Exploration and Expansion

Chapter 6, Section 1

Motivation

• Why begin expanding overseas?

• The Asian Attraction– Recorded travels to Asia

fascinated Europeans

• Trade– Spices of the East meant

money for the West

• Religion– Introduction to Christian

faiths

• “God, Glory, and Gold”

Means to Travel

• What do you need to make these travels?

• Money– Hesitant at first, more and

more European governments begin to fund voyages

• Ships and Technology– Boats and the technology to

navigate the ocean

• A Crew– People to man the vessel

Portuguese Trading Empire• Portugal began exploration in the

1420s under __________ ________________________– Found gold on western coast of

Africa

• _________________rounded Southern tip of Africa in 1488– Quicker route to Asia

• _____________ later traveled this route to India– Over the next few decades,

Portuguese take complete control of the spice trade

• Why are the Portuguese so successful?

A Route to India?• Any quicker routes to India?

– _________________sailed around the world• Left in 1519 with 250 men and 5

ships• Died in the Philippines in 1521…1

ship and 18 men returned

• Spanish begin to look westward for a quicker route to India

• But what about the flat Earth?– Most Europeans knew the

world was round, but did not know how large it was

Christopher Columbus• Believed the circumference of

the world was smaller than it actually was– Hence, why he thought he had

landed in India• Persuaded _________

___________and ____ __________to fund a voyage West

• In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue– Lands in the Caribbean, but

Columbus calls these places the Indies

Voyages to the Americas

• Continued exploration by Spain and Portugal was fueled by the desire to find a westward route to Asia

• As the countries continued to explore, conflict was inevitable

A Line of Demarcation

• The feud between Spain and Portugal was “solved” through the __________ ____________________– Spain was given all

territories west of the line, while Portugal gained all territories east of the line

• Both continued to feud for years, despite the ruling

Race to the Americas

• _______ (John Cabot), ________ (Amerigo Vespucci), and many other European nations soon began to follow

• What about ________ _______________?– Spain and Portugal were

growing weaker…could not defend their claimed territories

The Spanish Empire

• _____________ were Spanish conquerors of the New World

• ________________– Overthrew Aztecs

• ________________– Defeated Incans

• ____________ system– Spanish use of Native

Americans as slaves– Originally meant to care for

Natives, but settlers were too far from Europe to be punished for harsh treatment

Spanish Empire cont’d

• Native populations suffered due to forced labor, starvation, and disease– Hispaniola – 250,000 in

1492, 500 in 1538– Mexico – 25 million in

1519, 1 million in 1630

• European churches, schools, and hospitals soon ripped apart traditional Native societies

Economic Impact

• West– Mines

• Searched for gold and silver

– Farming and ranching, known as the __________ _________________• Raised European crops like

sugar, cotton, vanilla, and livestock

• American crops like potatoes, cocoa, corn, and tobacco

• East– Portuguese take over spice

trade routes in Asia

New Arrivals = New Rivals?

• ________ were biggest competitors in Asia– Established East India

Company

• ________ and ________ were major competitors in the Americas, _______ tried– _______ – colonized Canada

and Louisiana– _________ – East coast of

what is now U.S.– _______ – Establish West

India Company

Colonial Advantage• _________ – settlement of

people living in a new territory, linked by trade and direct government control

• ________ provided the gold and silver needed for a country to become powerful, according to the theory of _____________

• To bring in gold and silver, the countries needed a good _____________ – the difference in value between imports and exports over time