PRE TEST

Text 1

How Earthquakes Happen

Earthquakes are movement in Earth’s crust. The crust is earth’s rocky outer layer, the solid ground we live on. Earth’s crust is broken up into many gigantic sections of rigid rock called plates. The plates slide around slowly on a layer of hot, melted rock deep inside earth, sometimes the plates crash together. Sometimes the edge of one plate slides under another plate.

     Faults are cracks in Earth’s crust between the huge plates. Earthquake usually happen along the faults. The plates on each side of a fault press againts each other with tremendous force. An earthquake occurs when the rock along the edge suddenly gives away. Huge chunks of rock underground break and move. They can jolt upward or they can dive down. Sometimes the blocks of rock along a fault grind sideways past each other.

     The place where the rock breaks is called the focus of the earthquake. It is usually underground. The breaking and moving makes waves travel through the ground. The waves go through the ground the way waves go through water. The ground ripples and shakes.

     The place on the ground directly above the focus is called the epicenter. Earthquakes are strongest near their epicenters. Eartquakes waves go out in big circles. Waves made by powerful earthquake can travel thousand of miles. . 

1. What is the text above?

A. FaultsB. EarthquakeC. WavesD. Earth E. Hurricane

2.   What is the purpose of the text?

A. To describe about earthquake in generalB. To make the readers aware about the earthquakeC. To tell how the earthquake happensD. To warn people about the coming earthquake E. To explain about the faults

3.   In which part of the text telling how an earthquake may happen?

A. The 1st paragraph .B. The 2nd paragraphC. The 3rd paragraphD. The 4rd paragraphE. The 1st and 2nd paragraph

4. An eathquake occurs when the rocks along the…’(second paragraph) The synonim of the underlined word is….

A. MovesB. GoesC. BreaksD. HappensE. Destroys

5.   The can jolt upward or…’(second paragraph)…

A. Earthquake wavesB. EarthquakesC. Huge chunks of rock undergroundD. PlatesE. Faults

Text 2

Tsunami

A tsunami is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or in the sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions and large meteorite impacts all have the potential to generate a tsunami. The effects of a tsunami can range from unnoticeable to devastating.

The term of tsunami comes from the Japanese language meaning harbour (tsu) and wave (nami). Although in Japanese tsunami is used for both singular and plural, in English “tsunamis” is well-established as the plural. The term was created by fisherman who returned to port to find the area surrounding the harbour devastated, although they had not

been aware of any wave in the open water. A tsunami is not a sub-surface event in the deep ocean; it simply has a much smaller amplitude (wave heights) offshore, a very long wavelength (often hundreds kilometers long), which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a passing “hump” in the ocean.

Tsunamis have been historically referred to as “tidal waves” because as they approach land they take on the characteristics of a violent onrushing tide rather than the sort of cresting waves that are formed by wind action upon the ocean (with which people are more familiar). However, since they are not related to tides, the term is considered misleading and its usage is discouraged by oceanographers.

1. The writer wrote the text …

A. To entertain readersB. To describe a tsunamiC. To argue against a tsunamiD. To tell funny things about tsunamiE. To persuade readers to prevent a tsunami

2. Waves which are created by a tsunami are very ……

A. TinyB. LongC. StrongD. ExcitingE. Peculiar extraordinary

3. “…… it simply has a much smaller amplitude (wave heights) offshore …….” (par.2)Which is the closest meaning to the underlined word?

A. OnlyB. RarelyC. ReallyD. ActuallyE. Obviously

4. Which doesn’t have the potential to generate tsunami?

A. EarthquakesB. Volcanic eruptionsC. Large meteorite impactsD. LandslidesE. Harbours

5. ….. when water in lake or in the sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale. The underlined word means …

A. FastB. ContinuouslyC. GenerallyD. GraduallyE. Slowly

Text 3

How Hurricanes Occur

Hurricanes are the most awesome, violent storms on Earth. People call these storms by other names, such as typhoons or cyclones, depending on where they occurs. The scientific term for all these storms is tropical cyclone. Only tropical cyclones that form over the Atlantic Ocean or eastern Pacific Ocean are called "hurricanes

Hurricanes generally occur in the North Atlantic from May through November, with the pack of the hurricane season in September, only rarely will they occur from December through April in that part of the ocean. The main reason for the occurrence of hurricane during this period is that the temperature on the water surface is at its warmest and the humidity of the air is at its highest.

Of the tropical storms that occur each year in the North Atlantic, only about five, on the average, are powerful enough to be called hurricanes. To be classified as a hurricane, a tropical storm must have winds reaching speed of at least 117 kilometers per hour, but the winds are often much stronger than that; the winds of intense hurricanes can easily surpass 240 kilometers per hour.

1. The social function of the text above is ….

A.   To decribes the hurricanesB.    To tell event before hurricanes comeC.    To how how to make hurricanesD.    To persuade some one to create hurricanesE.     To amuse the reader with hurricanes stories

2. The passage mainly discusses ….

A.   The number of hurricanes in a yearB.   The strength of hurricanesC.   The weather in the north AtlanticD.   Hurricanes in a certain part of the worldE.   Hurricanes and disaster of the world

3. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?

A.   Three are always hurricanes in the North Atlantic All year roundB.   Extremely warm weather and high humidity can cause hurricanesC.   Very strong winds are the result of hurricanesD.   Hurricanes occur every month from may to NovemberE.   Tropical countries have a lot of intense hurricanes

4. What is the storm must have to be classified as a hurricane?

A.   Tropical storms must powerful enough to be called hurricanesB.   It must have the enermous density C.   Strong winds are required to cause the hurricaneD.   Intensivity of hurricane should be classifiedE.   Storm must have winds reaching speed of at least 117 kilometers per hour

5. What is the synonim of trophical cyclone (the first paragraph)?

A.   Low pressure centreB.   Climatology C.   Rapidly rotating storm D.   Trophical intensity E.   Intense winds

Text 4

How Floods Happen

A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land, a deluge. In the sense of "flowing water", the word is applied to the inflow of the tide, as opposed to the outflow or "ebb". It is usually due to the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, exceeding the total capacity of the body, and as a result some of the water flows or sits outside of the normal perimeter of the body.

It can also occur in rivers, when the strength of the river is so high it flows right out of the river channel, usually at corners or meanders. These of course, are not applicable in such instances as sea flooding. A flood occurs when an area of land, usually low-lying, is covered with water. The worst floods usually occur when a river overflows its banks.

Floods happen when soil and vegetation cannot absorb all the water. The water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried in stream channels or kept in natural ponds or man-made reservoirs. Periodic floods occur naturally on many rivers, forming an area known as the flood plain. These river floods usually result from heavy rain, sometimes

combined with melting snow, which causes the rivers to overflow their banks. A flood that rises and falls rapidly with little or no advance warning is called a flash flood. Flash floods usually result from intense rainfall over a relatively small area.

1. What does the text tells about ?

A. RainB. FloodC. TsunamiD. Sea floodingE. Hurricane

2. What is flash flood?

A. A flood that rises and falls rapidly with little or no advance warningB. It is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges landC. A flood that occurs because of melting snowD. The water that runs off the landE. The movement on the planks of the earth

3. Why may periodic flood happen?

A. It occurs naturally in many rivers.B. It is the result of intense rainfall in a certain area.C. The soil and vegetation are not able to absorb the water.D. It is the result of the combination of heavy rain and melting snowE. It is the result of clashes on the surface of the earth

4. When the worst flood usually occurs?

A. When the soil and vegetation cannot absorb all the waterB. When a river overflows its banks.C. When the water runs off the landD. When the volume of water is smallE. When the thunderstorm occurs

5. Periodic floods occur naturally on many rivers, forming an area known as…

A. The intense floodB. The flash floodC. The flood plainD. The landslideE. The overflows

POST TEST

Text 1

Tornado

Tornadoes are known as one of the most damaging disasters. What is the description of tornadoes? A tornado is a very powerful coloumn of winds which spirals around a centerof low atmospheric pressure. A tornado will look like a large black funnel which hangs down from a storm cloud.

The name “ tornado” derives from the latin “tonare” it means “to thunder”. While the spanish developed the word into “tornear” which means “to turn or twist”this is why a tornado is sometimes called twister or cyclone.

The winds inside a twister can spin around at speed up to 500 miles an hour, but it usually travels at roughly 300 miles an hour.this speed twisting makes a tornado the most dangerous storm.The average tornado has a diameter of about 200 to 300 yards.the smaller tornadoes re known as satellite tornadoes. These small off spring,about 50 yards accros,can be very fierce and do lots of damage.

The forming of a tornado can be very quick. Sometimes it can form in a minute or less. A tornado can travel accros the ground high speed, then it can suddenly vanish. Most tornadoes last less than twenty minutes and tarvel less than 15 miles. However the super storm sometimes travel over 100 miles before they are exhausted.

1. What is the paragraph 1 tells about?

A. Tornadoes are disastersB. Tornado is very powerfulC. Description of tornadoes.D. Tornado will look like a black funnelE. Tornado is dangerous

2. The average tornado has a diameter of about…

A.200 to 300 yards.B.500 miles an hourC.50 yards accrosD.300 miles an hourE.150 miles an hour

3. Why sometimes tornadoes called twister or cyclone?

A. Tornadoes are very powerfulB. The name of tornadoes derives from latinC. Because Spanish developed the word into “tornear” which means “to turn or twist”D. Because tornadoes cause the rainstormE. Because tornadoes only happen in rural areas

4. The word “it”in paragraph 5 first line refers to?

A. A tornadoB. The forming of a tornadoC. The super stormD. The windE. The rainstorm

5.Called in second paragraph same meaning with....

a. Spellb. Mentionc. Sayd. NamelyE. Synonim

Text 2

Global Warming

           Global Warming is the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to effect

of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from

deforestation, which trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth. This is a type of

greenhouse effect.

  Global  Warming has become more  serious after the Asian tsunami occurred, for

example in some parts of Indonesia, India and Srilanka, that killed more than three hundred

thousand people. There is no reason for us not to concern with it. The global warming will

not only make summer hotter and hotter, but will also lead more rain, more flood, higher sea

level, and more unpredictable weather.

             

Greenhouse gases ( carbon monoxide and methane ), processed from releasing the

carbon into the air then mixes the oxygen, takes an important role in stimulating global

warming. Carbon dioxide traps the heats from the sun so that it keeps the Earth warm.

            Modern living, like modern industry and agriculture, produces more carbon.

Meanwhile, the higher level of carbon dioxide is the highest level for half million years. Not

all people are excited about the issue. As the result of this, scientists are now more highly

motivated to find whether global warming is only an issue or even a delaying fact.

1. What is the global warming based on the text? A. The decrease of earth’s average surface temperature     B. The warming on earth caused by pollution                        C. The modern disaster ever happen on earth D. The increase of modern industry and agriculture E. The increase of earth’s average surface temperature

2. When Global warming becomes more serious?

A. Before the Asian tsunami         B. After the Asian tsunami                 C. Before and after the Asian TsunamiD. Before the greenhouses processed E. After the greenhouses processed

3. What is the modern living produce?

A. Welfare                         B. More pollutionC. Some issue                            D. Delaying fact  E. More carbon and pollution

4. What makes scientists are now more highly motivated to solve global warming issue?

A. The higher level of carbon dioxideB. The higher level of pollution    C. The higher level of smokes                D. The higher level of density       

E. The higher level of toxics

5. What is the Greenhouse gases?

A. Carbon dioxideB. Oxygen C. PollutanD. Glass house effectE. Carbon monoxide

Text 3

How Landslides Occur

Landslides are geological phenomena that occur due to the fall of the land which is a natural phenomenon and usually occurs mountain area . Landslides occur when the top layer of earth and rock separated from the main part of a mountain or hill . This usually occurs because of high rainfall , earthquakes , or volcanic eruptions . When the landslide happens the top layer of the earth starts to slide freely on the slopes and take the momentum in this slide , so the launch will be faster ( up to about 30 meters / second ) .

In general, the incidence of landslides caused by two factors: the driving and triggering factors . The driving factors are the factors that affect the condition of the material itself , while the trigger factor is a factor that causes the movement of the material. Although the main cause of this incident is the gravitational influence of a steep slope , but there are also other factors that also influence such as erosion caused by the flow of surface water or rain water.

Slope of rocks and soil saturation caused weakened by heavy rains. Earthquakes cause vibration. Pressure on the mineral particles and weak areas in the rock mass and resulting soil erosion of the slopes of the volcano creates empty dust deposits. Heavy rain and the flow of dust. Vibration from machinery , traffic , use of explosives , and even lightning. Excessive weight , for example, from the gathering of rain or snow

1. Landslide occur when the top layer of earth and rock separated. (par. 2). The closest meaning of word “separated” is….

A. UniteB. CrumbledC. MitigatedD. Split into two partsE. Integrated

2. What is the text tells us about….

A. The rainfall                                                       B. The earthquake

C. The solid disaster                                             D. The floodE. The landslide

3. What are the two factors that make incidence of landslides?…

A. The driving and stimulating factorsB. The driving and moving factorsC. The triggering and stimulating factorsD. The driving and triggering factorsE. The gravitational factors

4. Why the landslides occur?

A. Because of global warmingB. Because of high temperatureC. Because of the rain forestD. Because of high rainfallE. Because of industry

5. When the landslides occur?

A. When the top layer of earth and rock separatedB. When the top layer of earth and rock unitedC. When the driving and stimulating factors happenD. When the gravitational influence happens on a steep slopeE. When the volcano creates the empty dust deposits

Text 4

  The Thunderstorm

Thunderstorms are small scale weather patterns resulting from the formation of cumulonimbus clouds. The storms form as air currents move upwards into the atmosphere through convection. Overall, a thunderstorm usual builds and diminishes within about 30 minutes on average.

Thunderstorms, such as supercell storms, form when warm and moist air, atmospheric instability, and uplift combine to create storm clouds.Contrary to what you may think, not all thunderstorms are considered severe. In order to be considered a severe storm, the thunderstorm must produce some hazardous conditions. For instance, frequent lightning, high winds, straight-line winds, and large hail are hallmarks of a severe thunderstorm.

The National Weather Service does not consider a storm severe unless there is hail of at least 1.9cm (.75 in), tornadoes, and/or winds in excess of 93 km/hr (58 mi/hr). One point to remember is that the higher the top of a cumulonimbus cloud, the more severe the storm. In addition, although tornadoes are associated with thunderstorms, less than 1% of thunderstorms produce a tornado.

1. What is the thunderstorms based on the text above?

A. Air currents move upwards into the atmosphereB. Supercell storms contains moist airC. Large hail of hallmarksD. Highwinds

E. Small scale weather patterns

2. What is the synonim of severe on the second paragraph?

A. ComplicatedB. StubbornC. Hard and extremeD. Rigid and dangerousE. Flirtatious

3. What does the text tell us about?

A. The weather service          B. The thunderstorm      

C. The climatologyD. The cumulonimbus clouds          E. The hardwinds

4.  How many percents thunderstorm produces a tornado?

A. More than 1%              B. Less than 1%    C. More than 2%       D. Less than 2% E. In average

5. What is the conclusion of the text above?

A. The thunderstorm must produce some hazardous conditions         B. The National Weather Service does not consider a storm severe C. Thunderstorms, such as supercell storms, form when warm and moist air. D. The thundestorm is not of the disaster phenomenon

E. As a summary, frequent lightning, high winds, straight-line winds, and large hail are hallmarks of a severe thunderstorm.