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This article is about the Canadian province. For theSouth African sub-Antarctic islands, see Prince EdwardIslands.“PEI” redirects here. For other meanings of “PEI”, seePei (disambiguation).

Prince Edward Island (PEI or P.E.I.; French: Île-du-Prince-Édouard) is a province of Canada consisting of theisland of the same name, as well as several much smallerislands.It is one of the three Maritime Provinces and is the small-est province in both land area and population. It is theonly province of Canada to have no land boundary. Theisland has several informal names: “Garden of the Gulf,”referring to the pastoral scenery and lush agriculturallands throughout the province; and “Birthplace of Con-federation” or “Cradle of Confederation”,[4] referring tothe Charlottetown Conference in 1864, although PEI didnot join Confederation until 1873, when it became theseventh Canadian province. The backbone of the econ-omy is farming, as it produces 25% of Canada’s pota-toes. Historically, PEI is one of Canada’s older settle-ments and demographically still reflects older immigra-tion to the country, with Celtic, Anglo Saxon and Frenchlast names being overwhelmingly dominant to this day.According to the 2011 census, the province of Prince Ed-ward Island has 140,204 residents. It is located about 200km north of Halifax, Nova Scotia and 600 km east ofQuebec City. It consists of the main island and 231 mi-nor islands.[5] Altogether, the entire province has a landarea of 5,685.73 km2 (2,195.27 sq mi).[2]

The main island is 5,620 km2 (2,170 sq mi) in size,[5]which is slightly larger than the U.S. state of Delaware,is the 104th-largest island in the world, and is Canada’s23rd-largest island.

1 Etymology

The island is named for Prince Edward, Duke of Kent andStrathearn (1767–1820), the fourth son of King GeorgeIII and the father of Queen Victoria. Prince Edward hasbeen called “Father of the Canadian Crown.”[6] The fol-lowing island landmarks are also named after the Dukeof Kent:

1834 Edward Scriven engraving of Prince Edward, Duke of Kentand Strathearn, after W. Beechey’s portrait

• Prince Edward Battery, Victoria Park, Charlotte-town

• Kent College (Established in 1804 by LieutenantGovernor Edmund Fanning and his LegislativeCouncil, the college would eventually become theUniversity of Prince Edward Island), Charlottetown

• Kent Street, Charlottetown

• West Kent Elementary School

• Kent Street, Georgetown

The island is known in Scottish Gaelic as Eilean a' Phri-onnsa (lit. “the Island of the Prince”, the local form of thelonger 'Eilean a' Phrionnsa Iomhair/Eideard') or EileanEòin for some Gaelic speakers in Nova Scotia though noton PEI (lit. “John’s Island” in reference to the island’sformer name of St. John’s Island: the English translation

1

2 2 GEOGRAPHY

of Île Saint-Jean); in Míkmaq as Abegweit or Epekwitkroughly translated “land cradled in the waves”.

2 Geography

Main article: Geography of Prince Edward IslandPrince Edward Island is located in the Gulf of St.

A wooden boardwalk in Prince Edward Island National Park inGreenwich

Lawrence, west of Cape Breton Island, north of the NovaScotia peninsula, and east of New Brunswick. Its south-ern shore bounds the Northumberland Strait. The islandhas two urban areas. The largest surrounds Charlotte-town Harbour, situated centrally on the island’s southernshore, and consists of the capital city Charlottetown, andsuburban towns Cornwall and Stratford and a develop-ing urban fringe. A much smaller urban area surroundsSummerside Harbour, situated on the southern shore 40km (25 mi) west of Charlottetown Harbour, and consistsprimarily of the city of Summerside. As with all naturalharbours on the island, Charlottetown and Summersideharbours are created by rias.The island’s landscape is pastoral. Rolling hills, woods,reddish white sand beaches, ocean coves and the famousred soil have given Prince Edward Island a reputation asa province of outstanding natural beauty. The provincialgovernment has enacted laws to preserve the landscapethrough regulation, although there is a lack of consistentenforcement, and an absence of province-wide zoningand land-use planning. Under the Planning Act of theprovince, municipalities have the option to assume re-sponsibility for land-use planning through the develop-ment and adoption of official plans and land use bylaws.Thirty-one municipalities have taken responsibility forplanning. In areas where municipalities have not assumedresponsibility for planning, the Province remains respon-sible for development control.The island’s lush landscape has a strong bearing on itseconomy and culture. The author Lucy Maud Mont-gomery drew inspiration from the land during the late

The landward side of sand dunes in Cavendish

Victorian Era for the setting of her classic novel Anne ofGreen Gables (1908). Today, many of the same qualitiesthat Montgomery and others found in the island are en-joyed by tourists who visit year-round. They enjoy a va-riety of leisure activities, including beaches, various golfcourses, eco-tourism adventures, touring the countryside,and enjoying cultural events in local communities aroundthe island.The smaller, rural communities as well as the towns andvillages throughout the province, retain a slower-paced,old-world flavour. Prince Edward Island has becomepopular as a tourist destination for relaxation. The econ-omy of most rural communities on the island is based onsmall-scale agriculture. Industrial farming has increasedas businesses buy and consolidate older farm properties.The coastline has a combination of long beaches, dunes,red sandstone cliffs, salt water marshes, and numerousbays and harbours. The beaches, dunes and sandstonecliffs consist of sedimentary rock and other material witha high iron concentration, which oxidises upon exposureto the air. The geological properties of a white silica sandfound at Basin Head are unique in the province; the sandgrains cause a scrubbing noise as they rub against eachother when walked on, and have been called the “singingsands”.Large dune fields on the north shore can be found onbarrier islands at the entrances to various bays and har-bours. The magnificent sand dunes at Greenwich are ofparticular significance. The shifting, parabolic dune sys-tem is home to a variety of birds and rare plants; it is alsoa site of significant archeological interest.Despite Prince Edward Island’s small size and reputa-tion as a largely rural province, it is the most developedand densely populated province in Canada, as it lacksthe vast amounts of undeveloped and sparsely populatedwilderness common to the other provinces.

2.3 Water supply 3

2.1 Climate

The climate of the island is considered to be moderateand strongly influenced by the surrounding seas.[8][9] Assuch, it is milder than inland locations owing to the warmwaters from the Gulf of St. Lawrence.[10] The climate ischaracterized by changeable weather throughout the year;it has some of the most variable day to day weather inCanada in which specific weather conditions seldom lastfor long.[9]

During July and August, the average daytime high in PEIis 23 °C (73 °F); however, the temperature can sometimesexceed 30 °C (86 °F) during these months. In the win-ter months of January and February, the average daytimehigh is −3.3 °C (26 °F). The Island receives an averageyearly rainfall of 855 mm and an average yearly snowfallof 285 cm.Winters are moderately cold and long but are milderthan inland locations, with clashes of cold Arcticair and milder Atlantic air causing frequent tempera-ture swings.[9] The climate is considered to be morecontinental than oceanic since the Gulf of St. Lawrencefreezes over, thus eliminating any moderation.[9] Themean temperature is −7 °C (19 °F) in January.[10] Dur-ing the winter months, the island usually has many storms(which may produce rain as well as snow) and blizzardssince during this time, storms originating from the NorthPacific or the Gulf of Mexico frequently pass through.[9]Springtime temperatures typically remain cool until thesea ice has melted, usually in late April or early May.Summers are moderately warm, but rarely uncomfort-able, with the daily maximum temperature only occasion-ally reaching as high as 30 °C (86 °F). Autumn is a pleas-ant season, as the moderating Gulf waters delay the onsetof frost, although storm activity increases compared tothe summer. There is ample precipitation throughout theyear, although it is heaviest in the late autumn, early win-ter and mid spring.

2.2 Geology

Between 250 to 300million years ago, freshwater streamsflowing from ancient mountains brought silt, sand andgravel into what is now the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Thesesediments accumulated to form a sedimentary basin, andmake up the island’s bedrock. When Pleistocene glaciersreceded about 15,000 years ago, glacial debris such astill was left behind to cover most of the area that wouldbecome the island. This area was connected to the main-land by a strip of land, but when ocean levels rose as theglaciers melted this land strip was flooded, forming theisland. As the land rebounded from the weight of the ice,the island rose up to elevate it further from the surround-ing water.[11][12][13]

Most of the bedrock in Prince Edward Island is com-posed of red sandstone, part of the Permian aged Pictou

Group.[14]

Although commercial deposits of minerals have not beenfound, exploration in the 1940s for natural gas beneaththe northeastern end of the province resulted in the dis-covery of an undisclosed quantity of gas.[15] The Is-land was reported by government to have only 0.08tcfof “technically recoverable” natural gas. Twenty explo-ration wells for hydrocarbon resources have been drilledon Prince Edward Island and offshore. The first reportedwell was Hillsborough No.#1, drilled in CharlottetownHarbour in 1944 (the world’s first offshore well), and themost recent was New Harmony No.#1 in 2007. Sincethe resurgence of exploration in the mid-1990s, all wellsthat have shown promising gas deposits have been stim-ulated through hydraulic fracture or “fracking”. All oiland natural gas exploration and exploitation activities onthe Island are governed by the Oil and Natural Gas ActR.S.P.E.I. 1988, Cap. 0-5 and its associated regulationsand orders.[16]

2.3 Water supply

The Province of Prince Edward Island is totally depen-dent on groundwater for its source of drinking water.As groundwater flows through an aquifer it is naturallyfiltered. The water for City of Charlottetown is ex-tracted from thirteen wells in three wellfields and dis-tributed to customers. The water removed is replenishedby precipitation.[17]

Infrastructure in Charlottetown that was installed in 1888is still in existence. With the age of the system in the olderpart of Charlottetown, concern has been raised regardinglead pipes. TheUtility has been working with its residentson a lead replacement program. A plebiscite in 1967was held in Charlottetown over fluoridation, and residentsvoted in favour. Under provincial legislation, the Utilityis required to report to its residents on an annual basis. Itis also required to do regular sampling of the water and anoverview is included in each annual report.[17] TheWinterRiver watershed provides about 92 per cent of the 18 mil-lion litre water supply for the city of Charlottetown,[18]which had difficulty in each of 2011, 2012 and 2013 withits supply,[18][19][20] until water meters were installed.[19]

Minister of Communities, Land and Environment RobertMitchell tabled a discussion paper on the proposed Wa-ter Act for the province on 8 July 2015. The use ofgroundwater came under scrutiny as the potato industry,which accounts for $1 billion every year and 50% of farmreceipts,[21] has pressed the government to lift a morato-rium on high-capacity water wells for irrigation. The re-lease of the discussion paper was to set off a consultationprocess in the autumn of 2015.[22]

Detailed information about the quality of drinking wa-ter in PEI communities and watersheds can be foundat the Department of Environment, Labour and Justice.It provides a summary of the ongoing testing of drink-

4 3 HISTORY

ing water done by the Prince Edward Island AnalyticalLaboratories. Average drinking water quality results areavailable, and information on the following parametersare provided: alkalinity, cadmium, calcium, chloride,chromium, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, nitrate,pH, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfate, as wellas the presence of pesticides.[23] Water testing servicesare provided for a variety of clients through the PEI Ana-lytical Laboratories, which assesses according to the rec-ommendations of the Guidelines for Canadian DrinkingWater Quality published by Health Canada.[24]

2.4 Unique flora and fauna

In 2008, a new ascomycete species, Jahnula apiospora(Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes), was collected from sub-merged wood in a freshwater creek on Prince Edward Is-land, Canada.[25]

3 History

Main article: History of Prince Edward IslandBefore the influx of Europeans, the Mi'kmaq First Na-

Lighthouse on Panmure Island

tions inhabited Prince Edward Island. They named theIsland Epekwitk, meaning “cradled on the waves"; Euro-peans represented the pronunciation as Abegweit.[26] Thenatives believed that the island was formed by the GreatSpirit placing on the BlueWaters some dark red crescent-shaped clay.

3.1 French colony

In 1534, Jacques Cartier was the first European to see theisland.[26] As part of the French colony of Acadia, theisland was called Île Saint-Jean.

3.1.1 Battle at Port-la-Joye (1745)

After the Siege of Louisbourg (1745) during the War ofthe Austrian Succession, the New Englanders also cap-tured Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island). An Englishdetachment landed at Port-la-Joye. Under the commandof Joseph de Pont Duvivier, the French had a garrisonof 20 French troops at Port-la-Joye.[27] The troops fledand New Englanders burned the capital to the ground.Duvivier and the twenty men retreated up the NortheastRiver (Hillsborough River), pursued by the New Englan-ders until the French troops received reinforcements fromthe Acadian militia and the Mi'kmaq.[28] The Frenchtroops and their allies were able to drive the New Englan-ders to their boats, nine New Englanders killed, woundedor made prisoner. The New Englanders took six Aca-dian hostages, who would be executed if the Acadians orMi'kmaq rebelled against New England control.[28] TheNew England troops left for Louisbourg. Duvivier andhis 20 troops left for Quebec. After the fall of Louis-bourg, the resident French population of Ile Royal weredeported to France. The Acadians of Ile Saint-Jean livedunder the threat of deportation for the remainder of thewar.[29]

Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot

3.1.2 Battle at Port-la-Joye (1746)

Main article: Battle at Port-la-Joye

The New Englanders had a force of two war ships and200 soldiers stationed at Port-La-Joye. To regain Aca-

3.2 British colony 5

dia, Ramezay was sent from Quebec to the region to joinforces with the Duc d'Anville Expedition. Upon arriv-ing at Chignecto, he sent Boishebert to Ile Saint-Jeanon a reconnaissance to assess the size of the New Eng-land force.[30] After Boishebert returned, Ramezay sentJoseph-Michel Legardeur de Croisille et de Montessonalong with over 500 men, 200 of whomwereMi'kmaq, toPort-La-Joye.[31] In July 1746, the battle happened nearYorkRiver.[32]Montesson and his troops killed fortyNewEnglanders and captured the rest. Montesson was com-mended for having distinguished himself in his first inde-pendent command.[33]

3.1.3 Expulsion of the Acadians

Roughly one thousand Acadians lived on the island, manyof whomhad fled to the island frommainlandNova Scotiaduring the first wave of the British-ordered expulsion in1755, reaching a population of 5,000.[34] However, manymore were forcibly deported during the second wave ofthe expulsion after the Siege of Louisbourg (1758).[35]In the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign (1758) General JefferyAmherst ordered Colonel Andrew Rollo to capture theisland. Many Acadians died in the expulsion en route toFrance; on December 13, 1758, the transport ship DukeWilliam sank and 364 died. A day earlier the Violet sankand 280 died; several days later the Ruby sank with 213on board.[36]

3.2 British colony

Great Britain obtained the island from France under theterms of the Treaty of Paris in 1763 which settled theSeven Years’ War. The British called their new colony St.John’s Island (also the Island of St. John’s).The first British governor of St. John’s Island, Walter Pat-terson, was appointed in 1769. Assuming office in 1770,he had a controversial career during which land title dis-putes and factional conflict slowed the initial attempts topopulate and develop the island under a feudal system.In an attempt to attract settlers from Ireland, in one of hisfirst acts (1770) Patterson led the island’s colonial assem-bly to rename the island “New Ireland”, but the BritishGovernment promptly vetoed this as exceeding the au-thority vested in the colonial government; only the PrivyCouncil in London could change the name of a colony.[37]

3.2.1 Land distribution

In the mid-1760s, a survey team divided the Island into67 lots. On July 1, 1767, these properties were allocatedto supporters of King George III by means of a lottery.Ownership of the land remained in the hands of landlordsin England, angering Island settlers who were unable togain title to land on which they worked and lived. Signif-icant rent charges (to absentee landlords) created further

anger. The land had been given to the absentee landlordswith a number of conditions attached regarding upkeepand settlement terms; many of these conditions were notsatisfied. Islanders spent decades trying to convince theCrown to confiscate the lots, however the descendants ofthe original owners were generally well connected to theBritish government and refused to give up the land.In 1853, the Island government passed the Land PurchaseAct which empowered them to purchase lands from thoseowners who were willing to sell, and then resell the landto settlers for low prices. This scheme collapsed when theIsland ran short of money to continue with the purchases.Many of these lands also were fertile, and were some ofthe key factors to sustaining Prince Edward Island’s econ-omy.

3.2.2 Raid on Charlottetown (1775)

During the American Revolutionary War Charlottetownwas raided in 1775 by a pair of American-employedprivateers.[38] Two armed schooners, Franklin and Han-cock, from Beverly, Massachusetts, made prisoner of theattorney-general at Charlottetown, on advice given themby some Pictou residents after they had taken eight fishingvessels in the Gut of Canso.[39]

During and after the American Revolutionary War, from1776 to 1783, the colony’s efforts to attract exiled Loyalistrefugees from the rebellious American colonies met withsome success. Walter Patterson’s brother, John Patterson,one of the original grantees of land on the island, wasa temporarily exiled Loyalist and led efforts to persuadeothers to come.The 1787 dismissal of Governor Patterson and his re-call to London in 1789 dampened his brother’s efforts,leading John to focus on his interests in the United States(one of John’s sons, Commodore Daniel Patterson, be-came a noted United States Navy hero, and John’s grand-sons, Rear Admiral Thomas H. Patterson and Lt. CarlilePioou). Edmund Fanning, also a Loyalist exiled by theRevolution, took over as the second governor, serving un-til 1804. His tenure was more successful than Patterson’s.OnNovember 29, 1798, during Fanning’s administration,Great Britain granted approval to change the colony’sname from St. John’s Island to Prince Edward Island todistinguish it from similar names in the Atlantic, such asthe cities of Saint John, New Brunswick and St. John’sin Newfoundland. The colony’s new name honoured thefourth son of King George III, Prince Edward Augustus,the Duke of Kent (1767–1820), who subsequently led theBritish military forces on the continent as Commander-in-Chief, North America (1799–1800), with his head-quarters in Halifax. (Prince Edward later became the fa-ther of the future Queen Victoria.)During the 19th century the colony of Prince EdwardIsland began to attract “adventurous Victorian families

6 3 HISTORY

looking for elegance on the sea. Prince Edward Islandbecame a fashionable retreat in the nineteenth century forBritish nobility.”[40]

3.3 Confederation

In September 1864, Prince Edward Island hosted theCharlottetown Conference, which was the first meetingin the process leading to the Quebec Resolutions and thecreation of Canada in 1867. Prince Edward Island didnot find the terms of union favourable and balked at join-ing in 1867, choosing to remain a colony of the UnitedKingdom. In the late 1860s, the colony examined variousoptions, including the possibility of becoming a discretedominion unto itself, as well as entertaining delegationsfrom the United States, who were interested in Prince Ed-ward Island joining the United States of America.

Prince Edward Island, then St. John’s Island, map 1775

In 1871, the colony began construction of a railway and,frustrated by Great Britain’s Colonial Office, began ne-gotiations with the United States. In 1873, CanadianPrimeMinister Sir John A. Macdonald, anxious to thwartAmerican expansionism and facing the distraction of thePacific Scandal, negotiated for Prince Edward Island tojoin Canada. The Dominion Government of Canada as-sumed the colony’s extensive railway debts and agreedto finance a buy-out of the last of the colony’s absenteelandlords to free the island of leasehold tenure and fromany new immigrants entering the island (accomplishedthrough the passage of the Land Purchase Act, 1875).[41]Prince Edward Island entered Confederation on July 1,1873.[42]

As a result of having hosted the inaugural meeting ofConfederation, the Charlottetown Conference, PrinceEdward Island presents itself as the “Birthplace of Con-federation” and this is commemorated through sev-eral buildings, a ferry vessel, and the ConfederationBridge (constructed 1993 to 1997). The most promi-nent building in the province honouring this event is theConfederation Centre of the Arts, presented as a giftto Prince Edward Islanders by the 10 provincial govern-ments and the Federal Government upon the centenary ofthe Charlottetown Conference, where it stands in Char-lottetown as a national monument to the "Fathers of Con-federation". The Centre is one of the 22National Historic

Sites of Canada located in Prince Edward Island.[43][44]

Main article: Prince Edward Island Timeline

1500s - 1700s(1534) Jacques Cartier of France reached the Island(1603) Named Ile Saint-Jean by Samuel de Champlain(1720) First continuous French settlement established atPort La Joie(1755) Acadians settled French colony, Ile Saint-Jean, af-ter British-ordered explusion of Nova Scotia(1758) British seized control of Ile Saint-Jean, Frenchsettlers deported(1763) Ile Saint-Jean annexed to Nova Scotia(1764 - 1766) Survey divided land into three counties,each 500,000 acres, counties divided into 100,000 acreparishes(1769) Established as separate colony, Charlottetown be-came capital(1798) Great Britain renamed colony to Prince EdwardIsland1800s(1803) Scottish immigrants settled on Island(1813 - 1815) Numerous settlements attacked by plaguesof mice(1816) Volcanic eruption in Pacific lowered tempera-tures, harvest yields (Year Without a Summer)(1851) Responsible government granted to colony, firstelected administration took office(1864) Colonial conference held in Charlottetown(1868) Best year for shipbuilding - 120 vessels launchedfrom Island shipyards(1873) Prince Edward Island entered confederation(1880s) Shipbuilding industry collapsed, thousands of is-landers migrated to find work1900s(1908) Automobiles banned from Island roads(1917) All roads opened to auto traffic(1922) Women won right to vote and hold provincial of-fice(1924) Driving on the right side of the road went intoeffect(1950) Alberta, B.C., Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewanand P.E.I. signed agreement to build Trans-Canada high-way(1971) Trans-Canada highway completed(1993) Catherine Callbeck elected first female premier of

4.2 Religion 7

province(1996) Progressive Conservative Party won elections(1997) Confederation bridge opened, linked Prince Ed-ward Island to New Brunwick2000s(2004) RCMP investigated threatening letters sent toCharlottetown government buildings(2005) Same-sex marriage legislation passed(2007) Liberal Party won elections(2008) Canada, P.E.I. signed new immigration agree-ment to process applications quicker for skilled interna-tional workers(2009) Fire at electricity substation left 55,000 withoutpower(2010) Prime Minister Harper announced a new windfarm to be established on most northern point of P.E.I.for power generation(2011) Liberal Party won elections, Robert Ghiz re-elected as Premier(2012) Two major trout fishing streams will be closed toangling following a devastating fish kill(2015) Liberal party won elections, Wade MacLauchlanelected as Premier

4 Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Prince Edward Island

According to the 2011 National Household Survey,[47][48]the largest ethnic group consists of people of Scottishdescent (39.2%), followed by English (31.1%), Irish(30.4%), French (21.1%), German (5.2%), and Dutch(3.1%) descent. Prince Edward Island’s population islargely white; there are few visible minorities. ChineseCanadians are the largest visible minority group ofPrince Edward Island, comprising 1.3% of the province’spopulation.[47] Almost half of respondents identified theirethnicity as “Canadian.”* among provinces.† Preliminary 2006 census estimate.Source: Statistics Canada[49][50]

4.1 Language

The Canada 2006 Census showed a population of135,851. Of the 133,570 singular responses to the censusquestion concerning mother tongue, the most commonlyreported languages were as follows:In addition, there were also 105 responses of both En-glish and a 'non-official language'; 25 of both French

Mother tongue in Prince Edward Island (red: English, blue:French)

and a 'non-official language'; 495 of both English andFrench; 10 of English, French, and a 'non-official lan-guage'; and about 1,640 people who either did not re-spond to the question, or reported multiple non-officiallanguages, or else gave another unenumerated response.(Figures shown are for the number of single languageresponses and the percentage of total single-languageresponses.)[51]

4.2 Religion

Traditionally the population has been evenly divided be-tween Catholic and Protestant affiliations. The 2001census indicated number of adherents for the RomanCatholic Church with 63,240 (47%) and various Protes-tant churches with 57,805 (43%). This included theUnited Church of Canada with 26,570 (20%); the Pres-byterian Church with 7,885 (6%) and the AnglicanChurch of Canada with 6,525 (5%); those with no re-ligion were among the lowest of the provinces with 8,705(6.5%).[52] If one considers that the founders of theUnited Church of Canada were largely Presbyterians inPrince Edward Island, the Island has one of the highestpercentages of Presbyterians in the Province. The Islandalso has one of the largest number of Free Church ofScotland buildings in Canada, though attendance at manyof these churches is very low today.

5 Economy

File:CAN-S1932a-Bank of Prince Edward Island-10

8 5 ECONOMY

Dollars (1872).jpg

1872 $10 Bank of Prince Edward Island banknotedepicting fishing

Fisheries form one of the major industries of Prince Edward Is-land

Sandstone cliffs at North Cape enshrouded in fog

Rolling hills characterise a significant portion of the island’slandscape.

The provincial economy is dominated by the seasonalindustries of agriculture, tourism, and the fishery. The

province is limited in terms of heavy industry and man-ufacturing, though the McCain’s food conglomerate runsexpansion operations from PEI.Agriculture remains the dominant industry in the provin-cial economy, as it has since colonial times. The Islandhas a total land area of 1.4 million acres with approxi-mately 594,000 acres cleared for agricultural use.[53] In2006, the Census of Agriculture counted 1700 farms onthe Island.[54] During the 20th century, potatoes replacedmixed farming as the leading cash crop, accounting forone-third of provincial farm income. The number ofacres under potato production in 2010 was 88,000,[21]while soy accounted for 55,000.[55] There are approxi-mately 330 potato growers on PEI, with the grand ma-jority of these being family farms, often with multi-ple generations working together.[21] The province cur-rently accounts for a third of Canada’s total potato pro-duction, producing approximately 1.3 billion kilogramsannually.[21] Comparatively, the state of Idaho producesapproximately 6.2 billion kilograms annually, with a pop-ulation approximately 9.5 times greater.[56] The provinceis a major producer of seed potatoes, exporting to morethan twenty countries around the world.[21] An estimatedtotal of 70% of the land is cultivated and 25% of all pota-toes grown in Canada originate from P.E.I.[57] The pro-cessing of frozen fried potatoes, green vegetables, andberries is a leading business activity.[58]

As a legacy of the island’s colonial history, the provin-cial government enforces extremely strict rules for non-resident land ownership, especially since the PEI LandsProtection Act of 1982.[59] Residents and corporations arelimited to maximum holdings of 400 and 1,200 hectaresrespectively. There are also restrictions on non-residentownership of shorelines.[59]

The island’s economy has grown significantly over thelast decade in key areas of innovation. Aerospace, Bio-science, ICT and Renewable energy have been a focusfor growth and diversification. Aerospace alone now ac-counts for over 25% of the province’s international ex-ports and is the island’s fourth largest industry at $355million in annual sales.Many of the province’s coastal communities rely uponshellfish harvesting, particularly lobster fishing[60] as wellas oyster fishing and mussel farming.The sale of carbonated beverages such as beer and softdrinks in non-refillable containers, such as aluminum cansor plastic bottles, was banned in 1976 as an environmen-tal measure in response to public concerns over litter.Beer and soft drink companies opted to use refillable glassbottles for their products which were redeemable at storesand bottle depots.Though often environmental and economic agendas maybe at odds, the ‘ban the can’ legislation along with beingenvironmentally driven, was also economically motivatedas it protected jobs. Seamans Beverages, a bottling com-pany and carbonated beverage manufacturer, was estab-

9

Farmland on Prince Edward Island.

lished in 1939 and a major employer in Charlottetown,Prince Edward Island.[61] Making it illegal to retail cansled to a bigger share of the carbonated beverage mar-ket for Seamans. Seamans Beverages was eventually ac-quired by Pepsi Bottling Group Inc in 2002 prior to thelifting of the legislation.[62]

The introduction of recycling programs for cans and plas-tic bottles in neighbouring provinces in recent years (alsousing a redemption system) has seen the provincial gov-ernment introduce legislation to reverse this ban with therestriction lifted on May 3, 2008.[63][64][65]

Prince Edward Island has Canada’s highest provincial re-tail sales tax rate, currently (2008) established at 10%.The tax is applied to almost all goods and services exceptsome clothing, food and home heating fuel. The tax isalso applied to the Federal Goods and Services Tax.The provincial government provides consumer protectionin the form of regulation for certain items, ranging fromapartment rent increases to petroleum products includ-ing gas, diesel, propane and heating oil. These are reg-ulated through the Prince Edward Island Regulatory andAppeals Commission (IRAC).[66] IRAC is authorised tolimit the number of companies who are permitted to sellpetroleum products.At present, approximately fifteen percent of electricityconsumed on the island is generated from renewable en-ergy (largely wind turbines); the provincial government

has set renewable energy targets as high as 30-50% forelectricity consumed by 2015. Until wind generation,the province relied entirely on electricity imports on asubmarine cable from New Brunswick. A thermal oil-fired generating station in Charlottetown is also available.Electricity rates in the province were in 2011 the high-est in Canada, at a domestic rate of 0.161 $/kWh. Theprovince imports about 85 per cent of its power throughNew Brunswick. The maintenance shutdown of PointLepreau nuclear plant forced the province to acquire mostof its electrons on the expensive open market. The resultwas a steep price hikes of about 25 per cent in the threeyears to 2011 but the province later subsidised rates.[67]Residents were to pay 11.2 per cent more for electric-ity when the harmonized sales tax was adopted in April2013, according to the P.E.I. Energy Accord that wastabled in the legislature on 7 December 2012.[68] andpassed as the Electric Power (Energy Accord Continua-tion) Amendment Act, which establishes electric pricingfrom 1 April 2013 to 1 March 2016. Regulatory pow-ers are derived for IRAC from the Electric Power Act.[69]Since 1918 Maritime Electric has delivered electricity tocustomers on the Island. The utility is currently ownedand operated by Fortis Inc.[70]

The average family income on Prince Edward Island is$62,110/year,[71] and the minimum wage of $10.50/houras of July 1, 2015.[72]

6 Government and politics

Main articles: Government of Prince Edward Island andPolitics of Prince Edward Island

The provincial government is responsible for such areasas health and social services, education, economic devel-opment, labour legislation and civil law. These mattersof government are carried out in the provincial capital,Charlottetown.Prince Edward Island is governed by a parliamentary gov-ernment within the construct of constitutional monarchy;the monarchy in Prince Edward Island is the foundationof the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[73] Thesovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who also serves as headof state of 15 other Commonwealth countries, each ofCanada’s nine other provinces, and the Canadian federalrealm, and resides predominantly in the United Kingdom.As such, the Queen’s representative, the Lieutenant Gov-ernor of Prince Edward Island (presently Harry FrankLewis), carries out most of the royal duties in Prince Ed-ward Island.[74]

The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figuresin any of these areas of governance is limited; in practice,their use of the executive powers is directed by the Exec-utive Council, a committee of ministers of the Crown re-sponsible to the unicameral, elected Legislative Assembly

10 7 TRANSPORTATION

and chosen and headed by the Premier of Prince EdwardIsland (presently Wade MacLauchlan), the head of gov-ernment. To ensure the stability of government, the lieu-tenant governor will usually appoint as premier the personwho is usually the current leader of the political party thatcan obtain the confidence of a plurality in the LegislativeAssembly. The leader of the party with the second-mostseats usually becomes the Leader of Her Majesty’s LoyalOpposition (presently Steven Myers) and is part of an ad-versarial parliamentary system intended to keep the gov-ernment in check.[75]

Each of the 27 Members of the Legislative Assembly(MLA) is elected by simple plurality in an electoral dis-trict. General elections are called by the lieutenant gov-ernor on the first Monday in October four years after theprevious election, or may be called, on the advice of thepremier, should the government lose a confidence vote inthe legislature.[76] Traditionally, politics in the provincehave been dominated by both the Liberal Party and theProgressive Conservative Party.The Mi'kmaq Confederacy of PEI is the tribal counciland provincial territorial organization in the province thatrepresents both the Lennox Island andAbegweit First Na-tions.

6.1 Municipalities

See also: List of municipalities in Prince Edward Island

7 Transportation

Prince Edward Island’s transportation network has tra-ditionally revolved around its seaports of Charlottetown,Summerside, Borden, Georgetown, and Souris —linkedto its railway system, and the two main airports inCharlottetown and Summerside, for communication withmainland North America. The railway system was aban-

Cardigan River, one of The Three Rivers

doned by CN in 1989 in favour of an agreement with thefederal government to improve major highways.Until 1997, the province was linked by two passenger-vehicle ferry services to the mainland: one, provided byMarine Atlantic, operated year-round between Bordenand Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick; the other, pro-vided by Northumberland Ferries Limited, operates sea-sonally betweenWood Islands and Caribou, Nova Scotia.A third ferry service provided by CTMA operates all yearround with seasonal times between Souris and Cap-aux-Meules, Quebec, in the Magdalen Islands.

Confederation Bridge

On June 1, 1997, the Confederation Bridge opened,connecting Borden-Carleton to Cape Jourimain, NewBrunswick. The world’s longest bridge over ice-coveredwaters,[77] it replaced the Marine Atlantic ferry service.Since then, the Confederation Bridge’s assured trans-portation link to the mainland has altered the province’stourism and agricultural and fisheries export economies.Several airlines service the Charlottetown Airport(CYYG); the Summerside Airport (CYSU) is an addi-tional option for general aviation.The Island has the highest concentration of roadways in

11

Canada. The provincially managed portion of the net-work consists of 3,824 kilometres (2,376 mi) of pavedroadways and 1,558 kilometres (968 mi) of non-paved orclay roads.The province has very strict laws regarding use of road-side signs. Billboards and the use of portable signs arebanned. There are standard direction information signson roads in the province for various businesses and at-tractions in the immediate area. Some municipalities’ by-laws also restrict the types of permanent signs that may beinstalled on private property.There is an extensive bicycling / hiking trail that spans theisland. The Confederation Trail is a 470 kilometres (290mi) recreational trail system. The land was once ownedand used by Canadian National Railway (CN) as a railline on the island.

8 Education

Holland College

Prince Edward Island is home to one university, theUniversity of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), located inthe city of Charlottetown.The university was created by the Island legislature to re-place Prince of Wales College and St. Dunstan’s Univer-sity. UPEI is also home to the Atlantic Veterinary Col-lege, which offers the region’s only veterinary medicineprogram.Prince Edward Island is also home to Maritime ChristianCollege, the only Bible college in the Maritimes. It is alsohome to Immanuel Christian School, a private ChristianSchool in Charlottetown.Holland College is the provincial community college,with campuses across the province, including specialisedfacilities such as the Atlantic Police Academy, MarineTraining Centre, and the Culinary Institute of Canada.Prince Edward Island’s public school system has anEnglish school district named the English LanguageSchool Board,[78] as well as a Francophone district, the

Commission scolaire de langue française. The Englishlanguage districts have a total of 10 secondary schools and54 intermediate and elementary schools while the Fran-cophone district has 6 schools covering all grades. 22per cent of the student population is enrolled in Frenchimmersion. This is one of the highest levels in the coun-try.Today 23.5 per cent of residents aged 15 to 19 have bilin-gual skills, an increase of 100 per cent in a decade. PrinceEdward Island, along with most rural regions in NorthAmerica, is experiencing an accelerated rate of youth em-igration. The provincial government has projected thatpublic school enrollment will decline by 40% during the2010s.

9 Health care

See also: Health care in CanadaThe province has a single health administrative region (or

Panorama of the banks of the River Clyde in New Glasgow

The coast of Prince Edward Island around Cavendish

district health authority) called Health PEI. Health PEIreceives funding for its operations and is regulated by theDepartment of Health and Wellness.Many PEI homes and businesses are serviced by cen-tral sewage collection and/or treatment systems. Theseare operated either by a municipality or a private util-ity. Many industrial operations have their ownwastewatertreatment facilities. Staff members with the Departmentof Environment, Labour and Justice provide advice tooperators, as needed, on proper system maintenance.[79]The IRAC regulates municipal water and sewer in theprovince,[80] now under the Environmental ProtectionAct.[81] Since around 1900, the residents of the Cityof Charlottetown have benefited from a central sanitary

12 10 CULTURE AND SPORTS

sewer service. Early disposal practices, while advancedfor their time, eventually were found to compromise theecological integrity of the nearby Hillsborough River andthe Charlottetown Harbour. By 1974, the Commissionhad spearheaded the development of a primary wastewa-ter treatment plant, known as the Charlottetown PollutionControl Plant, together with the construction of severalpumping stations along the City’s waterfront, and outfallpiping deep into the Hillsborough River.[82]

There are eight hospitals in the province.

• Queen Elizabeth Hospital (Charlottetown)

• Prince County Hospital (Summerside)

• Kings County Memorial Hospital (Montague)

• Community Hospital (O'Leary)

• Souris Hospital (Souris)

• Western Hospital (Alberton)

• Hillsborough Hospital (Charlottetown) - theprovince’s only psychiatric hospital

Prince Edward Island offers programs and services in ar-eas such as acute care, primary care, home care, pal-liative care, public health, chronic disease prevention,and mental health and addictions, to name a few. Theprovincial government has opened several family healthcentres in recent years in various rural and urban com-munities. A provincial cancer treatment centre at theQueen Elizabeth Hospital provides support to those deal-ing with various types of cancer-related illnesses. A fam-ily medicine residency program was established in 2009with the Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine as ameans to encourage new physicians to work in Prince Ed-ward Island.Long-term-care services are also available with severalprograms in place to support seniors wishing to remainindependent in their communities. Many medications forseniors are subsidized through a provincial pharmaceuti-cal plan, however, Prince Edward Island remains one ofthe only provinces lacking a catastrophic drug coverageprogram for its residents.The provincial government has several programs forearly illness detection, including mammography and papscreening clinics. There are also asthma education and di-abetes education programs, as well as prenatal programs,immunization programs and dental health risk preventionprograms for children. The government is also attempt-ing to implement a comprehensive integrated ElectronicHealth Record system.The provincial government has recently committed to en-hancing primary care and home care services and has in-vested in health care facilities in recent capital budgets;mostly replacements and upgrades to provincial govern-ment operated nursing homes and hospitals.

Some specialist services require patients to be referred toclinics and specialists in neighbouring provinces. Special-ist operations and treatments are also provided at largertertiary referral hospitals in neighbouring provinces suchas the IWK Health Centre and Queen Elizabeth II HealthSciences Centre in Nova Scotia or the Saint John Re-gional Hospital, Moncton Hospital, and Dr. Georges-L.-Dumont University Hospital Centre in New Brunswick.Ground ambulance service in Prince Edward Island isprovided under contract by Island EMS. Air ambulanceservice is provided under contract by LifeFlight.In recent decades, Prince Edward Island’s population hasshown statistically significant and abnormally high ratesof diagnosed rare cancers, particularly in rural areas.Health officials, ecologists and environmental activistspoint to the use of pesticides for industrial potato farmingas a primary contaminant.[83]

Prince Edward Island is the only province in Canadathat does not provide abortion services through its hos-pitals. The last abortion was performed in the provincein 1982 prior to the opening of the Queen Eliza-beth Hospital which saw the closure of the RomanCatholic-affiliated Charlottetown Hospital and the non-denominational Prince Edward Island Hospital; a con-dition of the “merger” being that abortions not be per-formed in the province. In 1988, following the court de-cision R. v. Morgentaler, the then-opposition ProgressiveConservative Party of Prince Edward Island tabled a mo-tion demanding that the ban on abortions be upheld atthe province’s hospitals; the then-governing Prince Ed-ward Island Liberal Party under Premier Joe Ghiz ac-quiesced and the ban was upheld.[84] The Governmentof Prince Edward Island will fund abortions for womenwho travel to another province. Women from Prince Ed-ward Island may also travel to the nearest private user-pay, Morgentaler Clinic in Fredericton, New Brunswick,where they must pay for the procedure using their ownfunds.[85][86][87][88][89] (See also abortion in Canada)

10 Culture and sports

See also: Music of Prince Edward Island

10.1 Arts

The island’s cultural traditions of art, music and creativewriting are supported through the public education sys-tem. There is an annual arts festival, the CharlottetownFestival, hosted at the Confederation Centre of the Arts.Lucy Maud Montgomery, who was born in Clifton (nowNew London) in 1874, wrote some 20 novels and numer-ous short stories that have been collected into anthologies.Her first Anne book Anne of Green Gables was published

10.2 Sports 13

Sandstone arch off the coast of Darnley

in 1908. The musical play Anne of Green Gables hasrun every year at the Charlottetown festival for more thanfour decades. The sequel, Anne & Gilbert, premiered inthe Playhouse in Victoria in 2005. The actual location ofGreen Gables, the house featured in Montgomery’s Annebooks, is in Cavendish, on the north shore of PEI.Elmer Blaney Harris founded an artists colony at FortuneBridge and set his famous play Johnny Belinda on the is-land. Robert Harris was a well-known artist.Prince Edward Island’s documented music history beginsin the 19th century with religious music, some writtenby the local pump and block maker and organ-importer,Watson Duchemin. Several big bands including the Sonsof Temperance Band and the Charlottetown Brass Bandwere active. Today, Acadian, Celtic, folk, and rockmusicprevail, with exponents including Gene MacLellan, hisdaughter Catherine MacLellan, Al Tuck, Lennie Gallant,Two Hours Traffic and Trinity Bradshaw. The celebratedsinger-songwriter Stompin' Tom Connors spent his for-mative years in Skinners Pond. Celtic music is certainlythe most common traditional music on the island, withfiddling and step dancing being very common. This tra-dition, largely Scottish, Irish and Acadian in origin is verysimilar to the music of Cape Breton and to a lesser extent,Newfoundland and is unique to the region. A March 4/4for bagpipes was composed in honour of Prince EdwardIsland.[90]

There is also an annual jazz festival, the P.E.I. Jazzand Blues Festival.[91] The one-week-long series of con-certs takes place at a multitude of venues including Mur-phy’s Community Center, outdoor stages and churchesat Charlotteville. The moving of its date to mid Au-gust caused in 2011 a serious loss in funding from Ot-tawa’s regional development agency ACOA.[92] The mu-sician’s line up in 2011 included Oliver Jones, SophieMilman, Matt Dusk, Jack de Keyzer, Jack Semple,Meaghan Smith, Meaghan Blanchard, Hupman Broth-ers, Alex Dean, Charlie A'Court, Sean Ferris, JimmyBowskill, West End Blues Band, Bad Habits, Brian Mc-Connell and Mellotones.

10.2 Sports

• Water sports are very popular on Prince Edward Is-land during the summer, perhaps because the Gulfof St. Lawrence and the Northumberland Strait arewarmer than the Atlantic Ocean off the shores ofnearby New England.

• In 1991, Prince Edward Island hosted the CanadaWinter Games.

• In 2009, Prince Edward Island hosted the CanadaSummer Games.

• Charlottetown Islanders play in the Quebec MajorJunior Hockey League.

• Island Storm play in the National Basketball Leagueof Canada.

• In 2008 and 2009, Prince Edward Island hosted theTour de PEI, a province wide cycling race consistingof women from around the world.

• The most common sports participated in on the is-land are hockey, curling, golf, horse racing, base-ball, soccer, rugby, football, broomball and basket-ball.

10.3 Notable people

• Milton James Rhode Acorn - poet/playwright

• Francis Bain – author, scientist, farmer

• Catherine Callbeck - elected first female premier ofprovince

• Dave Cameron - professional ice hockey coach

• Alex Campbell – former politician/premier

• George Coles – former premier, Father of Confed-eration

• Jared Connaughton – former Olympic sprinter

• Lloyd Duffy – thoroughbred jockey, harness horsesdriver

• Mike Duffy –television journalist, politician

• Gerard Gallant – professional ice hockey head coach

• Millie Gamble - early amateur photographer

• Joe Ghiz - former provincial premier

• George Godfrey - boxer

• Francis Longworth Haszard - politician, jurist

• Haywire – musical band

• Lorie Kane - professional golfer

14 12 REFERENCES

• Joey Kitson - singer

• David Laird - Framer of the Indian Act and first res-ident Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Terri-tories

• Amber MacArthur - broadcasting personality andauthor

• Alexander Wallace Matheson - politician

• John AlexanderMathieson - educator, politician, ju-rist

• David (Eli) MacEachern – Olympic gold medalistand world champion in bobsledding

• Martha MacIsaac – actress

• Adam McQuaid – professional ice hockey player

• Lucy Maud Montgomery - author

• Heather Moyse - two-time Olympic gold medalist inbobsledding

• Steve Ott - professional ice hockey player

• Claire Rankin - actress

• Brad Richards – professional ice hockey player

• James Jeffrey Roche – poet and diplomat

• Jacob Gould Schurman – educator and diplomat

• Michael Smith – chef and television host

• Mark Strand - poet

• Joe O'Brien - harness horses driver, trainer

• Lemuel Cambridge Owen - shipbuilder, banker

• Edward Palmer - lawyer, politician

• Paper Lions- pop band

• James Colledge Pope - businessman, former premier

• William Henry Pope - land agent, lawyer, jurist

• Jonathan Torrens – actor and television host

• Two Hours Traffic – pop band

• Weston Thomas “Bucko” Trainor - hockey player

• Alexander Bannerman Warburton - former premier

• George Wood- professional baseball player

10.4 Sister province

Hainan Province, China, has been the sister province ofPrince Edward Island since 2001. This came about afterVice-Governor Lin Fanglue stayed for two days to holddiscussions about partnership opportunities and trade.[93]

11 See also

Main article: Outline of Prince Edward Island

• Acadiensis, scholarly history journal covering At-lantic Canada

• Index of Canada-related articles

• List of people from Prince Edward Island

12 References[1] “Land and freshwater area, by province and territory.”.

Statistics Canada. February 1, 2005. Retrieved August5, 2012.

[2] “Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provincesand territories, 2011 and 2006 censuses”. Statcan.gc.ca.February 8, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.

[3] “Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by provinceand territory (2011)". Statistics Canada. November 19,2013. Retrieved September 26, 2013.

[4] Prince Edward Island. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.2013.

[5] Natural Resources Canada (August 2009). “The Atlas ofCanada - Sea Islands”. Retrieved August 5, 2012.

[6] Tidridge, Nathan. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent: Fatherof the Canadian Crown. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2013.

[7] “Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000”. EnvironmentCanada. Retrieved 5 October 2012.

[8] “Prince Edward Island”. The Canadian Encyclopedia.Retrieved 17 May 2015.

[9] “The Climate of Prince Edward Island”. The Climates ofCanada. Environment Canada. Archived from the origi-nal on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 7 June 2015.

[10] “Climate and Weather”. Government of Prince EdwardIsland. Retrieved 7 June 2015.

[11] Prince Edward Island - The Canadian Encyclopedia Re-trieved: April 6, 2011

[12] Russel, F. The Atlantic Coast. The Illustrated Natural His-tory of Canada. Natural Science of Canada Ltd. Toronto.1970. pp. 30-31. LCCCN 70109048

[13] Parks Canada, Teacher Resource Centre, Prince EdwardIsland National Park of Canada Retrieved: April 6, 2011

[14] Lexicon of Canadian Geological Units. “Pictou Group”.Retrieved June 16, 2013.

[15] thecanadianencyclopedia.ca: “Prince Edward Island -Mining”

[16] nrcan.gc.ca: “Prince Edward Island’s Shale and Tight Re-sources”

15

[17] carlottetown.pe.ca: “Water Utility”

[18] cbc.ca: “Water supply worries prompt Charlottetownmeeting”, 30 Nov 2011

[19] cbc.ca: “Charlottetown opens emergency water supply”,10 Jul 2012

[20] cbc.ca: “Charlottetown relies on secondary water source”,14 Aug 2013

[21] “PEI Potato”. PEI Potato. Retrieved July 2015.

[22] cbc.ca: “Water Act white paper tabled by P.E.I. govern-ment”, 8 Jul 2015

[23] gov.pe.ca: “Environment - Drinking Water Quality”

[24] gov.pe.ca: “Getting your water tested”

[25] “Freshwater ascomycetes: Jahnula apiospora (Jahnulales,Dothideomycetes), a new species from Prince Edward Is-land, Canada”. Retrieved 29 September 2013.

[26] Island Information: Quick Facts, website of the Govern-ment of Prince Edward Island, 2010-04-27. Retrieved onOctober 25, 2010.

[27] Harvey, p. 110

[28] Harvey, p. 111

[29] Harvey, p. 112

[30] Boishebert Canadian Biography On Line

[31] John Clarence Webster’s, “Memorial on Behalf of Sieurde Boishebert” (Saint John: Historical Studies No. 4,Publications of the New Brunswick Museum, 1942) at p.11.

[32] “Mi'kmaw History - Timeline (Post-Contact)".Muiniskw.org. 2011-08-04. Retrieved 2012-05-19.

[33] “LEGARDEUR DE CROISILLE ET DE MONTES-SON, JOSEPH-MICHEL - Dictionary of Canadian Bi-ography Online”. Biographi.ca. 2007-10-18. Retrieved2012-05-19.

[34] The Canadian Encyclopedia, Hurtig Publishers, Edmon-ton, Alberta, (1988) p. 1753.

[35] Johnston, A. J. B. (2007). Endgame 1758: The Promise,the Glory and the Despair of Louisbourg’s Last Decade.University of Nebraska Press. p. 366.

[36] Earl Lockerby. The Deportation of the Acadians fromPrince Edward Island.

[37] Brendan O'Grady, Exiles and Islanders: The Irish Settlersof Prince Edward Island, p. 15)

[38] PEI Provincial Government. “Historical Milestones”. Re-trieved August 17, 2007.

[39] Julian Gwyn. Frigates and Foremasts. University ofBritish Columbia. 2003. p. 58

[40] PEI history Government of Canada

[41] “Assembly Timeline” (PDF). Legislative Assembly ofPrince Edward Island. Government of Prince Edward Is-land. Retrieved October 22, 2011.

[42] Library and Archives Canada. “Canadian Confederation,Provinces and Territories, Prince Edward Island”. Re-trieved December 27, 2009.

[43] “Prince Edward Island”. Directory of Designations of Na-tional Historic Significance of Canada. Parks Canada. Re-trieved October 23, 2011.

[44] Confederation Centre of the Arts National Historic Site ofCanada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. RetrievedOctober 23, 2011.

[45] “Population urban and rural, by province and territory”.

[46] “Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provincesand territories, 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data”.

[47] , National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011

[48] Statistics Canada (2002). “Population of Canada’sProvinces”. Retrieved April 3, 2007.

[49] PEI population trend (Statistics Canada).

[50] Population urban and rural, by province and territory(Statistics Canada, 2005).

[51] “Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of OfficialLanguages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) (2006 Cen-sus)". 2.statcan.ca. December 7, 2010. Retrieved Febru-ary 23, 2011.

[52] “Religions in Canada”. 2.statcan.ca. Retrieved February23, 2011.

[53] gov.pe.ca: “Agriculture on Prince Edward Island”

[54] statcan.gc.ca: “Census of Agriculture counts 1700 farmsin Prince Edward Island”

[55] maisonneuve.org: “When the Monks Come to Town”, 18Jun 2013

[56] “Idaho Potato Production”. Potatopro.com. November12, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2011.

[57] Weihs, Jean (1995). Facts about Canada, its provinces andterritories. New York: H.W. Wilson Co. p. 159. ISBN9780824208646.

[58] Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.). Encyclopædia BritannicaInc. 2013.

[59] irac.pe.ca: “The Prince Edward Island Lands ProtectionAct - Frequently Asked Questions Including Informationon Non-Resident, Corporate & Global Permit Applica-tions for Land Acquisition in Prince Edward Island”

[60] Lobster Fishing

[61] “Government of Prince Edward Island”.

[62] “Pepsi Bottling Group To Acquire Seaman’s Beverages”.SmartBrief. 2002-04-03. Retrieved 2014-01-14.

16 13 FURTHER READING

[63] Government of PEI. “PEI Bans the Can”. Archived fromthe original on May 28, 2007. Retrieved April 3, 2007.

[64] CBC (April 26, 2007). “End to can ban receives full sup-port of legislature”. CBC News. Retrieved April 27, 2007.

[65] Government of PEI. “Government to lift “can-ban” May3 beverage container management system encourages re-turns and recycling”. Retrieved April 26, 2008.

[66] Island Regulatory and Appeals Commission (PEI Govern-ment).

[67] cbc.ca: “Electricity in Prince Edward Island”, 30 Mar2011

[68] cbc.ca: “Electricity rates rising 11.2% next year”, 7 Dec2012

[69] irac.pe.ca: “Electric Regulation”

[70] maritimeelectric.com: “About Us”

[71] “Summary Tables”. 0.statcan.ca. Retrieved 2012-05-19.

[72] Government of PEI. “Minimum Wage Order”. Archivedfrom the original on September 5, 2015. RetrievedNovember 24, 2015.

[73] Canadian Heritage (February 2009). “Department ofCanadian Heritage Portfolio” (PDF) (2nd ed.). Queen’sPrinter for Canada: 3–4. ISBN 978-1-100-11529-0. Re-trieved May 23, 2011.

[74] Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Is-land. “Role > Role and Responsibilities”. Queen’s Printerfor Prince Edward Island. Retrieved September 13, 2012.

[75] Library of Parliament. “The Opposition in a Parliamen-tary System”. Queen’s Printer for Canada. RetrievedMay23, 2011.

[76] Elizabeth II (2008). “Election Act” (PDF). 4.1(2)(b):Queen’s Printer for Prince Edward Island. RetrievedSeptember 13, 2012.

[77] “Confederation Bridge”. September 2009. (official web-site).

[78] “New School Board”.

[79] gov.pe.ca: “Central Wastewater Systems”

[80] irac.pe.ca: “PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND - MUNICI-PALWATER& SEWERAGEUTILITIES - GENERALRULES & REGULATIONS”

[81] irac.pe.ca: “CHAPTER E-9 - ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION ACT - DRINKING WATER ANDWASTEWATER FACILITY OPERATING REGULA-TIONS”

[82] charlottetown.pe.ca: “City of Charlottetown WastewaterTreatment Expansion & Upgrading” (ca 2001)

[83] Mittelstaedt, Martin (December 6, 2006). “Pesticides arewhat’s killing our kids”. The Globe and Mail. Archivedfrom the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved April3, 2007.

[84] Boesveld, Sarah (December 23, 2011). “P.E.I. to 'staywith status quo' on abortions”. National Post. RetrievedAugust 25, 2012.

[85] Wright, Teresa (July 7, 2008). “Abortion policy to re-main same: Ghiz”. The Guardian (Charlottetown, PUI).Retrieved May 13, 2010.

[86] “P.E.I. won't change abortion policy”. CBC News. July19, 2000. Retrieved May 13, 2010.

[87] “Abortion information line disconnected”. CBC News.January 29, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2010.

[88] Arthur, Joyce (November 2000). “Canada Health Act Vi-olates Abortion Services: Five Basic Principles Not Met”.Pro-Choice Action Network. Retrieved May 13, 2010.

[89] “Your province and tax-funded abortions”. Life CanadaInc. 2003. Archived from the original on October 6,2008. Retrieved May 13, 2010.

[90] Archie Cairns - Book 1 PipeMusic 'Prince Edward Island'March 4/4, 1995

[91] “P.E.I. Jazz and Blues Festival”. Retrieved August 10,2011.

[92] “Jazz festival loses ACOA funding”. CBC news (cbc.ca).Aug 9, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.

[93] “Ilê-du-Prince-Edouard: Communiqué (Vice-Governorfrom Chinese Sister Province Visits Prince Edward Is-land)". Gov.pe.ca. Retrieved 2012-05-19.

13 Further reading

• Arsenault, Georges (1989). The Island Acadians,1720–1980. Charlottetown: Ragweed Press. ISBN978-0-920304-81-5. OCLC 42887917.

• Baglole, Harry (1977). Exploring Island History: AGuide to the Historical Resources of Prince EdwardIsland. Belfast, P.E.I.: Ragweed Press. ISBN 0-920304-01-X. OCLC 4114534.

• Bolger, Francis (1973). Canada’s Smallest Province:A History of Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown:Prince Edward Island 1973Centennial Commission.OCLC 1031515. Also under OCLC 223434609

• Beck, E Boyde; Burden, P John (1996). PrinceEdward Island : an (un)authorized history.Charlottetown: Acorn Press. ISBN 978-0-9698606-1-7. OCLC 36817364.

• Bumsted, JM (1987). Land, settlement, and pol-itics on eighteenth-century Prince Edward Island.Kingston, ON: McGill-Queen’s University Press.ISBN 978-0-7735-0566-7. OCLC 17199722. Re-trieved September 16, 2009.

17

• Clark, Andrew Hill (1959). Three Centuries andthe Island. A Historical Geography of Settlementand Agriculture in Prince Edward Island, Canada.Toronto: University of Toronto Press. OCLC203962. A very broad look at the historical geog-raphy of P.E.I.

• Ives, Edward D (1999). Drive Dull CareAway: Folksongs from Prince Edward Island.Charlottetown: Institute of Island Studies. ISBN978-0-919013-34-6. OCLC 123276052. RetrievedSeptember 16, 2009.

• Johnston, A.J.B.; Francis, Jesse (2013). Ni'n naL'nu: The Mi'kmaq of Prince Edward Island. Char-lottetown: Acorn Press. ISBN 978-1-894838-93-1.

• MacKinnon, Frank (1995). Church politics and ed-ucation in Canada : the P.E.I. experience. Calgary:Detselig Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-55059-104-0.OCLC 35292426.

• MacKinnon, Wayne (1973). The Life of the Party:A History of the Liberal Party in Prince Edward Is-land. Summerside, P.E.I.: Prince Edward IslandLiberal Party.

• Sharpe, Errol (1976). A people’s history of PrinceEdward Island. Toronto: Steel Rail. ISBN 0-88791-003-3. OCLC 2893908.

• Verner Smitheram; David Milne; Satadal Dasgupta(1982). The Garden transformed: Prince EdwardIsland, 1945-1980. Charlottetown: Ragweed Press.ISBN 978-0-920304-10-5. OCLC 9469420.

• Livingston, Walter Ross (1931). Responsible Gov-ernment in Prince Edward Island: A Triumph ofSelf-Government under the Crown. Iowa City, IA:University of Iowa Press. OCLC 1678512. Re-trieved September 16, 2009.

• Weale, David; Baglole, Harry (1973). The Islandand Confederation: the end of an era. Summerside,P.E.I.: Williams and Crue. OCLC 1340051.

14 External links• The Government of Prince Edward Island Govern-ment official website

• Prince Edward Island at DMOZ

• The Government Prince Edward Island Visitor’sGuide

• CBCDigital Archives – PEI Elections: Liberal land-slides and Tory tides

• Confederation Bridge

• City of Charlottetown

• PEI info

Coordinates: 46°15′N 063°00′W / 46.250°N 63.000°W

18 15 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

15 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

15.1 Text• Prince Edward Island Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island?oldid=695590560 Contributors: Firepink, Brion

VIBBER, Stephen Gilbert, Koyaanis Qatsi, Jeronimo, Eclecticology, Danny, Zoe, Kirjtc2, Montrealais, Ram-Man, Patrick, Kd4nuh,Stewacide, Ron Davis, Kaihsu, John K, Ghewgill, The Tom, Timwi, Daniel Quinlan, WhisperToMe, Timc, IceKarma, Vancouverguy,Peregrine981, Tpbradbury, Joy, Indefatigable, Michael Glass, Denelson83, Bearcat, Robbot, Earl Andrew, Fredrik, RedWolf, Ain-driahhn, Halthecomputer, Sunray, Wereon, Nickjbor, Lupo, Angilbas, Dina, Acm, Stroback, Shidho~enwiki, Psb777, DocWatson42,Jao, Fudoreaper, Ido50, Peruvianllama, Everyking, Jjamison, DO'Neil, Solipsist, JillandJack, Formeruser-83, Avala, Jackol, Pne, Bob-blewik, Golbez, Rsloch, Dhughes, Formeruser-81, Sonjaaa, Evertype, Mamizou, Plasma east, CaribDigita, Mzajac, Neutrality, Ukex-pat, Grunt, Qui1che, Mike Rosoft, PZFUN, Bourquie, RossPatterson, Discospinster, Guanabot, Qutezuce, Vsmith, YUL89YYZ, Davesouza, Paul August, Bender235, Mateo SA, FrankCostanza, Ylee, El C, Kwamikagami, Mwanner, QuartierLatin1968, Aude, RoyBoy,CDN99, Bobo192, Circeus, 23skidoo, Robotje, Foobaz, John Fader, Voyager, Ranveig, Alansohn, Dermar130, ArmchairVexillologist-Don, Nik42, Duffman~enwiki, Buaidh, Atlant, Fawcett5, Hu, JerH, Fourthords, Vcelloho, RainbowOfLight, LFaraone, Klparrot, Embry-omystic, Galaxiaad, TerminalPreppie, Brookie, Stemonitis, Woohookitty, Mindmatrix, WadeSimMiser, Twthmoses, Kelisi, NormanE-instein, Simoncursitor, Kralizec!, Prashanthns, Palica, Exult, Thirty-seven, Mandarax, Graham87, Chun-hian, MC MasterChef, Island,Padraic, Bacl-presby, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, ABCXYZ, Ian Page, Jake Wartenberg, Almighty Tallest, DoubleBlue, Jermdeeks, Jan-othird, FlaBot, Dawson, Ground Zero, Musser, Uglinessman, MacRusgail, RexNL, Wctaiwan, Leslie Mateus, Arctic.gnome, Matthvm,Clee7903, Chobot, DVdm, Gdrbot, Bgwhite, Cactus.man, E Pluribus Anthony, Cornellrockey, Kummi, The Rambling Man, YurikBot,Wavelength, Jcam, Extraordinary Machine, Al Silonov, RussBot, RobHutten, Pburka, Pigman, SpuriousQ, Chensiyuan, Gaius Cornelius,CambridgeBayWeather, Ugur Basak, Gustavb, NawlinWiki, Bachrach44, BGManofID, BrainyBroad, Welsh, Rjensen, Geoff NoNick,A1amoeba, Joelr31, Circumspect, Lexicon, Brian Crawford, RFBailey, Dputig07, Mikeblas, AlbertR, Tony1, Bota47, Cinik, BusterD,Max Schwarz, Wknight94, TransUtopian, Igiffin, Silverchemist, Barryob, Nikkimaria, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, LyndonJohn-son, Theda, E Wing, ASmartKid, Canley, Alasdair, Alm93, Hayden120, Curpsbot-unicodify, Ybbor, Allens, Katieh5584, Airconswitch,YubYub41, West Virginian, Hiddekel, Vanka5, Laucheehung, SmackBot, Unschool, David Kernow, Bobet, Reedy, KnowledgeOfSelf,Skeezix1000, J-beda, Verne Equinox, WookieInHeat, Peloneous, Kintetsubuffalo, Mike McGregor (Can), Lone-wolf, Steam5, Yam-aguchi , PeterSymonds, Gilliam, Chris the speller, Kurykh, Persian Poet Gal, Mordac, MalafayaBot, Bazonka, CMacMillan, DHN-bot~enwiki, Colonies Chris, Darth Panda, Struds, GoodDay, Mike hayes, WikiPedant, Javier Arambel, Fishhead64, OrphanBot, MJCde-troit, EOZyo, Xiner, Rrburke, Konczewski, Muzi, Backspace, Amazins490, Jdobbin, Rarelibra, AgentFade2Black, Masalai, Digresser,Valenciano, Mr Minchin, Kevlar67, RaCha'ar, Geoffr, Gujuguy, PatrickA, Richard0612, J Dogg, CIS, ArglebargleIV, Ser Amantio diNicolao, Harryboyles, Kuru, JackLumber, J 1982, Dionysius321, Thegathering, Basser g, Accurizer, AshleyMorton, Tlesher, Ckatz, Rin-nenadtrosc, Slakr, Uel, Kseferovic, Qyd, Peter Horn, MTSbot~enwiki, Peyre, Agent 86, Hu12, Iridescent, S-Ranger, Kentofthenorth,Skapur, Myrtone86, Shoeofdeath, Igoldste, Sam Li, Marysunshine, Civil Engineer III, Courcelles, Anger22, Tawkerbot2, Switchercat,JForget, Filiep, CmdrObot, Tanthalas39, Scohoust, Arkantosstevius, BeenAroundAWhile, Basawala, GHe, Rockysmile11, NickW557,Logical2u, Oo7565, HiFlyChick, Yaris678, Justus Nussbaum, Perfect Proposal, Fair Deal, Gogo Dodo, Travelbird, ST47, Pulamoo,Tawkerbot4, Doug Weller, DumbBOT, NorthernThunder, Reverting, Victoriaedwards, Epbr123, Erich Schmidt, Felix Portier~enwiki,Headbomb, Lethargy, John254, Ufwuct, Horologium, JustAGal, Dawnseeker2000, Escarbot, Mentifisto, AntiVandalBot, Widefox, Paty-lucy, Seaphoto, Emeraldcityserendipity, TypoChick, Nipisiquit, Sfmustang, Zeitlupe, NJW494, Altamel, Husond, Felipe Menegaz, TheTranshumanist, Inks.LWC, RedZebra, Hello32020, Anthonyd3ca, GoodDamon, LittleOldMe, Bencherlite, Freshacconci, Fundamental-dan, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, JamesBWatson, Manderiko, Blue william, LeVoyageur, Nyttend, The Anomebot2, Midgrid, Alanbrowne,Catgut, Animum, Chivista~enwiki, Zygar2k6, Bobanny, Campbellwebster, DerHexer, JaGa, Rydra Wong, Acadienne, GreenJoe, Histo-ryBuff2, NatureA16, FisherQueen, MartinBot, Rettetast, Anaxial, Keith D, Mschel, Flrn, CommonsDelinker, Rapsrule23, AlexiusHor-atius, El0i, AlphaEta, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Trusilver, Raistlin11325, Uncle Dick, Wikig39, MTLskyline, Maproom, Kata-laveno, Clerks, Ipigott, Peter I. Vardy, Belovedfreak, NewEnglandYankee, SiouxLookout, SriMesh, Hastymashi, Robertgreer, Greeves,Juliancolton, Micklewhite, DorganBot, Diego, Andy Marchbanks, RJASE1, Idioma-bot, Highfields, VolkovBot, CWii, Thedjatclubrock,ABF, Kelapstick, Jeff G., Caliwiki123, Aesopos, Barneca, Philip Trueman, Abberley2, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Asarlaí, A4bot, Walor, Dre-stros power, Angela2109, JayC, Kdmcdrm, Vrmrrsn, Anna Lincoln, Rich Janis, Corvus cornix, Danielc192, Sanfranman59, Jackfork,Bentley4, Maple409, Natg 19, Király-Seth, Mwilso24, Paulalexdij, Meters, Little lily613, Insanity Incarnate, Ceranthor, Dessymona,AlleborgoBot, Felux33, Quantpole, Hazel77, NHRHS2010, UglyMuffins, Steven Weston, Stu pendousmat, Marghalla, Peter Fleet, Hy-pertall, SieBot, Coffee, Patadams37, Awd1970, Simple690, Elinde7994, Legion fi, Dawn Bard, Caltas, Matthew Yeager, Justanother-mutt, Keilana, Breawycker, Flyer22 Reborn, Radon210, Momo san, Andypboyz, Oxymoron83, Rajjit, Bagatelle, Lightmouse, Denisarona,Ar murphy, LarRan, Invertzoo, Mathogreg, Sfan00 IMG, Pieuvre, ClueBot, Phoenix-wiki, Binksternet, The Thing That Should Not Be,Franamax, Skäpperöd, AirdishStraus, Timjob, Niceguyedc, Harland1, Parkwells, Jersey emt, Excirial, AssegaiAli, Sokayo, Dominik-jan,Wiki libs, Khadeem C. (GMG), Arjayay, Ember of Light, Snout1, Kakofonous, Gray101, Aitias, Subash.chandran007, Rollo Bay 1758,Atrion, SoxBot III, 5800FX, Vanished user uih38riiw4hjlsd, NERIC-Security, Kiwehtin, Piotron, PretentiousSnot, XLinkBot, LivvBigg,Koumz, Dark Mage, Katlou21, Facts707, Cmr08, Gogogorman, Menthaxpiperita, Good Olfactory, RyanCross, Zildjian drummer 09,Wyatt915, Corath, Jhendin, Lordoliver, Narayansg, Betterusername, Peibioguy, Ronhjones, Cheese023, Vishnava, CanadianLinuxUser,Leszek Jańczuk, Fluffernutter, WonderPetDinosaur, NjardarBot, Nosaelg, LaaknorBot, Daicaregos, Glane23, Ld100, Butrocker, Favonian,Kyle1278, Gsbsmith, Sophie-hugo, Tassedethe, Fail Fail Fail Fail, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Romanskolduns, Lnewmans, Zorrobot,Swarm, Kurtis, Luckas-bot, Yobot, 2D, Eddycaper, Fraggle81, Amirobot, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Santryl, Maxí, KamikazeBot,Paraplegicemu, Daniel 1992, Eric-Wester, MacTire02, Bility, N1RK4UDSK714, AnomieBOT, Message From Xenu, IRP, Broganalonzo,Piano non troppo, Cyanidethistles, Ulric1313, Bosonic dressing, Bluerasberry, ImperatorExercitus, The High Fin SpermWhale, E2eamon,Maxis ftw, JohnnyB256, Frankenpuppy, ArthurBot, Xqbot, LucieMC, Khajidha, Nasnema, Anna Frodesiak, BritishWatcher, GrouchoBot,Miesianiacal, Ant501UK, Jdeell, Sniff, BCFUNNY, BC Rox, Doulos Christos, Moxy, Shadowjams, Phlegmily, Dougofborg, Dan6hell66,BoomerAB, RetiredWikipedian789, FrescoBot, Blahz123, LucienBOT, Wikipe-tan, Recognizance, Carnage GOS, HJ Mitchell, Nickoth-ode, HarleyMip, BenzolBot, Kwiki, Abbyhachey101, Jakewotto101, Chuusharon, 117Avenue, Pancreasclub, Jack Gorham, DrilBot, Win-terst, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, HRoestBot, Rpougnet, Hamtechperson, Fat&Happy, Hoo man, MastiBot, Wildernessman, Macdon-aldryan, Lissajous, Jauhienij, White Shadows, DC, TobeBot, Lotje, Callanecc, Fox Wilson, Dinamik-bot, Kmw2700, Vrenator, Fynire,Clarkcj12, Chnou, Rr parker, Canuckian89, Jhessian Zombie, Fry1989, Hwy43, Www-dot-applinksystems-dot-com, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot,Bento00, Slaja, Salvio giuliano, Slon02, EmausBot, John of Reading, Vsalloti, Hantsheroes, ScottyBerg, RA0808, Kimbae, NotAnony-mous0, Sillyjones, Po' buster, Tommy2010, Winner 42, Wikipelli, AvicBot, Ida Shaw, Josve05a, Chuggiewuggie, Agassiz830, XabierArmendaritz, A930913, Kelsey404, UrbanNerd, Christina Silverman, Wayne Slam, Ocaasi, Highvale, Erianna, Clarence1011, L Kensing-

15.2 Images 19

ton, Enblndn, MonoAV, Donner60, KindredSpiritMichael, Status, DeltaQuad.alt, TYelliot, DASHBotAV, McCaster, Xanchester, ClueBotNG, Mcenteeep01, Lucky97, Jack Greenmaven, Inkowik, CocuBot, Joefromrandb, Bped1985, DonaldRichardSands, Frietjes, The HighFin Sock Whale, Widr, Folly1960, Autotypo, Newyorkadam, Kburke559, IgnorantArmies, Helpful Pixie Bot, Andrew Gwilliam, Heuer-ham, Lowercase sigmabot, Vagobot, Wiki13, MusikAnimal, Ployer1, PaintedCarpet, Tidridge, DPL bot, Snow Blizzard, Creepysam,Serindy, MyReleventKnowledge, Oldclashfan, PRRO, Thejessebarbour, Oren Balaban, Iowastate2000, Webcontentpei, BattyBot, Sim-simi123, Pooyork1, Wiltemore, Peterkrummeck, Cyberbot II, Hi250, Greengablespei, Khazar2, Khry, Harrietbf, JYBot, Lightbulb2012,Mogism, Ssbbplayer, Jjtkk, Fête, Hair, Rosebud92, SassyLilNugget, Stevebenjamins, Godot13, Charles.millar, Simsimi222, Dwscomet,GigaMega123, DavidLeighEllis, Sammyd505505, Cameron Ehteshami, Bullman1234567891, Bolthouse30, Pechar689, Abbiesflow, Glen-meister, AddWittyNameHere, Agfnj10, Steelepr01, Merlin the 2nd, L Manju, Ericmebelli9, Grimgramgrom, Breckthegod, Melcous,Monkbot, Rylee.currie, Rylee-currie4811, Amortias, EncyclopediaCanadensis, Sigehelmus, Mustafa123445, Narky Blert, Some Gad-get Geek, Mkoebel13, EdouardChunyuan, Noah allen14, Miraclexix, KasparBot, PReFix44, Kdsfafafdsafda, Henri880624, Barbequeue,Stev3214, Rapors10, Jack rinestone and Anonymous: 1006

15.2 Images• File:CAN-S1932a-Bank_of_Prince_Edward_Island-10_Dollars_(1872).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/e/ec/CAN-S1932a-Bank_of_Prince_Edward_Island-10_Dollars_%281872%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:Image by Godot13 Original artist: National Museum of American History

• File:CardiganRiver_2008.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/CardiganRiver_2008.jpg License: CCBY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Verne Equinox

• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Prince_Edward_Island.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e9/Coat_of_Arms_of_Prince_Edward_Island.png License: Fair use Contributors:http://www.vector-image.com Original artist:Lucy Maud Montgomery

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Confederation_Bridge_from_Prince_Edward_Island_16x9.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Confederation_Bridge_from_Prince_Edward_Island_16x9.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:WikiPedant

• File:Day256jgreenwichd.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Day256jgreenwichd.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Sreejithk2000 using CommonsHelper. Originalartist: Original uploader was Chensiyuan at en.wikipedia

• File:Dunes_on_PEI.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Dunes_on_PEI.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-tors:I (Danielc192 (talk)) created this work entirely by myself. Original artist:Danielc192 (talk)

• File:Edit-clear.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: TheTango! Desktop Project. Original artist:The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the file, specifically: “Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (althoughminimally).”

• File:Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg License: Public domain Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims).Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. E Pluribus Anthony~commonswiki assumed (based on copyright claims).

• File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Holland_College_Prince_Edward_Island.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Holland_College_Prince_Edward_Island.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Skeezix1000 usingCommonsHelper. Original artist: Koolchik99 at English Wikipedia

• File:Ile-du-Prince-Edouard_langues.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Ile-du-Prince-Edouard_langues.png License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Piotron

• File:Landscape_of_PEI.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Landscape_of_PEI.jpg License: CC BY2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Dylan Kereluk from White Rock, Canada

• File:Maple_Leaf_(from_roundel).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:

• Roundel_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_(1946-1965).svg Original artist: Roundel_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_(1946-1965).svg: F l a n k e r

• File:Marquis_de_Boishébert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boishébert_et_de_Raffetot_(1753)_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpgSource: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Marquis_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot_%281753%29_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:

This image is available from theMcCord Museum under the access number M967.48Original artist: Anonymous

• File:Newglasgowpano2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Newglasgowpano2.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Sniff. Original artist: Chensiyuan at English Wikipedia

• File:Office-book.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg License: Public domainContributors: This andmyself.Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project

20 15 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:PEI-basemap.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/PEI-basemap.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own workOriginal artist: Klaus M. (Mikmaq), de-wiki, cropped and translated by Qyd

• File:Panmure_island_lighthouse.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Panmure_island_lighthouse.JPG License: GFDLContributors: chensiyuan Original artist: chensiyuan

• File:Peiredcliff.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Peiredcliff.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work bythe original uploader Original artist: User:Chensiyuan

• File:People_icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/People_icon.svg License: CC0 Contributors: OpenClipart Originalartist: OpenClipart

• File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:PrinceEdwardIsland_map_1874.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Prince_Edward_Island_map_1775.jpg License:Public domain Contributors: This image is available from Library and Archives Canada under the reproduction reference number R3908-8-5-E (formerlyNMC 23350) and under the MIKAN ID number 3705866Original artist: Samuel Holland

• File:Prince_Edward_Island_in_Canada_(special_marker).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Prince_Edward_Island_in_Canada_%28special_marker%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator. Original artist:TUBS<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:TUBS' title='User talk:TUBS'><img alt='Email Silk.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/15px-Email_Silk.svg.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/23px-Email_Silk.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/30px-Email_Silk.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='16' data-file-height='16' /></a> <a href='http://toolserver.org/~{}daniel/WikiSense/Gallery.php?wikifam=commons.wikimedia.org,<span>,&,</span>,img_user_text=TUBS' title='Gallery' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Gallery' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gnome-emblem-photos.svg/20px-Gnome-emblem-photos.svg.png' width='20' height='20' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gnome-emblem-photos.svg/30px-Gnome-emblem-photos.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gnome-emblem-photos.svg/40px-Gnome-emblem-photos.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='48' data-file-height='48' /></a>

• File:Prince_edward_island_cavendish_red_cliffs.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Prince_edward_island_cavendish_red_cliffs.JPG License: GFDL Contributors: chensiyuan Original artist: chensiyuan

• File:Prince_edward_island_farm_rainbow.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Prince_edward_island_farm_rainbow.JPG License: GFDL Contributors: chensiyuan Original artist: chensiyuan

• File:Prince_edward_island_fish.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Prince_edward_island_fish.jpg License: CC BY 2.0Contributors: flickr Original artist: Vic Brincat

• File:Prince_edward_island_sandstone_arch.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Prince_edward_island_sandstone_arch.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: flickr Original artist: Vic Brincat

• File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors:Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:Tkgd2007

• File:Scriven_Prince_Edward.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Scriven_Prince_Edward.jpg License: Public domainContributors: Edward Scriven engraving of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathern (1834) after W. Beechey’s portrait. Hand-coloured. 11x8,5cm.Original artist: Edward Scriven engraving of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathern (1834) after W. Beechey’s portrait. Hand-coloured. 11x8,5cm.

• File:Symbol_book_class2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contribu-tors: Mad by Lokal_Profil by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Profil

• File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg License: CC BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AleXXw

15.3 Content license

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