Exploration T K Double Bind

7/26/2019 Exploration T K Double Bind

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File ExplanationThis fle is designed to provide negative teams with a genericstrategy against critical armatives that use the word/concept

exploration in the 1A! "any armatives will de#end anexploration o# something related $or unrelated% to theoceans in order to help answer topicality violations and#ramewor& arguments! This fle contains two positions thatmight 'e help#ul against those cases(

1! A topicality violation a'out exploration that can 'e readindependently o# a violation a'out the )*F+! Theinterpretation re,uires the armative to rigorously o'serveand document aspects o# the oceans- not .ust thin& or theoriea'out the oceans!

0! A criti,ue/concept 2 o# the #rontier mentality implied 'ythe concept and language o# exploration! A concept 2advocates doing the a3 'ut not endorsing a particularconcept included in the 1A! 2t is not a plan inclusivecounterplan 'ecause it is usually a response to armativesthat don4t advocate a plan- 'ut the 'asic theoreticalassumptions are the same( instead o# attac&ing the whole a3-the neg agrees with most o# the a3 'ut disagrees a'out oneaspect o# it! This argument can also 'e introduced as a dirtyword criti,ue i# students are more com#orta'le with that

genre o# argument!The two positions can 'e used together( i# the armativemeets the negative4s topicality interpretation- they lin& to thecriti,ue/concept 2! Additional impact evidence #or thecriti,ue can 'e #ound in other negative criti,ue fles5 the #ocuso# this pro.ect was the link6 adding more impacts should 'eeasy!

This fle also includes some evidence that might 'e help#ul #orarmatives that want to play with di3erent meanings o# theword exploration! These cards can 'e used to answer the

exploration criti,ue/concept 2- 'ut the 'est armativeresponses will 'e case7specifc and dependent on how thearmative uses the term exploration!


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2mportant *82 9oteThis fle was constructed to create productive de'ates a'outthe exploration topicality and concept 2 arguments against

critical (exploration is our tie to the topic) afrmatives! 2twas notintended to 'e a 'idirectional word 2 fle thatcould #acilitate 'alanced de'ates in other contexts $especiallyas a word 2 against policy armatives/plans%! 8o not usethis argument without getting permission #rom your la'leader$s%!


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9egative 6 Topicality


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Explanation

This is a topicality violation that teams can read in addition tothe typical T6)*F+ argument! 2# you are notreading thattopicality argument- omit the opening sentence and insert the*te3en card a'out ocean literacy into the 19 shell! Thisargument is 'est against cases that use 'road defnitions o#exploration to .usti#y saying something or doing somethingrelated to the oceans!


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19 6 Topicality Exploration

Even i# they 'eat our )*F+ violation- other topicality'urdens remain!

*pecifcally- exploration is more than justo'servation 6 itre,uires direct intervention in the phenomenon under study!ereo 1: Jose A. Lopez Cerezo, Professor of the Methodology of Science at the University ofOviedo Spain!, "#$# %&i'ensions of Clinical O(servation in the Origins of Scienti)c Medicine,* NewMethodological Perspectives on Observation and Experimentation in Science, +dited (y enceslao J.-onzlez, P/(lished (y 0et(i(lo, 1S20 34564778#4, p. $$5!

9ootnote $#: 1 a' follo;ing co''on trends in philosophical literat/re (ydi3erentiating %o(servation* fro' %e


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The armative violates this interpretation 'ecause they do notrigorously o'serve and document biological- chemical-physical- geological- and archaeologicalaspects o# the oceans!$Explain%

re#er our interpretation and vote negative!

First- managea'le limits 6 'road defnitions o# explorationnot grounded in oceanography create unrealistic expectations#or research and preparation! A smaller topic with #ewer cases#osters specifc neg strategies that promote in7depth clash andargument development while giving the armative enough=exi'ility to innovate!

*econd- meaning#ul ground 6 adhering to a totally un7negotiated topic a#ter its announcement 'y the 1A deprivesthe neg o# the opportunity to su'stantively engage and

productively disagree! ;ur interpretation ensures somelevelo# predicta'le neg ground- 'etter challenging the a3 to de#endtheir position!

Third- ocean literacy 6 our interpretation o# explorationensures it! This was impacted on the frst violation!9;AA 1


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2nterpretation Evidence

;cean exploration re,uires systematic o'servation o# all#acets o# the ocean!"c9utt 1 Marcia G. Mc0/tt, President and C+O of the Monterey AF/ari/' @esearch 1nstit/te,-ris;old Professor of -eophysics and &irector of the Joint Progra' in Oceanography and Applied OceanScience and +ngineering at the Massach/setts 1nstit/te of =echnology, President of the A'erican-eophysical Union, holds a Ph.&. in +arth Sciences fro' the Scripps 1nstit/tion of Oceanography, "##$%Ocean +Chair'an of the Joint Ocean Co''ission 1nitiative, for'er'e'(er of the U.S. ?o/se of @epresentatives, for'er &irector of the OIce of Manage'ent and 2/dgetand Chief of Sta /nder President 2ill Clinton, "##6 %Ocean Policy Priorities in the United StatesK and ?.@."$, Oceans Conservation, +d/cation, and 0ational Strategy for the "$ stCent/ry Act,* State'ent 2efore =heS/(co''ittee on 9isheries, ildlife and Oceans of the Co''ittee on 0at/ral @eso/rces of the U.S. ?o/seof @epresentatives, Availa(le Online at http:DD;;;.gpo.govDfdsysDpEgDC?@->$$#hhrg84866Dht'lDC?@->$$#hhrg84866.ht', #6>$7>"#$4!

Congress sho/ld s/pport an enhanced 0ational Ocean +


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@iolation Evidence

;cean exploration is distinct #rom research! Even i# the a34sresearch is related to the oceans- they aren4t oceanexploration!"c9utt 1 Marcia G. Mc0/tt, President and C+O of the Monterey AF/ari/' @esearch 1nstit/te,-ris;old Professor of -eophysics and &irector of the Joint Progra' in Oceanography and Applied OceanScience and +ngineering at the Massach/ssets 1nstit/te of =echnology, President of the A'erican-eophysical Union, holds a Ph.&. in +arth Sciences fro' the Scripps 1nstit/tion of Oceanography, "##$%Ocean +


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;cean exploration is distinct #rom general oceanography 6it re,uires research aimed at 'etter utiliing the ocean and itsresources! The armative violates this interpretation 'ecausethey don4t lead to 'etter utiliation o# the oceans!9B CD Co''ittee on Oceanography of the 0ational @esearch Co/ncil in the 0ational Acade'y ofSciences and the Co''ittee on Ocean +ngineering of the 0ational Acade'y of +ngineering, $5B5 %=he1nternational &ecade of Ocean +gc$$>o"7>$5B5.ht', Accessed #6>$7>"#$4!

=he ter' %1nternational &ecade of Ocean +


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2mpact Evidence

;cean exploration is important 6 it o3ers tangi'le 'enefts toeveryone!9;AA 12erEeley, and Peter =/ddenha', Co>9o/nder of theCollege of +7!Concl/sions and 0e


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;hat every person sho/ld Eno; a(o/t the ocean in order to 'aEewise and in#ormed decisions a(o/t it and a(o/t o/r f/t/re. 1n sodoing, the t;o co''/nities have taEen great and /nprecedentedstrides to;ard (eco'ing a single, 'ore /ni)ed co''/nity. =ho/gh ;e arenot naTve a(o/t the dierent ;orlds and c/lt/res in ;hich scientists and ed/cators live, ;e are heartenedthat so 'any have Qend page 7R ;orEed together so eectively on this i'portant iss/e. e also recognize

that the incl/sion of scientists in develop'ent of ed/cational policy and reso/rces is one that '/stcontin/e.

0o; that agreement has 'een reached on what must 'e taughtand learned regarding the ocean, ;e can t/rn o/r attention to ho; toconvey this in#ormation to a variety of learners , a/diences andinterest gro/psthat incl/de teachers and teacher leaders, school and district ad'inistrators, pre>service ed/cators, professional developers, standards co''ittees, instr/ctional 'aterials developers,assess'ent specialists, te9o/nder of theCollege of +literate person /nderstands thef/nda'ental concepts a(o/t the f/nctioning of the ocean, canco''/nicate a(o/t the ocean in a 'eaningf/l ;ay, and is a(le to

'aEe infor'ed and responsi(le decisions regarding the ocean and itsreso/rces.+ssential Principles

+very ocean literate person sho/ld Eno; these essential principles:$.=he +arth has one (ig ocean ;ith 'any feat/res.".=he ocean and life in the ocean shape the feat/res of the +arth.8.=he ocean is a 'aor in/ence on ;eather and cli'ate.4.=he ocean 'aEes the +arth ha(ita(le.7.=he ocean s/pports a great diversity of life and ecosyste's.B.=he ocean and h/'ans are ine


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9egative 6 oncept 2/riti,ue


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19 6 Exploration riti,ue/oncept 2

$>e agree with the 1A- 'ut we disagree with the way that itscontent was connected to the topic via the concept o#exploration!%

First- ocean exploration rests on a #rontier mentality thatvalories con,uest o# un&nown territory! Even i# this isn4t thearmative4s intended meaning- the concept o# explorationis inextrica'ly 'ound up in #rontier assumptions!Bowadows&i 10 ?elen M. @oz;ado;sEi, Associate Professor of ?istory and Mariti'e St/diesat the University of Connectic/t>Avery Point, "#$" %Arth/r C. ClarEe and the Li'itations of the Ocean as a9rontier,* Environmental History, ol/'e $6, 1ss/e 8, J/ly, Availa(le Online to S/(scri(ing 1nstit/tions viaO7!

Shortly (efore the $5 B#s, scientists, e


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ocean ;ritings appear and re> appear in pop/lar and scienti)c ;orEs thro/gho/t the $5B#s.3 Altho/gh'any of ClarEeHs e46!

9rontieris', ho;ever, is not so '/ch a social or psychological concept asan economic philosophy. 1t e'erges fro' the individ/alis' soentrenched in A'erican political and econo'ic tho/ght;hich serves to sec/rethe operation of Vlaisser faire>is'H as sacrosanct!. 9rontieris' involves a (elief in theindivid/al to s/r'o/nt the challenges of a ne; sit/ation, a ne;territory or a ne; environ'ent and carve o/t an e


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fro' the frontieris' epsychological ele'ents and the act/al econo'ic nat/re of fronteris' in 'odern day calls for spacedevelop'ent gives credit to the nineteenth cent/ry idealog/es ;ho so convincingly tied (o/rgeoisecono'ic policy ;ith pop/list ideology that it contin/es to fool so 'any into (elieving fronteris' is a;orthy nationalist even /niversalist! ideal.2eca/se frontieris' is /lti'ately an econo'ic philosophy its s/ccess as a rationale for epsychological and socio>

(iological aspects inherent in 'odern frontierist tho/ght. Might they oer a convincing rationale for SolarSyste' develop'ent


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They *ay( ase ;utweighs/oncept 28oesn4t *olve ase

>e alsoadvocate the a3- 'ut we don4t tie it to the topic with

the word $and concept o#% exploration! This solves the case'ut avoids our criti,ue o# #rontierism! Even i# we only win asmallris& o# the criti,ue- there4s no solvency defcit 6 noneo#the 'enefts o# the 1A re,uire the use o# the termexploration!


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They *ay( 9ot ;ur Exploration G >e "ean*omething Else

Frontierism is a 'edroc& assumption o# ocean exploration!

There is a necessary connection 'etween exploration andexploitation! Be.ect the concept o# exploration to avoidrepeating the violence o# the American >est and thedestruction o# the Earth4s oceans!Bowadows&i 10 ?elen M. @oz;ado;sEi, Associate Professor of ?istory and Mariti'e St/diesat the University of Connectic/t>Avery Point, "#$" %Arth/r C. ClarEe and the Li'itations of the Ocean as a9rontier,* Environmental History, ol/'e $6, 1ss/e 8, J/ly, Availa(le Online to S/(scri(ing 1nstit/tions viaO"#!

0ot;ithstanding the li'itations he assigned to the ocean relative to o/ter space, ClarEe had (oldand a'(itio/s e


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2eca/se the space frontier overshado;ed the ocean frontier in the decades after the Second orld ar, itis essential to e$#6hhrg6834#.pdf, Accessed #6>$7>"#$4, p.

73!

Many people perceive @eso/rces and Scienceas separate categories, yet in'y )eld, at leastocean e


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hy eof>the>(o< thinEing.1n order to have a 'eaningf/l Eno;ledge of this co'ple< syste' and its potential role in the f/t/re ;ell(eing of the United States and its people, a 'eaningf/l plan that has a glo(al perspective of this earthsyste' needed to (e p/t in place. =he plan ;o/ld incl/de a f/ll s/rvey and assess'ent of the ocean lifesyste's, the eect of ocean che'istry and cli'ate on these syste's, and the vast array of ha(itats on theocean oor, all vie;ed fro' an integrated perspective.


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=he plan designed to achieve o/r 'eaningf/l Eno;ledge of the oceansca'eto /s in the for' of the reportiss/ed /nder the direction of the President entitled,%&iscovering the +arthHs Final Frontier: A U.S. Strategy for Ocean+sensor o(servatories that ;ill read allenviron'ental data fro' the coastline to the deep ocean oor.=his incl/des the (iology,geology, physical oceanography, and ;ater che'istry of the oceans. e'/st /nderstand the role, history and i'pact of h/'ans /pon the ocean fro' poll/tion to historic ;recEsand str/ct/res on the ocean oor. e '/st 'aEe this infor'ation readily availa(le to ed/cators andenviron'ental, political, ind/strial and research leaders, so that eective plans for ne; aF/ac/lt/re, ne;ocean ind/stries, and ne; ocean conservation initiatives can (e laid.

=hese challenges in o/r Ocean +c/lt/ral and inter>agency arena. =his is a fresh start and a catalyst that ;ill ena(leo/r nation to taEe a lead in the ;holistic /nderstanding of o/r oceans. =his is a critical step for o/r nationto taEe and everyone sho/ld (e (ehind it.

1t is and e


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Frontierism is an underlying assumption o# ocean explorationeven when not explicitly acknowledged!Bowadows&i 10 ?elen M. @oz;ado;sEi, Associate Professor of ?istory and Mariti'e St/diesat the University of Connectic/t>Avery Point, "#$" %Arth/r C. ClarEe and the Li'itations of the Ocean as a9rontier,* Environmental History, ol/'e $6, 1ss/e 8, J/ly, Availa(le Online to S/(scri(ing 1nstit/tions viaOfoot instr/'ent>vehicle for ocean e$747566B5D,Accessed #6>$7>"#$4!As long as ;e are navel>gazing d/ring this policy hiat/s, 1 ;ant to eevident: ;hat activities do ;e 'ean (y the ;ord %e


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&irectorate. So clearly, the ter' is tightly ;oven into the fa(ric of the space progra'. 2/t e(o/nd egrati)cation, glo(al po;erproection or land gra((ing.Science has (een part of the space progra' fro' the (eginning and has served as (oth an activity and arationale. =he 'ore scientists got, the 'ore they ;anted. =hey realized that their access to spacedepended /pon the appropriation of enor'o/s a'o/nts of p/(lic 'oney and hence, s/pported the non>

scienti)c aspects of the space progra' altho/gh not ;itho/t so'e resent'ent!. 2eca/se scienceocc/rs on the c/tting edge of h/'an Eno;ledge, its conation ;ithe


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They *ay( ermute G 8o The /Alt

1! This severs the term exploration! ;ur concept 2 ismutually exclusive 'ecause it criti,ues the armative4s tie tothe topic!

0! Be.ect severance permutations 6 they evade clash and letthe armative o3 the hoo& #or important choices a'outlanguage and #raming! Be,uiring a sta'le advocacy protectsneg ground and creates more productive de'ates! They gaineda strategic 'eneft 'y using the language o# exploration 6our criti,ue is the reciprocal strategic cost!


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They *ay( ermute G 8o Hoth

1! an4t do 'oth 6 the concept 2 is less than the a3- sothe perm isjust the a!

0! This still lin&s to the net7'eneft 'ecause it includes theterm exploration! 2t doesn4t shield the lin&( explorationhas #rontierist 'aggage that .ustifes capitalist imperialism!


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They *ay( oncept 2s Had

1! A3 'urden 6 the armative should 'e responsi'le #orde#ending their word choices and speech act! This is the onlynon7ar'itrary standard! Allowing the a3 to interpret whatthey meant prevents e3ective pre7round preparation andstrategy development- un#airly s&ewing the de'ate in their#avor! There4s no infnite regression 'ecause they haveeditorial control over their 1A!

0! *pecifcity &ey 6 evidence should determine whetherlanguage choices matter- not de'ate theory! >e4ve readspecifc evidence that the term exploration should 'ere.ected in the context o# oceans! Evidence prevents a race tothe 'ottom! ase7'y7case .udgment is 'etter than universalcondemnation!

I! Janguage shapes reality 6 it4s impossi'le to separatelanguage #rom real world policy!hernus C 1ra Chern/s, Professor of @eligio/s St/dies and Co>&irector of the Peace and ConictSt/dies Progra' at the University of Colorado>2o/lder, "##B Monsters to estroy! "he Neoconservative#ar on "error and Sin, P/(lished (y Paradig' P/(lishers, 1S20 $7547$"67", p. 6>3!

2/t their ideals and val/es do 'aEe sense ;ithin their o;n ideological stories. And the logic of thosestories ho;ever perverse! holds a Eey to /nderstanding ;hy A'erica gro;s less sec/re every day. =he

;ordsthey Qend page 6R /se have real e3ects. ords initiate, interpret,#rame, legitimate, de'ate, evaluate, explain,.usti#y andrationalie p/(lic policies. ords , /st as '/ch as policies , can causedeath and su3ering. =he ;ords 'ay not acc/rately portray the speaEersH or ;ritersH 'otivesand ideals. 1ndeed, the ;ords are often laced ;ith large doses of )ction. =hey treat real people as if they

;ere characters in a )ctional story'onsters ;ho '/st (e destroyed. 2/t the people ;hos/er and die are a'solutely real. =hatHs ;hythe ;ords and theideology they e


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They *ay( Be.ecting Janguage Had G +eneral

1! 9ot responsive 6 our concept 2 is de'ating- notcensorship! The reason that speech codes are 'ad is 'ecausethey prevent important discussions- 'ut the counterplan#acilitates an important discussion a'out exploration and#rontierism!

0! Jin&s more to the a3 6 the term exploration shuts downde'ate 'y inscri'ing American values and mythologies into thediscussion o# the oceans! 2# we win our criti,ue- this inscriptionis a .ustifcation #or violent imperialism!


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They *ay( Be.ecting Janguage Had G Hutler

1! 9ot Besponsive 6 Hutler4s argument is that speech codesare 'ad- not that we shouldn4t de'ate a'out language in anacademic #orum! ;ur concept 2 is de'ating- not censorship!

0! arm Mustifes 6 Hutler concedes that speech codes aresometimes .ustifed when there is a clear harm!Fleche DD Anne 9leche, Lect/rer in Literat/re at the Massach/setts 1nstit/te of =echnology, $555%2ooE @evie;: +


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Armative 6 elp#ul ardsExploration doesn4t entail end 6 it includes theoriing!Oim 0 Sang ?o Gi', Ph.&. Candidate at the University of OElaho'a, "##" %+'(odi'ent, =echnology

and Co''/nication: A Pheno'enological +#6>"#$4, p. "!

=hesecond necessary ele'ent in a ne; 'odel is one ;hich relates to theappropriate style of inF/iry. An apt ter' for this is exploration.


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=raditionally, the style of inF/iry has (een characterized (y the ;ordscontrol and foc/s. +"8!

=his, if yo/ ;ill, is one /lti'ate conseF/ence and a strange 'anifestation! of the 'ove'ent of self>eace'ent ;hich is one of the senses of the presence of criticis': (y dint of its disappearance (efore the;orE, criticis' recovers itself in the ;orE as one of the ;orEs essential 'o'ents. ?ere, ;e )nd o/rselvesrediscovering a process that the present ti'e has seen develop in 'any dierent ;ays. Qend page ""RCriticis' is no longer a for' of e


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rather as action within and towards the space o# creation. 1t is?olderlin, once again, ;ho speaEs of the priests of &ionys/s 4in holy 0ight roa'QingR fro' one place to the

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Exploration T K Double Bind