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Expressions In Our Catalogs? FRBR and AACR Chapter 25
Jennifer Bowen
Eastman School of Music
Music Library Association, February 2004
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URL for Today’s Handouts
Docushare.lib.rochester.eduSelect Conference Reports and
PresentationsSelect FRBR Presentations
If you can’t get into the site, keep trying!
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Topics For Today
3-Minute Review of FRBR
How might FRBR change how we catalog, and how our catalogs work?The FRBR entity ExpressionJSC Format Variation Working GroupPossible Revisions to AACR Ch. 25, etc.Other ways to deal with FRBR expressions
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FRBR: Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
IFLA publication, 1998 Conceptual Model for thinking about how users use bibliographic informationRelates bibliographic data to user tasks: Find, Identify, Select, Obtain
What good is it? Sheds new light on current practices, standards A clearer way to communicate about how catalogs
should function
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FRBR Entities
Group 1: Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item Products of intellectual or artistic endeavor:
Group 2: Person, Corporate Body Those responsible for intellectual or artistic
content
Group 3: Concept, Object, Event, Place Serve as subjects of works
FRBR maps attributes of these entities to the User Tasks Find, Identify, Select, Obtain
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Group 1 Entities Example: Sound Recording
Work: Berlioz Symphonie fantastiqueExpression: 1972 recording of a performance by the Chicago Symphony and Georg Solti
Manifestations: Original Decca release in 1972 (London CS 6790) Reissue on London Jubilee in 1985 (414 307-1)
Items: Individual copies of each manifestation at the Sibley Music Library
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Group 1 Entities vs. MARC, or, What are We Cataloging?Work Authority recordExpression ????Manifestation Bibliographic RecordItem Holding Record
CAVEAT: This is vastly oversimplified! Current bibliographic records may contain
data from all four!See Library of Congress (Tom Delsey)
mapping of FRBR and MARC
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Is an Expression the same as an Edition? No!
Some editions are different expressions: If the content has been revised (Rev. ed.,
1st ed., 2nd ed.)
Some editions are different manifestations of the same expressionReprint editions, simultaneous publications
Same intellectual content=same expression
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What Does FRBR Mean for Music?
Collocation: Bring like things together in the catalog:Expressions of the same workManifestations of the same expression
Help users navigate search results, assist in user tasks (find, identify, select, obtain)
Show relationships between records in the catalog.
Comment from Patrick LeBoeuf
(Bibliotheque Nationale; Chair, IFLA FRBR Review Group)
Book Catalogers Music Catalogers
To hell if I ever
understand how to
catalog a… what d’they call it? an espresso…
POOH… DÉJÀ VU...
Nothin’ but what we've been doin'
for decades...
GREAT! WONDERFUL! SO INNOVATIVE!
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FRBR and Music…what’s the big deal?
Works: We already use uniform titles for collocation Been there, done that! However, systems vendors are starting to LISTEN!
Expressions: Not currently creating headings for expressions Attributes of expressions now buried within
bibliographic records Could we go the next step, and collocate
expressions?
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When do we care about Expressions?
Bibliographic families: When a work exists in multiple expressions When an expression exists in multiple
manifestations
Very common for music but not in the broader world Most works: only one expression and one
manifestation – research by OCLC
See writings by Barbara Tillett, Martha Yee, Richard Smiraglia, Sherry Vellucci
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Defining Expressions: A Challenge
FRBR definition: “any change in intellectual content” represents a new expression? How to implement this?
Operationalize the definition to specify intellectually-significant change.What is useful to catalog users?Needs will vary by type of library
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Joint Steering Committee Format Variation Working Group
Subgroup of the Joint Steering Committee for the Revision of AACR
International: US, UK, Canada, Australia
Three music specialists! (to start)
Charge: Focus on the Group 1 entity “Expression”
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Working Group Task 1: Can you Catalog an Expression?
Most group members: NO! Not the way most libraries operate We start by purchasing, and then cataloging, a
manifestation.
Sound archivist: YES! The performance is the expression Link all recordings of that performance to it
Group Recommendation: library community should keep cataloging manifestations
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Next WG Tasks: Explore Other Ways to Collocate Expressions
Cataloger-based approach Write new rules for Chapter 25 for
constructing headings for Expressions
System-based approachExplore what systems can do with expression-level data already in MARC records
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Goals for Rewriting Chapter 25
Clarify rules, make them easier to use
Incorporate FRBR terminology
Keep current practice if possible
Add rules for constructing headings for expressions
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Headings for Expressions in AACR – Why?
AACR – moving toward rules for how a catalog should functionRelationships between recordsPart III – authority control being proposed
Need rules for expression-level headings to demonstrate that collocation of expressions is important
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Sneak Preview: What’s in the Current Proposal
Rewrite of General Rules in Ch. 25Proposed Revisions to Chapter 20 to add Functions of Headings for Works and Expressions:
IdentificationDifferentiationCollocation
Changes to the Glossary, chapter titles, etc.
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Proposed Changes to AACR for Expressions, etc.
Replace the term uniform title with constructed titleRedefine heading to consist of: Name portion (usually)Title portion (always)
Add elements to the end of a work heading to allow construction of headings for expressions
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What Bibliographic Data can Identify an Expression?
Revision: Edition statement, Name of editor, date of revision
Translation: Language, Name of translator, date of translation
Arrangement (Music): Name of arranger, medium of performance, date of arr.
Performances, etc.: Names of performers, date of performance
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Problems with Headings for Expressions
Predetermined strings are limiting What elements to add, and in what order?Every possible solution eliminates all of the
others
How do we make the rules clear and easy to use?
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What might Expression-Level Headings for music look like?
Two score expressions:Berlioz, Hector, 1803-1869. [Symphonie fantastique (Cone)…
Berlioz, Hector, 1803-1869. [Symphonie fantastique (Temperley)…
Two sound recording expressions:Berlioz, Hector, 1803-1869. [Symphonie fantastique. Sound (Solti)…
Berlioz, Hector, 1803-1869. [Symphonie fantastique. Sound (Bernstein)…
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Who is Going to Use Headings for Expressions?Specialist collections could assign for certain authors/composersUse for related work headingsUse to force local system to collocate expressions if the system won’t do it any other way.Bottom line: many (most?) libraries probably won’t use them
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Alternative: System-based Collocation of Expressions
Have the system identify expression-level data already in the records
Use this data to collocate (sort) displays
Systems are already working on this:VTLS Virtua, LC Music FileOCLC: WorldCat redesign, FictionFinderRLG RedLightGreen
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Possibilities of System-Based FRBR Collocation
Works: can do now, if good uniform titles, clean data!Expressions: possible, but needs workCollocate by format, language Identify roles of added entries: relator info.Can improve collocation without explicitly
identifying every expression More flexible than assigning headings
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Which will it be…assigned headings or system-based?Probably both!
Libraries will demand more of systems to show structure of catalog and collocate search results AND
Catalogers will be able to assign headings for expressions when necessary.
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What to do next? (Jennifer’s FRBR Advice!)
Become comfortable with the terms work, expression, manifestation, item They will be in AACR!
What is a Work?/What is an Expression?: Engage in the discussions but don’t get too hung
up on the details Focus of what will help users!
Participate in MLA discussions of Chapter 25
