Expedition 27-28 Press Kit

8/7/2019 Expedition 27-28 Press Kit

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APRIL 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS i

TABLE OF CONTENTSSection Page

M is s io n O v e r vie w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 1 E x pe dit io n 2 7 /2 8 Cr e w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1

M is s io n M ile s t on e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 5

E x pe dit ion 2 7 /2 8 S pa c e wa lk s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7R u s s ia n S o y u z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 2 9

S o y u z B o o s t e r R o c k e t C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4

P r e l a u n c h C o u n t d o w n T i m e l i n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5

A s c e n t / I n s e r t i o n T i m e l i n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6

O r b i t a l I n s e r t i o n T o D o c k i n g T i m e l i n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7

S o y u z L a n d i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2

E x pe dit ion 2 7 /2 8 S c ie n ce O v e r v iew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5

R e s e a r c h E x p e r i m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1

NASAS Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 M e dia As s is t an c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 7 5 Expedition 27/28 Public Affairs Officers (PAO) Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77


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ii TABLEOF CONTENTS APRIL 2011

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APRIL 2011 MISSION OVERVIEW 1

Mission Overview

Expeditions 27 and 28

The International Space Station is featured in this image photographed by an STS-133crew member on space shuttle Discovery after the station and shuttle began theirpost-undocking relative separation. Undocking of the two spacecraft occurred at

7 a.m. (EST) on March 7, 2011. Discovery spent eight days, 16 hours, and 46 minutesattached to the orbiting laboratory. Photo credit: NASA

The primary goals of Expedition 27 and 28are to continue world-class research whilepreparing the International Space Station(ISS) for a future without space shuttles,provisioning it with enough supplies andspare parts to support the orbiting outpostuntil all of its new resupply spacecraft areready.

The comings and goings of the final twospace shuttle missions, STS-134 andSTS-135, will keep the stations six-personcrew busy for much of the summer, whilethe departure of four cargo ships turnedtrash trucks and the activation ofRobonaut 2 fill the rest of its busy schedule.


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2 MISSION OVERVIEW APRIL 2011

The Expedition 27 and 28 crews, comprisedof a total of nine residents over a span of

seven months, will continue to supportresearch into the effects of microgravity onthe human body, biology, physics andmaterials, and expand its scope to themysteries of the cosmos with the AlphaMagnetic Spectrometer.

As Expedition 26 Commander Scott Kellyand Flight Engineers Alexander Kaleri andOleg Skripochka departed in mid-March,cosmonaut Dmitry Kondratyev becamecommander of the three-person Expedition27 crew that also includes NASAs CatherineColeman and the European Space AgencysPaolo Nespoli. For about two weeks, the triomaintained station operations and researchbefore being joined by another Americanand two more Russians.

NASAs Ron Garan and Russians AndreyBorisenko and Alexander Samokutyaev

joined Kondratyev, Coleman and Nespoliwhen their Soyuz TMA-21 spacecraft

docked with the station April 6, following anApril 4 launch from the BaikonurCosmodrome in Kazakhstan. United, theycomprise the full Expedition 27 crew.Kondtatyev, Coleman and Nespoli launchedto the station Dec. 15, 2010, aboard theSoyuz TMA-20 spacecraft.

Less than two weeks after the arrival ofGaran, Borisenko and Samokutyaev, thesix-person crew celebrated the

50th anniversary of the first humanspaceflight and the 30th anniversary of the

first space shuttle flight. Russian cosmonautYuri Gagarins flight lifted off from the same

launch pad as Garan, Borisenko andSamukotyaev on April 12, 1961, while NASAastronauts John Young and Robert Crippenlaunched from Kennedy Space Center onSTS-1 on April 12, 1981, aboard spaceshuttle Columbia.

Coleman, a retired U.S. Air Force colonel,has been on the space station sinceDec. 17, 2010. She was a mission specialiston STS-73 in 1995 and STS-93 in 1999, amission that deployed the Chandra X-RayObservatory. She also served as the backupU.S. crew member for Expeditions 19, 20,and 21.

Kondratyev, selected as a test-cosmonautcandidate of the Gagarin CosmonautTraining Center Cosmonaut Office inDecember 1997, trained as a backup crewmember for Expedition 5 and Expedition 20.He also served as the Russian SpaceAgency director of operations stationed at

the Johnson Space Center from May 2006through April 2007. He conducted twospacewalks in January and February.

Nespoli was selected as an astronaut by theItalian space agency in July 1998 and onemonth later joined ESAs Europeanastronaut corps. He flew as a missionspecialist on STS-120 in October 2007,which delivered the Italian-built Harmonymodule to the space station. Prior to this

mission, Nespoli had accumulated morethan 15 days of spaceflight experience.


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Expedition 27 crew members from top, Russian cosmonaut Andrey Borisenko, NASAastronaut Ron Garan, and cosmonaut and Soyuz commander Alexander Samokutyaevwave farewell from the bottom of the Soyuz rocket prior to their launch to the ISS from

the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Baikonur, Kazakhstan, on Apri l 5, 2011 (Kazakhstan time).The Soyuz, which has been dubbed Gagarin, is launching one week shy of the 50th

anniversary of the launch of Yuri Gagarin from the same launch pad in Baikonur on Apri l12, 1961 to become the first human to f ly in space. Photo credit: NASA/Carla Cioffi


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Garan, 49, is embarking on the secondmission of his NASA career. Garan

completed his first spaceflight in 2008 onSTS-124 as a mission specialist and haslogged more than 13 days in space and20 hours and 32 minutes of extravehicularactivity in three spacewalks. Garan is aretired colonel in the U.S. Air Force and hasdegrees from the SUNY College at Oneonta,Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University andthe University of Florida.

Samokutyaev, 41, flight engineer for

Expeditions 27 and 28, is on his firstmission. Before becoming a cosmonaut,Samokutyaev flew as a pilot, senior pilot anddeputy commander of air squadron.Samokutyaev has logged 680 hours of flighttime and performed 250 parachute jumps.He is a Class 3 Air Force pilot and aqualified diver. Since December 2008, hehas trained as an Expedition 23/24 backupcrew member, Soyuz commander andExpedition 24 flight engineer.

Borisenko, 46, graduated from the LeningradPhysics and Mathematics School No. 30and, working in a military unit, started hiscareer at RSC Energia in 1989 where hewas responsible for the Mir motion controlsystem and took part in the Borisenko was ashift flight director at the MCC-M starting in1999, first for the Mir space station and thenfor the International Space Station.Borisenko will serve as a flight engineer onExpedition 27 and commander onExpedition 28.

The Expedition 27 and 28 crews will workwith some 111 experiments involvingapproximately 200 researchers across avariety of fields, including human lifesciences, physical sciences and Earthobservation, and conduct technology


demonstrations ranging from recyclingto robotics. Seventy-three of these

experiments are sponsored by NASA,including 22 under the auspices of theU.S. National Laboratory program, and38 are sponsored by international partners.More than 540 hours of research areplanned. As with prior expeditions, manyexperiments are designed to gatherinformation about the effects oflong-duration spaceflight on the humanbody, which will help us understandcomplicated processes such as immune

systems with plan for future explorationmissions.

Aside from research, Expeditions 27 and 28are all about making room for the suppliesand equipment to be delivered on thefinal shuttle missions by putting as muchtrash and packing material as possibleinto departing cargo vehicles. The emptiedJapan Aerospace Exploration Agency-provided Konotouri2, or H-II Transfer Vehicle(HTV2) departed the station on March 28.The 41st Russian Progress cargo craft isscheduled to undock on April 22. TheEuropean Space Agency-launchedJohannes Kepler Automated TransferVehicle 2 (ATV2) is slated to depart on June20. The 43rd Russian Progress cargo craft isscheduled to undock on Aug. 29. All four willbe commanded to make fiery re-entries thatdestroy the spacecraft and the refuse insideas they fall back to Earth.

Before Johannes Kepler departs, itsthrusters and propellant will be used to boostthe space station to its normal plannedaltitude of 248 miles, or 400 kilometers. Themain reason for increasing the standard orbitfrom 220 statute miles, or about 350kilometers, is to cut the amount of fuelneeded to keep it there by more than half.


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Even though the space station orbits inwhat most people on Earth would consider

to be the vacuum of space, there are stillenough atmospheric molecules contactingthe stations surfaces to change its speed,or velocity. The station is so large (as big asa football field with the end zones included)that the cumulative effect of these tinycontacts reduces its speed and causes aminute but continuous lowering of itsaltitude, or height above the Earth. To fightthis tendency, thrusters on the space

station or visiting vehicles such as thespace shuttle, Progress resupply vehicles,

or ATVs, are fired periodically to reboostthe station. These reboosts, however, comeat the cost of propellant, that must belaunched from Earth at significant cost.Raising the space stations altitude meansthat visiting vehicles will not be able to carryas much cargo as they could if they werelaunching to the station at a lower altitude,but it also means that not as much of thatcargo needs to be propellant.

NASA astronaut Mike Fossum (right foreground), Expedition 28 flight engineer andExpedition 29 commander; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut

Satoshi Furukawa (center foreground), Expedition 28/29 flight engineer; NASAastronaut Ron Garan (left background), Expedition 27/28 flight engineer; and NASAastronaut Chris Ferguson (right background), STS-135 commander, participate in atraining session in an ISS mock-up/trainer in the Space Vehicle Mock-up Facility at

NASAs Johnson Space Center. Fossum and Garan are attired in training versions ofthe Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit. Photo credit: NASA


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At its current altitude, the space stationuses about 19,000 pounds (8.6 kilograms

of propellant a year to maintain a consistentorbit. At the new, slightly higher altitude,the station is expected to expend about8,000 pounds (3.6 kilograms) of propellanta year. And that will translate to asignificant amount of food, water, clothing,research instruments and samples, andspare parts that can be flown on the cargovehicles that will keep the stationoperational until 2020 and beyond.

Another important task for the new crew willbe to install infrastructure upgrades to thestations command and control computersand its communications systems. Theyear-long upgrade process started duringExpedition 26. Upgrading the computersand communications network will doublethe speed of data that can be transferred toand from the station, and add two additionalvideo and two additional audio channels.The upgrades will help transmit scientificexperiment data to researchers throughcontrol centers around the world, and helpshare the crews activities with the public.The goal is to increase the high-speeddownlink levels from 150 to 300 megabits asecond, which will allow the station toalmost continually downlink telemetry dataon all of its systems. The upgrade also willstandardize the video system athigh-definition television quality levels.

Endeavours final mission, STS-134/ULF6,

also known as Utilization and LogisticsFlight 6, is scheduled to launch April 29,and will deliver the Alpha MagneticSpectrometer (AMS). The AMS will be

mounted to the stations truss structurewhere it will use the power generated by

the stations solar arrays to supportobservations of cosmic rays. Looking atvarious types of unusual matter found in theuniverse will allow AMS researchers tostudy the formation of the universe andsearch for evidence of dark matter andantimatter.

In addition, STS-134 will deliver ExPRESSLogistics Carrier 3 (ELC-3), which will holda variety of spare parts. The STS-134mission will include four spacewalks tolubricate the port Solar Alpha Rotary Joints(SARJs) that allow the stations solar arraysto track the sun as they generate electricity,install ammonia jumper hoses for thestations cooling system, stow the OrbiterBoom Sensor System outside the stationfor future use as an inspection tool, andretrieve a set of materials exposureexperiments for return to Earth.

The final flight of the space shuttle fleet,

STS-135/ULF7, is scheduled to launchJune 28, and dock to the station three dayslater. Also known as Utilization andLogistics Flight 7, Atlantis last mission willcarry the Raffaello Multi-Purpose LogisticsModule to deliver supplies, logistics andspare parts to the station. The four-personshuttle crew also will fly a system toinvestigate the potential for remote-controlled robot refueling of satellites andspacecraft in orbit and return a failed

ammonia pump module to help NASAbetter understand the failure mechanismand improve pump designs for futuresystems.


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NASA astronaut Mike Fossum (right), Expedition 28 flight engineer and Expedition 29commander; along with Russian cosmonaut Sergei Volkov (center) and Japan

Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Satoshi Furukawa, bothExpedition 28/29 flight engineers, pose for a photo during a docking timelinesimulation training session in the Space Vehicle Mock-up Facility at NASAs

Johnson Space Center. Photo credit: NASA


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Two Progress resupply craft are scheduledto deliver about two tons of supplies,

equipment, fuel and other consumablesduring the summer. Progress 42 isscheduled to launch from the BaikonurCosmodrome on April 27 and dock with thestations Pirs port two days later, andProgress 43 is scheduled to launch fromKazakhstan on June 21, and dock onJune 23 to the aft port of Zvezda, which willbe vacated by ATV2. Progress 43s stay isexpected to be relatively brief, withProgress 44 scheduled to launch

Aug. 30 and dock to the same Zvezda porton Sept. 1.

One flight of the new commercial resupplyvehicles, named Dragon, designed andtested for station support by SpaceExploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX),is scheduled to pass within a few miles ofthe station during the summer. Thedemonstration flight is part of NASAsCommercial Crew and Cargo Program,which also involves future demonstrationflights by Orbital Sciences Corp.sCygnus spacecraft. Once the test flightsdemonstrate the capabilities of the new

commercial spacecraft, they will begin flyingroutine cargo missions to the station.

The six-person Expedition 27 crew willspend about two months together beforeKondratyev, Coleman and Nespoli climbinto their Soyuz, undock and head for a lateMay landing in Kazakhstan. That will leaveBorisenko, Garan and Samokutayev as thesole occupants of the station for abouttwo weeks as the first set of threecrewmembers that make up Expedition 28.Borisenko will become the Expedition 28commander when Kondratyev departs. Therest of the Expedition 28 crew NASAsMike Fossum, JAXAs Satoshi Furukawaand Russias Sergei Volkov arriveapproximately two weeks after Kondratyev,Coleman and Nespoli depart. They arescheduled to launch June 7 aboard theSoyuz TMA-02M spacecraft from Baikonurand be a part of the six-person crew for therest of the summer until Borisenko, Garanand Samokutayev depart on Sept. 16.Fossum will become Expedition 29commander when Borisenko leaves forhome.


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Attired in Russian Sokol launch and entry suits, Russian cosmonautAndrey Borisenko (right), Expedition 27 flight engineer and Expedition 28

commander; along with Russian cosmonaut Alexander Samokutyaev (center)and NASA astronaut Ron Garan, both Expedition 27/28 flight engineers,

take a break from training in Star City, Russia to pose for a portrait.Photo credit: Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center


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APRIL 2011 CREW 11

Expedition 27/28 Crew

Expedition 27

Expedition 27 Patch

The Expedition 27 patch depicts theInternational Space Station prominentlyorbiting Earth, continuing its mission forscience, technology and education. Thespace station is an ever-present reminder

of the cooperation between the UnitedStates, Russia, Japan, Canada and the

European Space Agency and of thescientific, technical and culturalachievements that have resulted from thatunique teamwork. The station is shown inits completed status with the latest additionof the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer and

with two resupply vehicles docked at eachend of the station. The Southern CrossConstellation is also shown in theforeground and its five stars, along with thesun, symbolize the six international crew

members who live and work on the spacestation. The Southern Cross is one of thesmallest modern constellations, and alsoone of the most distinctive. It has culturalsignificance all over the world and inspiresteams to push the boundaries of theirworlds, both in space and on the ground.


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Expedition 27 crew members take a break from training at NASAs Johnson SpaceCenter to pose for a crew portrait. Pictured from the right are Russian cosmonaut

Dmitry Kondratyev, commander; Russian cosmonaut Andrey Borisenko;NASA astronaut Catherine Coleman; Russian cosmonaut Alexander Samokutyaev;

European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut Paolo Nespoli; and NASA astronaut

Ron Garan, all flight engineers. Photo credit: NASA


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APRIL 2011 CREW 13

Expedition 28

Expedition 28 Patch

In the foreground of the Expedition 28patch, the International Space Station isprominently displayed to acknowledge theefforts of the entire International Space

Station team both the crews who haveassembled and operated it, and the team ofscientists, engineers and support personnelon Earth who have provided a foundationfor each successful mission. Their effortsand accomplishments have demonstratedthe space stations capabilities as a

technology test bed and a sciencelaboratory, as well as a path to the humanexploration of our solar system and beyond.This Expedition 28 patch represents theteamwork among the international partners

USA, Russia, Japan, Canada and the

ESA and the ongoing commitment from

each partner to build, improve and use thespace station. Prominently displayed in the

background is our home planet, Earth thefocus of much of our exploration andresearch on our outpost in space. Alsoprominently displayed in the background isthe moon. The moon is included in thedesign to stress the importance of ourplanets closest neighbor to the future ofour world. Expedition 28 is scheduled tooccur during the timeframe of the 50th

anniversary of both the first human inspace, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin,and the first American in space, astronautAlan Shepard. To acknowledge thesignificant milestone of 50 years of humanspaceflight, the names andShepard as well as 50 Years areincluded in the patch design.


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Expedition 28 crew members take a break from training at NASAs Johnson SpaceCenter to pose for a crew portrait. Pictured from the right (front row) are Russian

cosmonaut Andrey Borisenko, commander; Russian cosmonaut AlexanderSamokutyaev and NASA astronaut Mike Fossum, both flight engineers. Pictured from

the left (back row) are Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut

Satoshi Furukawa, NASA astronaut Ron Garan and Russian cosmonaut Sergei Volkov,all flight engineers. Photo credit: NASA

Short biographical sketches of the crewfollow with detailed background available at

the following Web site:http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/


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APRIL 2011 CREW 15

Expedition 27

Dmitry Kondratyev

Dmitry Kondratyev, 41, will serve as theSoyuz commander for the December Soyuzlaunch and landing in May. He will join theExpedition 26 crew as a flight engineer andthen transition to Expedition 27 as the crewcommander. Kondratyev was selected as atest-cosmonaut candidate of the Gagarin

Cosmonaut Training Center CosmonautOffice in December 1997. He trained as abackup crew member for Expedition 5and Expedition 20. He also served asthe Russian Space Agency director ofoperations stationed at the Johnson SpaceCenter from May 2006 through April 2007.


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Cady Coleman

This is the third spaceflight mission forNASA astronaut Cady Coleman, 49, aretired U.S. Air Force colonel. Coleman andher crewmates launched to the spacestation on Dec. 13, 2010. She will serve asa flight engineer for both Expedition 26 andExpedition 27. Coleman has logged more

than 500 hours in space. She was amission specialist on STS-73 in 1995 andSTS-93 in 1999, a mission which deployedthe Chandra X-Ray Observatory. She alsoserved as the backup U.S. crew memberfor Expeditions 19, 20 and 21.


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APRIL 2011 CREW 17

Polo Nspoli

European Space Agency astronautPolo Nspoli, 53, will serve as a flightengineer for Expedition 26 and 27, hissecond spaceflight mission. Nspoli wasselected as an astronaut by the Italianspace agency in July 1998 and one monthlater joined ESAs European astronaut

corps. He flew as a mission specialist onSTS-120 in October 2007. During themission, which delivered the Italian-builtNode 2 Harmony to the space station,Nspoli accumulated more than 15 days ofspaceflight experience.


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18 CREW APRIL 2011

Expedition 28

Alexander Samokutyaev

Alexander Samokutyaev, 41, flight engineerfor Expeditions 27 and 28, is on his firstmission. Before becoming a cosmonaut,Samokutyaev flew as a pilot, senior pilotand deputy commander of air squadron.Samokutyaev has logged 680 hours of flight

time and performed 250 parachute jumps.He is a Class 3 Air Force pilot and aqualified diver. Since December 2008, hehas trained as an International SpaceStation 23/24 backup crew member, Soyuzcommander and 24 flight engineer.


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APRIL 2011 CREW 19

Andrey Borisenko

This will be the first spaceflight for

Andrey Borisenko, 46. After graduatingfrom the Leningrad Physics andMathematics School No. 30 and working ina military unit, Borisenko started his careerat RSC Energia in 1989 where he wasresponsible for the Mir motion controlsystem and took part in the MCC-M

onboard systems operation analysis board.

Borisenko was a shift flight director at theMCC-M starting in 1999, first for the Mirspace station and then for the InternationalSpace Station.

Borisenko will serve as a flight engineeron Expedition 27 and commander onExpedition 28.


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Ron Garan Jr.

Ron Garan, 49, will be embarking on thesecond mission of his NASA career. Garancompleted his first spaceflight in 2008 onSTS-124 as mission specialist 2 (flightengineer for ascent and entry) and haslogged more than 13 days in space and

20 hours and 32 minutes of extravehicularactivity in three spacewalks. Garan isa retired colonel in the U.S. Air Force andhas degrees from the SUNY Collegeat Oneonta, Embry-Riddle AeronauticalUniversity and the University of Florida.


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APRIL 2011 CREW 21

Sergei Volkov

Volkov, 38, a colonel in the Russian AirForce, was selected as a test-cosmonautcandidate of the Gagarin CosmonautTraining Center Cosmonaut Office inDecember 1997. Volkovs first spaceflightwas the Soyuz 12 as commander and

International Space Station commanderwhere he logged 12 hours, 15 minutesof extravehicular activity time in twospacewalks and 199 days in space. He willbe serving as a flight engineer inExpedition 28 on Soyuz 27.


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22 CREW APRIL 2011

Mike Fossum

Fossum, 53, a colonel in the USAF, wasselected as an astronaut in June 1998.Before Fossum was selected, he servedas a flight test engineer on the X-38, aprototype crew escape vehicle for the newspace station, and supported the AstronautOffice as a technical assistant for the spaceshuttle. Fossum is now a veteran of two

spaceflights, STS-121 in 2006 andSTS-124 in 2008. On those two flightsFossum logged more than 636 hours inspace, including more than 42 hours insix spacewalks. He has been assigned to asix-month stay on the space station, servingas flight engineer on Expedition 28 andcommander on Expedition 29.


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APRIL 2011 CREW 23

Satoshi Furukawa

Furukawa, 47, will be serving his firstspaceflight as a crew member onExpedition 28 in Soyuz 27 to theInternational Space Station. In 1999,Furukawa was selected by the NationalSpace Development Agency of Japan(NASDA) as one of three Japaneseastronaut candidates for the International

Space Station. He was certified as anastronaut in January 2001. Since 2001,Furukawa has been participating in spacestation advanced training, as well assupporting the development of thehardware and operation of the JapaneseExperiment Module Kibo.


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APRIL 2011 MILESTONES 25

EXPEDITION 27 AND 28 MILESTONES

April 26 41 Progress undocks from the Pirs docking compartment 1

April 27 42 Progress launches from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan

April 29 42 Progress docks to the Pirs docking compartment 1

May 5 50th anniversary of the first American human spaceflight, Freedom 7, byastronaut Alan Shepard

May 15 Expedition 28 begins when 25 Soyuz/TMA-20 undocks from the Rassvetmini research module 1 and then lands (May 16 Kazakhstan time)

May 23 Expedition 27 undocking from Rassvet Module/MRM1; Soyuz TMA-20/25 Soyuz (Kondratyev, Coleman, Nespoli) (6:06 pm CT, 3:06 a.m. Moscow timeon May 24)

May 23 Expedition 27 Landing; Soyuz TMA-20 / 25 Soyuz (Kondratyev, Coleman,Nespoli) (8:37 p.m. CT, 5:37 a.m. Moscow time on May 24)

June 1 27 Soyuz/TMA-02M docks to the Rassvet Mini Research Module 1

June 7 Expedition 28 Launch; 27 Soyuz/TMA-02M launches from the BaikonurCosmodrome, Kazakhstan

June 9 Expedition 28 Docking to Rassvet Module (3:59 p.m. CT)

June 20 The European Johannes Kepler Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV2) undocksfrom the aft of the Zvezda service module

June 21 43 Progress launches from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan

June 23 43 Progress docks to the aft of the Zvezda service module

July 26 Russian spacewalk No. 29

Aug. 29 43 Progress undocks from the aft of the Zvezda service module

Aug. 30 44 Progress launches from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan

Sept. 1 44 Progress docks to the aft of the Zvezda service module

Sept. 16 Expedition 29 begins when 26 Soyuz/TMA-21 undocks from the PoiskMRM 2 and then lands


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26 MILESTONES APRIL 2011



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APRIL 2011 SPACEWALKS 27

Expedition 27/28 Spacewalks

Atti red in a training version of his Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit,NASA astronaut Ron Garan, Expedition 27/28 flight engineer, participates in a

spacewalk training session in the waters of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL)near NASAs Johnson Space Center. Divers are in the water to assist Garan in his

rehearsal, which is intended to help prepare him for work on the exterior of theInternational Space Station. Photo credit: NASA

There are no U.S.-based spacewalks

currently scheduled for Expedition 27 or 28,though Flight Engineers Ron Garan andMike Fossum will perform one duringthe STS-135 mission. However, FlightEngineer Sergi Volkov and CommanderAndrey Borisienko will don Russian Orlanspacesuits for the stations 29th Russian

spacewalk. Volkov has 12 hours and

15 minutes of spacewalk experience fromthe two spacewalks he performed onExpedition 17 in 2008. Borisienko willperform his first spacewalk.

Spacewalks 29 is currently planned for July,though the date is subject to change.


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28 SPACEWALKS APRIL 2011

The focus of the spacewalk Russian

spacewalk 29 will be the relocation of one

of the two Russian Strela cargo booms fromthe Pirs docking compartment to the Poiskmini research module, in preparation for thedeorbiting of the Pirs in late 2012.

Another task on the spacewalkers agendawill be the installation of an onboard lasercommunications terminal on the Zvezdaservice module. This terminal will transmitinformation from the space station tothe ground using optical communication

channel assets. They will also installa platform with three Biorisk experimentcontainers onto the Pirs dockingcompartment. Biorisk studies the effect ofthe space environment on various biologicalmaterials during long-term exposure,particularly the way organisms like bacteriaand fungi might adapt or change.

In addition to all this, the cosmonauts willdeploy an experiment called ARISSat-1,

or Radioskaf-V, a 57-pound nanosatellitethat houses congratulatory messagescommemorating the 50th anniversary inApril 2011 of Yuri Gagarins launch tobecome the first human in space.

The ham radio transmitter will enablecommunications with amateur radiooperators around the world for three tosix months. It is one of a series ofeducational satellites being developed ina partnership with the Radio AmateurSatellite Corp.; the NASA Office ofEducation International Space StationNational Lab Project; the Amateur Radio onthe International Space Station workinggroup; and RSC-Energia.

NASA astronaut Mike Fossum, Expedition 28 flight engineer and Expedition 29commander, attired in a training version of the Extravehicular Mobili ty Unit (EMU)

spacesuit, awaits the start of a spacewalk training session in the waters of theNeutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near NASAs Johnson Space Center.

Photo credit: NASA


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30 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA APRIL 2011

crew members couch/seat, which areindividually molded to fit each persons

body

this ensures a tight, comfortable fitwhen the module lands on the Earth.

The module has a periscope, which allowsthe crew to view the docking target on thestation or Earth below. The eight hydrogenperoxide thrusters on the module are usedto control the spacecrafts orientation, orattitude, during the descent until parachutedeployment. It also has a guidance,navigation and control system to maneuverthe vehicle during the descent phase of themission.

This module weighs 6,393 pounds, with ahabitable volume of 141 cubic feet.Approximately 110 pounds of payload canbe returned to Earth in this module and upto 331 pounds if only two crew membersare present. The descent module is theonly portion of the Soyuz that survives thereturn to Earth.

Instrumentation/Propulsion Module

This module contains three compartments:intermediate, instrumentation andpropulsion.

The intermediate compartment is where themodule connects to the descent module. Italso contains oxygen storage tanks and theattitude control thrusters, as well aselectronics, communications and control

equipment. The primary guidance,navigation, control and computer systemsof the Soyuz are in the instrumentationcompartment, which is a sealed containerfilled with circulating nitrogen gas to coolthe avionics equipment. The propulsioncompartment contains the primary thermalcontrol system and the Soyuz radiator,

which has a cooling area of 86 square feet.The propulsion system, batteries, solar

arrays, radiator and structural connection tothe Soyuz launch rocket are located in thiscompartment.

The propulsion compartment contains thesystem that is used to perform anymaneuvers while in orbit, includingrendezvous and docking with the spacestation and the deorbit burns necessaryto return to Earth. The propellants arenitrogen tetroxide and unsymmetric-dimethylhydrazine. The main propulsionsystem and the smaller reaction controlsystem, used for attitude changes while inspace, share the same propellant tanks.

The two Soyuz solar arrays are attached toeither side of the rear section of theinstrumentation/propulsion module and arelinked to rechargeable batteries. Like theorbital module, the intermediate section ofthe instrumentation/propulsion moduleseparates from the descent module after

the final deorbit maneuver and burns up inthe atmosphere upon re-entry.

TMA Improvements and Testing

The Soyuz TMA-01M spacecraft is the firstto incorporate both newer, more powerfulcomputer avionics systems and new digitaldisplays for use by the crew. The newcomputer systems will allow the Soyuzcomputers to interface with the onboard

computers in the Russian segment of thestation once docking is complete.

Both Soyuz TMA-15, which launched to thestation in May 2009, and Soyuz TMA-18,which launched in April 2010, incorporatedthe new digital Neptune display panels,and seven Progress resupply vehicles haveused the new avionics computer systems.


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APRIL 2011 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA 31

The Soyuz TMA-01M vehicle integratesthose systems. The majority of updatedcomponents are housed in the Soyuzinstrumentation module.

For launch, the new avionics systemsreduce the weight of the spacecraft byapproximately 150 pounds, which allows asmall increase in cargo-carrying capacity.Soyuz spacecraft are capable of carrying alimited amount of supplies for the crewsuse. This will increase the weight ofsupplies the spacecraft is capable ofcarrying, but will not provide any additional

volume for bulky items.Once Soyuz is docked to the station, thenew digital data communications systemwill simplify life for the crew. Previousversions of the spacecraft, including boththe Soyuz TM, which was used from 1986to 2002, and the Soyuz TMA in use since2002, required Mission Control, Moscow, toturn on the Soyuz computer systemsperiodically so that a partial set ofparameters on the health of the vehicle

could be downlinked for review. In addition,in the case of an emergency undocking anddeorbit, crew members were required tomanually input undocking and deorbit dataparameters. The new system will eliminatethe need for the crew to perform thesechecks and data updates, with thenecessary data being automaticallytransferred from the space station to theSoyuz.

The updates required some structural

modifications to the Soyuz, including theinstallation of cold plates and an improvedthermal system pump capable of rejectingthe additional heat generated by the newcomputer systems.

The majority of Soyuz TMA systems remainunchanged. In use since 2002, the TMA

increased safety, especially in descent andlanding. It has smaller and more efficientcomputers and improved displays. Inaddition, the Soyuz TMA accommodatesindividuals as large as 6 feet, 3 inches talland 209 pounds, compared to 6 feet and187 pounds in the earlier TM. Minimumcrew member size for the TMA is 4 feet,11 inches and 110 pounds, compared to5 feet, 4 inches and 123 pounds for the TM.

Two new engines reduced landing speedand forces felt by crew members by 15 to30 percent, and a new entry control system

and three-axis accelerometer increaselanding accuracy. Instrumentationimprovements included a color glasscockpit, which is easier to use and givesthe crew more information, with handcontrollers that can be secured under aninstrument panel. All the new componentsin the Soyuz TMA can spend up to one yearin space.

New components and the entire TMA wererigorously tested on the ground, in hangar-

drop tests, in airdrop tests and in spacebefore the spacecraft was declared flight-ready. For example, the accelerometer andassociated software, as well as modifiedboosters (incorporated to cope with theTMAs additional mass), were tested onflights of Progress, the unpiloted supplyspacecraft, while the new cooling systemwas tested on two Soyuz TM flights.

Descent module structural modifications,seats and seat shock absorbers were

tested in hangar drop tests. Landingsystem modifications, including associatedsoftware upgrades, were tested in a seriesof air drop tests. Additionally, extensivetests of systems and components wereconducted on the ground.


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Soyuz Launcher

A Soyuz TMA spacecraft launches fromthe Baikonur Cosmodrome in

Kazakhstan on Oct. 12, 2008 carry ing anew crew to the International Space

Station. Photo Credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls

Throughout history, more than1,500 launches have been made with

Soyuz launchers to orbit satellites fortelecommunications, Earth observation,weather, and scientific missions, as well asfor human space flights.

The basic Soyuz vehicle is considered athree-stage launcher in Russian terms and

is composed of the following:

A lower portion consisting of fourboosters (first stage) and a central core(second stage).

An upper portion, consisting of the thirdstage, payload adapter and payloadfairing.

Liquid oxygen and kerosene are usedas propellants in all three Soyuz stages.

First Stage Boosters

The first stages four boosters areassembled laterally around the secondstage central core. The boosters areidentical and cylindrical-conic in shape withthe oxygen tank in the cone-shaped portionand the kerosene tank in the cylindricalportion.

An NPO Energomash RD 107 engine withfour main chambers and two gimbaledvernier thrusters is used in each booster.The vernier thrusters provide three-axisflight control.

Ignition of the first stage boosters and thesecond stage central core occursimultaneously on the ground. When theboosters have completed their poweredflight during ascent, they are separated andthe core second stage continues tofunction.

First stage booster separation occurs whenthe predefined velocity is reached, which isabout 118 seconds after liftoff.


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Second Stage

An NPO Energomash RD 108 engine

powers the Soyuz second stage. Thisengine differs from those of the boosters bythe presence of four vernier thrusters,which are necessary for three-axis flightcontrol of the launcher after the first stageboosters have separated.

An equipment bay located atop the secondstage operates during the entire flight of thefirst and second stages.

Third Stage

The third stage is linked to the Soyuzsecond stage by a latticework structure.When the second stages powered flight iscomplete, the third stage engine is ignited.Separation of the two stages occurs by thedirect ignition forces of the third stageengine.

A single-turbopump RD 0110 engine fromKB KhA powers the Soyuz third stage.

The third stage engine is fired for about

240 seconds, and cutoff occurs when thecalculated velocity increment is reached.After cutoff and separation, the third stageperforms an avoidance maneuver byopening an outgassing valve in the liquidoxygen tank.

Launcher Telemetry Tracking & FlightSafety Systems

Soyuz launcher tracking and telemetry isprovided through systems in the secondand third stages. These two stages havetheir own radar transponders for groundtracking. Individual telemetry transmittersare in each stage. Launcher health statusis downlinked to ground stations along theflight path. Telemetry and tracking data aretransmitted to the mission control center,where the incoming data flow is recorded.Partial real-time data processing and

plotting is performed for flight following aninitial performance assessment. All flight

data is analyzed and documented within afew hours after launch.

Baikonur Cosmodrome LaunchOperations

Soyuz missions use the BaikonurCosmodromes proven infrastructure, andlaunches are performed by trainedpersonnel with extensive operationalexperience.

Baikonur Cosmodrome is in the Republic of

Kazakhstan in Central Asia between45 degrees and 46 degrees North latitudeand 63 degrees East longitude. Twolaunch pads are dedicated to Soyuzmissions.

Final Launch Preparations

The assembled launch vehicle is moved tothe launch pad on a horizontal railcar.Transfer to the launch zone occurs twodays before launch, during which thevehicle is erected and a launch rehearsal isperformed that includes activation of allelectrical and mechanical equipment.

On launch day, the vehicle is loaded withpropellant and the final countdownsequence is started at three hours beforethe liftoff time.

Rendezvous to Docking

A Soyuz spacecraft generally takes twodays after launch to reach the spacestation. The rendezvous and dockingare both automated, though once thespacecraft is within 492 feet of the station,the Russian Mission Control Center justoutside Moscow monitors the approach anddocking. The Soyuz crew has the capabilityto manually intervene or execute theseoperations.


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Soyuz Booster Rocket Characteristics

First Stage Data - Blocks B, V, G, DEngine RD-107

Propellants LOX/Kerosene

Thrust (tons) 102

Burn time (sec) 122

Specific impulse 314

Length (meters) 19.8

Diameter (meters) 2.68

Dry mass (tons) 3.45

Propellant mass (tons) 39.63Second Stage Data - Block A

Engine RD-108


Thrust (tons) 96

Burn time (sec) 314


Length (meters) 28.75


Dry mass (tons) 6.51

Propellant mass (tons) 95.7

Third Stage Data - Block I

Engine RD-461


Thrust (tons) 30

Burn time (sec) 240


Length (meters) 8.1


Dry mass (tons) 2.4Propellant mass (tons) 21.3

PAYLOAD MASS (tons) 6.8

SHROUD MASS (tons) 4.5

LAUNCH MASS (tons) 309.53

TOTAL LENGTH (meters) 49.3


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Prelaunch Countdown Timeline

T- 34 Hours Booster is prepared for fuel loadingT- 6:00:00 Batteries are installed in booster

T- 5:30:00 State commission gives go to take launch vehicle

T- 5:15:00 Crew arrives at site 254

T- 5:00:00 Tanking begins

T- 4:20:00 Spacesuit donning

T- 4:00:00 Booster is loaded with liquid oxygen

T- 3:40:00 Crew meets delegations

T- 3:10:00 Reports to the State commission

T- 3:05:00 Transfer to the launch pad

T- 3:00:00 Vehicle 1st and 2nd stage oxidizer fueling completeT- 2:35:00 Crew arrives at launch vehicle

T- 2:30:00 Crew ingress through orbital module side hatch

T- 2:00:00 Crew in re-entry vehicle

T- 1:45:00 Re-entry vehicle hardware tested; suits are ventilated

T- 1:30:00 Launch command monitoring and supply unit prepared

Orbital compartment hatch tested for sealing

T- 1:00:00 Launch vehicle control system prepared for use; gyro instrumentsactivated

T - :45:00 Launch pad service structure halves are lowered

T- :40:00 Re-entry vehicle hardware testing complete; leak checksperformed on suits

T- :30:00 Emergency escape system armed; launch command supply unitactivated

T- :25:00 Service towers withdrawn

T- :15:00 Suit leak tests complete; crew engages personal escapehardware auto mode

T- :10:00 Launch gyro instruments uncaged; crew activates onboardrecorders

T- 7:00 All prelaunch operations are complete

T- 6:15 Key to launch command given at the launch site

Automatic program of final launch operations is activatedT- 6:00 All launch complex and vehicle systems ready for launch

T- 5:00 Onboard systems switched to onboard control

Ground measurement system activated by RUN 1 command

Commander's controls activated

Crew switches to suit air by closing helmets

Launch key inserted in launch bunker


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Prelaunch Countdown Timeline (concluded)

T- 3:15 Combustion chambers of side and central engine pods purgedwith nitrogen

T- 2:30 Booster propellant tank pressurization starts

Onboard measurement system activated by RUN 2 command

Prelaunch pressurization of all tanks with ni ogen begins

T- 2:15 Oxidizer and fuel drain and safety valves of launch vehicle areclosed

Ground filling of oxidizer and nitrogen to the launch vehicle isterminated

T- 1:00 Vehicle on internal power

Automatic sequencer on

First umbilical tower separates from booster

T- :40 Ground power supply umbilical to third stage is disconnected

T- :20 Launch command given at the launch position

Central and side pod engines are turned on

T- :15 Second umbilical tower separates from booster

T- :10 Engine turbopumps at flight speed

T- :05 First stage engines at maximum thrust

T- :00 Fueling tower separates

Lift off

Ascent/Insertion Timeline

T- :00 Lift off

T+ 1:10 Booster velocity is 1,640 ft/sec

T+ 1:58 Stage 1 (strap-on boosters) separation

T+ 2:00 Booster velocity is 4,921 ft/sec

T+ 2:40 Escape tower and launch shroud jettison

T+ 4:58 Core booster separates at 105.65 statute miles

Third stage ignites

T+ 7:30 Velocity is 19,685 ft/secT+ 9:00 Third stage cut-off

Soyuz separates

Antennas and solar panels deploy

Flight control switches to Mission Control, Korolev


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Orbital Insertion to Docking Timeline

FLIGHT DAY 1 OVERVIEWOrbit 1 Post insertion: Deployment of solar panels, antennas and

docking probe

- Crew monitors all deployments

- Crew reports on pressurization of OMS/RCS and ECLSSsystems and crew health. Entry thermal sensors are manuallydeactivated

- Ground provides initial orbital insertion data from tracking

Orbit 2 Systems Checkout: IR Att Sensors, Kurs, Angular Accels, Display TV Downlink System, OMS engine control system,

Manual Att itude Contro l Test- Crew monitors all systems tests and confirms onboardindications

- Crew performs manual RHC stick inputs for attitude control test

- Ingress into HM, activate HM CO2 scrubber and doff Sokols

- A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink

- Radar and radio transponder tracking

Manual maneuver to +Y to Sun and init iate a 2 deg/sec yawrotation. MCS is deactivated after rate is established

Orbit 3 Terminate +Y solar rotation, reactivate MCS and establishLVLH attitude reference (auto maneuver sequence)

- Crew monitors LVLH attitude reference build up

- Burn data command upload for DV1 and DV2 (attitude, TIGDelta Vs)

- Form 14 preburn emergency deorbit pad read up



Auto maneuver to DV1 burn attitude (TIG - 8 minutes) whileLOS

- Crew monitor only, no manual action nominally required

DV1 phasing burn whi le LOS

- Crew monitor only, no manual action nominally requiredOrbit 4 Auto maneuver to DV2 burn attitude (TIG - 8 minutes) whi le

LOS


DV2 phasing burn whi le LOS



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FLIGHT DAY 1 OVERVIEW (CONTINUED)

Orbit 4

(continued)

Crew report on burn performance upon AOS

- HM and DM pressure checks read down- Post burn Form 23 (AOS/LOS pad), Form 14 and Globe

corrections voiced up- A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink- Radar and radio transponder trackingManual maneuver to +Y to Sun and init iate a 2 deg/sec yawrotation. MCS is deactivated after rate is establishedExternal boresight TV camera ops check (while LOS)Meal

Orbit 5 Last pass on Russian tracking range for Flight Day 1Report on TV camera test and crew health

Sokol suit c lean up- A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink- Radar and radio transponder tracking

Orbit 6-12 Crew Sleep, off of Russian tracking range- Emergency VHF2 comm available through NASA VHF Network

FLIGHT DAY 2 OVERVIEW

Orbit 13 Post sleep activ ity, report on HM/DM PressuresForm 14 revisions voiced up- A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink- Radar and radio transponder tracking

Orbit 14 Configuration of RHC-2/THC-2 work station in the HM- A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink- Radar and radio transponder tracking

Orbit 15 THC-2 (HM) manual contro l test- A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink- Radar and radio transponder tracking

Orbit 16 Lunch- A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink- Radar and radio transponder tracking

Orbit 17 (1) Terminate +Y solar rotation, reactivate MCS and establishLVLH attitude reference (auto maneuver sequence)

RHC-2 (HM) Test- Burn data uplink (TIG, attitude, delta V)- A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink- Radar and radio transponder trackingAuto maneuver to burn attitude (TIG - 8 min) while LOSRendezvous burn while LOSManual maneuver to +Y to Sun and init iate a 2 deg/sec yawrotation. MCS is deactivated after rate is established


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FLIGHT DAY 2 OVERVIEW (CONTINUED)

Orbit 18 (2) Post burn and manual maneuver to +Y Sun report when AOS

- HM/DM pressures read down- Post burn Form 23, Form 14 and Form 2 (Globe correction)

voiced up



Orbit 19 (3) CO2 scrubber cartr idge change out

Free time



Orbit 20 (4) Free time

- A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink- Radar and radio transponder tracking

Orbit 21 (5) Last pass on Russian tracking range for Flight Day 2

Free time



Orbi t 22 (6) - 27(11)

Crew sleep, off of Russian tracking range

- Emergency VHF2 comm available through NASA VHF Network

FLIGHT DAY 3 OVERVIEW

Orbit 28 (12) Post sleep activity



Orbit 29 (13) Free time, report on HM/DM pressures

- Read up of predicted post burn Form 23 and Form 14



Orbit 30 (14) Free time, read up of Form 2 Globe Correction, lunch

- Uplink of auto rendezvous command timeline



FLIGHT DAY 3 AUTO RENDEZVOUS SEQUENCE

Orbit 31 (15) Don Sokol spacesui ts, ingress DM, close DM/HM hatch

- Active and passive vehicle state vector uplinks


- Radio transponder tracking


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FLIGHT DAY 3 AUTO RENDEZVOUS SEQUENCE (CONCLUDED)

Orbit 32 (16) Terminate +Y solar rotation, reactivate MCS and establish

LVLH attitude reference (auto maneuver sequence)Begin auto rendezvous sequence

- Crew monitoring of LVLH reference build and auto rendezvoustimeline execution



FLIGHT DAY 3 FINAL APPROACH AND DOCKING

Orbit 33 (1) Auto Rendezvous sequence continues, flyaround and stationkeeping

- Crew monitor

- Comm relays via SM through Altair established- Form 23 and Form 14 updates

- Fly around and station keeping initiated near end of orbit

- A/G (gnd stations and Altair), R/T TLM (gnd stations), DisplayTV downlink (gnd stations and Altair)


Orbit 34 (2) Final Approach and docking

- Capture to docking sequence complete 20 minutes, typically

- Monitor docking interface pressure seal

- Transfer to HM, doff Sokol suits

- A/G (gnd stations and Altair), R/T TLM (gnd stations), DisplayTV downlink (gnd stations and Altair)


FLIGHT DAY 3 STATION INGRESS

Orbit 35 (3) Station/Soyuz pressure equalization

- Report all pressures

- Open transfer hatch, ingress station

- A/G, R/T and playback telemetry



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Typical Soyuz Ground Track


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42

RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA APRIL 2011

Soyuz Landing

The Soyuz TMA-18 spacecraft is seen as it lands with Expedition 24commander Alexander Skvortsov and fl ight engineers Tracy Caldwell Dyson

and Mikhail Kornienko near the town of Arkalyk, Kazakhstan on Sept. 25, 2010.Photo Credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls

After about six months in space, thedeparting crew members from theInternational Space Station will board theirSoyuz spacecraft capsule for undockingand a one-hour descent back to Earth.

About three hours before undocking, thecrew will bid farewell to the other three crewmembers who will remain on the stationawaiting the launch of a new trio ofastronauts and cosmonauts from the


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Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstanabout 17 days later.

The departing crew will climb into its Soyuzvehicle and close the hatch betweenSoyuz and its docking port. The Soyuzcommander will be seated in the centerseat of the Soyuz descent module, flankedby his two crewmates.

After activating Soyuz systems and gettingapproval from flight controllers at theRussian Mission Control Center outsideMoscow, the Soyuz commander will send

commands to open hooks and latchesbetween Soyuz and the docking port.

He will then fire the Soyuz thrusters to backaway from the docking port. Six minutesafter undocking, with the Soyuz about 66feet away from the station, the Soyuzcommander will conduct a separationmaneuver, firing the Soyuz jets for about15 seconds to begin to depart the vicinity ofthe complex.

About 2.5 hours after undocking, at adistance of about 12 miles from the station,Soyuz computers will initiate a deorbitburn braking maneuver. The 4.5-minutemaneuver to slow the spacecraft will enableit to drop out of orbit and begin its re-entryto Earth.

About 30 minutes later, just above thefirst traces of the Earths atmosphere,

computers will command the pyrotechnicseparation of the three modules of theSoyuz vehicle. With the crew strapped inthe centermost descent module, theuppermost orbital module, containing thedocking mechanism and rendezvousantennas, and the lower instrumentationand propulsion module at the rear, which

houses the engines and avionics, willseparate and burn up in the atmosphere.

The descent modules computers will orientthe capsule with its ablative heat shieldpointing forward to repel the buildup ofheat as it plunges into the atmosphere.The crew will feel the first effects of gravityabout three minutes after moduleseparation at the point called entryinterface, when the module is about400,000 feet above the Earth.

About eight minutes later, at an altitude of

about 33,000 feet, traveling at about722 feet per second, the Soyuz will begina computer-commanded sequence for thedeployment of the capsules parachutes.First, two pilot parachutes will bedeployed, extracting a larger drogueparachute, which stretches out over an areaof 79 square feet. Within 16 seconds,the Soyuz descent will slow to about262 feet per second.

The initiation of the parachute deploymentwill create a gentle spin for the Soyuz as itdangles underneath the drogue chute,assisting in the capsules stability in thefinal minutes before touchdown.

A few minutes before touchdown, thedrogue chute will be jettisoned, allowing themain parachute to be deployed. Connectedto the descent module by two harnesses,the main parachute covers an area of about

3,281 feet. The deployment of the mainparachute slows the descent module to avelocity of about 23 feet per second.Initially, the descent module will hangunderneath the main parachute at a30-degree angle with respect to the horizonfor aerodynamic stability. The bottommostharness will be severed a few minutes


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before landing, allowing the descentmodule to right itself to a vertical position

through touchdown.At an altitude of a little more than 16,000feet, the crew will monitor the jettison of thedescent modules heat shield, whichwill be followed by the termination of theaerodynamic spin cycle and the dissipationof any residual propellant from the Soyuz.Also, computers will arm the modules seatshock absorbers in preparation for landing.

When the capsules heat shield is

jettisoned, the Soyuz altimeter is exposedto the surface of the Earth. Signals arebounced to the ground from the Soyuz andreflected back, providing the capsulescomputers updated information on altitudeand rate of descent.

At an altitude of about 39 feet, cockpitdisplays will tell the commander to preparefor the soft landing engine firing. Justthree feet above the surface, and just

seconds before touchdown, the six solidpropellant engines will be fired in a finalbraking maneuver. This will enable theSoyuz to settle down to a velocity of aboutfive feet per second and land, completingits mission.

As always is the case, teams of Russianengineers, flight surgeons and technicians

in fleets of MI-8 helicopters will be poisednear the normal and ballistic landingzones, and midway in between, to enact theswift recovery of the crew once the capsuletouches down.

A portable medical tent will be set up nearthe capsule in which the crew can changeout of its launch and entry suits. Russiantechnicians will open the modules hatchand begin to remove the crew members.The crew will be seated in special recliningchairs near the capsule for initial medicaltests and to begin readapting to Earthsgravity.

About two hours after landing, the crew willbe assisted to the recovery helicopters for aflight back to a staging site in northernKazakhstan, where local officials willwelcome them. The crew will then return toChkalovsky Airfield adjacent to the GagarinCosmonaut Training Center in Star City,

Russia, or to Ellington Field in Houstonwhere their families can meet them.


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APRIL 2011 SCIENCEOVERVIEW 45

Expedition 27/28 Science Overview

NASA astronaut Mike Fossum (left background), Expedition 28 flight engineer andExpedition 29 commander; along with Russian cosmonaut Sergei Volkov

(right background) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronautSatoshi Furukawa (left foreground), both Expedition 28/29 flight engineers, participatein a docking timeline simulation training session in the Space Vehicle Mock-up Facili ty

at NASAs Johnson Space Center. A crew instructor assisted the crew members.Photo credit: NASA

Expedition 27 and 28 will take advantage ofa bonus storage and science facility, thefinal new experiment rack and the firsthuman-like robot ever to move its head andstretch its arms in microgravity. Theseresearch and technology developmentactivities will continue the transition ofthe International Space Station from

construction site to full-time laboratory,putting the potential of space to work for thepeople of Earth.

The Expedition 27 and 28 crews willwork with 111 experiments involvingapproximately 200 researchers across avariety of fields, including human life


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46 SCIENCEOVERVIEW APRIL 2011

sciences, physical sciences and Earthobservation, and conduct technology

demonstrations ranging from recyclingto robotics. Seventy-three of theseexperiments are sponsored by NASA,including 22 under the auspices of theU.S. National Laboratory program, and38 are sponsored by international partners.More than 540 hours of researchare planned. As with prior expeditions,many experiments are designed togather information about the effects oflong-duration spaceflight on the humanbody, which will help us understandcomplicated processes such as immunesystems with plan for future explorationmissions.

An important new instrument, the AlphaMagnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02), will bedelivered to the station by the space shuttleEndeavour on the STS-134 mission.AMS-02 is a state-of-the-art particle physicsdetector constructed, tested and operatedby an international team composed of

60 institutes from 16 countries andorganized under the United StatesDepartment of Energy (DOE) sponsorship.It will use the unique environment of spaceto advance knowledge of the universe andlead to the understanding of the universesorigin by searching for antimatter, darkmatter and measuring cosmic rays.

Experimental evidence indicates that ourgalaxy is made of matter; however, there

are more than 100 million galaxies in theuniverse and the Big Bang theory of theorigin of the universe requires equalamounts of matter and antimatter. Theories

that explain this apparent asymmetryviolate other measurements. Whether or

not there is significant antimatter is one ofthe fundamental questions of the origin andnature of the universe.

AMS-02 will operate on the space stationsexternal truss structure for three years,gathering an immense amount of accuratedata and allowing measurements of thelong-term variation of the cosmic ray fluxover a wide energy range, for nuclei fromprotons to ions. After the nominalmission, AMS-02 may continue to providecosmic ray measurements that will helpresearchers understand what radiationprotection is needed for humaninterplanetary flight.

The arrival of the Permanent MultipurposeFacility, an Italian-built convertedpressurized cargo carrier named Leonardo,has added 2,700 cubic feet of pressurizedvolume to the orbiting laboratory, increasingthe total habitable volume of the station to

13,846 cubic feet.

Robonaut 2 will be installed in the U.S.Destiny Laboratory, providing scientists andengineers on the ground and crews on thestation an opportunity to test how humansand human-like robots can work shoulder toshoulder in microgravity. Once this hasbeen demonstrated inside the station,software upgrades and lower bodies can beadded, potentially allowing Robonaut 2 to

move around inside the station andeventually work outside in the vacuum ofspace. This will help NASA understandrobotic capabilities for future deep spacemissions.


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Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Satoshi Furukawa,Expedition 28/29 flight engineer, participates in an advanced Resistive Exercise

Device (aRED) training session in the Center for Human Spaceflight Performanceand Research at NASAs Johnson Space Center. Crew instructors Robert Tweedy

(right) and Bruce Nieschwitz assisted Furukawa. Photo credit: NASA

Three science facilities recently deliveredor activated on the station will be usedin a variety of investigations: the BoilingExperiment Facility (BXF) is supportingmicrogravity experiments on the heattransfer and vapor removal processesin boiling. The eighth Expedite theProcessing of Experiments to Space

Station (ExPRESS) rack was delivered andinstalled on the STS-133 space shuttlemission and is being activated to support avariety of experiments in the DestinyLaboratory module. The Light MicroscopyModule (LMM) is undergoing initial testingas a device to examine samples fromexperiments without requiring that they be

returned to Earth, experiencing the effectsof re-entry from orbit. The microscope isisolated from vibrations on the station,allowing it to obtain clear, high-resolutionimages of microorganisms and individualcells of plants and animals, includinghumans. The biological samples for theLMM were launched on space shuttle

Discoverys STS-133 mission, and includedeight fixed slides containing yeast; bacteria;a leaf; a fly; a butterfly wing; tissue sectionsand blood; six containers of live C. elegansworms, an organism biologists commonlystudy; a typed letter r and a piece offluorescent plastic. Some of the worms aredescendants of those that survived


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the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107)accident; and others are modified to

fluoresce.

A Japanese experiment will continue to lookat one factor in the way fluid moves,called Marangoni convection. This type ofconvection is manifested on Earth in theway that legs or tears of wine form onthe inside of a glass. This ring of clear liquidthat forms near the top of a glass above thesurface of wine, then forms rivulets that fallback into the liquid, illustrates the tendencyfor heat and mass to travel to areas ofhigher surface tension within a liquid. Tostudy how heat and mass move within afluid in microgravity, investigators are usinga larger bridge of silicone oil betweentwo discs. In microgravity on the spacestation, warm air does not rise and cold airdoes not sink, which allows investigators toheat one disc more than the other to induceMarangoni convection in that bridge ofsilicone oil to learn more about how heat istransferred in microgravity.

A suite of European Space Agencyexperiments will look at other convectionprocesses large and small, using aluminumalloys, a standard cast metal usedin a number of automotive andtransportation applications. The Materials

Science Laboratory Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in SolidificationProcessing (CETSOL) and MicrostructureFormation in Casting of Technical Alloys

under Diffusive and Magnetically ControlledConvective Conditions (MICAST) are twoinvestigations that will examine differentgrowth patterns and evolution ofmicrostructures during crystallization of

metallic alloys in microgravity. CETSOL willgive industry confidence in the reliability of

the numerical tools used in casting, whileMICAST will study microstructure formationduring casting under diffusive andmagnetically controlled convectiveconditions, and the Solidification along aEutectic path in Ternary Alloys (SETA)experiment will look into a specific type ofgrowth in alloys of aluminum manganeseand silicon.

Another interesting investigation is theShape Memory Foam experiment,which will evaluate the recovery of shapememory epoxy foam in microgravity. Theinvestigation will study the shape memoryproperties needed to manufacture anew-concept actuator that can transformenergy to other forms of energy.

As with prior expeditions, manyexperiments are designed to gatherinformation about the effects oflong-duration spaceflight on the human

body, which will help us understandcomplicated processes such as immunesystems while planning for futureexploration missions.

The investigations cover humanresearch; biological and physicalsciences; technology development; Earthobservation, and education. In the past,assembly and maintenance activities havedominated the available time for crew work.

But, as completion of the orbiting laboratorynears, additional facilities and the crewmembers to operate them are enabling ameasured increase in time devoted toresearch as a national and multi-nationallaboratory.


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NASA astronaut Mike Fossum (left), Expedition 28 flight engineer and Expedition 29commander; along with Russian cosmonaut Sergei Volkov (center) and Japan

Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Satoshi Furukawa, bothExpedition 28/29 flight engineers, participate in a docking timeline simulation training

session in the Space Vehicle Mock-up Facility at NASAs Johnson Space Center.Photo credit: NASA

Also on tap in the area of technologydemonstration is the resumption of workwith a recycling device known as Sabatier,

designed to help wring additional waterfrom excess hydrogen not yet beingreclaimed by the stations water recoverysystem.

Managing the international laboratorysscientific assets, as well as the timeand space required to accommodate

experiments and programs from a hostof private, commercial, industry andgovernment agencies nationwide, makes

the job of coordinating space stationresearch critical.

Teams of controllers and scientists on theground continuously plan, monitor andremotely operate experiments from controlcenters around the globe. Controllers staffpayload operations centers around the


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world, effectively providing for researchersand the station crew around the clock,

seven days a week.State-of-the-art computers andcommunications equipment deliver up-to-the-minute reports about experimentfacilities and investigations betweenscience outposts across the United Statesand around the world. The payloadoperations team also synchronizes thepayload timelines among internationalpartners, ensuring the best use of valuableresources and crew time.

The control centers of NASA and itspartners are

NASA Payload Operations Center(POC), Marshall Space Flight Center inHuntsville, Ala.

RSA Center for Control of Spaceflights(TsUP in Russian) in Korolev, Russia

JAXA Space Station Integration andPromotion Center (SSIPC) in Tskuba,Japan

ESA Columbus Control Center (Col-CC)in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany

CSA Payloads Operations TelesciencesCenter, St. Hubert, Quebec, Canada

NASAs POC serves as a hub forcoordinating much of the work related todelivery of research facilities andexperiments to the space station as theyare rotated in and out periodically whenspace shuttles or other vehicles makedeliveries and return completedexperiments and samples to Earth.

The payload operations director leads thePOCs main flight control team, known asthe cadre, and approves all science plansin coordination with Mission Control atNASAs Johnson Space Center in Houston,the international partner control centers andthe station crew.

On the Internet

For fact sheets, imagery and more onExpedition 27/28 experiments and payloadoperations, visit the following Web site:

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/


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Research Experiments

Acronym Title Agency Category Summary

Principal

Investigator

ISS/

Sortie

Ops

Location

HYPERSOLE CutaneousHypersensitivity andBalance Control inHumans

CSA Human Researchand Counter-measuresDevelopment

HYPERSOLE will determine the change inskin sensitivity post spaceflight for theapplication to balance control, specificallychanges in skin sensitivity of the sole of thefoot and which receptors may be influencedfollowing a period of non-loading

Leah R. Bent,Ph.D.,University ofGuelph,Guelph,Ontario,Canada

Pre andPost-flight(Shuttle)

None

VASCULAR Health consequencesof Long-DurationFlight

CSA Human Researchand Counter-measuresDevelopment

Health Consequences of Long-DurationFlight (VASCULAR) will conduct anintegrated investigation of mechanismsresponsible for changes in blood vesselstructure with long-duration space flight andwill link this with functional and healthconsequences that parallel changes thatoccur with the aging process

Richard LeeHughson,Ph.D.,University ofWaterloo,Waterloo,Ontario,Canada

ISS Columbus

3D SPACE Mental

Representation ofSpatial Cues DuringSpaceflight

ESA Human Research

and Counter-measuresDevelopment

3D Space involves comparison of pre-flight,

flight and post-flight perceptions and mentalimagery with special reference to spaceflight-related decreases in vertical percepts

France:

G. ClementUSA:C. E. Lathan

ISS Columbus

ALTEA-SHIELD AnomalousLong-Term Effects inAstronauts Radiation Shielding

ESA RadiationDosimetry

ALTEA-SHIELD aims at obtaining a betterunder-standing of the light flashphenomenon, and more generally theinteraction between cosmic rays and brainfunction, as well as testing different types ofshielding material

Italy: L. Narici,F. Ballarini,G. Battistoni,M. Casolini,A. Ottolenghi,P. Picozza,W. Sannita,S. VillariUSA:E. Benton,J. Miller,M. Shavers

ISS Destiny

Batch-2ACETSOL-2

Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transitionin Solidification

Processing

ESA PhysicalSciences inMicrogravity

CETSOL-2 carries out research into theformation of microstructures during thesolidification of metallic alloys specifically the

transition from columnar growth to equiaxedgrowth when crystals start to nucleate in themelt. Results will help to optimize industrialcasting processes. (See also Batch-2AMICAST-2 and SETA-2)

France:A Gandin,B. Billia,

Y. FautrelleGermany:G. ZimmermanIreland:D. BrowneUSA:D. Poirier

ISS Destiny

Batch-2AMICAST-2

MicrostructureFormation in Castingof Technical AlloysUnder Diffusive andMagneticallyControlled ConvectiveConditions

ESA PhysicalSciences inMicrogravity

MICAST carries out research into theformation of microstructures during thesolidification of metallic alloys under diffusiveand magnetically controlled convectiveconditions. (See also Batch-2A CETSOL-2and SETA-2)

Germany:L. Ratke,G. Mueller,G. ZimmermanFrance:Y. Fautrelle,J. LacazeHungary:A. RooszCanada:S. DostUSA:

D. Poirier

ISS Destiny

Batch-2A SETA-2 Solidification AlongEutectic Path inTernary Alloys

an ESA PhysicalSciences inMicrogravity

Dedicated to the study of a particular type ofeutectic growth namely symbiotic growth inhypoeutectic metallic alloys. (See alsoBatch-2A CETSOL-2 and MICAST-2)

Germany:S. Rex,U. Hecht,L. RatkeFrance:G. FaivreBelgium:L. Froyen

ISS Destiny


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Research Experiments (continued)


Principal

Investigator

ISS/

Sortie

Ops

Location

CARD CARD ESA Human Researchand Counter-measuresDevelopment

The main aims of CARD are to understandhow weightlessness affects the regulation ofblood pressure and establish how somehormones responsible for regulating thecardiovascular system are affected bylong-term exposure to weightlessness

Switzerland:A. Ferrari;Germany:H. Iwase,D. Schardt;Japan:T. Sato;Sweden:L. Sihver

ISS Columbus

CARD -(Sympatho)

Sympatho-adrenalactivity in humansduring spaceflight

ESA Human Researchand Counter-measuresDevelopment

SYMPATHO, which forms part of the CARDexperiment is an ongoing study of adrenalactivity of the sympathetic nervous system inweightlessness

Denmark: N.J.Christensen,P. Norsk

ISS Mergedprotocol withCARD

CFS-A Coloured Fungi inSpace (Part A)

ESA BiologicalSciences inMicrogravity

CFS-A will undertake an examination of thesurvival and growth of different colouredfungi species, which can be relevant to

spacecraft contamination, panspermia andplanetary protection issues

Romania:D. Hasegan,O. Maris,

G. Mogildea,M. Mogildea

Sortie.Shuttle/ISS

Columbus

DOBIES Dosimetry forBiologicalExperiments in Space


The objective of DOBIES is to develop astandard dosimetric method to measureabsorbed and equivalent doses for biologicalsamples as a contribution to the continuingDOSIS experiment, as well as theEXPOSE-E and EXPOSE-R payloads thathave finished on-orbit activities

Belgium:F. Vanhaever,et al

ISS Columbus

DOSIS Dose DistributionInside the ISS


DOSIS maps the actual nature anddistribution of the radiation f ield insideColumbus using different detectors placedaround the European laboratory

Germany:G. Reitz et al.

ISS Columbus

EDOS Early Detection ofOsteoporosis


This is a study into the mechanismsunderlying the reduction in bone mass, whichoccurs in astronauts in weightlessness andwill evaluate bone structure pre andpost-flight

France:C .Alexandre,L. Braak,L. VicoSwitzerland:

P. RuegseggerGermany:M. Heer

Pre/Postflight

Ground-based

EKE Assessment ofendurance capacityby gas exchange andheart rate kineticsduring PhysicalTraining


EKE will make an assessment of endurancecapacity and heart rate kinetics duringphysical training of ISS Expedition crewmembers

Germany:U. Hoffman,S. Fasoulas,D. Essfeld,T. Drager

Pre/Postflight

Ground-based. Datasharing withNASAVO2maxprotocol

ERB-2 Erasmus RecordingBinocular 2

ESA TechnologyDemonstration

The ERB-2 is a high definition 3Dstereoscopic video camera which will beused for taking footage inside the ISS todevelop narrated video material forpromotional and educational purposes

Netherlands:M. Sabbatini,ESA/ESTEC

ISS Columbus

Geoflow-2 Geoflow-2 ESA PhysicalSciences inMicrogravity

Geoflow-2 investigates the flow of anincompressible viscous fluid held betweentwo concentric spheres rotating about acommon axis as a representation of a planet.

This is of importance for astrophysical andgeophysical problems

Germany:Ch. EgbersFrance:P. Chossat

ISS Columbus

IMMUNO Neuroendo-crine andimmune responses inhumans during andafter a long-term stayon the ISS


The aim of this experiment is to determinechanges in hormone production and immuneresponse during and after an ISS mission

Germany:A. Chouker,F. Christ,M. Thiel,I. Kaufmann,Russia:B. Morukov

ISS RussianSegment


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Principal

Investigator

ISS/

Sortie

Ops

Location

MARES The Muscle AtrophyResearch andExercise System


MARES will carry out research onmusculo-skeletal, bio-mechanical, andneuro-muscular human physiology. Resultswill provide a better understanding of theeffects of microgravity on the muscularsystem and an evaluation of relevantcountermeasures

Netherlands:J. Ngo-Anh,J. Castell-saguer, ESA/ESTEC

ISS Columbus

OTOLITH Otolith assessmentduring post-flightre-adaptation


The otolith organs in the inner ear play animportant role in our balance system asdetectors of vertical and horizontalacceleration. This experiment will make anassessment of otolith function before andafter short-term spaceflight

Germany:A ClarkeUSA: S. Wood


Ground-based

PASSAGES Scaling Body-relatedActions in theAbsence of Gravity

ESA Human Researchand Counter-measures

Development

PASSAGES is designed to test howastronauts interpret visual information dexposure to weightlessness with a focus

the possible decrease in use of theEye-Height strategy

ue toon

France:M. Luyat,J. McIntyre

ISS Columbus

SOLAR SOLAR ESA Solar Physics In orbit since February 2008, the Solar facilityconsists of three instruments and continuesto study the Suns irradiation withunprecedented accuracy across most of itsspectral range

Germany:G. SchmidtkeFrance:G. ThuillierSwitzerland:C. Frohlich

ISS Columbus

SOLO Sodium Loading inMicrogravity


SOLO is carrying out research into saltretention in space and related humanphysiology effects

Germany:P. Frings-Meuthen,M. Heer,N. Kamps,F. BaischDenmark:P. Norsk

ISS Columbus

SPIN SPIN ESA Human Researchand Counter-

measuresDevelopment

SPIN is a comparison between pre-flight andpost-flight testing of astronaut subjects using

a centrifuge and a standardized tilt test to linkorthostatic tolerance with otolith-ocularfunction

Belgium:F. Wuyts,

N. PattynUSA:S. Moore,B. Cohen,A. DiedrichAustralia:H. MacDougallFrance:G. Clement

Pre/Postflight

Ground-based

THERMOLAB Thermoregulation inhumans duringlong-term spaceflight


THERMOLAB is looking into coretemperature changes in astronautsperformed before during and after exerciseon the ISS to investigate thermoregulatoryand cardiovascular adaptations duringlong-duration spaceflight

Germany:H.C. Gunga,K. Kirsch,E. Koralewski,J. Cornier,H.-V. Heyer,P. Hoffman,J. Koch,F. SattlerFrance:P. Arbeille

ISS Destiny

Vessel ID System Vessel ID System ESA TechnologyDemonstration

The Vessel ID System is demonstrating thespace-based capability of identification ofmaritime vessels and also test the ability ofan external grappling adaptor toaccommodate small payloads

Norway:R.B. OlsenLuxembourg:G. Ruy

ISS Columbus

Vessel Imaging Vascular Echography ESA Human Researchand Counter-measuresDevelopment

The main objective of Vessel Imaging is toevaluate the changes in the peripheral bloodvessel wall properties (thickness andcompliance) and cross sectional areas duringlong-term spaceflight

France:P. Arbeille

ISS Columbus


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Principal

Investigator

ISS/

Sortie

Ops

Location

ZAG Z-axis AlignedGravito-inertial force


This is an investigation into the effectweightlessness has on an astronautsperception of motion and tilt and his level ofperformance before and immediately afterspaceflight

France:G. ClementUSA:S. Wood,D. Harm,A. Rupert


Ground-based

2D Nanotemplate 2D Nanotemplate JAXA AppliedResearch

The 2D Nanotemplate will evaluategravitational effects on a new nanomaterialquantitatively during its chemical reactionprocess. To prepare the two-dimensionaltemplate with nanoditches for electronicdevices, it is prepared via an isothermalreaction upon mixing of peptides and alkaliwater. Microgravity is needed to preventsedimentation and convective flow

TakatoshiKinoshita,NagoyaInstitute ofTechnology,NaokiyoKoshikawa,JAXA

ISS US Lab

PADLES Passive Dosimeter for

Life ScienceExperiments in Space

JAXA Human

SpaceflightTechnologyDev

Documents

Expedition 27-28 Press Kit