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Salma N
1DepartFood ScEngagemUniversAmerica
Citizensgreen roconstrugreen roparts ofneighbogreen rogreeninpart of seeds, pnaturaligerminagerminafor weigselecteda 7 cm dutilized transplasun. Seereport sbloom, roof pla
World Gr
tensive gree
N. Talhouk1,
tment of Laciences, Amment and ity of Beian Universit
s of Beirut, aoofs as onected buildinoofs. Thesef the city incorhoods lacoofs. Our stg by plantinroof areas. plants, and vized speciesation treatmate were coght, and thed for experidepth of polocally prodanted into tedlings werscientific finand survivaanting.
reen Roof C
en roof mod
, Monika Fa
andscape Dmerican UnivCommunityirut, Lebanty of Beirut,
a city on the of the viabngs have ad initiatives cluding hotek the financtudy aim is tng native coField expedvoucher spes growing inments includollected as se combinatimental roootting mix; tduced plastthe boxes ine thinned ondings inclual at end of
Congress, 1
Pdules: towabiodiversi
bian1, Rash
Design and versity of By Service non; 3Inter, Lebanon
e Eastern shble options fdopted existhowever arels and restces and phyto engage aoastal speciditions wereecimens wen rocky outcding acid, hseedlings oron which p
of prototypethe first contic perforaten Decemberout twice toding plant ssummer, an
19-20 Septe
Paper tiards a particty conserva
ha Moussaw
Ecosystemeirut, Leba(CCECS) anr‐faculty G
Abstrahore of the for urban grting technore mainly imtaurants. Onysical roof ina broad bases in afforde made to sere collectecrops or saneat, and cor cuttings froresented mes. Two connsisted of coed vegetablr and placedo retain a 5 cspread, heignd findings
ember 201
itle cipatory proation in Beir
wi1,2, and No
m Managemnon, ntsalmnd The Neraduate E
act Mediterranreening. Aslogies and smplementedn the other nfrastructure participatable modulemi naturad from a tond dunes. Seold stratificaom sites. Si
minimal weigtainer modonstructed wle boxes. Ged outdoors cm distanceght, foliage related to w
2, Copenha
ocess for urrut
oura Hazim
ment, [email protected]
nean, have ss a result, msuccessfullyd in economhand, the mre to accomtion in sustales which cal sites alongtal of 50 naeeds were sation. Speciexteen pottight and stillules were uwooden boerminated son a concree between pcolor and twillingness
agen Page
ban greenin
1,3
ty of Agricu.lb ; 2Centd Initiative,tal Program
started to lomany of the y designed imically advamajority of mmodate intainable urbaan be spreag the littoraative and/orsubjected toes that did nng mixes wl contained used to accoxes and theseedlings wete platformplants. The exture, datto engage i
1
ng and
ultural andter for Civic, Americanm (IGESP),
ook into recently ntensive ntaged Beiruti tensive an ad on all or l and r o various not
were tested soil was ommodate e second ere m in full study will e of n green
d c n ,
W
World Greeen Roof Conngress, 19-
Author
20 Septem
rs’ biograp
ber 2012,
phies
Copenhageen Page 2
World Grreen Roof CCongress, 1
SalmHortChaiEcosBeiruand and tthreebiodurbasecuinteractivrefergree
MonfrominstrEcosBeirupromspecMeddevespecroofswithvermadop
Rashthe AMScon CMoucollaand Initianativand torgaselecHelwneig
19-20 Septe
ma Nashabeticulture frorperson of tystem Manut, Lebanonsustainablethe East Mee main projiversity villaan greening red more thrdisciplinaryvities, and hreed journan roof is pa
nika Fabianm the Corvinructor at theystem Manut, Lebanonmote the uscies, throughditerranean elopment ofcies by comms, and in ve Talhouk difmicompostinpted by com
ha MoussawAmerican Uin Agricultuost‐Benefitussawi is woaborative prCommunityative. Her fove plant spetheir use innizing trainct group of weh, South Lhbourhood
ember 201
e Talhouk isom the Ohiothe departmnagement atn. Her reseae use of planediterraneaects: a natiage award pproject. In han 5 M USy biodiversithas publisheals. Talhouk’artially supp
holds a Manus Universie Departmenagement atn. Fabian is we of native h the produplant databf prototypemunities asrtical walls.fferent comng to be usemmunities.
wi holds a Bniversity ofure Economt of Extensivorking with Troject with ty Service (CCocus is the cecies, edible roof and wning workshwomen in tLebanon an of AUB.
2, Copenha
Professor oo State Univment of Lant the Ameriarch focusesnt species nan. Talhouk ve tree planprogram, anthe past teSD to suppoty researched 30 article’s current stported by AN
aster of Scieity of Hungaent of Landst the Ameriworking witand Mediteuction of a nbase, and ths to promot landscape . Fabian is amposting meed in plant p
BSc in Agricuf Beirut andmics. Her aimve Green RoTalhouk as the Centre CECS) and tcollection ae vegetablewall prototyops on urbathe Palestinnd a local sc
agen Page
of Landscapversity, USAndscape Desican Universs on the connative to Lebis currentlynting progrand the exten years Talhrt her and outreaes in internatudy on extNERA.
ence in Hortary. She is ascape Desigican Universth Talhouk terranean plnative and hrough the te the use oplants, in galso investigethods mainproduction
ultural Sciend she is workm is to do heoofs in Lebapart of a for Civic Enthe Neighbond products, and ornapes. She is aan greeningnian Camp ochool in the
3
pe A. She is sign and sity of nservation banon y leading am, the nsive houk has
ach ationally tensive
ticulture an gn and sity of to ant
of native reen gating nly and to be
nces from king on er thesis anon.
gagement orhood ion of mentals also g for a of Ein El
W
World Gree
en Roof Conngress, 19-
Noura HEnvironDepartmManagethesis rintroduin Leba
20 Septem
Hazim is a gnmental Sciement of Lanement at thesearch foccing extensnon focusin
ber 2012,
graduate stuences, Ecosndscape Deshe Americancuses on asssive green rng on the AU
Copenhage
udent majoystem Mansign and Econ Universitysessing the oofs in univUB campus.
en Page 4
ring in nagement atosystem y of Beirut. Hpotentials fversity camp.
t the
Her for puses
The capthe Eastcommucity anddevelopmunicipmedia dthe sea inequalalmost yet to foLebanesneighboof mixtuindustriincludinrent conconfessconfessalien spsocial aneighboenvironincludincomplexinstitutiwillingnwater aexpectediscernewillingnauthorsprobablaction.
Greeninsmall buup alonpracticadoes nothe vinesun heacommu
World Gr
pital city of Ltern shore onities into Bd contributepment of a mpal boundardiscourses tshore and iities in Beirhalf the Lebormulate a se metropoourhoods arure of incomial uses at gng the slowintracts, andional assocional enclavpace they avnd spatial rorhoods, themental conng urban grex outcome ional environess of Beirund the colleed when coned a discrepness to partis explained ly undermin
ng of roofs iuildings areg the side oal and multiot necessitae is deciduoating in the nal environ
reen Roof C
Lebanon, Beof the MediBeirut, resued to the exmaster planries of Beiruto refer to tinto nearbyut. Fifty yeabanese popstrategy tholis (Yassin, re not clearme groups oground leveng down ofd the fact thiation, and ves. As a revoid gettingelationshipe possibilitynservation ineening rely of existing sonment (El‐Zuti neighboection and dntemplatingpancy betwicipate in suthat increasned by a ‘‘cy
s not new i traditionalof the buildifunctional; te roof protous, it providwinter. Thenment. Fina
Congress, 1
Ba
eirut, lies oiterranean. lted in settxpansion of n which foreut. Since thehe city in itsy hills. The pars later, loculation (1.7at would ta2012). As a rly defined boccupying bl and residef gentrificathat the housresidents frsult, for theg in contacts content (Ay for mobiliznitiative canon voluntasocial and pZein et al., 2urhood citizdisposal of wg introductieen educatuch local inised knowleynicism fact
n Lebanon;ly shaded wing, and tre the vine istection, or tdes the nece canopy prolly the Leba
19-20 Septe
ackgro
n a peninsuDuring the lements in tBeirut. Meaesaw the men, Greater s larger conplan also refcal authorit7 million peoackle the emresult of thby socioecobuildings thaences in thetion due to tsing marketrom variouse affluent inwith, and aAlaily‐Mattazing them tn become cry involvempolitical stru2006). A stuzens to partwaste, shedion of greention levels wtiatives thadge and awtor’’ of the
Problem
in most Lewith a grapellised to cov establishedthe provisiocessary shadovides privaanese use th
ember 201
und
ula with its c1960s, howthe small toanwhile, theetropolitanBeirut was ntext includflected the ties of the Gople) in an amerging urbhis growth ponomic spatat have comeir upper flothe extensit is geograps socioeconndividuals oas such has ar, 2008). Into participatchallenging.ment, and thuctures in thudy by El‐Zeticipate in pd light on thn roofs in vawhereby thean their morwareness of more educa
m
banese villae vine that iver the whod in soil at ton of drainade for coolinacy and shehe grape vin
2, Copenha
cape extendwever, peopowns and vie state had n future of tadopted ining suburbsincreasing sGreater Beirarea estimaan issues ofpattern, pretial divisionsmmercial, adoors. This is on of rent cphically segmomic groupf Beirut, thebecome den such hetete as a com Many envihe degree ohe communein et al. (20programs rehis complexarious partse less educare educatedenvironmeated who h
ages, the ros planted inole roof arethe base of age, or irrigang in the suelter and crene young le
agen Page
ding over 9 ple influx froillages adjaccommissiohe city beyon the officials that stretcsocio‐econorut which inated at 67 kf the growinesent‐day Bes; instead thdministrativdue to mancontrol overmented alonps mix residee neighborhvoid of its progeneous munity in aronmental f participatnity and the006) that exelated to safity that cous of the cityated showed neighborsental issues ave less fait
ofs of housn nearby soa. This apprthe buildingation. The fummer, andeates an ouaves in trad
5
km into om rural cent to the ned the ond the l and ch along omic ncludes km2, have ng eiruti hey consist ve or ny reasons r pre‐1992 ng lines of e in these hood is an potential
an initiatives ion is a e wider xplored the fe drinking uld be . The study d more . The were th in local
es and il, trained roach is g thus act that allows for tdoor ditional
W
dishes andalcoholic dbetween timplementand residethat interaresearch isphysical ansocioeconoweather fothe fact ththere is incestablishmthe recentdesigned ininitiatives abuilding hoincluding hlive in buildOur aim is coastal speand spreadfocuses on
Learning
Ide
Defest
Detsys
Plant mateField exLebanovouche(Table Taxono(TohméUnivercleaned
Seeding in
World Gree
d they enjoydrink, the Arhe Lebanest due to phynts of any bacts socially s needed fond ecologicaomic discreor 6 monthsat electric pcreased intement in the cly constructntensive greare mainly dousing the ehotels and rding with pto engage aecies in affod on all or pn the selecti
Objective
ntification o
fining plantablishment
termine thetem
erial and sexpeditions won ( 0‐50 m er specimen1). Plants womic identifé and Tohmsity of Beirud, dried and
greenhous
en Roof Con
y consumingrak. This bae and greenysical and sbuilding or nand that shr the introdal constrainpancies in ms of the yeapower is noerest in Lebcity as one oted buildingeen roofs, idriven by afeconomicalrestaurants.hysical roofa broad basordable modpart of roof on of native
es:
of potentia
performant
e feasibility
eed collectiowere madeaway from ns were collwere collectfication andmé, 2007) anut when need stored in a
se
ngress, 19-
g the fruits ckground inn roofs. In tocial complneighbourhhares similaduction of gnts but also most neighbr, the scarct available 2anon and mof the viablgs have adon other casffluent memly advantag. It is unlikef infrastructse participatdules whichareas. This e species an
l native plan
nce under ex
of using sm
A
on to natural the sea) duected fromed from cosd nomenclatnd consultaeded. Seeda paper bag
20 Septem
sometimes nformation he city, howlexities; roohood, do noar aspirationreen roofs tsocial onesbourhoods,ity and poo24 hours a dmore specifie options foopted existines vision ofmbers of theged, or comly that majoture that cation in sustah can be intrstudy presend the deve
nt species f
xtensive roo
mall module
Approac
and semi nauring spring a total of 4stal cliffs, roture was bation with thds were extrg at 4 C.
ber 2012,
processingis essentialwever, greeofs of large bt present thns and intertaking into . In Beirut t the absencor quality of day. Despitically in Beior urban greng technolof Beirut ‘foree city and amercial andority of Beirn accommoainable urbroduced as ents the firselopment of
for extensiv
of condition
s as part of
ch
atural sites g and summ48 native anocky outcroased on the he Post Herracted from
Copenhage
them into to appreciaen roofs arebuildings hahe qualities rests. As a reconsideratithe main coce of rain acwater durite all these rut, to suppeening. As ogies and suest’ is beingare mainly imd touristic inrutis will haodate intenban greeningindividual ost phase of tf planting m
e green roo
ns during th
an afforda
along the ler of 2011. nd/or naturaops , and sanIllustrated barium at t
m fruits in th
en Page 6
their traditiate the hist more difficave to be plof a commesult, adapton not onlynstraints inccompaniedng these 6 mshortcominport green ra result, mauccessfully g promotedmplementenstitutions ve the finansive green rg by plantinor group effthe programmodules.
ofs in Beirut
he first year
ble modula
ittoral zone Seeds, planalized specindy beach dFlora of Lebhe Americahe laborator
ional oric ties cult to lanted, unity tive y nclude d by hot months, ngs, roof any of
d. These ed in
nces or roofs. ng native forts m which
t
r of
r
e of nts, and ies dunes. banon an ry,
Seedgermwerplascm) In cafor Lsuchcolle
Green r
Twoplac20 cfollobottone avaiamemodperfStyrdep5 cmmod
TransplOne(Sprdenseed
Plant gr
Fouimpan aadmmeabloo
Prelimin
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ding took pmination tee administestic pots, anin a peat: pases where Limonium nh as Salvia vected from
roof module
o container ced on cemecm) with 10owing layertom and sid layer of geilable mateended with dules were forated plasrofoam. Theth (7 cm). Tm) and the dules.
ant of seede month oldring plantingsity of 5 x 5dlings were
rowth measr experimenact of irrigaapproximateministered wasurementsoming time,
nary selecti
reen Roof C
lace in a nosts were peered to specd germinatperlite: comseeds did n
narbonense,viridis, Scabthe field du
es
modules went surface0 x 0.5 cmrs were intedes, 2) one leotextile (1erials (perlitslow relearaised by 5stic vegetabese boxes wThe other twgeotextile
dlings into md seedlings wg) in the dif5 cm and the planted pe
surements ntal units wation. Irrigate rate of (24when plantss were made, seed set, v
ion of coast
Congress, 1
on‐heated gerformed ancies followied seedling
mpost: sand not germina, Hallimionebiosa prolifeuring the sp
were used toes. The first holes drillegrated insilayer of inve mm thick)te: peatmoase fertilizer cm with brble boxes (were filled wwo layers i.e(1 mm thic
modules were plantefferent moden thinned er box.
and flowerwere set up ttion was pro4 L / m2 wits were foune at the endvitality, and
tal plant sp
19-20 Septe
reenhouse nd differentng publishegs were planmixture (1:ate vegetatie portulacoiera and Helipring of 201
o accommomodule coled in the bide the boxerted polyst), and 4) 7 oss: commer (Osmocotricks. The se20cm X 33with the sae. the inverck) were pl
ed in Novemdules. In theout while in
ring dynamito assess daovided at thh low pressd wilted in d of every mdeath)
Analys
pecies nativ
ember 201
during the t seed treated literaturented in poly1:1:1) and ive cuttingsides and Sedchrysum co2.
odate a 7 cmnsisted of wbottom to xes: 1) 2 laytyrene plugcm of plantercial pottinte 14:14:14econd modcm x 15 cmame aforemted polystylaced betw
mber 2011 (e wooden bn the perfo
ics ate of planthe end of thsure drip irrthe morninmonth (heig
sis
e to Lebano
2, Copenha
fall of 2011ments (acide. Seeds weystyrene plumanually ir were takendum sediforonglobatum,
m depth of wooden boxaccommodyers of 2 mgs trays (28 ting substrang mix, an). To allow ule consistem) with thementioned prene plugs een the ce
(Fall plantinoxes seedlirated veget
ting (fall andhe rainy searigation lineg. Plant groght and spre
on.
agen Page
1. Preliminad, heat, moiere then sowugs (28 cm xrigated on dn. This was rme. In othe, seedlings
potting mixxes (70 cm date for dram plastic mcm x 52 cmate made fd sand (1:for drainaged of locallye sides linedplanting subtrays (28 cmment surfa
g) and Marngs were pltable boxes
d spring) anason (end ofes overnightowth and head of the p
7
ry isture) wn in x 52 cm x 5 daily basis. the case er cases, were
x and wereX 120 cm xainage. Themulch liningm x 5 cm), 3)from locally1:1:1)) andge woodeny producedd with 1cmbstrate andm x 52 cm xce and the
rch 2012 lanted at a five
nd the f April) at t) orticulturalplants,
e x e g ) y d n d m d x e
W
The Meditebiomes anclear‐cuttinwhich the of conservbasin and ispecies. A Lebanese cglobally thsandy and communitirocky beacwere recorexpeditioncommunitirestricted s Seed germsuch as Allitoreum , and Alliumspring/sum The growthseeds wereof which is(Chamaeph(HemicryptWith respevillosus, anhalf the sprecorded aMany of thand the maout of the Table 1: Le
Alcea setosa
Anthemis pa
Avena sp.
Cakile marit
Euphorbia a
World Gree
erranean Bad has experng, ploughibasin has bation suppoit presents astudy by Tacoastal zonereatened. Trocky beacies, rangingches. The simrded only ons were conies thriving soil availabi
mination of clcea setosa,Moluccella
ms carmeli. Tmmer flowe
h and hortice collected s a grass (Avhyta), one atophyte). Mect to growtnd Mattiola ecies were and collectehe perenniaajority spre20 selected
banese native
a (Boiss) Alef
alestina Boiss
tima Scop.
arguta Banks
en Roof Con
asin containrienced the ng, heavy bbeen recognort. Lebanoa climatic aalhouk et ale and identThe study rehes, cliffs, rg from six spmilarity betnce in any gducted alonin the harsility.
collected sp Juncus mara spinosa , MThe selectedring plants,
culture cha(Table 1). Avena sp.), ana bulb (GeoMost speciesth behaviortricuspidattaller than ed; it grows al species prad more thd grew talle
e coastal plant
s.
and Sol.
ngress, 19-
ns botanicaoldest and
browsing annized as onen is locatednd ecologic. (2003) assified a totalevealed tharock pavempecies in a ltween commgiven commng the Lebahest coasta
pecies was hritumus, anMattiola tricd plants spe, and six sum
racteristics A total of 35nd 20 perenphyta) , ands grew as clr in natural sta) presente30 cm (Tabas a comparesented goan 30 cm inr than 30cm
t species cons
Life form
A
A
A
A
A
20 Septem
l elements heaviest hud grazing. Te of the 25 wd along the ecal diversitysessed the sl of 441 spet species ricent and rocittoral limesmunities wamunity. Usinnese coast al conditions
highly variabd Vitex agncuspidata, Mecies includmmer flowe
of selected5 species wennials of whd the remaiumped popsettings, thed the largeble 1). One nact plant (10ood spreadin width (Tabm in height.
sidered for ex
ma
Bloom da
W/SP
SP
SP
SP/SU
SP
ber 2012,
from tempeuman distuThis has led world hotspeastern shoy that includstatus of floecies, none ochness in vecky outcropstone pavemas low and ang this inforduring sums such as pr
ble ranging nus‐castus aMattiola craed six winteering plants
d species weere selectedhich seven aning 12 arepulations in ree annual est spread (3native annu0 x 10 cm) ing habits; nble 1). With
tensive roofs
ateb
hortic
Heigh
50 ≤
50 ≤
30‐50
30‐50
30‐50
Copenhage
erate, arid, rbances sucto a floristi
pots for planores of the Mdes an estimristic richneof which aregetation cos varied betment comma large nummation plan
mmer 2011 troximity to t
between 6and was aboassifolia, Iper/spring flo.
ere recorded and includare herbacee partially whighly distuspecies (Alc30‐ 50 cm) wal sedum, Sn coastal ronine spread h respect to
cultural chara
ht (cm)
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
en Page 8
and tropicach as fire seic richness fnt diversity Mediterranmated 2,600ess along the considereommunitiestween munity to 62mber of specnt selectiontargeting plthe sea and
% for someove 70% for omoea impowering pla
d in the fielded 15 annuous
woody urbed sites.cea setosa, while moreSedum litoreocky outcromore than
o plant heig
ctersc
Spread (cm)
50 ≤
10‐30 cm
10‐30 cm
10‐30 cm
10‐30 cm
al etting, for in need ean 0 plant he ed s in
2 in cies n ant d
e species Sedum
perati, ants, 23
ld and uals, one
. Lotus than eum, p. 50 cm ht 14
Community
CC and RO
RO
RO
S
S
Lotus vil
Mattiola
Molucce
Nigella a
Ononis p
Plantago
Plantago
Salvia vi
Scabiosa
Sedum l
Astericu
Crithmu
Convolv
Coridoth
Echium
Hallimio
Helichry
Mattiola
Sarcopo
Sedum s
Teucrium
Vitex ag
Alliums
Glaucium
Ipomoea
Juncus m
Limoniu
Paronyc
Plantago
Verbasc
(a)
World Gr
llosus Forssk.
a tricuspidata
ella spinosa L
arvensis L.
pubescence L.
o afra L.
o lagopus L.
iridis L.
a prolifera L.
litoreum Guss
us graveolens
um maritimum
vulus secundus
hymus capitat
angustifolia M
one portulacoi
ysum congloba
a crassifolia B
oterium spinos
sediforme ( Ja
m captatum L
gnus‐castus L.
carmeli Boiss
m flavum Cra
a imperati Gr
maritumus Lam
m narbonense
chia argentea
o lanceolata
cum tripolitanu
A=Annual, P
(April‐May),
outcrop, S=s
reen Roof C
a (L.) R.Br.
.
.
s
( Forssk.) Less
m L.
s Desr.
tus (L.) Rchb.
Mill.
ides ( L.) Aelle
atum
oiss. et Gail.
sum ( L.) Spac
qc) Pau
L.
antz
riseb.
m.
e Mill.
Lam.
L.
um Boiss.
C=Chamaephy
SU=Summer
sandy beach d
Congress, 1
s.
en
h
yta, PB=Geop
(June‐Octobe
dune
19-20 Septe
A SP
A W/SP
A SP/SU
A SP/SU
A SP
A W/SP
A W/SP
A SP
A SP
A W/SP
PC SP
PC SP/SU
PC SP/SU
PC SU
PC SP/SU
PC SU
PC SP
PC W/SP
PC SP
PC SU
PC SP/SU
PC SU
PG SP
PH SP/SU
PH SP/SU
PH SU
PH SU
PH SP
PH SP/SU
PH SP/SU
phyta, PH=Hem
er); (c) Estimat
ember 201
10
P 30
U 30
U 10
30
P 0‐
P 30
10
10
P 0‐
10
U 50
U 0‐
30
U 50
50
10
P 50
30
10
U 30
50
30
U 30
U 0‐
30
30
0‐
U 30
U 50
micryptophyte
ted based on f
2, Copenha
0‐30 cm
0‐50 cm
0‐50 cm
0‐30 cm
0‐50 cm
‐10 cm
0‐50 cm
0‐30 cm
0‐30 cm
‐10 cm
0‐30 cm
0 ≤
‐10 cm
0‐50 cm
0 ≤
0 ≤
0‐30 cm
0 ≤
0‐50 cm
0‐30 cm
0‐50 cm
0 ≤
0‐50 cm
0‐50 cm
‐10 cm
0‐50 cm
0‐50 cm
‐10 cm
0‐50 cm
0 ≤
e; (b) W=Wint
field observat
agen Page
30‐50 cm
30‐50 cm
10‐30 cm
10‐30 cm
10‐30 cm
0‐10 cm
10‐30 cm
10‐30 cm
10‐30 cm
0‐10 cm
10‐30 cm
50 ≤
50 ≤
50‐80 cm
30‐50 cm
50 ≤
10‐30 cm
50 ≤
50 ≤
10‐30 cm
30‐50 cm
50 ≤
0‐10 cm
50 ≤
30‐50 cm
50 ≤
30‐50 cm
30‐50 cm
10‐30 cm
30‐50 cm
ter (January‐M
tions; CC= coa
9
S
CC and R
RO
S
RO
S
RO
RO
RO
RO
RO
CC
S
RO
S
CC
RO
CC and R
RO
RO
RO
RO
RO
RO
S
S
CC
S
RO
S
March), SP=Sp
astal cliff, RO=
RO
RO
ring
= rocky
W
Effect of p
perennial
Although mare adaptathat very linative to Nresearch hgrow in res In this studconditionsshow that significantlestablishedalso revealthe end of produced ssystems wonset of th Table 2: Effspecies mea
Alcea setosa
Lotus villosu
Moluccella
Nigella arve
Ononis pube
Plantago af
Sedum litor
Cakile marit
a= One mon
With respewas not thSedum refl Effect of irnative coa The introdall annual s
World Green
lanting dat
native coas
much progreable to thin ittle is knowNorth Ameras been pustrictive con
dy annual sp and to comrestricted rly less in hed in Spring) led that alththe rainy seseeds whileithout irrigahe dry seaso
fect of plantinasured at the
a (Boiss)
us Forssk.
spinosa L.
ensis L.
escence L.
fra L.
reum Guss
tima Scop
nth old seedlin
ect to perene case withlexum) whic
rrigation onstal plant s
uction of irspecies to b
n Roof Cong
e on growt
stal plant sp
ess has beexeric greenwn about thica. This is ablished (Benditions inc
pecies weremplete theirroot growtheight and spwhen comhough five oeason only e the remaination. In conon before b
ng date on groend of rainy s
Heightc
30
13
31
13
16
12
7
40
ngs planted in
nnial specieh the controch stopped
n growth anspecies grow
rigation durbloom and c
gress, 19-2
h and repro
pecies grow
en made invn roof subste performaalso the casnvennuti anluding wate
e tested for r life cycle wh significantpread (50% lpared to reout of the eone speciesning speciesntrast, whelooming.
owth and reprseason (Numb
Fall plan
Spreadc
12
70
23
5
8
10
9
6
n November; b
s, all those ol commercigrowing bu
nd reproduwn under sh
ring the mocomplete th
20 Septemb
oductive pa
wn under sh
vestigating srate, a revieance under e for the Mnd Bacci, 20er, soil, and
their abilitywithout irrigly affected less when ecorded groweight annuas, Cakile mas died. This n planted in
roductive paraber of plants m
nting a
Bloom See
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes Y
b= One month
tested diedial sedum sut did not di
uctive paramhallow soil
onth of Apriheir life cycl
ber 2012, C
arameters o
hallow soil c
species natiew by Dvoraextensive ro
Mediterranea010) althoug temperatu
y to grow ugation. The growth potestablished wth in natul species plaaritima, comspecies coun the spring
ameters of nameasured = 10
ed set Heig
No 1
No 2
No 1
No 9
No 1
No 5
No 3
Yes N/
h old seedlings
d within thepecies (Sedie.
meters of sconditions
l after the rles regardle
Copenhagen
of selected
conditions
ive to northak and Voldoof conditioan region wgh many spure.
nder restricresults prestentials becin Fall and 7ural sites (Taanted in Falmpleted its uld be used g, all species
tive annuals c0).
Spr
ghtc Sprea
5 5
2 14
4 12
9 3
2 3
5 3
3 2
/A N/A
s planted in M
first monthdum alba, Se
selected an
rainy seasoness of wheth
n Page 10
annual and
hern Europeder (2010) rons of plantwhere little ecies natur
ctive shallowsented in Taause specie70% less whable 1). Findll bloomed life cycle an in extensivs died with
coastal Lebane
ing planting b
adc Bloom
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
A N/A
March; c= in cm
h without raedum spuriu
nual and pe
n ended, allher these sp
d
e that evealed t species
rally
w root able 2 es grew hen dings before nd ve roof the
ese plant
b
Seed set
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
N/A
m
ain. This um,
erennial
owed pecies
were pleffect osix montheir lifeof July. Irrigatiogrowth declinedduring tstarted hot temirrigatioestablis These oresumeunits. Table 3:of growtplants m
Astericu
Chritmu
Coridoth
Echium
Hallimio
Helichry
Sedum s
Teucrium
Alliums
Ipomoea
Juncus a
Limoniu
Plantago
The soc
In this sboxes. Bmany adand reaof plantnot onlywater a
World Gr
anted in theon the duratnths setting e cycle in th
on of perenof partialld after six the dry seassenescing
mperatures on kept grhed in Nove
observationd growth a
: Growth andth (Novembemeasured = 10
us graveolens
um maritimum
hymus capitat
angustifolia M
one portulacoi
ysum congloba
sediforme ( Ja
m captatum L
carmeli Boiss
a imperati Gr
asutus L.
m narbonense
o lanceolata
cial and eco
study we tesBased on oudvantages ddily availabting mix becy for drainabsorbed by
een Roof C
e fall or thetion of the lseeds in Mhree month
nnials growny woody smonths, wson and surafter six mobecause onowing the ember start
ns were nos soon as i
d reproductiver – June) und0, height and s
( Forssk.) Less
m L.
tus (L.) Rchb.
Mill.
ides ( L.) Aelle
atum
qc) Pau
L.
riseb.
e Mill.
L.
ological pote
sted two tyur preliminadescribe as ble in the macause their ge but also y the geotex
Congress, 1
e spring. Theife cyle; speay and dyins, entering
n in shallowspecies thatwhile herbacrvive as doronths (Tablne month ohot seaso
ted to decli
ot applicabrrigation wa
e parameters er extensive spread measu
H
s.
en
entials of sm
pes of unitsary observafollows: 1) arket, 2) thedepth whicfor the extxtile layer b
9-20 Septe
e differenceecies planteng down in Jtheir bloom
w root deptt naturally ceous perermant buds le 3). We cold seedlingon at the ne (data no
ble to the as provided
of native perroof (7 cm roured in cm).
Height Spr
18
9
9
25
12
8
20
10
30
2
10
10
23
mall modul
s, wooden btions the pethey are affey allow forch is 15 cm, ension of weneath the
ember 2012
e between ted in NovemJune, while m date by m
th did not ego into d
ennials thatnear or beould confirs planted dtime whenot shown).
control cod and rapid
ennial coastaot depth) and
read Bloo
9 yes
12 no
14 no
19 yes
75 no
5 no
15 yes
24 yes
3 no
9 no
20 no
20 no
20 yes
les for exte
boxes, and perforated pfordable asr standardiz3) their per
water availaboxes after
2, Copenha
the two plamber complthose plant
mid‐June and
extend theiormancy dt normally low groundm that thisduring sprinn their cou
mmercial sly filled the
l Lebanese pld supplement
om Seed se
yes
no
no
yes
no
no
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
yes
nsive roof g
perforated plastic veget they are lozed filling ofrforated sidbility througr a rain or ir
gen Page 1
nted seasoneted their lted in May d setting se
ir growing uring the lose their td stopped gs decline is ng (May) anunterparts
sedum spee whole sur
ant species mtal irrigation s
et Status after six
Senesci
Growin
Declinin
Senesci
Declinin
Declinin
Growin
Declinin
Declinin
Growin
Growin
Declinin
Senesci
greening.
plastic vegetable boxes ocally manuf pressed 12des and bottgh the uptarrigation. Th
11
ns had an ife cycle in completed eds by end
period: thedry seasontop growthrowing andnot due to
nd receivingthat were
ecies whichrface of the
measured aftestarting May (
of top vegetx months
ing
g
ng
ing
ng
ng
g
ng
ng
g
g
ng
ing
etable offered factured 2 cm depthtoms allow ake of he
e n h d o g e
h e
r 8 months (Number of
tative part
W
perforateduniform exneeded, 5)in the roofthe growth
The stuthe firspotentvitality
Table 4: Le
Cakile marit
Lotus villosu
Mattiola tri
Ononis pube
Plantago af
Salvia viridis
Sedum litor
Crithmum m
Echium ang
Hallimione pAellen
Sedum sedif
Vitex agnus
Alliums carm
Ipomoea im
World Green
d sides of thxtensive gre) the size off layout; with of 12 diffe
udy shed ligst year of esial plant sp under shal
banese native
tima Scop.
us Forssk.
icuspidata (L.)
escence L.
fra L.
s L.
reum Guss
maritimum L.
gustifolia Mill.
portulacoides
forme ( Jaqc)
s‐castus L.
meli Boiss
mperati Griseb
n Roof Cong
he boxes alloeen roof, 4) f the perforath one specerent specie
Resu
ght on nativstablishmenread, densitlow depth c
e coastal plant
Sit
Scy
) R.Br. W2w
Syto
Wva
SC
TC
Tdg
Tp
s ( L.) Tv
Pau S
TvIn
Sloa
b. Ta
gress, 19-2
ow for laterthe units aated plasticies planted es per squar
lts and
Ke
e plant perfnt. The tablety of foliageconditions:
t species reco
ea rocket. Sprts life cycle be
pring flowerinycle with irrig
Winter/spring 20 rose lilac scwith irrigation
pril floweringellow flowerso germinate a
Winter/spring egetative grond easy to gro
pring flowerinCompleted its
This annual sedCompleted its
This perennial dark green narrows directly
This spring/ supurplish reddis
This summer fery good spre
mall perennia
This summer fery decorativnvestigations
pring flowerinong stalk. Whettractive gree
This spring/sumnd attractive
20 Septemb
ral root growre easily rec vegetable per box, 12re meter.
busine
ey findings
formance ue below is pe, visual aes
ommended fo
ring floweringefore the end
ng annual spegation. Easy to
flowering anncented flowers. Easy to germ
g annual species in dense termand easy to gr
flowering annwth habit. Coow.
ng annual spelife cycle with
dum is very atlife cycle with
summer flowrrow leaves wnear the sea.
mmer flowersh flowers. Ea
lowering pereead and heigh
al succulent w
lowering wooe flowers. In tare ongoing t
ng bulb that pen plants growen cover.
mmer flowerilarge (8cm) w
ber 2012, C
wth betweeplaceable wboxes allow2 boxes in o
ess imp
s
under extenproposed sesthetic of le
r further exte
g annual speciof the rainy se
ecies. Had veryo germinate a
nual species. Gs (1.5 cm) on minate and eas
es that grew iminal heads. Cow.
nual species. Iompleted its l
ecies that prodh irrigation.
ttractive with h irrigation. Ea
wering species with thick cutic
ing perennial sy to germina
ennial has thict both greate
with all the obs
ody perennial this study the to check if roo
produces attraw next to eac
ng perennial hwhite flowers.
Copenhagen
en boxes rewith newly pws to plan foone square m
pact
sive roof coelection of seaves and flo
nsive roof res
es survived weason. Easy to
y good spreadnd easy to gro
Grows as a robranched petsy to grow.
in height (30 cCompleted its
It has an attraife cycle with
duces dark pu
compact growasy to germina
has a very gocle. The plant
has very attraate and easy t
ck leathery grar than 50 cm.
served advant
normally growplant grew as
ots are aggress
active round ph other their d
has an excelleInvestigation
n Page 12
sulting in a planted oneor floristic dmeter will a
onditions duspecies baseowers, and
search and ap
with no irrigatio germinate a
d (70 cm). Comow.
sette then proioles. Comple
cm) and prese life cycle with
active roundisirrigation. Eas
rple flowers t
wth and tiny yate and easy t
ood spread (mis tolerant to
active grayisho grow.
ay leaves that
tages of sedum
ws as a 1.5 m s a compact (4sive.
purple flower dark green lea
ent spread (ms are ongoing
e when diversity allow for
uring ed on proven
plication
ion and compand easy to gr
mpleted its life
oduces more eted its life cyc
ented a show h irrigation. E
h compact sy to germina
that attract be
yellow flowerto grow.
more than 50 csalt spray as i
hairy leaves a
t exude salt. It
m genera.
high shrub wi40cm).
heads born oaves present a
ore than 75 cg to check if ro
leted ow.
e
than cle
of asy
te
ees.
s.
cm), it
and
t has
ith
n a an
m2) oots
Juncus m
Paronyc
The specundcyclcom
Withcom
Irrigsignwea
Usagare use exteexpaare easyin th
Adoptiomodulenurserievegetab
In this sgerminacharactcontentOctoberestimatgeotextidentifyto accom
World Gr
maritumus Lam
chia argentea
study showcies that weer shallow e, two nativ
mmercial sed
h irrigation mpleted thei
gation of pens of declineather, but m
ge of plasticaffordable of these moensive greenandable in seasy to plany way to exthe roof layo
on of extenses will encoues encouragble boxes.
study we weate, that groeristics. In at a situationr. We have ed cost of 1tile layer, ply cheaper anmmodate fo
een Roof C
m.
Lam.
wed the impere tested, nplanting deve perenniadum specie
introducedir life cycle.
rennials dide or senescemay be due t
c perforateand can be odules simpn roof redusurface areant in, and thtend the lifeout.
sive green rurage equitging the sale
ere able to iow well undaddition han that is expalso shown17,600 LL (1anting unitsnd lighter suor the abse
Congress, 1
are aggress
This summexceed 10 cperiod with
This spring white flowe
portance of none of thepth except als namely Ss Sedum alb
d at the end
d not extendence after 6to natural d
d vegetableimplementplifies the ecing the nea and shapehey can be e of the gre
Bu
roofs using nable greenies of native
identify eigder shallow lf of the selperienced thn that these11.7 USD) fos, substrateubstrates annce of elect
9-20 Septe
sive.
er flowering pcm but the plh no irrigation
flowering perers at the tip o
supplemene plants survone annuaSedum sedifba, Sedum s
of the rain
d their grow6 months ofdormancy o
e box moduted as indivstablishmeed for high e accommoreadily repleen roof. Fin
usiness im
native plantng initiativee species an
Conclusio
ht native coroot depthected specihroughout B plants can or one m2 we, and drip ind elaborattricity. Rese
ember 2012
perennial is veant presentedn.
rennial presenof stems. Easy
nting with irvived one ml (Cakile maforme and Gspurium, an
y season al
wing periodf growth. Thor restricted
les proved idual initiatnt of the vatechnical e
odating diffeaced in casnally the mo
mpact
ts planted ies and contd to the pla
ons
oastal planth, and that pies are tolerBeirut durinbe grown i
which includrrigation. Ate simple grearch is also
2, Copenha
ery slow growd a good heigh
nts a nice sprey to germinate
rrigation; oumonth withoaritime) whiGlaucium fland Sedum re
l tested ann
as most sphe noted ded root space
to have sevives or a coarious compxpertise. Therent roof ce of plant dodules allow
n perforateribute to thastic industr
species thapresent attrrant to wateng the montn affordablees insulatio
Adaptive resravity driveno on‐going t
gen Page 1
wing in two yeaht (45 cm) and
eading vegetae and easy to
ut of the 35out precipitich completavum, and teflexum.
nuals surviv
pecies starteecline is note.
veral advantommunity eponents of the modulesconditions. death thus ew for floristi
ed vegetablehe local planry producin
at are easy tractive horter with highths betweene modules aon, drainagesearch is onn irrigation to documen
13
ars spread didd survived the
ation with papgrow.
5 native tation ted its life the control
ved and
ed to show due to hot
tages: they ffort. The the s are The boxes ensuring an ic diversity
e box nt g the
to icultural h salt n July and at an e units, going to schemes nt the long
d not e dry
pery
W
term growreseed.
Key lessoThe followextensive rMattiola trParonychiaExtensive rFloristic ricplant assoc
1. Alanetpp.
2. Benxer
3. DvoA li
4. El‐ZparMa
5. TalhPatcon
6. TohScie
7. Yas
World Green
wth and rege
ons learnewing a key naroofs supplericuspidata,a argentea roofs can bechness can bciations in n
ily‐Mattar, tworked no 263‐271.
nvenuti, S.,rophytes in
orak, B. andterature re
Zein, Nasrarticipate in anagement,
houk, S.N. Dtterns of florinservation, B
hmé, G. anentific Rese
ssin, N. (201
n Roof Cong
eneration dy
ed ative plant semented w, Ononis pub
e establishebe introducnatural hab
N. (2008) odes of afflu
and Baccisimulated d
d Volder, A.view, Lands
allah, R., aan environ Vol. 37, pp
Dardas, M., istic diversityiodiversity a
nd Tohmé, earch, Beiru
12) City prof
gress, 19-2
ynamics of
species thatwith irrigatiobescence, P
ed as small aced throughitats
Re
Beyond gatuence in the
D. (2010)dry green ro
. (2010) Grescape and U
nd Nuwayhnmental intep.200‐208.
Dagher, M. y in semi-nand Conserva
H.S. (2007)t, Lebanon,
file: Beirut,
20 Septemb
perennial s
t are easy ton in LebanoPlantago afr
affordable mh roof modu
eferences
ted commue city of Be
Initial agrooofs, Urban
een roof veUrban Plann
hid, I. (200ervention i
Clubbe, C. atural coastaation, Vol. 14
) Illustrated, ISBN: 9953
Cities, Vol.
ber 2012, C
pecies and
o germinateon: Cakile mra, Sedum li
modules ules by mixi
nities? Deteirut, Urban
onomic per Ecosystem
egetation foning, Vol. 96
06) Determn a Beirut
Jury, S. Zural vegetation 4, pp. 903-91
d flora of L3010854.
29, pp. 64‐
Copenhagen
the ability o
e and that rmaritime, Loitoreum, Ec
ng native sp
achment ann Design Int
rformancess, Vol. 13, p
or North Am6, pp. 197‐2
minants of Neighborho
rayk, R. andof Lebanon5.
Lebanon. N
73.
n Page 14
of annuals t
readily growotus villosus,chium angus
pecies foun
nd concentrternational,
of Meditepp. 349–363
merican eco213.
the willingood, Enviro
Maunder, Mn and implica
ational Cou
to
w under , stifolia,
d as
ration in Vol. 13,
erranean 3.
oregions:
gness‐to‐nmental
M. (2005) ations for
uncil for
