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Expansion of Social Expansion of Social ClassesClasses
AP European
Agricultural and First Industrial Revolutions
What classes existed?
from 16th – late 19th, early 20th century– landed aristocracy– peasantry/agricultural workers– misc. middle classes– urban poor
Government
contribute to rise of capitalism & business class through trading companies
governmental jobs often secured (upper) middle-class or aristocractic position
titles of nobility could be granted tax exemption of higher classes royal court at top of social pyramid
Aristocracy
1-5 % = former feudal/noble class held offices in king’s army, government or
prestigious offices of the church became more interested in education of children,
civilian pursuits from impoverished nobles to grands seigneurs
– bloodline became increasingly important as financial status fell
began buying shares in overseas trading companies and also taking products to market
Bourgeoisie – Upper Middle Class
bourgeois – French; burgher – English; Bürger – German– person living in a chartered town and enjoying
its liberties began buying land in the country and
living off the rent some economic crossover with aristocracy,
but social consciousness remained distinct
Middle Classes
urban elites – sometimes intermarried w/ nobility merchants, bankers, ship-owners, lawyers,
doctors, judges, tax officials, other government employees
most clergy came from middle classes Artisans: members of trade guilds
– diverse professions: goldsmiths, tanners, barrel makers, retail shopkeepers, innkeepers, workshop owners
Agricultural Prices Rise
Landowners & peasants with land holdings profit– class of yeoman (small freeholders) develops
rural workers w/o land suffer– Food prices rise but wages remain static
Landowners affected– After enclosure must accept cash payments vs.
crop payments – Cash can’t buy as much as it used to.
Working Class Poor
majority of population, included:– unskilled wage laborers: worked the land, the
sea, or in the domestic realm– unemployed, unemployable
prices rose, wages didn’t– English Poor Laws
• charitable relief, workhouses, hospices
poor worse off, due to growth of social differentiation
Eastern vs. Western Europe
Western Europe – middle class benefits from commercial revolution & falling value of money
Eastern Europe (Germany, Bohemia, Poland, Russia, Hungary) – Aristocrats benefit as they own majority of land and workers, “hereditary subjection” (serfdom) still strong– Robot / barschchina = weekly forced unpaid labor– could not leave manor, marry or learn a trade with
permission of lord
Industry & Population: 18c Europe
18cPopulation
GrowthRate
Population Takeoff in Europe
European Urbanization
“Gin Lane”
William Hogarth
1751
“Beer Street”
William Hogarth
1751