EXPLORATION, THE COLONIAL ERA, AND REVOLUTION

ANCIENT CULTURES

Bering Strait 22,000 years agoHunting and GatheringAgriculture DevelopsComplex Societies Arise in North America

NORTH AMERICAN CULTURES

COLUMBUS’S VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY (First voyage)

THE IMPACT OF COLUMBUS

Native Americans Africans Europeans

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

The exchange of goods such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco from the Americas to Europe, Africa, and Asia.

From Europe, Africa, and Asia, livestock, grains, fruit, and coffee were brought back.

Impact on World by European Contact Purpose was to serve the homeland weather

it was slaves, furs, cotton, fish, spices, tobacco, gold or silver. Colonies improved the lives of Europeans greatly.

In the Americas More intermarriage by Spanish

/Portuguese and French Disease was devastating. Measles,

influenza, smallpox Violence common

EARLY BRITISH COLONIES: JAMESTOWN

John Smith Joint Stock Companies Tobacco Indentured Servants Clashes with Native Americans

“NEW ENGLAND”

Puritans Massachusetts Bay Colony John Winthrop Native American Resistance King Philip’s War

Tobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco Plant

Virginia’s Virginia’s gold gold and and silversilver.. -- John Rolfe, 1612 -- John Rolfe, 1612

Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco

16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

ENGLAND AND HER COLONIES Thirteen ColoniesNew England: MA, NH,

CT, RIMiddle Colonies: NY,

DE, NJ, PASouthern Colonies: VA,

MD, NC, SC, GA

MIDDLE COLONIES

The Dutch and New Netherland William Penn Quakers

MERCANTILISM

Economic System in which a nation could increase its wealth and power in two ways: by obtaining as much gold and silver as possible and by establishing a favorable balance of trade in which it sold more goods than it bought.

NAVIGATION ACTS 1651 English Parliament’s way of

tightening control on colonial trade…1. No country could trade with the colonies unless the goods

were shipped in either colonial or English ships2. All vessels had to be operated by crews that were at least

three quarters English or colonial3. The colonies could export certain products, including

tobacco and sugar- and later rice, molasses, and furs- only to England

4. Almost all goods traded between the colonies and Europe first had to pass through an English port.

SOUTHERN ECONOMY

Rural society of self-sufficient plantations…AGRICULTURAL.

Diverse Society Triangular Trade

TRIANGULAR TRADE

MIDDLE PASSAGE Africans to West

Indies portion of route

Beatings, Disease, Forced Feedings, Slave Dancing

SLAVES

Field vs. Domestic Cultural Heritage Resistance

NORTHERN ECONOMY Thriving commercial cities INDUSTRIAL: wheat grinding, harvesting

fish, sawing lumber, ship building… Merchants Growth of port cities due to expansion

of trade European Immigration Cash Crop Farming

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

1700s Intellectual Movement in Europe Philosophers value reason and

scientific methods Spreads to colonies and affects

political though Benjamin Franklin

GREAT AWAKENING

1730s-1750s Puritans lose their gusto Series of religious revivals Restored Christian religions to the

colonies, but challenged established churches

Jonathan Edwards

EFFECTS OF ENLIGHTENMENT AND GREAT AWAKENING

Question traditional authority Stress importance of the individual Enlightenment=human reasoning Gr.Awakening=de-emphasizes role

of church authority Prelude to American Revolution

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR

1754 French-British Conflict over N.A. Ohio River Valley George Washington William Pitt Treaty of Paris Proclamation of 1763

THE COLONIES ORGANIZE TO RESIST BRITAIN King George III National Debt

doubled due to financing French and Indian War

Halting expansion west of Appalachian Mountains upset colonists

King George III

Unite or Die1. Ben Franklin’s cartoon was generally

considered to be very well done; however, his proposal at the Albany Congress was not accepted. Why do you think his cartoon did not achieve its desired effect?

2. Do you think the snake was a wise choice to use in the cartoon? (A common myth concerning a severed snake is that the snake will join itself together.

SUGAR ACT

1764 Halved the tax on foreign made

molasses Complaints of lost profits and

“taxation w/o representation” Affects merchants and traders

STAMP ACT 1765 Tax on documents and printed items

such as wills, newspapers, and playing cards

1st tax to affect the colonists directly because it taxed goods and services

Colonists unite to defy the law Sons of Liberty (Sam Adams)

BOSTON MASSACRE

5 March 1770 Boston Custom House Crispus Attucks and five colonists

killed Paul Revere

BOSTON TEA PARTY

16 December 1773 Response to Tea Act which was put

in place to save British East India Co.

Boston Rebels disguised as “Indians” dumped 18,000 pounds of East India tea into Boston Harbor

INTOLERABLE ACTS

King George’s response to Boston Tea Party

Shut down Boston Harbor Quartering Act Gen. Thomas Gage First Continental Congress

ROAD TO REVOLUTION

New England towns step up military preparations

Minutemen Lexington and Concord Second Continental Congress Battle of Bunker Hill Olive Branch Petition

PATRIOTS DECLARE INDEPENDENCE

Ideas behind independence: Shift in public opinion John Locke Religious traditions Magna Carta

THOMAS PAINE

COMMON SENSE Pamphlet that attacked King George II

and monarchy Sold 150,000 copies in 1776 (wildly

popular!)

DECLARING INDEPENDENCE

1776 Continental Congress urges each

colony to form own government Thomas Jefferson

Draws on Locke’s ideas List of violations against king “All Men are Created Equal”

THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

LOYALISTS VS. PATRIOTS LOYALISTS

Oppose independence and remain loyal to king

Want to avoid possible punishment

Thought crown would protect rights more effectively than new colonial governments

PATRIOTS Supporters of

independence People who saw

political and economic opportunity in an independent America

LoyalistLoyalist

StrongholdStrongholdss

Washington’s HeadachesWashington’s Headaches

Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral].

State/colony loyalties.

Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.

Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

Military StrategiesMilitary Strategies

Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].

Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]

Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.

The American

s

The British

Break the colonies in half by getting between the North & South

Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.

“Divide and Conquer” use the Loyalists.

MILITARY STRENGTHS The Colonies

Home ground Leadership Inspiring Cause

Great British Strong, well

trained army Strong central

government with available funds

Support of colonial Loyalists and Native Americans

MILITARY WEAKNESSES The Colonies

Mostly untrained and undisciplined soldiers

Shortage of food and ammunition

Inferior Navy No central

government to enforce wartime policies

The British Large distance

between Britain and battlefields

Troops unfamiliar with terrain

Weak military leaders

Sympathy of certain British politicians for the American cause

Cornwallis’ Surrender at Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown:Yorktown:

TREATY OF PARIS confirms U.S. Independence

““The World Turned Upside The World Turned Upside Down!” Down!”

North America After theNorth America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783Treaty of Paris, 1783

A NEW GOVERNMENT…BUT WHAT KIND??

Many favor a Republic Second Continental Congress sets

up a new plan of government in a set of laws called the Articles of Confederation.

Weaknesses of theWeaknesses of theArticles of Articles of

ConfederationConfederation9 of 13 votes to pass a law

Each state had only one vote in Congress, regardless of population

13 out of 13 to amend Articles

Representatives were frequently absent.

Could not tax or raise armies.

No executive or judicial branches.

13 separate states lacked unity

Northwest Ordinance of Northwest Ordinance of 17871787

One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress!

Divide land into no fewer than 3 & no more than 5 states.

Statehood achieved in three stages:

1. Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.

2. When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners elect territorial legislature.

3. When population reached 60,000 elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

SHAYS’ REBELLION

Daniel Shays & 1200 farmers Protest over increased state taxes State officials call in militia Call for stronger central

government

CREATING A NEW GOVERNMENT

Constitutional Convention (Philadelphia, 1787)

Scrap Articles of Confederation

FAIR REPRESENTATION

Virginia Plan (James Madison)1. Bicameral2. Membership based on population

New Jersey Plan (William Paterson)1. Unicameral2. Membership equal in all states

GREAT COMPROMISE

Roger Sherman Two House Congress

1. Equal representation in Senate2. Population determines

representation in House of Representatives

Leads to Three-Fifths Compromise

FEDERALISM

Power is divided between a federal (national) government and state governments.

FEDERALISTS & ANTIFEDERALISTS Federalists

Supporters of Const. because they favored the balance between national and state gov.

Antifederalists Opposed a strong

central government and were against the Const. as it was.

•The Federalist Papers•Adoption of a Bill of Rights

HOW AWESOME IS OUR GOVERNMENT?!

Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Amendment Process

GEORGE WASHINGTON

14 April 1789 Judiciary Act of 1789 Executive Branch

Three executive departments1. Department of State (Thomas Jefferson)2. Department of War (Henry Knox)3. Department of Treasury (Alexander Hamilton)

HAMILTON VS. JEFFERSON Alexander Hamilton

Strong central gov. Led by educated

elite Commerce and

industry key to strong nation

Pay war debts National Bank Federalists (mostly

northerners)

Thomas Jefferson Distrusted strong

central gov. Popular

participation (distrusted elite)

Society of farmer-citizens

Democratic-Republicans (mostly southerners)FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES

WHISKEY REBELLION

Washington’s 2nd term Excise tax (Hamilton)

Tax on a product’s manufacture, sale, or distribution

Western Pennsylvania whiskey producers 13,000 militiamen

JAY’S TREATY

John Jay, Chief Justice of SC Treaty w/Britain

Who would control land west of Appalachian Mountains?

What about land at US/Canadian border?

What about trade in Caribbean?

XYZ AFFAIR

President John Adams Problems with France Chief Justice Marshall and French

foreign Minister Talleyrand Instead, 3 low-level officials Undeclared naval war