Exploration Network Chapter 2

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE PC v4.0Chapter 1 1

Communicating over the Network

Network Fundamentals – Chapter 2

ITE PC v4.0Chapter 1 2© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Objectives Describe the structure of a network, including the

devices and media that are necessary for successful communications.

Explain the function of protocols in network communications.

Explain the advantages of using a layered model to describe network functionality.

Describe the role of each layer in two recognized network models: The TCP/IP model and the OSI model.

Describe the importance of addressing and naming schemes in network communications.


Network Structure Define the elements of communication

–3 common elements of communication• message source- Sender• the channel- Provides the path way to destination• message destination- Receiver

Define a networkdata or information networks capable of carrying many different types of communications (text, voice, video and other types of data


Network Structure Describe how messages are communicated

Data is sent across a network in small “chunks” called segments


Multiplexing occurs when the segments of two or more messages can shuffle into each other and share the medium

Segmentation-Networks can more efficiently send message through different routes if necessary. Because Internet is always adjusting routes for efficiency


Network Structure Define the components of a network–Network components-Path that a message takes from source to destination

• hardware- Laptop, PC, switch or cabling used to connect devices• software- Communication Programs . Email hosting services, and Web hosting services


Network Structure End Devices and their Role in the Network

–End devices form interface with human network & communications network–Role of end devices:

• client- Request information and services• server- Reply with the requested information• both client and server-


Example end devices are as follows:

1.Computers, Workstations, Laptops and servers

2.Network Printers

3.Voice over IP phones

4.Cameras

5.PDAs

6.Remote Monitoring stations for weather observation

Host address is a unique physical address used by hosts inside a LAN

When host sends a message to another host it uses the physical address of the destination device


Network Structure Identify the role of an intermediary device in a data

network and be able to contrast that role with the role of an end device

–Role of an intermediary device–Connect individual hosts to the network and connect multiple networks to form an internetwork

• provides connectivity and ensures data flows across network


Intermediary Devices

Network access devices- Connect End users to network Ex: Hubs, Switches and Access Points

Internetwork Devices – Connect one network to one or more networks. Ex: Router

Communication Servers- Route services such IPTV and wireless broadband

Modems- Connect users to servers

Security Devices- Secure the network with devices such as Firewalls


Intermediary Devices perform: 1. Regenerate and retransmits data signals

2. Maintain information about what pathways exist through the network and internetwork

3. Notify other devices of errors

4.Direct data along alternate pathways

5. Classify and direct message according to Qos

6. Permit or deny the flow of data based on security settings



Network Structure Define network media and criteria for making a network

media choiceNetwork media

this is the channel over which a message travels


Each media uses different methods of encode messages

Encoding messages refers to the way data is converted to patters of electrical, light or electromagnetic energy carried on the medium


Media – Copper Ex: Twisted Pair, Encoding –Electrical Pulses

Fiber Optic, Glass or plastic Fibers, Light Pulses

Wireless – Connects local users through the air, Electromagnetic waves

Administrator must consider when choosing network media”

1.Distance the media carry the signal

2. Environment on which media works

3. Bandwidth requirements for users

4. Cost of installation

5. Cost of connectors


Network Types Define Local Area Networks (LANs)- Group of end devices

and users under the control of a common administration- A network serving a home, building or campus is considered a Local Area Network (LAN)


Network Types Define Wide Area Networks (WANs)- Used to connect

LANs that are located geographically far apart- LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by a network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN)


Network Types Define the Internet

The internet is defined as aglobal mesh of interconnected networks


Internetwork- Collection of two or more LANs connected by WANs

Intranet- Closed to Public, Open for employees to browse

ISP also TSPs connect their customers to the Internet. Customer can be a home user, a company or a government Institution


Network Types Describe network representations


Network Representations

NIC

Physical Port

Interface


Function of Protocol in Network Communication The importance of protocols and how they are used to

facilitate communication over data networksA protocol is a set of predetermined rules


Function of Protocol in Network Communication Explain network protocols

Network protocols are usedto allow devices to communicate successfully


Function of Protocol in Network Communication

Describe Protocol suites and industry standards

A standard is a process or protocol that has been endorsed by the

networking industry and ratified by a standards organizationIEEE and IETF


Function of Protocol in Network Communication Define different protocols and how they interact


HTTP:Governs the way that a web server and web client interact

Defines the content and formatting of the requests and responses exchanged between the client and server

TCP: Manages individual conversations between web servers and web clients

Divides HTTP messages into smaller pieces called segments

Internetwork Protocol: IP encapsulates segments into packets assigning the address and selects the best path to the destination

Network Access Protocol: Data Link Management and Physical transmission of data on the media

Data Link protocols take the IP packets and format them to be transmitted over the media


Function of Protocol in Network Communication Technology independent Protocols

-Many diverse types of devices can communicate using the same sets of protocols. This is because protocols specify network functionality, not the underlying technology to support this functionality.


Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model Explain the benefits of using a layered model

–Benefits include• assists in protocol design• fosters competition• changes in one layer do not affect other layers• provides a common language


Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model Describe TCP/IP Mode


Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model Explain protocol data units (PDU) and encapsulation

Each layer adds control information called PDU


Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model Describe the Communication Process

Ex: Email


Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model Describe the process of sending and receiving

messages


Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model Explain protocol and

reference modelsA protocol model provides a model that closely matches the structure of a particular protocol suite.

A reference model provides a common reference for maintaining consistency within all types of network protocols and services.


Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model Define OSI


Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model Compare OSI and TCP/IP model


Addressing and Naming Schemes Explain how labels in encapsulation headers are used

to manage communication in data networks


Addressing and Naming Schemes Describe examples of Ethernet MAC Addresses, IP

Addresses, and TCP/UDP Port numbers


Addressing and Naming Schemes Explain how labels in encapsulation headers are used

to manage communication in data networks


Addressing and Naming Schemes Describe how information in the encapsulation header

is used to identify the source and destination processes for data communication


Summary


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Exploration Network Chapter 2