Experimental Investigation for Hydrodynamic Flow Due to

European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.83 No.1 (2012), pp.60-75 © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2012 http://www.europeanjournalofscientificresearch.com

Experimental Investigation for Hydrodynamic Flow Due to

Obliquely Free Circular Water Jet Impinging on Horizontal Flat Plate

Mohamed A. Teamah Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Alexandria University, Egypt, Currently, Visiting Professor

Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science and Technology Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt

E-mail: [email protected]

M. Khalil Ibrahim Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering

Alexandria University, Egypt

Mohamed M. Khairat Dawood Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

E-mail: [email protected]

El-Sayed Abdel Aleem Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport

Alexandria, Egypt

Abstract

The inclination circular liquid jet impingement on a horizontal target smooth plate has been investigated experimentally. The hydrodynamic flow structure of unique no-circular profile due to oblique jet is studied in the present work. The nozzle inclination angle is varied from [30o to 90o from horizontal], while the water flow rate is varied from 2 to 5lpm at constant nozzle-to-target separation distance of 30 mm. The nozzle used during the experiments is of circular shape of 5.5 mm diameter. A circular hydraulic jump symmetrical profile was observed due to normal impinging of free water surface jet, but the radial spreading flow structure due to oblique circular jet was different and the hydrodynamic profile of the jump location having elliptical shape structure. The effect of jet inclination angle and the water flow rate on the dimensionless film thickness and the dimensionless hydraulic jump profile in azimuthal direction. The experimental investigation shows that the thin layer film thickness spreading in radial direction decreases gradually until it reaches its minimum value then increases gradually up to location of hydraulic jump. The results show that for oblique jet impingement the thin layer film thickness is non uniform distribution in azimuthal direction. The experimental results indicate that jet inclination angle has significant effect on dimensionless film thickness and flow structure. The thin liquid film area bounded by the jump increases as the jet inclination angle (with the horizontal) increases, being maximum when the jet impinges normal to the horizontal plate. The area bounded being maximum as jet impinging

Experimental Investigation for Hydrodynamic Flow Due to Obliquely Free Circular Water Jet Impinging on Horizontal Flat Plate 61

normally on horizontal plate. The striking difference between the non-circular and circular hydraulic jumps is also considered. Keyword: Inclined jet, hydraulic jump, film thickness, free surface jet

1. Introduction An attractive means of obtaining large heat transfer coefficient at a surface can be achieved by using impinging jets on the surface. The rate of heat transfer from the jet is affected by factors such as, the spacing between the nozzle exit and the target, the jet exit velocity and profile, the nozzle shape, fluid turbulence and the inclination of the nozzle. Jet impingement on a hot surface is widely used in various industrial applications because of the high heat transfer rate. In metal and plastic manufacturing industries, this cooling technique is applied to control the temperature histories during processing. The application of liquid jet impingement heat transfer include localized cooling in internal combustion engines, quenching of metal and other materials in manufacturing process and thermal control of high performance computer components. The circular hydraulic jump can be formed as a consequence of normal impingement of a circular liquid jet on a smooth horizontal surface photo (1-a). The flow spreads radially along the surface forming a thin film. At some radial distance from the impingement point, the film thickness abruptly increases charactering the hydraulic jump. These kinds of hydraulic jumps involve a strongly distorted free surface, a boundary layer region and a subsequent separation of a flow. In many industrial applications, the impinging jet is obliquely inclined with the target plate giving a plethora of interesting fluid flow patterns photo (1-b).

Therefore, a number of experimental studies have been performed to predict the heat transfer rate between a free impinging jet and a hot surface [1, 2]. Convective heat transfer between a circular free impinging jet and a solid surface whose temperature is below the boiling one of the liquid has been also studied theoretically by several researchers [3]. Chaudhury [4] studied theoretically the problem of heat transfer to a laminar jet impinging on an isothermal surface. His solution is based on the velocity distribution in the liquid film obtained by Watson [5]. Liu and Lienhard [6] proposed the formula capable of predicting the local Nusselt number in the case where the variation of the surface heat flux was specified.The equation agrees well with the experimental data. Also, theoretical predictions of local Nusselt number have been presented by Wang et al. [7-9]. Flow and heat transfer under free-surface flow conditions have been studied numerically by some researchers. Rahman et al. [10, 11] studied the flow of a thin liquid film on the surface. Rahman and Fraghri [12, 13] analyzed the flow and heat transfer in the thin liquid film over a rotating disk. Finally, Fraghri et al. [14] studied experimentally and numerically the conjugate heat transfer between a hot surface and a liquid film formed by a controlled impinging jet. Fujimoto et al. [15] studied numerically the convective heat transfer between a circular free surface impinging jet and a solid surface. The thin liquid film formed on the surface has been assumed to be in non-turbulent free surface flow. The effects of surface tension, viscosity, gravity and heat transfer between the film flow and the solid surface have been taken into account.

Mohamed A. Teamah, M. Khalil Ibrahim 62 Mohamed M. Khairat Dawood and El-Sayed Abdel Aleem Photo 1: a hydrodynamic flow structure due to vertical and obliquely inclined jet impinging on flat horizontal

plate.

(a) Vertical jet impingement (b) Obliquely inclined jet impingement

Tong [16] studied numerically the hydrodynamics and heat transfer mechanism of the

impingement process of an oblique free liquid jet. Local Nusselt number distributions at the substrate have also been calculated. Uniform and parabolic jets have been considered. Both the maximum Nusselt number location and the maximum pressure location have been found to shift upstream from the geometrical impingement point of the jet, with the extent of the displacements increasing as the inclination increases. Choo and Sung [17] investigated experimentally heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of two-phase impinging jets were under a fixed pumping power condition. The effects of dimensionless pumping power (PPump = 1.4 × 10 11—2.8 × 1012) and the volumetric fraction (β = 0.0–1.0) on the Nusselt number were considered. Air and water were used as the test fluids. The results showed that the Nusselt number increased with volumetric fraction, attained a maximum value at around 0.2–0.3 of the volumetric fraction, and then decreased. Teamah and Farahat [18,19] studied the heat transfer and flow due to the impingement of free surface vertical jet on the horizontal heated surface numerically and experimentally for single jet and experimentally only for multi jets. There study shows the effect of interaction between the jets on heat transfer at jet water flow rates of [1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8 LPM]. For multi jets their study showed that the interaction between the jets tend to reduce both segment and average segment Nusselt number but the overall average Nusselt number for multi jets for any arrangement is higher than single jet.

M. Khairat [20] studies experimentally the heat transfer between a horizontal heated plate and circular liquid jet impinging vertically downward on the plate. He found that the heat transfer in the shooting area is higher than for the streaming zone since in this area the liquid velocity is higher and the liquid film thickness is lower than for streaming zone. There experiments were carried on single jet and two equal flow rate jets and unequal . The study included the effect of distance between jet nozzle and horizontal plate, the effect of liquid flow rate on heat transfer characteristics. They measure the liquid film thickness distribution for each separation distance and difference Reynolds number. They observed that the average Nusselt number is independent on the separation distance between the nozzle and plate. The study showed that the local and average Nusselt number increase as the jet to jet spacing increased with the maximum increase dimensionless jet to spacing of X/dj =90.09 since the liquid thermal film thickness decreases as the jet spacing increase, and found that by increasing the Reynolds number for one jet the interaction zone shifted toward the weaker Reynolds number jet

Kate et al. [21, 22] subsequently advanced the above considerations towards elucidating the interactions of hydraulic jumps formed by two normal impinging circular liquid jets and hydraulic jumps with corners due to obliquely inclined circular liquid jets. Kate et al. [23] investigated

Experimental Investigation for Hydrodynamic Flow Due to Obliquely Free Circular Water Jet Impinging on Horizontal Flat Plate 63 experimentally the hydrodynamic structure due to oblique impingement of a circular liquid jet on horizontal target. Hydraulic jumps of two broad categories have been observed. At higher angles of jet inclination, they found that jumps are bounded by a smooth curve, and at lower angles of inclination, a typical jump profiles with corners have been observed. Also they investigate the effect of jet inclination angles on jump profile, and jump area. They measure the stagnation pressure and film thickness for different inclination angles and different flow rate volume. In many industrial applications, the impinging jet is obliquely inclined with the target plate, giving a plethora of interesting fluid flow patterns, most of which might appear to be somewhat intuitive, but are by no means obvious. Oblique impinging jets, as compared to normal impinging jets, have received relatively less attention in fluid mechanics literature. The schematic of a circular liquid jet impinging obliquely on a flat horizontal surface, illustrating the associated flow phenomenon, is depicted in Fig. 2.

Following the studies of Beltos [24], Rubel [25,26], Sparrow and Lovell [27] and Tong [28], it can be inferred that the radial spreading flow is, in general, three-dimensional in nature. Cavadas et al. [29] investigated experimentally and numerically the flow field created by a laminar Newtonian liquid jet emanating from a fully-developed rectangular duct and impinging on a flat plate inside a cell confined by inclined plane walls . The experiments, carried out at Reynolds numbers of 136 and 275, measured a separation flow region adjacent to the inclined walls for Re>208 and for Re = 275 there is a helical motion inside this separation region. The length of this recirculation zone decreased for decreasing Reynolds number. Bula et al. [30] analyzed a free jet of high Prandtl number fluid impinging perpendicularly on a solid substrate of finite thickness containing small discrete heat sources on the opposite surface. Both solid and fluid regions have been modeled and solved as a conjugate problem. Equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy were solved taking into account the transport processes at the solid–liquid and liquid–gas interfaces. The shape and location of the free surface (liquid–gas interface) was determined iteratively as a part of the solution process by satisfying the kinematic condition as well as the balance of normal and shear forces at this interface. Vipat et al.[31] characterized experimentally the flow and temperature fields caused by a two-dimensional heating air jet obliquely impinging on a flat plate. Whilst the jet flow is discharged at Re Dh = 8.2 × 10 3 based on the hydraulic diameter of the orifice, Dh , and the jet exit-to-plate spacing (separation distance) is fixed at 8Dh , the impingement angle (inclination) is systematically decreased from 90° (normal impinging) to 30° (oblique impinging). A separate experiment is carried out for a two-dimensional cooling jet obliquely impinging on a heated plate (constant heat flux). The results demonstrate that the response of local surface temperature to plate inclination behaves in a completely different manner. For impinging jet cooling, the inclination (from normal impinging position) reduces the local effective temperature values at corresponding points about actual stagnation point, inclusive of it.

From the previous review it is denoted that the recent researches in free liquid inclined jet is very limited and so, our concern in this study is to analyze the hydrodynamic analysis to add a view for the problem for different parameters affect this phenomena 2. Experimental Apparatus and Measuring Technique A special test rig was designed and constructed for the present work. Photo .1 represents the layout of the experimental test rig. 2.1. The Flow Loop of Jet Water

A schematic diagram of the experimental facility is shown in figure (1). A main water storage tank have capacity of 2 m3 used to store the fresh water received from the main water source. A centrifugal pump (2 hp) is used to feed the header tank with fresh water, the header tank is a cylindrical steel tank have a capacity of 200litres used to create a constant head of 10m above jet level to maintain a consent

Mohamed A. Teamah, M. Khalil Ibrahim 64 Mohamed M. Khairat Dawood and El-Sayed Abdel Aleem head of water above the jet during all experimental test procedure the water flows from the header tank through PVC tube under gravity to jet which fixed on a special designed flexible mechanism to facilitate the direction of jet to any required angle faced the target plate according to test requirements. The jet is fabricated from cupper with 5 mm diameter and 30 mm length, the target horizontal heated plate is manufacture from high quality stainless steel have shape of square box of 96 cm side length and thickness of 6 mm.

Figure 1: Experimental apparatus and equipments

Photo 2: A schematic representation of the experimental setup

2.2. Nozzle Position System

The spray nozzle was mounted to a bracket to provide the rotational movement. A pointer is welded to the jet to indicate the desired angle through a protractor as shown in Photo (2). The adjustment of jet angle can be achieved by turning the jet with the flexible hose to required angle where there is locking nut at the back side of the bracket. Photo (1) shows a translation/rotation of water jet that was used to set the position of the spray nozzle relative to the test surface. The orifice-to-surface distance was

Experimental Investigation for Hydrodynamic Flow Due to Obliquely Free Circular Water Jet Impinging on Horizontal Flat Plate 65 adjusted with the aid of a vertical translation stage that was attached to two vertical aluminum rods. The second, horizontal translation stage was made using horizontal screw mounted in a rectangular box.

Photo 3: Jet nozzle positioning mechanism

2.3. Film Thickness and Hydraulic Jump Location Measuring Technique

The details of water film thickness measuring are showed in Fig.2.and Photo.2. The film thickness of the water flowing over the heated plate is of few millimeters. The micrometer is of 0.01 mm sensitivity is used for measuring the film thickness. A vernier caliper connected to PVC pipe with two clamps around the PVC pipe. This whole mechanism allow to measure the film thickness at different radius from the jet and different circumference. A special electrical circuit is used. This circuit is manufactured as the free surface of the water is wavy. A D/C power supply exerts 5 volts on 5-kΩ resistance series circuit. An oscilloscope used for showing the position of the stylus with respect to the film thickness. At the beginning of the experiments, the stylus is in the air above the water film. The oscilloscope supposed to read the 5-volt. The micrometer is turned around until the stylus touch the free surface of water. The oscilloscope reading will drop to the reduction of the resistance in the circuit. The micrometer will further turned around and the stylus will go toward the surface of the plate. When the stylus touches the surface, the reading on the oscilloscope is zero. The difference between the two reading of the micrometer indicates the film thickness at the specified location.

Figure 2: Details construction for measuring the film thickness

Mohamed A. Teamah, M. Khalil Ibrahim 66 Mohamed M. Khairat Dawood and El-Sayed Abdel Aleem

Photo 4: A schematic representation of the experimental setup

2.4. Measuring the Area Bounded by Hydraulic Jump

The hydraulic jump area through shooting zone was determined depending on the experimental measuring of hydraulic jump radius for each test procedure at different flow rates and jet inclination angles. The film thickness was measured at different radius and at circumference direction. The plate was divided into contour lines in azimuthal plane at increment angle of 10o . Fig.3 shows a schematic diagram of circular liquid jet impinging obliquily on a flat smooth target plate. The hydraulic jump radius location in (r,θ) directions used as input data for a special software computer program grapher 9 for calculate and plotting the area bounded by the hydraulic jump for both vertical and oblique jet impingement. 3. Comparsion with the Previous Works The location of the hydraulic jump on the wetted surface is an interest physical phenomenon that produced at the end zone of the parallel flow in case of vertical jet ψ=90°. In the previous work, Baonga et.al. [32] Showed the influence of the flow rate on the radius of the hydraulic jump. Fig.4. showed the comparison between the present results and with Baonga et.al. [32] For Reynolds number in the range of 700–20000. The Reynolds number based on the diameter of the nozzle is calculated as following:

Re jVdϑ

= (1)

The comparison show the present work is The Reynolds number is determined using the properties of water at the inlet temperature of the jet at 16 °C. The comparison show that the present work is with good agreement with previous work. The experiment results are correlated in an equation for determining the hydraulic jump radius with maximum error of 10% for vertical jet as following:

0.9170.0027 Rehdr

j

Rd = (2)


Figure 3: Elliptical shape profile of hydraulic jump due to obliquely jet impinging on horizontal flat plate

Figure 4: Comparison between the present work and previous for dimensionless hydraulic jump radius

evolution.

5000 10000 15000 20000Re

0

10

20

30

40

Rhy

d/dj

Baonga et .al.[32]Present workcorrelation

4. Results and Discussion When a circular liquid jet impinged a flat horizontal target a free distinct regions are identified as shown in fig.5. The first zone is the free jet region where the flow mainly in axial direction is accelerated due to the gravitational force. The second zone is the impingement region (stagnation region) where the interaction between the jet and the target produces a strong deceleration of the flow in the axial direction and accelerated in the radial direction. The thickness of the boundary layer in these regions is very thin and uniform due to radial acceleration of the fluid this results in high heat transfer coefficient. In radial flow region (parallel flow) the radial velocity decreases as it flows outward, these results in a thickening of boundary layer and gradually decreases in heat transfer coefficient along the radial direction. The main objective of the present work is to investigate experimentally the effect of jet inclination angle and fluid flow rate on hydrodynamic flow structure of jet impingement zone since it have a direct effect on mass and heat transfer coefficient.


Figure 5: Schematic of flow developing from nozzle to heated disk

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60R/dj

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Z/d

j

free jet region

stagnation region parallel flow

4.1. Effect of Jet Flow Rate on Film Thickness and Hydraulic Jump Location

Fig.6. represent the dimensionless film thickness at different dimensionless radius due to vertical jet. Vertical impinging jet on flat horizontal target creates a radialy spreading symmetrical liquid film thickness. As increasing the water flow rate, the location which hydraulic jump occur increases. Also, increasing flow rate, the dimensionless water film thickness decreases. Fig.7. represent the effect of increasing the water flow rate at inclined jet angle, ψ=45°.The dimensionless water film thickness profile is non-symmetrical as vertical jet. At θ=π, the effect of increasing the water flow rate is more significant on the dimensionless hydraulic jump radius than at θ=0.The same observation for vertical jet, as increasing the water flow rate ,the dimensionless film thickness decreases.Fig.8a.shows the dimensionless hydraulic jump profile for vertical jet at different azimuthal direction. The area bounded by hydraulic jump at the different water flow rates are symmetrical circular shape. As the water flow rate increases, the radius of hydraulic jump increases 230% as the flow rate increases from 2 to 5lpm. Fig.8b. shows the dimensionless hydraulic jump profile for inclination jet angle, ψ=45°, at different azimuthal direction. The radial symmetry of the hydraulic jump is lost. The hydraulic jump formed under these conditions assumes an oblate shape. Some of the profiles captured during our laboratory experiments are depicted in Photo. 5.

Figure 6: Effect of Flow rate on dimensionless water film thickness distribution at ψ=90°

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60R/dj

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Z/d

j

2lpm,θ=π

2lpm,θ=0

3lpm,θ=π

3lpm,θ=0

4lpm,θ=π

4lpm,θ=0

5lpm,θ=π

5lpm,θ=0


Figure 7: Effect of Flow rate on dimensionless water film thickness distribution at ψ=45°

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60R/dj

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Z/d

j

2lpm,θ=π2lpm,θ=0

3lpm,θ=π

3lpm,θ=0

4lpm,θ=π4lpm,θ=0

5lpm,θ=π

5lpm,θ=0

Figure 8: Effect of the flow rate on the hydraulic jump profile

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

R/d

j

2 lpm3 lpm4 lpm5 lpm

(a) ψ =90°

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

R/d

j

2lpm3lpm4lpm5lpm

(b) ψ =45°


Photo 5: Profiles of the hydraulic jumps at ψ =45° at different flow rate

(a) Q=2lpm (b) Q=3lpm

(c) Q=4lpm (d) Q=5lpm

4.2. Effect of Jet Inclination Angle on Hydrodynamic Flow Structure

Figures [9, 10] represent the effect of jet inclination angle on dimensionless hydraulic jump profile for oblique jet impingement at different inclination jet angles at two different flow rate. 2 and 5 lpm. The dimensionless film thickness is not symmetrical profile.

For the same jet water flow rate, at θ=π direction, the dimensionless film thickness increases as jet inclination angle with horizontal decreases to reach its minimum value at [ψ =90°].Also, the dimensionless film thickness at θ=π, is higher than the dimensionless film thickness at θ=0.As the jet inclination angle decreased (with respect to horizontal), the difference between the dimensionless film thickness in θ=π and θ=0 increased for the same flow rate.

The increase of jet inclination angle also induces a non uniform distribution of the film in the azimuthal direction.

Fig.11 represent the effect of jet inclination angle on dimensionless area bounded by hydraulic jump radius profile for oblique jet impingement at different inclination jet angles at two different flow rate. 2 and 5 lpm.

For the same flow rate, as the jet inclination angle decreases, the dimensionless hydraulic jump radius increased in θ=π and decreased in the direction of θ=0, and the area bounded by hydraulic jump elongates. The area bounded by hydraulic jump changed from circular shape at ψ=90° to non-circular shape. Some of the profiles captured during our laboratory experiments are depicted in Photo. 6, showing the effect of decreasing the jet inclination angle.


Figure 9: Effect of Jet Inclination angle on dimensionless water film thickness distribution at Q=2lpm

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60R/dj

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Z/d

j

ψ=80°,θ=π ψ=80°,θ=0

ψ=60°,θ=π ψ=60°,θ=0

ψ=40°,θ=π

ψ=40°,θ=0

Figure 10: Effect of Jet Inclination angle on dimensionless water film thickness distribution at Q=5lpm

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60R/dj

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Z/d

j

ψ=80°,θ=πψ=80°,θ=0ψ=60°,θ=πψ=60°,θ=0ψ=40°,θ=πψ=40°,θ=0

Figure 11: Effect of the Jet Inclination angle on the hydraulic jump profile at different flow rate

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

R/d

j

ψ=80°

ψ=70°

ψ=60°

ψ=50°

ψ=40°

ψ=30°

(a) Q=2lpm


Figure 11: Effect of the Jet Inclination angle on the hydraulic jump profile at different flow rate - continued

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

R/d

j

ψ=80°ψ=70°ψ=60°ψ=50°ψ=40°ψ=30°

(b) Q=5lpm

Photo.6: Profiles of the hydraulic jumps at Q =2 lpm at different Jet Inclination angle

(a) ψ=90° (b) ψ=80°

(C) ψ=60° (d) ψ=40°

Experimental Investigation for Hydrodynamic Flow Due to Obliquely Free Circular Water Jet Impinging on Horizontal Flat Plate 73 4.3. Comparison Between the Circular and Non-Circular Hydraulic Jump Profile

The experimental results for area ratio are correlated as shown in fig.12 at different jet inclination angle and flow rate. It is noted that for both low and high jet water flow rate as jet inclination angle decreased the hydraulic jump profile take unique non- circular shape (elliptical) and for the same jet water flow rate the area bounded by hydraulic jump profile increases as jet inclination (with horizontal) increases and being maximum when [ψ =90°].

The ratio, A inclined /A normal , is observed to be independent of the volume flow rate of the liquid for a fixed value of ψ. The Area of the jump can be correlated with the jet inclination angle (in degree) as follows:

20.447 + 0.031 - 0.0001649294521inclined

normal

AA

φ φ= (3)

Figure 12: Change in the thin film area bounded by the jump with the jet inclination angle

30 40 50 60 70 80Jet inclination angle,ψ

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Ain

clin

ed/A

norm

al

2 lpm3 lpm4 lpm5 lpmcorrelation

5. Conclusion From the present work results the following conclusions can be summarized:

1. A circular hydraulic jump profile is created due to normal impingement of free water jet on smooth horizontal surface. As the jet inclination angle changes from vertical to any angle the circular profile changed to non –circular shape.

2. An elliptical area bounded by hydraulic jump has been observed due to impinging of obliquely liquid jet on horizontal smooth surface. The hydraulic jump location increased as the jet inclination angle decreased in the direction of downstream flow [θ=π] while decreased in the upstream flow [θ=0].

3. The effect of increasing the flow rate at fixed inclination jet angle is significant on the film thickness and the hydraulic jump location. As increasing the flow rate, the film thickness decreases and the location of the hydraulic jump increased at different azimuth direction. Also it was observed that the inclination angle have a direct effect on film thickness and hydraulic jump location. As increasing the jet inclination angle, the film thickness and the hydraulic jump location decreased to reach minimum value as the jet is vertical.

4. The area bounded by hydraulic jump profile have been calculated for both vertical and oblique jet impingement for different jet inclination angle from 30° to 80° for different flow rate. The result shows that for the same test conditions the area being maximum when jet inclination angle is ψ= 90° and decreased as jet inclination angle decreases. The ratio of A inclined / A vertical is depended only on the angle of jet inclination.


5. For inclined jets, considerable variations in the liquid film thickness in azimuthal direction are observed.

6. Nomenclature A : Area, m2 dj : Nozzle diameter, m Q : water volume flow rate, m3/s R : hydraulic jump radius m r : radial coordinate, m Re : Reynolds number based on nozzle diameter R/dj : dimensionless radial distance. V : jet velocity, m/s Z : film thickness, m Z/dj : dimensionless water film thickness Greek Letters θ : contour line angle in azimuthal direction degree φ : jet inclination angle , degree : kinematic viscosity m2/s Subscripts

inclined: inclined jet

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Experimental Investigation for Hydrodynamic Flow Due to