion Journal vol 21 no 5 pp 580ndash587 2005

[7] P C Dias M A Foglio A Possenti and J E de CarvalholdquoAntiulcerogenic activity of crude hydroalcoholic extract ofRosmarinus officinalis Lrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol69 no 1 pp 57ndash62 2000

[8] M Haloui L Louedec J-B Michel and B Lyoussi ldquoExperi-mental diuretic effects ofRosmarinus officinalis andCentauriumerythraeardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 71 no 3 pp 465ndash472 2000

[9] A Raskovic I Milanovic N Pavlovic T Cebovic S Vuk-mirovic and M Mikov ldquoAntioxidant activity of rosemary(Rosmarinus officinalis L) essential oil and its hepatoprotective

6 The Scientific World Journal

potentialrdquo BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol14 p 225 2014

[10] M L Presti S Ragusa A Trozzi et al ldquoA comparison betweendifferent techniques for the isolation of rosemary essential oilrdquoJournal of Separation Science vol 28 no 3 pp 273ndash280 2005

[11] N Bousbia M Abert Vian M A Ferhat E Petitcolas B YMeklati and F Chemat ldquoComparison of two isolation methodsfor essential oil from rosemary leaves Hydrodistillation andmicrowave hydrodiffusion and gravityrdquo Food Chemistry vol114 no 1 pp 355ndash362 2009

[12] B Kaufmann and P Christen ldquoRecent extraction techniquesfor natural products microwave-assisted extraction and pres-surised solvent extractionrdquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 13 no2 pp 105ndash113 2002

[13] ZWang L Ding T Li et al ldquoImproved solvent-freemicrowaveextraction of essential oil from dried Cuminum cyminum L andZanthoxylum bungeanumMaximrdquo Journal of ChromatographyA vol 1102 no 1-2 pp 11ndash17 2006

[14] M Kosar Z Tunalier T Ozek M Kurkcuoglu and K H CBaser ldquoA simple method to obtain essential oils from Salviatriloba L and Laurus nobilis L by using microwave-assistedhydrodistillationrdquo Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Section CJournal of Biosciences vol 60 no 5-6 pp 501ndash504 2005

[15] S Perino-Issartier C Ginies G Cravotto and F Chemat ldquoAcomparison of essential oils obtained from lavandin via dif-ferent extraction processes ultrasound microwave turbohy-drodistillation steam and hydrodistillationrdquo Journal of Chro-matography A vol 1305 pp 41ndash47 2013

[16] M-T Golmakani and K Rezaei ldquoComparison of microwave-assisted hydrodistillation withthe traditional hydrodistillationmethod in the extraction of essential oils fromThymus vulgarisLrdquo Food Chemistry vol 109 no 4 pp 925ndash930 2008

[17] O O Okoh A P Sadimenko and A J Afolayan ldquoComparativeevaluation of the antibacterial activities of the essential oilsof Rosmarinus officinalis L obtained by hydrodistillation andsolvent free microwave extraction methodsrdquo Food Chemistryvol 120 no 1 pp 308ndash312 2010

[18] S Moradi A Fazlali and H Hamedi ldquoMicrowave-assistedhydro-distillation of essential oil from rosemary Compari-son with traditional distillationrdquo Avicenna Journal of MedicalBiotechnology vol 10 no 1 pp 22ndash28 2018

[19] M Akhbari S Masoum F Aghababaei and S Hamedi ldquoOpti-mization of microwave assisted extraction of essential oils fromIranian Rosmarinus officinalis L using RSMrdquo Journal of FoodScience and Technology vol 55 no 6 pp 2197ndash2207 2018

[20] M Fadil A Farah Ihssane T Haloui and S Rachiq ldquoOpti-mization of parameters influencing the hydrodistillation ofRosmarinus officinalis L by response surface methodologyrdquoJournal of Materials and Environmental Science vol 6 no 8 pp2328ndash2336 2015

[21] J Bernard Sciences et Vie vol 214 p 68 2001[22] M A Ferhat B Y Meklati J Smadja and F Chemat ldquoAn

improved microwave Clevenger apparatus for distillation ofessential oils from orange peelrdquo Journal of Chromatography Avol 1112 no 1-2 pp 121ndash126 2006

[23] S Karakaya S N El N Karagozlu S Sahin G Sumnu and BBayramoglu ldquoMicrowave-assisted hydrodistillation of essentialoil from rosemaryrdquo Journal of Food Science and Technology vol51 no 6 pp 1056ndash1065 2014

[24] M Bendahou A Muselli M Grignon-Dubois et al ldquoAntimi-crobial activity and chemical composition of Origanum glan-dulosum Desf essential oil and extract obtained by microwave

extraction Comparison with hydrodistillationrdquo Food Chem-istry vol 106 no 1 pp 132ndash139 2008

[25] M E Lucchesi F Chemat and J Smadja ldquoSolvent-freemicrowave extraction of essential oil from aromatic herbscomparison with conventional hydro-distillationrdquo Journal ofChromatography A vol 1043 no 2 pp 323ndash327 2004

TribologyAdvances in

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal ofInternational Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of

Chemistry

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances inPhysical Chemistry

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2018

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

NanotechnologyHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of

Applied ChemistryJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Biochemistry Research International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Enzyme Research

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of

SpectroscopyAnalytical ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

BioMed Research International Electrochemistry

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Na

nom

ate

ria

ls

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal ofNanomaterials

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 2 Chemical composition of rosemary essential oils obtained by CH and MAH

No Compounds Kovatrsquos index MAH () CH ()Monoterpene hydrocarbons 3584 3719

1 120572-Pinene 939 154 15822 Camphene 954 916 9773 120573-Pinene 979 372 3564 120572-Terpinene 1017 249 2445 para-Cymene 1025 415 4796 Limonene 1028 092 081

Oxygenated monoterpenes 6303 61767 Cineole 1030 3218 3128 120573-myrcene 1048 4 3759 Linalool 1097 137 14910 Camphor 1146 162 165411 Borneol 1169 164 14712 120572-Terpineol 1199 736 71613 Verbenone 1205 028 015

Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 027 01114 120573-Caryophyllene 1419 012 00815 120572-Caryophyllene 1423 015 003

Other oxygenated compounds 061 07416 Bornyl acetate 1289 061 074

Total oxygenated compounds 6364 625Total nonoxygenated compounds 3611 373

Total 9975 998

abundance

2e+07

15e+07

1e+07

5000000

0

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 22002100 2300time (min)

Figure 3 Chromatogram of essential oils of rosemary extracted by CH

essential oils contained in 100 g of rosemary was found at180min for the CH and 20 minutes for the MAH while theenergy required to perform this extraction is 225 kWh forthe CH and 023 kWh for the MAH (Table 3) This indicatesa substantial saving in the cost of extracting essential oils

when using the MAH instead of the HC in terms of time andenergy

Regarding environmental impact the amount of carbondioxide released into the atmosphere during CH (1800 gCO2) extraction is higher than that released during MAH

The Scientific World Journal 5

abundance

2e+07

15e+07

25e+07

1e+07

5000000

0

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 22002100 2300time (min)

Figure 4 Chromatogram of essential oils of rosemary extracted by MAH

Table 3 Energy consumption and CO2 rejected of CH and MAHmethods

MAH CHExtraction time (min) 20 180Electric consumption (kWh) 023 225CO2 rejected (g) 184 1800

extraction (184 g CO2) Therefore the MAH represents ardquogreen technologyrdquo for the extraction of essential oils

4 Conclusions

The essential oils extracted by MAH are quantitatively(yield) and qualitatively (aromatic profile) similar to thoseobtained by conventional hydrodistillation although thetreatment time has been significantly reduced in the caseof MAH (20min) by relative to CH (180min) Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation provides an essential oil with higheramounts of oxygenates substantial energy savings reducedcost and reduced environmental burden with less CO2released into the atmosphere It can be concluded that theMAH method is a good alternative for extracting essentialoils of rosemary

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

References

[1] L Ban B Narasimhamoorthy L Zhao J A Greaves and WD Schroeder ldquoAntioxidant activities from different rosemaryclonal linesrdquo Food Chemistry vol 201 pp 259ndash263 2016

[2] M-E Cuvelier H Richard and C Berset ldquoAntioxidative activ-ity and phenolic composition of pilot-plant and commercialextracts of sage and rosemaryrdquo Journal of the American OilChemistsrsquo Society vol 73 no 5 pp 645ndash652 1996

[3] E Ibanez A Kubatova F J Senorans S CaveroU Reglero andS B Hawthorne ldquoSubcritical water extraction of antioxidantcompounds from rosemary plantsrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 51 no 2 pp 375ndash382 2003

[4] H Rafie H Soheila and E Grant ldquoRosmarinus officinalis(Rosemary) a novel therapeutic agent for antioxidant antimi-crobial anticancer antidiabetic antidepressant neuroprotec-tive anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity treatmentrdquoBiomedicalJournal of Scientific amp Technical Research vol 1 no 4 2017

[5] M E Gonzalez-Trujano E I Pena A L Martınez et al ldquoEval-uation of the antinociceptive effect of Rosmarinus officinalis Lusing three different experimental models in rodentsrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 111 no 3 pp 476ndash482 2007

[6] J Yamamoto K Yamada A Naemura T Yamashita and RArai ldquoTesting various herbs for antithrombotic effectrdquo Nutri-tion Journal vol 21 no 5 pp 580ndash587 2005

[7] P C Dias M A Foglio A Possenti and J E de CarvalholdquoAntiulcerogenic activity of crude hydroalcoholic extract ofRosmarinus officinalis Lrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol69 no 1 pp 57ndash62 2000

[8] M Haloui L Louedec J-B Michel and B Lyoussi ldquoExperi-mental diuretic effects ofRosmarinus officinalis andCentauriumerythraeardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 71 no 3 pp 465ndash472 2000

[9] A Raskovic I Milanovic N Pavlovic T Cebovic S Vuk-mirovic and M Mikov ldquoAntioxidant activity of rosemary(Rosmarinus officinalis L) essential oil and its hepatoprotective

6 The Scientific World Journal

potentialrdquo BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol14 p 225 2014

[10] M L Presti S Ragusa A Trozzi et al ldquoA comparison betweendifferent techniques for the isolation of rosemary essential oilrdquoJournal of Separation Science vol 28 no 3 pp 273ndash280 2005

[11] N Bousbia M Abert Vian M A Ferhat E Petitcolas B YMeklati and F Chemat ldquoComparison of two isolation methodsfor essential oil from rosemary leaves Hydrodistillation andmicrowave hydrodiffusion and gravityrdquo Food Chemistry vol114 no 1 pp 355ndash362 2009

[12] B Kaufmann and P Christen ldquoRecent extraction techniquesfor natural products microwave-assisted extraction and pres-surised solvent extractionrdquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 13 no2 pp 105ndash113 2002

[13] ZWang L Ding T Li et al ldquoImproved solvent-freemicrowaveextraction of essential oil from dried Cuminum cyminum L andZanthoxylum bungeanumMaximrdquo Journal of ChromatographyA vol 1102 no 1-2 pp 11ndash17 2006

[14] M Kosar Z Tunalier T Ozek M Kurkcuoglu and K H CBaser ldquoA simple method to obtain essential oils from Salviatriloba L and Laurus nobilis L by using microwave-assistedhydrodistillationrdquo Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Section CJournal of Biosciences vol 60 no 5-6 pp 501ndash504 2005

[15] S Perino-Issartier C Ginies G Cravotto and F Chemat ldquoAcomparison of essential oils obtained from lavandin via dif-ferent extraction processes ultrasound microwave turbohy-drodistillation steam and hydrodistillationrdquo Journal of Chro-matography A vol 1305 pp 41ndash47 2013

[16] M-T Golmakani and K Rezaei ldquoComparison of microwave-assisted hydrodistillation withthe traditional hydrodistillationmethod in the extraction of essential oils fromThymus vulgarisLrdquo Food Chemistry vol 109 no 4 pp 925ndash930 2008

[17] O O Okoh A P Sadimenko and A J Afolayan ldquoComparativeevaluation of the antibacterial activities of the essential oilsof Rosmarinus officinalis L obtained by hydrodistillation andsolvent free microwave extraction methodsrdquo Food Chemistryvol 120 no 1 pp 308ndash312 2010

[18] S Moradi A Fazlali and H Hamedi ldquoMicrowave-assistedhydro-distillation of essential oil from rosemary Compari-son with traditional distillationrdquo Avicenna Journal of MedicalBiotechnology vol 10 no 1 pp 22ndash28 2018

[19] M Akhbari S Masoum F Aghababaei and S Hamedi ldquoOpti-mization of microwave assisted extraction of essential oils fromIranian Rosmarinus officinalis L using RSMrdquo Journal of FoodScience and Technology vol 55 no 6 pp 2197ndash2207 2018

[20] M Fadil A Farah Ihssane T Haloui and S Rachiq ldquoOpti-mization of parameters influencing the hydrodistillation ofRosmarinus officinalis L by response surface methodologyrdquoJournal of Materials and Environmental Science vol 6 no 8 pp2328ndash2336 2015

[21] J Bernard Sciences et Vie vol 214 p 68 2001[22] M A Ferhat B Y Meklati J Smadja and F Chemat ldquoAn

improved microwave Clevenger apparatus for distillation ofessential oils from orange peelrdquo Journal of Chromatography Avol 1112 no 1-2 pp 121ndash126 2006

[23] S Karakaya S N El N Karagozlu S Sahin G Sumnu and BBayramoglu ldquoMicrowave-assisted hydrodistillation of essentialoil from rosemaryrdquo Journal of Food Science and Technology vol51 no 6 pp 1056ndash1065 2014

[24] M Bendahou A Muselli M Grignon-Dubois et al ldquoAntimi-crobial activity and chemical composition of Origanum glan-dulosum Desf essential oil and extract obtained by microwave

extraction Comparison with hydrodistillationrdquo Food Chem-istry vol 106 no 1 pp 132ndash139 2008

[25] M E Lucchesi F Chemat and J Smadja ldquoSolvent-freemicrowave extraction of essential oil from aromatic herbscomparison with conventional hydro-distillationrdquo Journal ofChromatography A vol 1043 no 2 pp 323ndash327 2004

TribologyAdvances in

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal ofInternational Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of

Chemistry

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances inPhysical Chemistry

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2018

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

NanotechnologyHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of

Applied ChemistryJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Biochemistry Research International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Enzyme Research

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of

SpectroscopyAnalytical ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

BioMed Research International Electrochemistry

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Na

nom

ate

ria

ls

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal ofNanomaterials

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal 5

abundance

2e+07

15e+07

25e+07

1e+07

5000000

0

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 22002100 2300time (min)

Figure 4 Chromatogram of essential oils of rosemary extracted by MAH

Table 3 Energy consumption and CO2 rejected of CH and MAHmethods

MAH CHExtraction time (min) 20 180Electric consumption (kWh) 023 225CO2 rejected (g) 184 1800

extraction (184 g CO2) Therefore the MAH represents ardquogreen technologyrdquo for the extraction of essential oils

4 Conclusions

The essential oils extracted by MAH are quantitatively(yield) and qualitatively (aromatic profile) similar to thoseobtained by conventional hydrodistillation although thetreatment time has been significantly reduced in the caseof MAH (20min) by relative to CH (180min) Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation provides an essential oil with higheramounts of oxygenates substantial energy savings reducedcost and reduced environmental burden with less CO2released into the atmosphere It can be concluded that theMAH method is a good alternative for extracting essentialoils of rosemary

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

References

[1] L Ban B Narasimhamoorthy L Zhao J A Greaves and WD Schroeder ldquoAntioxidant activities from different rosemaryclonal linesrdquo Food Chemistry vol 201 pp 259ndash263 2016

[2] M-E Cuvelier H Richard and C Berset ldquoAntioxidative activ-ity and phenolic composition of pilot-plant and commercialextracts of sage and rosemaryrdquo Journal of the American OilChemistsrsquo Society vol 73 no 5 pp 645ndash652 1996

[3] E Ibanez A Kubatova F J Senorans S CaveroU Reglero andS B Hawthorne ldquoSubcritical water extraction of antioxidantcompounds from rosemary plantsrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 51 no 2 pp 375ndash382 2003

[4] H Rafie H Soheila and E Grant ldquoRosmarinus officinalis(Rosemary) a novel therapeutic agent for antioxidant antimi-crobial anticancer antidiabetic antidepressant neuroprotec-tive anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity treatmentrdquoBiomedicalJournal of Scientific amp Technical Research vol 1 no 4 2017

[5] M E Gonzalez-Trujano E I Pena A L Martınez et al ldquoEval-uation of the antinociceptive effect of Rosmarinus officinalis Lusing three different experimental models in rodentsrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 111 no 3 pp 476ndash482 2007

[6] J Yamamoto K Yamada A Naemura T Yamashita and RArai ldquoTesting various herbs for antithrombotic effectrdquo Nutri-tion Journal vol 21 no 5 pp 580ndash587 2005

[7] P C Dias M A Foglio A Possenti and J E de CarvalholdquoAntiulcerogenic activity of crude hydroalcoholic extract ofRosmarinus officinalis Lrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol69 no 1 pp 57ndash62 2000

[8] M Haloui L Louedec J-B Michel and B Lyoussi ldquoExperi-mental diuretic effects ofRosmarinus officinalis andCentauriumerythraeardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 71 no 3 pp 465ndash472 2000

[9] A Raskovic I Milanovic N Pavlovic T Cebovic S Vuk-mirovic and M Mikov ldquoAntioxidant activity of rosemary(Rosmarinus officinalis L) essential oil and its hepatoprotective

6 The Scientific World Journal

potentialrdquo BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol14 p 225 2014

[10] M L Presti S Ragusa A Trozzi et al ldquoA comparison betweendifferent techniques for the isolation of rosemary essential oilrdquoJournal of Separation Science vol 28 no 3 pp 273ndash280 2005

[11] N Bousbia M Abert Vian M A Ferhat E Petitcolas B YMeklati and F Chemat ldquoComparison of two isolation methodsfor essential oil from rosemary leaves Hydrodistillation andmicrowave hydrodiffusion and gravityrdquo Food Chemistry vol114 no 1 pp 355ndash362 2009

[12] B Kaufmann and P Christen ldquoRecent extraction techniquesfor natural products microwave-assisted extraction and pres-surised solvent extractionrdquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 13 no2 pp 105ndash113 2002

[13] ZWang L Ding T Li et al ldquoImproved solvent-freemicrowaveextraction of essential oil from dried Cuminum cyminum L andZanthoxylum bungeanumMaximrdquo Journal of ChromatographyA vol 1102 no 1-2 pp 11ndash17 2006

[14] M Kosar Z Tunalier T Ozek M Kurkcuoglu and K H CBaser ldquoA simple method to obtain essential oils from Salviatriloba L and Laurus nobilis L by using microwave-assistedhydrodistillationrdquo Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Section CJournal of Biosciences vol 60 no 5-6 pp 501ndash504 2005

[15] S Perino-Issartier C Ginies G Cravotto and F Chemat ldquoAcomparison of essential oils obtained from lavandin via dif-ferent extraction processes ultrasound microwave turbohy-drodistillation steam and hydrodistillationrdquo Journal of Chro-matography A vol 1305 pp 41ndash47 2013

[16] M-T Golmakani and K Rezaei ldquoComparison of microwave-assisted hydrodistillation withthe traditional hydrodistillationmethod in the extraction of essential oils fromThymus vulgarisLrdquo Food Chemistry vol 109 no 4 pp 925ndash930 2008

[17] O O Okoh A P Sadimenko and A J Afolayan ldquoComparativeevaluation of the antibacterial activities of the essential oilsof Rosmarinus officinalis L obtained by hydrodistillation andsolvent free microwave extraction methodsrdquo Food Chemistryvol 120 no 1 pp 308ndash312 2010

[18] S Moradi A Fazlali and H Hamedi ldquoMicrowave-assistedhydro-distillation of essential oil from rosemary Compari-son with traditional distillationrdquo Avicenna Journal of MedicalBiotechnology vol 10 no 1 pp 22ndash28 2018

[19] M Akhbari S Masoum F Aghababaei and S Hamedi ldquoOpti-mization of microwave assisted extraction of essential oils fromIranian Rosmarinus officinalis L using RSMrdquo Journal of FoodScience and Technology vol 55 no 6 pp 2197ndash2207 2018

[20] M Fadil A Farah Ihssane T Haloui and S Rachiq ldquoOpti-mization of parameters influencing the hydrodistillation ofRosmarinus officinalis L by response surface methodologyrdquoJournal of Materials and Environmental Science vol 6 no 8 pp2328ndash2336 2015

[21] J Bernard Sciences et Vie vol 214 p 68 2001[22] M A Ferhat B Y Meklati J Smadja and F Chemat ldquoAn

improved microwave Clevenger apparatus for distillation ofessential oils from orange peelrdquo Journal of Chromatography Avol 1112 no 1-2 pp 121ndash126 2006

[23] S Karakaya S N El N Karagozlu S Sahin G Sumnu and BBayramoglu ldquoMicrowave-assisted hydrodistillation of essentialoil from rosemaryrdquo Journal of Food Science and Technology vol51 no 6 pp 1056ndash1065 2014

[24] M Bendahou A Muselli M Grignon-Dubois et al ldquoAntimi-crobial activity and chemical composition of Origanum glan-dulosum Desf essential oil and extract obtained by microwave

extraction Comparison with hydrodistillationrdquo Food Chem-istry vol 106 no 1 pp 132ndash139 2008

[25] M E Lucchesi F Chemat and J Smadja ldquoSolvent-freemicrowave extraction of essential oil from aromatic herbscomparison with conventional hydro-distillationrdquo Journal ofChromatography A vol 1043 no 2 pp 323ndash327 2004

TribologyAdvances in

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal ofInternational Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of

Chemistry

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances inPhysical Chemistry

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2018

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

NanotechnologyHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of

Applied ChemistryJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Biochemistry Research International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Enzyme Research

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of

SpectroscopyAnalytical ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

BioMed Research International Electrochemistry

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Na

nom

ate

ria

ls

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal ofNanomaterials

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

6 The Scientific World Journal

potentialrdquo BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol14 p 225 2014

[10] M L Presti S Ragusa A Trozzi et al ldquoA comparison betweendifferent techniques for the isolation of rosemary essential oilrdquoJournal of Separation Science vol 28 no 3 pp 273ndash280 2005

[11] N Bousbia M Abert Vian M A Ferhat E Petitcolas B YMeklati and F Chemat ldquoComparison of two isolation methodsfor essential oil from rosemary leaves Hydrodistillation andmicrowave hydrodiffusion and gravityrdquo Food Chemistry vol114 no 1 pp 355ndash362 2009

[12] B Kaufmann and P Christen ldquoRecent extraction techniquesfor natural products microwave-assisted extraction and pres-surised solvent extractionrdquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 13 no2 pp 105ndash113 2002

[13] ZWang L Ding T Li et al ldquoImproved solvent-freemicrowaveextraction of essential oil from dried Cuminum cyminum L andZanthoxylum bungeanumMaximrdquo Journal of ChromatographyA vol 1102 no 1-2 pp 11ndash17 2006

[14] M Kosar Z Tunalier T Ozek M Kurkcuoglu and K H CBaser ldquoA simple method to obtain essential oils from Salviatriloba L and Laurus nobilis L by using microwave-assistedhydrodistillationrdquo Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Section CJournal of Biosciences vol 60 no 5-6 pp 501ndash504 2005

[15] S Perino-Issartier C Ginies G Cravotto and F Chemat ldquoAcomparison of essential oils obtained from lavandin via dif-ferent extraction processes ultrasound microwave turbohy-drodistillation steam and hydrodistillationrdquo Journal of Chro-matography A vol 1305 pp 41ndash47 2013

[16] M-T Golmakani and K Rezaei ldquoComparison of microwave-assisted hydrodistillation withthe traditional hydrodistillationmethod in the extraction of essential oils fromThymus vulgarisLrdquo Food Chemistry vol 109 no 4 pp 925ndash930 2008

[17] O O Okoh A P Sadimenko and A J Afolayan ldquoComparativeevaluation of the antibacterial activities of the essential oilsof Rosmarinus officinalis L obtained by hydrodistillation andsolvent free microwave extraction methodsrdquo Food Chemistryvol 120 no 1 pp 308ndash312 2010

[18] S Moradi A Fazlali and H Hamedi ldquoMicrowave-assistedhydro-distillation of essential oil from rosemary Compari-son with traditional distillationrdquo Avicenna Journal of MedicalBiotechnology vol 10 no 1 pp 22ndash28 2018

[19] M Akhbari S Masoum F Aghababaei and S Hamedi ldquoOpti-mization of microwave assisted extraction of essential oils fromIranian Rosmarinus officinalis L using RSMrdquo Journal of FoodScience and Technology vol 55 no 6 pp 2197ndash2207 2018

[20] M Fadil A Farah Ihssane T Haloui and S Rachiq ldquoOpti-mization of parameters influencing the hydrodistillation ofRosmarinus officinalis L by response surface methodologyrdquoJournal of Materials and Environmental Science vol 6 no 8 pp2328ndash2336 2015

[21] J Bernard Sciences et Vie vol 214 p 68 2001[22] M A Ferhat B Y Meklati J Smadja and F Chemat ldquoAn

improved microwave Clevenger apparatus for distillation ofessential oils from orange peelrdquo Journal of Chromatography Avol 1112 no 1-2 pp 121ndash126 2006

[23] S Karakaya S N El N Karagozlu S Sahin G Sumnu and BBayramoglu ldquoMicrowave-assisted hydrodistillation of essentialoil from rosemaryrdquo Journal of Food Science and Technology vol51 no 6 pp 1056ndash1065 2014

[24] M Bendahou A Muselli M Grignon-Dubois et al ldquoAntimi-crobial activity and chemical composition of Origanum glan-dulosum Desf essential oil and extract obtained by microwave

extraction Comparison with hydrodistillationrdquo Food Chem-istry vol 106 no 1 pp 132ndash139 2008

[25] M E Lucchesi F Chemat and J Smadja ldquoSolvent-freemicrowave extraction of essential oil from aromatic herbscomparison with conventional hydro-distillationrdquo Journal ofChromatography A vol 1043 no 2 pp 323ndash327 2004

TribologyAdvances in

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal ofInternational Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of

Chemistry

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances inPhysical Chemistry

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2018

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

NanotechnologyHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of

Applied ChemistryJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Biochemistry Research International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Enzyme Research

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of

SpectroscopyAnalytical ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

BioMed Research International Electrochemistry

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Na

nom

ate

ria

ls

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal ofNanomaterials

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

TribologyAdvances in

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal ofInternational Journal ofPhotoenergy

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