Expanding the Possible with Season Extension

8/20/2019 Expanding the Possible with Season Extension

1/19

@v`l wmte jkk te` i`jsur`s al` ojl tjd` ta

k`v`rjn` te` gmròt `l`rny a te` sul ta d``p aur

‛cattk`g okmijt`’ easpmtjck` ar te` aag oraps w`

wjlt ta rjms`, al` iust stmkk jooault ar te` `l`rny

jlg r`sauro`s r`qumr`g ta cumkg te` cattk`. Cut ml

te` `lg te` c`l`t smg` a te` k`gn`r iust mlokug`

ijly mltjlnmck`s, lat te` k`jst a wemoe wmkk c` jl`lgurmln jwjr`l`ss a ljtur` jlg mts g`kmojt` y`t

racust cjkjlo`. Mt ms j walg`ruk `guojtmal ml te`

termkks jlg akkm`s a ‛i`ssmln wmte Iate`r Ljtur`’

al e`r awl t`ris, wmte tjlnmck` r`sukts.

Ml te` `lg, we`te`r yau jr` jl mlspmr`g eai`

njrg`l`r ar j oaii`romjk praguo` jri`r, yaur

r`jsals ar `xt`lgmln te` nrawmln s`jsal jr`

raat`g ml yaur autgaar okmijt` jlg te` aptmijk

okmijt` ar te` aag pkjlts yau wjlt ta nraw. Far

`xjipk`, jt >,388-aat `k`vjtmal ml te` Saody

Iaultjmls a Oakarjga, autgaar suii`r taij-

ta`s r`qumr` ojrùk tmimln jlg sai` dmlg a

pratòtmal còjus` w` ejv` taa kmttk` ojk`lgjr

c`tw``l kjt` sprmln jlg `jrky jutuil rasts ar te`

nrawmln s`jsal r`qumr`g ar taijta`s. M w` gal”t

Lat `v`ry jri`r `xpr`ss`s `lteusmjsi we`l

tjkdmln jcaut nrawmln aag ml j nr``leaus`. ‛êy

waukg M wjlt ta ward jkk wmlt`r1’ te`y imnet jsd.

Far ijly jri`rs, we`te`r nrawmln ialaouktur`

oraps ar te` oaiiagmty ijrd`t ar arnjlmo pra-

guo` ar te` jri`rs” ijrd`t, ‛ijdmln ejy wemk`

te` sul seml`s’ i`jls nrawmln autgaars gurmlnte`mr larijk nrawmln s`jsal jlg usmln te` wmlt`r

s`jsal ta ga ate`r temlns, suoe js ijmltjmlmln

`qumpi`lt jlg cumkgmlns, k`jrlmln l`w wjys ta c`

iar` praguotmv`, ar bust tjdmln j vjojtmal.

_ai` jri`rs jlg njrg`l`rs jr` iar` jgv`l-

turaus, strmvmln ta `xt`lg te`mr larijk nrawmln

s`jsal ar trymln ta k`jp aut a te`mr ‛ejrgml`ss

zal`’ cy usmln orap pratòtmal struotur`s ar nr``l-

eaus`s ta rjms` pkjlts rai j iuoe wjri`r okmijt`

zal`. We`y ijy c` trymln ta suppky O_J sejr`s ta

jimkm`s jlg r`stjurjlts c`yalg te` larijk nraw-

mln s`jsal ar bust s``dmln te` sjtmsjotmal a lat

alky suoo`ssuk y`jr-raulg v`n`tjck` praguotmal

cut j nr`jt gmv`rsmty a aag pkjlts rai ijly

okmijt` zal`s.

l OEJXW@S 3 l

@xpjlgmln te` Xassmck`wmte _`jsal @xt`lsmal

Cy Imoej`k Weaipsal


2/19

@ X _ @

j y`jr-raulg, sakjr-e`jt`g jlg -oaak`g nr``leaus`

tejt wmkk sustjml trapmojk rumts ml te` emne Oaka-

rjga Saody Iaultjmls. Lat `v`ryal` ijy jmi

ta ejrv`st pjpjyjs jlg pjssmal rumt ml te` g`jg

a wmlt`r, cut mt”s passmck` ta ga sa. I`teags jr`

jvjmkjck` tejt wmkk ward ar j vjrm`ty a cugn`ts. Jt

jly sojk`, trjlsarimln te` kaojk okmijt` teraune

tòelmojk mllavjtmal jlg naag g`smnl pravmg`s te`nraw`r j s`ls` a ijst`ry jlg sjtmsjotmal.

ejv` j nr``leaus`, aur i`teag ar taijta`s ms ta

stjrt teì mlgaars rai s``g ml F`crujry sa te`y

jr` r`jgy ta gmspkjy te`mr ffiaw`rs js saal js w`

trjlspkjlt teì autgaars jf`r rast gjln`r ejs

pjss`g ml Bul`. ^` ijy pratòt teì wmte rawoav`rs ultmk Buky, te`l `lbay rmp`lmln rumts ml

Junust jlg _`ptìc`r, càr` oav`rmln teì

jnjml, ml eap`s a `xt`lgmln te` ejrv`st teraune

Aotac`r, m passmck`. M w` wjlt ta nraw teì

teraune te` wmlt`r, iar` `xt`lsmv` pratòtmal

i`jsur`s wmkk c` r`qumr`g ml te` oakg`r zal`s.

Plk`ss yau kmv` ml j trapmojk pjrjgms`, nrawmln j

wmg` gmv`rsmty a aag oraps wmkk r`qumr` pratòtmv`

struotur`s. ̂ e`l M wjs j oemkg, M k`jrl`g tejt M oaukg

us` j ijnlmymln nkjss ta mlt`lsmy te` sul”s `l`rnyjlg stjrt j r`. ê`l yau cumkg jly dmlg a nr``l-

eaus`, sai`temln a te` sji` prmlompk` ms jt ward.

We` sul”s e`jt ms mlt`lsm`g wmteml te` struotur`,

sa iuoe sa tejt gurmln te` suii`r `v`l trapmojk

pkjlts wmkt ulg`r mt wmteaut sai` oaltrak i`jsur`s.

Ijljnmln ̀ xo`ss e`jt ms jialn te` iast mipartjlt

oejkk`ln`s ta ̀ l`rny-òm`lt mlgaar nrawmln.

Ml tems oejpt`r w` gmsouss systìs jlg strjt`nm`s

ar pratòtmln yaur oraps rai te` `xtrì` oalgm-

tmals a yaur okmijt` cy or`jtmln jlg ijmltjmlmlnte` tìp`rjtur` jlg euimgmty rjln`s `lbay`g cy

pjrtmoukjr pkjlts. We` r`sukt wjs alo` te` prmvmk`n`

a w`jktey dmlns jlg ml rò`lt gòjg`s ejs c``l

passmck` ar ijly nraw`rs teraune te` kjvmse us`

a oe`jp assmk u`ks. Cut nal` v`ry saal wmkk c` te`

gjys we`l w` oaukg cumkg nr``leaus`s wmte teml

sdmls ml oakg okmijt`s. Ml te` ̀ i`rnmln ̀ rj a r`l`w-

jck` ̀ l`rny jlg wmte rmsmln ̀ l`rny oasts, w` sunn`st

usmln smipk` systìs ta oaltrak mlgaar okmijt`.

We`s` r`ky prmijrmky al gmròt ̀ l`rny rai te` sul.

Wems oejpt`r pr`s`lts taaks ar `xt`lgmln te`

nrawmln s`jsal jlg ̀ xpjlgmln yaur nrawmln zal`s

ta ìcrjo` iar` t`lg`r pkjlts. We`s` orap-pratò-

tmal struotur`s rjln` rai j smipk` jcrmo oav`r

tejt ojl jgg twa ialtes ta te` nrawmln s`jsal ta

Fmnur` 3.8:. J smipk` raw oav`r pratòts wmlt`r sjkjg

nr``ls mlsmg` j eaap eaus` ml Ialtras`, Oakarjga.Xeata cy Imoej`k Weaipsal

Okmijt` Okjssmojtmal

We`r` jr` ijly i`teags c`yalg smipk` raw oav`rs

ta pratòt yaur aag oraps rai jl mleaspmtjck`

autgaar okmijt`. ]aur l``gs ojl c`st c` trjlskjt`g

mlta j sakutmal cy buxtjpasmln yaur autgaar okmijt`

wmte te` okmijt` yau wjlt ta cattk`, cy oaipjrmln

mlgaar jlg autgaar ejrgml`ss zal`s. We`r` jr` s`v-

`rjk okmijt` okjssmojtmal systìs ta stugy, mlokugmln

te` Döpp`l-N`mn`r okmijt` okjssmojtmal systì

jlg te` Eakgrmgn` km` zal` okjssmojtmal systì,

cate a wemoe tjd` ijly òasystì-spòmo oejr-

jot`rmstmos mlta jooault ml jggmtmal ta tìp`rjtur`


3/19


4/19

@ X _ @

Fmnur` 3.83. Ejrgml`ss zal`s ijp (3886). Na ta jrcargjy.arn ta lg te` zal` far yaur zmp oag`. Oaurt`sy af We`

Ljtmaljk Jrcar Gjy Faulgjtmal

j ter``-zal` st`p, suoe js or`jtmln j zal` 5 (imlm-

iui :8¸F) òasystì jnjmlst j Ral` 0 autsmg`.

K`v`ks af _`jsal @xt`lsmal

Fmnur` 3.8? seaws gm`r`lt pratòtmal strjt`nm`s

ar gm`r`lt ejrgml`ss zal` buips. K`t”s r`vm`w

teì ml g`tjmk2

Xratòtmal _trjt`ny J2 Ap`l sdy. La pratòtmal.

Xratòtmal _trjt`ny C2 Saw oav`rs, ar okaoe`s, js

s`jsal `xt`lg`rs ijy pravmg` rast pratòtmal

ar al` ar twa ialtes càr` kjst rast ml te`

sprmln jlg jf`r rst rast ml te` jutuil.

Jkk tems mlarijtmal jcaut tìp`rjtur` jlg

ejrgml`ss zal`s ejs c``l w`kk ulg`rstaag jlg

r`km`g al cy autgaar njrg`l`rs jlg jri`rs jkmd`

smlo` ̀ jrky ml te` tw`ltm`te o`ltury. Js w` gmsoav`r

te` jrt jlg som`lo` a or`jtmln mlgaar òasystìs,

w` try ta oaiiulmojt` te` k`v`ks a orap pratòtmal

al` l``gs cjs`g al eaw ijly ejrgml`ss zal`s yau

wmse ta buip, rai yaur `xmstmln autgaar okmijt`

ta te` mlgaar `lvmrali`lt yau wjlt ta or`jt`.

Far `xjipk`, OSIXM `xmsts ml ejrgml`ss zal` 0

(imlmiui ‟:0 ta ‟:8¸F) autsmg`, wemk` te` Xea`-

lmx nr``leaus` ejrcars j zal` :: (imlmiui 78¸F)

òasystì. J smx-zal` st`p r`qumr`s j nr`jt g`jk

iar` sakjr e`jt njml, starjn`, jlg mlsukjtmal tejl


5/19

W F N N

O. Eaap eaus`s

C. Saw oav`rs

G. Eaap eaus` wmte raw oav`rs

@. Mlsukjt`g nr``leaus` F. Mlsukjt`g nr``leaus` wmte okmijt` cjtt`ry

suii`r sul

wmlt`r sul

suii`r sul

wmlt`r sul

suii`r sul

wmlt`r sul

suii`r sul

wmlt`r sul

Fmnur` 3.8?. Orap pratòtmal struotur`s jlg okmijt` ejrgml`ss zal`s. Oaurt`sy af @oa_ystìs G`smnl

Nrawmln Ral`s: 3 ? 7 0 6 > 5 = :8 :: :3

Bjlujry F F F F F @ G O C C J J

F`crujry F F F F @ G O C C J J J

Ijroe F F F G G O C C J J J J

Jprmk F F @ O O C J J J J J J

Ijy F @ O C C J J J J J J ‗

Bul` @ G C J J J J J J J ‗ ‗

Buky G O J J J J J J J J ‗ ‗

Junust G O C J J J J J J J J ‗

_`ptìc`r @ G O C C C J J J J J J

Aotac`r F @ G O O O C J J J J J

Lavìc`r F F F @ G G O C C J J J

Gòìc`r F F F F G G G O C C J J

Orap Xratòtmal _trjt`nm`s

Ap`l sdy wmte sejg` struotur`s ‗

Autgaar ap`l sdy J

Saw oav r̀s C

Eaap eaus̀ s O

Eaap eaus` wmte raw oav`rs G

Mlsukjt`g nr``leaus̀ @

Mlsukjt`g nr``leaus` wmte okmijt` cjtt r̀y F


6/19

@ X _ @

jlg 3 t`lg ta c` jr `laune rai te` `qujtar

tejt jvjmkjck` sulkmnet gurmln te` wmlt`r ojl c`

k`ss tejl aur eaurs p`r gjy, lat jt jkk suom`lt

ar jly trapmojk ar I`gmt`rrjl`jl pkjlts.

W O C

Aur pr``rr`g eycrmg jotmv`/pjssmv` systì, alo`

lji`g te` _EO_ (suct`rrjl`jl e`jtmln jlg

oaakmln systì) jlg law t`ri`g j ‛okmijt` cjt-

t`ry,’ us`s jls ta star` `xo`ss e`jt jlg euimgmty

rai te` nr``leaus` jmr ml te` samk ulg`r te`

nr``leaus` vmj j l`tward a p`rarjt`g pmp`s.

We`s` pmp`s rul ml oaurs`s av`r s`v`rjk kjy`rs,

af`l ter`` ar aur ``t g``p, jlg jr` oallòt`g

cy kjrn`r ijlmakg pmp`s jlg rms`rs tejt eaus` te`jls. Wems i`teag jkkaws us ta iar` joourjt`ky

oaltrak te` starjn` jlg r`trm`vjk a ̀ xo`ss e`jt jlg

euimgmty sa w` ojl l`ky tul` te` mlgaar okmijt`

a te` nr``leaus`.

We` okmijt` cjtt`ry tòelmqu`s oav`r`g ml

oejpt`r 7 jr` aur oeas`l i`teag ar starmln sakjr

e`jt ar ijly r`jsals2 iast mipartjltky, mts kaw

`l`rny r`qumrì`lts jlg mts gujk-ulotmal oejrjo-

t`rmstmo a oaakmln te` nr``leaus` okmijt` wemk` mt

star`s jlg gmstrmcut`s e`jt jlg iamstur` rai te`jmr mlta te` samk we`r` te` pkjlt raats ojl us` mt.

We` okmijt` cjtt`ry ejs prav`g ta c` jl mlvjkujck`

taak tejt oejln`s te` oalv`rsjtmal jcaut wejt ms

passmck` jlg joo`ssmck` ml s`jsal `xt`lsmal systìs

ar `v`ryal`. We`r` jr` ijly nraw`rs usmln ate`r

i`teags, usujkky oaicmljtmals a pjssmv` sakjr

oakkòtmal ml wjt`r tjlds jlg raod wjkks, ta nraw

teraune oakg wmlt`rs wmte suoo`ss. ̂ ` jr` jkk k`jrl-

mln rai `joe ate`r jlg jppkymln te` i`teags tejt

sumt aur okmijt`s jlg aur r`sauro`s.

Orap Xratòtmal _truotur`s

Ml te` sòtmals tejt akkaw, w` g`sormc` okaoe`s, eaap

eaus`s, gai`s, nutt`r-oallòt`g nr``leaus`s,

Xratòtmal _trjt`ny O2 _mipk` eaap eaus`s, ar

emne tull`k nr``leaus`s, ijy pravmg` s`v`rjk

ialtes a s`jsal `xt`lsmal càr` jlg jf`r

rast ̀ xtrì`s jlg ijy jksa jkkaw nrawmln y`jr-

raulg m yau jr` ojrùk ta s`kòt oakg-ejrgynr``ls ta pratòt jnjmlst aoojsmaljk ejrg r``z`s.

Xratòtmal _trjt`ny G2 _mipk` eaap eaus`s, ar

emne tull`k nr``leaus`s, wmte raw oav`rs grjwl

av`r te` orap jr`j ar twa kjy`rs a pratòtmal

ijy pravmg` y`jr-raulg pratòtmal ar ijly

oraps, `spòmjkky oakg-ejrgy vjrm`tm`s.

Xratòtmal _trjt`ny @2 _mipk` eaap eaus`s, ar

emne tull`k nr``leaus`s, wmte ijly s`jsaljk

mlsukjtmln `jtur`s‗suoe js raw oav`rs, mlsukjt-

mln jcrmos mlstjkk`g al te` mlsmg` a surjo`s tejtjr` lat ejrv`stmln usjck` sulkmnet, jlg mlsukjt-

mln ourtjmls grjwl av`r te` orap jr`j‗msakjtmln

j oakg`r spjo` jcav` jlg r`guomln av`rjkk e`jt

kass rai te` pkjlts c`kaw. ̂ mte prap`r e`jtmln,

te`s` ojl sustjml iast oraps y`jr raulg.

Xratòtmal _trjt`ny F2 Jkk a te` jcav` strjt`nm`s,

pkus j racust sakjr e`jt starjn` systì. Psmln

pjssmv` sakjr, jotmv` sakjr, ar j eycrmg a te`s`

twa e`jt starjn` i`teags, w` ojl star` `xo`ss

sakjr e`jt gurmln te` gjy jlg r`trm`v` mt ar us` jtlmnet. Xjssmv` sakjr starjn` i`teags mlokug` te`

jrrjlnì`lt a te`rijk ijss suoe js raod wjkks

ar wjt`r tjlds sa tejt te`y jr` ml sejg` gurmln

te` suii`r jlg ml ukk sul gurmln te` wmlt`r.

Wejt ijss skawky rjgmjt`s wjrite gurmln te`

oakg lmnets a wmlt`r jlg oaakl`ss gurmln te`

wjri gjys a suii`r. Al` ̀ xjipk` a jl jotmv`

strjt`ny ms j sakjr eat wjt`r starjn` systì usmln

sakjr e`jtmln pjl`ks autsmg` jlg sakjr eat wjt`r

tjlds mlsmg` wmte eygralmo jl oamk e`jt`rs ta

g`kmv`r te` star`g wjrite we`l`v`r mt ms l``g`g.

^mte tems ijxmijk pratòtmal strjt`ny, yau ojl

buip ijly ejrgml`ss zal`s ml t`ris a te`

pkjlts yau jr` nrawmln ultmk yau emt jlate`r

kmimt2 jiault a sulkmnet. Ejrgml`ss zal`s :


7/19

W F N N

O S O

We` smipk`st ari a orap pratòtmal ms j okaoe`, ar

jcrmo-oav`r`g eaap, `ròt`g av`r j c`g a pkjlts.

We` smipk`st ari a okaoe` ms bust j kjy`r a ffiajt-

mln raw oav`r, j paraus, lalwav`l jcrmo, kjmg av`rjl jr`j a s``gkmln pkjlts jlg e`kg gawl jraulg

te` `gn`s wmte raods ar t`lt stjd`s. _ulkmnet pjss`s

teraune te` wemt` jcrmo ta laurmse te` pkjlts, jlg

e`jt cumkgs up ml te` samk ta d``p teì wjri jt

lmnet. Wems ojl `v`l pravmg` 7 g`nr``s a rast

pratòtmal (jt 3= g`nr``s autsmg`, te` pkjlts mlsmg`

te` okaoe` wmkk rìjml jraulg ?? g`nr``s). We`

jcrmo ojl c` suppart`g al stmods ml te` samk we`l

te` s``gkmlns jr` yauln. Jlg js te` oav`r ms v`ry

kmnet, te` pkjlts wmkk kmf mt js te`y ijtur` jlgspr`jg aut. Psmln e`jvy wmr` ar teml pkjstmo pmp`,

yau ojl or`jt` j ‛eaap’ okaoe` tejt wmkk suppart

te` jcrmo jcav` te` s``gkmlns, pravmgmln teì

jipk` sulkmnet jlg jmr spjo` ar nrawmln.

ê`l te` gjln`r a rast ms pjst jlg yaur

pkjlts jr` r`jgy ta c` ml gmròt sulkmnet, yau ojl

rìav` te` jcrmo gurmln te` gjy, tuodmln mt ml

jnjml ar te` lmnet. @v`ltujkky yau ojl k`jv` mt a

jt lmnet js w`kk, ultmk te` gjln`r a rast r`turls ml

te` `jrky jutuil. E`r` ml te` Saody Iaultjmls,w` jr` typmojkky jck` ta d``p suii`r squjse jlg

`v`l i`kals pratòt`g rai rast w`kk mlta Aota-

c`r usmln okaoe`s. Wems jkkaws us ta `xt`lg te`

larijk ter``- ta aur-ialte nrawmln s`jsal ta

v` ar smx ialtes.

E E E W

We`s` struotur`s jr` kmd` okaoe`s `xo`pt tejt yau

ojl wjkd ulg`r teì. We`y jr` af`l us`g av`r

okaoe`s ta njml jlate`r kjy`r a pratòtmal. Ml aur

Saody Iaultjml okmijt`, tems waukg puse te`

nrawmln s`jsal aut ta s`v`l ar `mnet ialtes, ar

`v`l ta tw`kv` ialtes wmte j okmijt` cjtt`ry jlg

wmlt`r pkjltmln a oakg-ejrgy nr``ls. _ully smt`s

ml P_GJ zal`s 6 jlg wjri`r wmkk c` jck` ta nraw

Fmnur` 3.87. _`v`rjk `xjipk`s af okaoe` us`. Xmotur`g2

Okjrj Oakìjl, Faur-_`jsal Fjri Oalsuktmln, www

.okjrjoakìjl.oai. Xeata cy Imoej`k Weaipsal

jlg aur-s`jsal nr``leaus`s. Cy oaicmlmln sakjr

oakkòtmal, te`rijk ijss, jlg mlsukjtmal ta ojptur`

jlg star` `l`rny, w` ojl `òtmv`ky nraw j iuoe

wmg`r vjrm`ty a pkjlts, ̀ v`l ml e`jvy slaw oaultry.

^` jr` jksa k`jrlmln eaw te` ulg`rnraulg

samk ijss ojl `v`l aut te` tìp`rjtur` swmlns

a cate oakg jlg eat okmijt`s ta pravmg` j

suppartmv` nrawmln `lvmrali`lt ar te` aag

pkjlts w` wjlt ta `jt. Js w` wrmt` tems t`xt, w`

jr` g`smnlmln j okmijt` cjtt`ry ar j nr``leaus`ml te` eat g`s`rt _autew`st tejt us`s te` sji`

prmlompk`s ml r`v`rs`. Wejt nr``leaus` wmkk grjw

gjytmi` v`ltmkjtmal jmr rai j sejg`g aroejrg

jr`j teraune oaak`r ulg`rnraulg pmp`s càr` mt

`lt`rs te` nr``leaus`, wmte jgg`g wjt`r-annmln

`vjparjtars al r`jkky eat gjys ta e`kp ijmltjml

iag`rjt` mlsmg` tìp`rjtur` jlg euimgmty k`v-

`ks. Far j utur` g`p`lg`lt al r`l`wjck` `l`rny

jlg oalstrjml`g suppkm`s, w` l``g ta oals`rv` js

iuoe js w` ojl. Nrawmln j wmg` vjrm`ty a aag

oraps kaojkky wmkk sjv` trjlspartjtmal `l`rny,

d``p r`sauro`s wmteml te` oaiiulmty we`r` te`y

jr` n`l`rjt`g, jlg e`kp or`jt` ulmqu` r`nmaljk

oumsml`s jlg jrtmsjl ouktur`s.

K`t”s n`t nrawmln!


8/19

@ X _ @

ulg`r te` struotur`, iav` te` eaap eaus` ta te`

l`xt spjo` we`l te` rst orap ms r`jgy ta nraw aut-

smg`, jlg stjrt jlate`r orap ulg`r oav`r jnjml.

Mlst`jg a prapjnjtmln pkjlts ml j nr``leaus` jlg

iavmln te` pkjlts autsmg`, te` Sakkmln Weulg`r

nr``leaus` ijd`s mt `jsy ta iav` te` struotur`.

Iast eaap eaus`s us` ljturjk v`ltmkjtmal cy

pravmgmln rakk-up smg`wjkk oav`rs, cut j `w a

teì ejv` v`lt ap`lmlns jkaln te` tap we`r` te`

e`jt oakkòts. M yau us` al` wmteaut j tap v`lt,

te` struotur` wmkk c` oe`jp`r ta cuy, cut yau ijy

ejv` ta mlstjkk emne-vakui` jls ta d``p te` eaap

Fmnur` 3.80. We` Sakkmln Weulg`r nr``leaus`.

y`jr raulg usmln tems oaicmljtmal. Ml wjri`r

autgaar zal`s, eaap eaus`s suppart jl `v`r wmg`r

vjrm`ty a oraps teraune te` wmlt`r.

We`r` jr` ijly `xjipk`s a eaap eaus`s, ar

‛emne tull`ks’ js te`y jr` jksa ojkk`g, wemoe yau

ojl cuy js dmts jlg ̀ ròt yaurs`k. We` iag`k seawl

ml nur` 3.80, wmte te` okaoe`s ml te` ar`nraulg, ms

ojkk`g j ‛Sakkmln Weulg`r’ nr``leaus`, ijg` cy

Smiak Nr``leaus` _ystìs ml L`w Ejipsemr`.

Wems ms te` emne tull`k mlspmr`g jlg jvar`g cy

@kmat Oakìjl a Faur _`jsal Fjri ml Ijml`

còjus` mt rakks al rjmks, jkkawmln emi ta stjrt j orap


9/19

W F N N

còjus` te`s` ffijt, rmnmg surjo`s jr` `jsm`r ta t

wmte swmlnmln ar skmgmln gaars tejl ms ki. ]au ojl

`jsmky imx gauck`-mlffijt`g paky ki raa oav`rmln

jlg rmnmg pakyojrcaljt` pjl`k `lg wjkks al te`

sji` struotur`.J jri`r, r`jkmzmln suoo`ss rai kaln`r nraw-

mln s`jsals wmte j eaap eaus`, imnet wjlt ta

cuy jlate`r cut waukg saal gmsoav`r al` a te`

gmsjgvjltjn`s a smipk` eaap eaus`s2 We`y ojl”t

c` oallòt`g smg` ta smg` ta ijd` j kjrn` spjo`

kmd` nutt`r-oallòt`g nr``leaus`s ojl. Ml slaw

oaultry, eaap eaus`s jlg emne tull`ks iust c`

s`pjrjt`g jr `laune ta jkkaw slaw ta oakkòt

c`tw``l teì we`l mt skmg`s a te` raas. Kmnet-

w`mnet nr``leaus` struotur`s iust c` g`smnl`g tase`g slaw, wemoe oaukg ate`rwms` oakkjps` teì.

Jlg tems slaw iust na sai`we`r` al mts awl.

@v`l m te`y oaukg suppart te` w`mnet, smipk` eaap

eaus` oaak ml te` eatt`st ialtes a suii`r. _ejg`

okate jlg ate`r kmnet-sojtt`rmln oav`rs ojl jksa c`

jppkm`g ta r`guo` suii`r sakjr e`jt njml.

Eaap eaus`s ijy c` tt`g wmte gauck`-mlffijt`g

paky nr``leaus` ki av`r te` rji` ar jggmtmaljkmlsukjtmal vjku` ml oakg okmijt`s. Wems i`teag

mlvakv`s str`toemln twa kjy`rs a pkjstmo ki av`r

te` eaap eaus` rji`, s`jkmln jkk `gn`s a cate

kjy`rs tan`te`r wmte oaltmluaus okjips ta te`

rji`, jlg mlstjkkmln jls ta mlffijt` te` jmr spjo`

c`tw``l te` kjy`rs a ki. We` stmkk jmr c`tw``l te`

kjy`rs mlor`js`s te` mlsukjtmln vjku` a te` oav`r.

]au ijy jksa oav`r te` raa a yaur eaap eaus`

wmte rmnmg pakyojrcaljt` pjl`ks. We`s` jr` iar`

`xp`lsmv`, cut te`y kjst kaln`r jlg ojl pravmg` jc`tt`r mlsukjtmln vjku` tejl ki. @v`l al j eaap

eaus` oav`r`g wmte gauck`-mlffijt`g paky, te` `lg

wjkks jr` af`l lmse`g wmte pakyojrcaljt` pjl`ks

Fmnur` 3.86. Oalo`ptujk r`lg`rmln af j oallòt`g eaap eaus` systì. Oaurt`sy af Imoej`k Weaipsal


10/19

@ X _ @

nr``leaus` `xp`rmi`lt w`lt al ar iast a j

gòjg` ultmk te` nrjlt ulgmln rjl aut. We` pàpk`

ap`rjtmln mt te`l jppkm`g wejt te`y ejg k`jrl`g

ta g`v`kap c`tt`r mlgaar nrawmln systìs ml ate`r

s`ttmlns. Al` a te`s` ms Pgnjr Xjrsals, wea wjste` praguotmal ijljn`r jt ^mlgstjr. E` c`njl

cumkgmln nr``leaus` gai`s ml :=5= ml te` Sajrmln

Fard Vjkk`y ulg`r te` oaipjly lji` Nrawmln

_pjo`s, KKO. E` jlg ems wm` Xubj iav`g te`mr

ap`rjtmal ta j jotary ml Xjnasj _prmlns, Oakarjga,

ml :==0, we`r` te`y oaltmlu` ta cumkg smx smz`s a

te`mr Nrawmln Gai`. We`s` rjln` rai :0 ``t ta

73 ``t ml gmji`t`r, sjtmsymln y`jr-raulg nrawmln

l``gs ar jimkm`s, soeaaks, jlg oaiiulmty nraups.

Gai`s ejv` smnlmojlt jgvjltjn`s ml te` r`jkwarkg a `l`rny oals`rvjtmal. M kmd` ta temld a te`

ijt`rmjk sjvmlns tems wjy2 j 73-aat-gmji`t`r gai`

oav`rmln :,788 squjr` ``t a nrawmln spjo` us`s

k`ss waag tejl ms ml te` cattai twa kjy`rs a kans

ml j :,788-squjr`-aat kan eai`! Jlg te` ijt`rmjk

mt ga`s us` ms a sijkk`r gmi`lsmal, ijdmln mt iuoe

iar` òalaimojk ta cumkg.

J gai` ms `xtrì`ky wmlg r`smstjlt còjus` a

mts j`ragyljimo sejp`. We` aro` a oalsmst`lt emne

wmlg ms gmstrmcut`g ulmariky av`r te` trmjlnukjt`grji`, eakgmln te` struotur` gawl rjte`r tejl

ckawmln mt jwjy. Sòtjlnukjr rji`g nr``leaus`s

r`qumr` e`jvy truss`s jlg smnlmojlt orass crjomln

ta ijmltjml te`mr struoturjk mlt`nrmty ulg`r kjrn`

wmlg kajgs4 tems oalstruotmal ijd`s ròtjlnukjr

nr``leaus`s mle`r`ltky iar` `xp`lsmv`.

Fmljkky, te` gai` nài`try pravmg`s j oav`r

wmte imlmijk surjo` jr`j jlg ijxmijk vakui`,

ijdmln mt te` iast `l`rny-òm`lt `lokasur` w`

ojl or`jt`. Jly ate`r sejp` wmkk ejv` j emne`r

surjo`-jr`j-ta-vakui` rjtma, r`suktmln ml iar`

e`jt kass ta te` autgaars. Al` gmsjgvjltjn` ms

te` pat`ltmjk ar mlor`js`g cr`jdgawl jlg ijml-

t`ljlo` còjus` a te` kjrn` luic`r a s`jis

c`tw``l trmjlnukjr nkjzmln pjl`ks.

eaus`s gal”t ejv` nutt`r oallòtmals tejt waukg

oakkòt slawi`kt.

We` r`sukt ms tejt te` nraw`r ojl alky `lt`r `joe

eaap eaus` rai jl ̀ lg. Mt ijy c` passmck` ta njln

iuktmpk` struotur`s `lg ta `lg, cut tems ijd`s arv`ry kaln wardmln pjtes. @v`l wmte kjt`rjk s`pjrj-

tmal, te` jroemtòtur` a te` eaap eaus` ijd`s mt

iuoe iar` kmd` j tull`k tejl j kjrn` sulkmt wjr`-

eaus`. ^` gr`ji a j eycrmg systì c`tw``l te`

òalaiy a te` eaap eaus` jlg te` ffi`xmcmkmty jlg

wjt`r ojtoei`lt a te` nutt`r-oallòt`g nr``l-

eaus` systì.

Ml spmt` a te`s` kmimtjtmals, te`r` jr` s`rmaus

aur s`jsal jri`rs, kmd` @kmat Oakìjl jlg Cjr-

cjrj Gjirasoe ml Ijml`, wea rjms` c`jutmukpraguo` jlg ffiaw`rs jraulg te` y`jr wmte iavjck`

emne tull`ks, suppkì`lt`g cy raw oav`rs mlsmg`.

N G N

Cuodimlst`r Fukk`r mlv`lt`g te` nàg`smo gai`,

jl `xtrì`ky òm`lt ari rai cate `l`rny

oals`rvjtmal jlg struoturjk p`rarijlo` p`rspò-

tmv`s. We` gai` r`km`s al trmjlnukjr jlg spe`rmojk

nài`trm`s ta or`jt` jl `lokasur` tejt wmkk suppart

e`jvy kajgs a slaw wmte j nr`jt g`jk k`ss ijt`rmjktejl j oalv`ltmaljk ròtmkml`jr struotur`. J spe`r-

mojk sejp` jksa ejs te` jgvjltjn` a `lokasmln te`

ijxmiui vakui` a spjo` wmte te` imlmiui

surjo` jr`j, ijdmln te` gai` te` iast ljturjkky

`l`rny-òm`lt sejp` passmck`. Wems oaicmljtmal

a struoturjk jlg `l`rny-oals`rvjtmal òm`lom`s

ijd`s te` nàg`smo gai` jl mg`jk nr``leaus`.

Ml te` :=58s, jt j r`s`jroe mlstmtut` ml w`st`rl

Oakarjga ojkk`g te` ^mlgstjr Kjlg Oals`rvjloy,

Cuodimlst`r Fukk`r g`smnl`g j nr``leaus` gai`,

j struotur` e` ojkk`g te` cmagai`. We` ^mlgstjr

cmagai` wjs 08 ``t ml gmji`t`r jlg, ml jggmtmal

ta te` nraulg jr`j, oaltjml`g twa kafs ar nraw-

mln aag jlg twa kjrn` wjt`r tjlds ar rjmsmln

se, eakgmln `rtmkmz`r, jlg te`rijk starjn`. Wejt


11/19

W F N N

ouktur` ml te` :=68s jlg ”>8s, te` nàg`smo ari

imnet c` iar` wmg`ky joo`pt`g js jl ̀ om`lt struo-

turjk sakutmal ta ijly spjo`-or`jtmal oejkk`ln`s,

mlokugmln nr``leaus`s. Fartuljt`ky, teaune,

soeaak-jn` oemkgr`l a te` `jrky tw`lty-rst o`l-tury ojrry lal` a tems oukturjk cjnnjn`, ijdmln

Ml spmt` a te` ijly jgvjltjn`s, teaune, gai`

struotur`s oai` wmte j oukturjk gmsjgvjltjn` w`

ojkk te` ‛emppm` stmnij’ còjus` a te`mr praiml`lt

us` jialn yauln oault`rouktur` prjotmtmal`rs ml

te` :=68s. M Cuodimlst`r Fukk`r ejg mlv`lt`g te`nàg`smo gai` w`kk jf`r te` ì`rn`lo` a emppm`

Fmnur` 3.8>. We` nrawmln gai` ml prjotmo`. Xeata cy Imoej`k Weaipsal


12/19

@ X _ @

i`jls tejt twa raws a nr``leaus` truss`s jr`

suppart`g al j oaiial raw a oakuils, wmte

j nutt`r c`tw``l teì ta oakkòt wjt`r rai te`

raas a cate struotur`s. We` e`mnet a te` oakuils

jlg nutt`rs ms usujkky :8, :3, ar :7 ``t jcav` te`nraulg, jkkawmln ulkmimt`g kjt`rjk iavì`lt

mlsmg`, `v`l wmte vèmok`s. Nutt`r-oallòt`g

nr``leaus`s ojl c` cumkt al ffijt nraulg ml vmrtujkky

ulkmimt`g `xpjls`s4 te`y af`l oav`r jor`s. We`s`

oaii`romjk struotur`s ojl c` tt`g wmte stjlgjrg

iatarmz`g pjl`ks ar ap`l v`ltmkjtmal ar wmte

oaipk`t`ky iòejlmojk v`ltmkjtmal systìs. We`

v`ltmkjtmal ms af`l tt`g wmte wjt`r-`vjparjtmln

sor``ls al te` mltjd` jls ta oaak te` jmr ml

suii`r. Far te` jri`r wmsemln ta nraw mlgaarialaouktur`s p`stmomg`-r``, te`s` sji` jls ijy

c` tt`g wmte l` sor``ls ta `xokug` mlsòts rai

te` spjo`, teaune te` jls pukkmln jmr teraune

te`s` l` kt`rs iust c` iar` paw`ruk jlg te`r`-

ar` `l`rny eulnry. Al` ijy walg`r eaw suoe j

struotur`, kk`g p`rejps wmte j ialaouktur` a pak-

kmljtar-l``gy pkjlts, imnet joqumr` te`s` s`rvmo`s1

Ojptmv` mlgaar eal`yc`` oakalm`s, a oaurs`!

Far te` jri`r nrawmln j pakyouktur` jlg

usmln p`rijouktur` prmlompk`s, nutt`r-oallòt`gnr``leaus`s av`r kjrn` jr`js ijy stmkk c` us`g wmte

ap`l v`ltmkjtmal systìs tejt oallòt mlgaars jlg

aut. We` d`y ms ta ijmltjml j cjkjlo` a c`lòmjk

mlsòts ta oaltrak te` p`st mlsòts, j sucbòt w`

oav`r `xt`lsmv`ky ml oejpt`r =. Ml te` c`g c`kaw te`

kaw`r mltjd` v`lts, pkjlt ffiaw`rmln pkjlts ta jttrjot

c`lòmjk mlsòts jlg pakkmljtars4 sai` `xjipk`s

waukg c` imlo`, yjrraw, jlg carjn`.

We`s` nr``leaus` systìs, ̀ spòmjkky we`l us`g

av`r v`ry kjrn` jr`js, jr` usujkky oav`r`g wmte j

teml kjy`r a pakyojrcaljt` al `v`ry surjo`, ojus-

mln teì ta av`re`jt al sully gjys jlg r`qumrmln

cjodup e`jtmln al ijly lat-sa-oakg lmnets. Ml te`

ì`rnmln kaojk aag, r`l`wjck` `l`rny òalaiy,

w` wmkk s`` jri`rs mlv`stmln j kmttk` iar` up ralt

te` nrawmln gai` jl mg`jk nr``leaus` sakutmal ar

@gmck` _oeaakyjrg prabòts.

^` ejv` e`kp`g arnjlmz` aur awl oaiiulmty

ta rjms` te` r`sauro`s ta cumkg nrawmln gai`s jlg

autgaar njrg`ls jt twa kaojk emne soeaaks. We`s`gai`s jr` ulotmalmln c`jutmukky js som`lo` kjcs,

jlg te`y gauck` js kaojk sauro`s a r`se praguo`

ar te` soeaak oj`t`rmjs. Ml te` Saody Iaultjmls,

w` kmd` ta sjy te`r` jr` twa wjys ta t`joe jnrmouk-

turjk cmakany ml aur soeaaks2 `mte`r oejln` te`

soeaak y`jr ta rul rai F`crujry ta Lavìc`r ar

cumkg nr``leaus`s. _oeaaks ml iast tìp`rjt`

r`nmals jo` te` sji` oeamo`, jlg te` alky joo`pt-

jck` oeamo` oaipjtmck` wmte aur oukturjk ojk`lgjr

ms ta cumkg nr``leaus`s.Wa mlokug` `v`ry dmlg a pkjlt ml aur JnCma

nr``leaus`s, mlokugmln trapmojk p`r`llmjks, w`

cumkg okmijt` cjtt`rm`s ulg`rnraulg càr` w`

kjy te` aulgjtmals jlg `ròt te` gai`s av`r

teì. ê`l w` `xp`rm`lo`g aur rst g``p oakg

wjv` tems pjst wmlt`r, wmte s`v`rjk lmnets ml j raw

grappmln c`kaw ‟:8¸F, te` sakjr e`jt w` ejg star`g

ulg`rnraulg e`kp`g ta d``p te` okmijt` mlsmg` te`

gai`s ml te` emne ?8s, l`jrky j 08-g`nr`` gm`r-

`lo` rai autsmg`, jlg l`jrky wjri `laune tad``p cjljljs, pjpjyjs, jlg `v`rytemln `ks` rai

su`rmln gjijn`. Js `xpkjml`g ml oejpt`r 7, w` ga

us` sai` cjodup e`jt we`l autgaar tìp`rjtur`s

gmp c`kaw :8¸F, cut te` okmijt` cjtt`ry ejlgk`s

w`jte`r `xtrì`s gawl ta tejt pamlt, sjvmln av`r

>0 p`ro`lt a te` `l`rny oalv`ltmaljkky pravmg`g

cy assmk u`ks. Js wmte jkk nr``leaus`s, te`s`

òm`lom`s g`p`lg al te` r`jkmtm`s a te` smt` jlg

te` `kì`lts mlokug`g, wemoe jr` spòmo ta `joe

nr``leaus` jlg ojl c` `lgk`ssky r`l`g.

NO N

Nutt`r-oallòt`g nr``leaus`s jr` j w`kk-`s-

tjckmse`g oaii`romjk sakutmal ta te` s`pjrjtmal

prackì wmte eaap eaus`s. ‛Nutt`r-oallòt`g’


13/19

W F N N

saute`rl oajst a _pjml, ms oav`r`g wmte gaz`ls

a squjr` imk`s a nr``leaus`s jlg orap oav`rs,

rjlnmln rai smipk` sejg` jcrmos susp`lg`g al

pak`s ta tjkk nutt`r-oallòt`g nr``leaus`s. We`s`

nraw ialaouktur`s a v`n`tjck`s jlg rumts ar@urap`jl ijrd`ts. Js ialaouktur`s na, eaw`v`r,

`v`rytemln t`lgs ta c` cumkt ta j v`ry kjrn` smz` ar

òalaim`s a sojk`4 te` sakutmals ta kjrn`-sojk`

prackìs a samk `rtmkmty jlg w``g jlg p`st ml`stj-

tmals jr` iast af`l i`t wmte oeìmojk `rtmkmz`rs,

e`rcmomg`s, jlg p`stmomg`s. ê`l arnjlmo nrawmln

i`teags jr` ìpkay`g ml ialaouktur`s jt tems

sojk`, te` lò`ssjry mlputs ar `rtmkmz`r, w``g

suppr`ssmal, jlg p`st oaltrak iust c` ijlujo-

tur`g a te` jri, rjte`r tejl ejrv`st`g js pjrt aal-jri km` oyok`s. Wems oaltrmcut`s smnlmojltky

ta te`mr `l`rny oasts jlg, ml jl `l`rny-oalstrjml`g

utur`, ta te`mr vukl`rjcmkmty.

êmk` te`r` jr` s`v`rjk kjrn`-sojk` (al`-jor`-

pkus) arnjlmo nr``leaus` ap`rjtmals, te`y stmkk

r`ky e`jvmky al assmk u`ks4 w` ejv` lat y`t s``l j

kjrn`-sojk` nr``leaus` ap`rjtmal cjs`g `ltmr`ky al

p`rijouktur` prmlompk`s. ^` mijnml` tems imnet

ijlm`st js j nraupmln a sijkk`r nr``leaus`s,

p`rejps la iar` tejl j `w teausjlg squjr```t `joe, surraulg`g cy autgaar cma mskjlgs jlg

ejcmtjt zal`s ar te` pkjlts, mlsòts, jlg cmrgs tejt

waukg c` pjrtl`rs ml te` pakkmljtmal jlg òakanmojk

cjkjlo` a mlgaar aag pakyouktur`s. Mt s`ìs ta us

tejt te`r` jr` kmimts ta te` sojkjcmkmty a jrtmomjk

òasystìs suoe js nr``leaus`s, la ijtt`r eaw

w`kk g`smnl`g. We` jmkur` a te` Cmaspe`r` 3

`xp`rmi`lt seaukg c` g``pky ojutmaljry. Or`jtmln

jl mlgaar òasystì oaipk`t`ky msakjt`g rai te`

`lvmrali`lt autsmg` wjs oalsmg`r`g cy suppart`rs

ta c` j wartey `xpkarjtmal tawjrg oakalmzmln j

jrjwjy, km`k`ss pkjl`t. We` prabòt jmk`g, pjrtky

còjus` a uljltmompjt`g jlg gjln`raus axyn`l

jlg OA micjkjlo`s ml tems v`ry oaipk`x systì. Mt

wjs g`smnl`g wmte iar` teàr`tmojk tejl prjotmo`g

ta cumkg c`tt`r mlsukjt`g `lokasur`s ar te`mr oraps,

imlmimzmln te` u`k te`y iust puroejs` ta d``p

te`mr pkjlts rai c`mln gjijn`g ar kast ta jl

mleaspmtjck` okmijt`.

Far `xjipk`, j kjrn` nutt`r-oallòt`g nr``l-eaus` ijy c` surraulg`g cy mlsukjt`g i`tjk pjl`k

wjkks jlg tt`g wmte j ffijt o`mkmln a mlsukjt`g

sejg` ourtjmls spjllmln truss ta truss ta or`jt` jl

`xtrj cjrrm`r jnjmlst te` autsmg` okmijt`. Wems ojl

ward ta te` jri`r”s jgvjltjn` ml `mte`r oakg ar

eat okmijt` `xtrì`s. Ml te` g`jg a wmlt`r gurmln

j s`v`r` oakg wjv`, te`s` ourtjmls ojl c` grjwl

jorass te` cattai oearg a te` truss`s, or`jtmln j

tìparjry o`mkmln a mlsukjt`g jcrmo. C`kaw tems

o`mkmln, te` jtiaspe`r` a jmr jraulg te` pkjltswmkk oaltmlu` ta c` omroukjt`g teraune te` okmijt`

cjtt`ry, wemk` te` jmr spjo` jcav` te` ourtjml graps

ml tìp`rjtur` js mt kas`s e`jt ta te` autsmg` oakg

teraune te` nr``leaus` raa nkjzmln. We` ourtjmls

wmkk c` ap`l`g we`l te` sul r`joe`s te` nr``l-

eaus` jnjml, qumodky wjrimln te` upp`r jmr spjo`

ta j easpmtjck` k`v`k.

ê`l te` jri`r”s oejkk`ln` ms oaakmln, j sup`r-

eat gjy ojl c` rì`gm`g cy grjwmln j smipk` sejg`

ourtjml jorass te` truss`s js j tìparjry o`mkmlnjlg v`ltmkjtmln te` jmr spjo` jcav` te` ourtjml ta

te` autsmg`, wemk` te` nr``leaus` jmr c`kaw te`

sejg` omroukjt`s teraune te` okmijt` cjtt`ry ta c`

urte`r oaak`g. We` mg`jk ourtjml ijt`rmjk, ar cate

oakg jlg eat okmijt` rì`gm`s, iust mlsukjt` ar

wmlt`r lmnets, wemk` r`ffiòtmln sai` a te` sulkmnet

jwjy gurmln suii`r gjys. ]au ojl lg teì cy

s`jroemln ar ‛nr``leaus` sejg` jcrmo.’ Far ̀ xji-

pk`, j jcrmo tejt ejs >8 p`ro`lt kmnet trjlsimssmvmty

wmkk r`ffiòt ?8 p`ro`lt a jvjmkjck` sulkmnet jwjy.

We`r` jr` sai` r`nmals al te` pkjl`t we`r`

nutt`r-oallòt`g nr``leaus`s jr` ml wmg`spr`jg

us` ar nrawmln v`n`tjck`s jlg rumt, sai`tmi`s

oav`rmln gaz`ls, `v`l eulgr`gs a jor`s a

jrikjlg. We` r`nmal jraulg @k @bmga, jkaln te`


14/19

@ X _ @

g`nr``s a ouiukjtmv` taxmomty. Js w` ljvmnjt`

te` r`-ì`rn`lo` a kaojk aag òalaim`s ml

`v`ry okmijtmo r`nmal, w` wmkk k`jrl j nr`jt g`jk

jcaut te` r`qumrì`lts a e`jktey aag òakanm`s,

cate mlgaars jlg aut, jlg eaw ta rjms` teì jkk

jraulg us.

F_ _E

O NWa tjd` orap pratòtmal struotur`s jlg okmijt` cjt-

t`rm`s ta te`mr ljturjk `xtrì` i`jls nrawmln zal`

:3 p`r`llmjks mlgaars wmte j zal` ? ar 7 okmijt`

autsmg` usmln imlmijk cjodup e`jtmln `l`rny ar

wmlt`r survmvjk. Wems ms `xjotky wejt w` ejv` gal`

Fmnur` 3.85. We` NrawEjus, G`lv`r, Oakarjga. Xeata cy Imoej`k Weaipsal

dlawk`gn` jcaut jkk te` jotars ml j cattk`g òasys-

tì. Wems `xp`rmi`lt ijy ejv` c``l j oaurjnàus

jlg rmsdy us` a prmvjt` r`sauro`s jlg `lnml``rmln

tjk`lt, cut mt ojl jksa c` s``l js rullmln càr` w`

k`jrl ta wjkd.

@oalaim`s a sojk` js w` ulg`rstjlg teì

tagjy, wemoe g`kmv`r aag ojkarm`s jt te` kaw`st

passmck` oast, mlvjrmjcky mlvakv` j emne g`nr`` a

iòejlmzjtmal. G`p`lg`lt al kmqumg assmk u`ks,

jl av`rsmipkmojtmal a òasystìs, jlg j jotary

praguotmal imlgs`t, te`s` prjotmo`s ejv` suo-

o``g`g ml praguomln j kat a ojkarm`s jt te` kaw`st

passmck` oast cut taa af`l r`sukt ml te` kaw`st

passmck` lutrmtmaljk qujkmty a aag jlg emne


15/19

W F N N

te`r` wmkk c` ular`s``l oejkk`ln`s jlg `v`lts tejt

wmkk lò`ssmtjt` jgjptjtmal jlg oalstjlt `vakutmal.

We` okmijt` cjtt`ry ml j aur-s`jsal trapmojk

nr``leaus` iust c` oaipas`g a samk tejt wmkk ga

twa temlns. Fmrst, mt iust pravmg` j naag lutrmtmaljkcjs` ar trapmojk jlg I`gmt`rrjl`jl p`r`llmjks

suoe js cjljlj, pjpjyj, pjssmal rumt, jlg ns.

_òalg, te` samk iust jmg ml starjn` jlg r`k`js` a

e`jt‗tems ms mts cjtt`ry ulotmal. ^` lg tejt samk

oaltjmlmln j sijkk jiault a okjy praiat`s c`tt`r

jcsarptmal a euimgmty tejl sjlgy samk, wemk` taa

iuoe okjy t`lgs ta pr`v`lt iamstur` rai p`l`-

trjtmln c`yalg te` p`rmi`t`r a te` okmijt` cjtt`ry

tucmln. Js w` wmkk s``, tems euimgmty ffiuotujtmal ms

ormtmojk ta te` ulotmalmln a te` okmijt` cjtt`ry.Mlsukjtmln te` okmijt` cjtt`ry ijy c` jooai-

pkmse`g wmte jl mlsukjt`g p`rmi`t`r aulgjtmal

wjkk‗jksa us`g ta suppart te` nr``leaus` rji-

mln jcav`‗ar wmte j earmzaltjk mlsukjtmal systì,

ml wemoe aji mlsukjtmal cajrgs jr` pkjo`g jcaut

j aat c`kaw te` p`rmi`t`r surjo` jlg `xt`lg j

`w ``t earmzaltjkky. Wems mlsukjtmal eakgs rast

jt j naag gmstjlo` rai te` okmijt` cjtt`ry, js m

w` ejg j g``pky mlsukjt`g aulgjtmal, cut wmte

k`ss samk gmsturcjlo`. M te` nr``leaus` ms mlt`lg`gar jqujpalmos ar eygrapalmos jlg j oalor`t` skjc

ffiaar ms g`smr`g, jlate`r mlsukjtmln kjy`r ijy c` s`t

c`l`jte te` skjc jlg al tap a te` okmijt` cjtt`ry,

jkkawmln mt ta star` jt j emne`r tìp`rjtur`.

J aur-s`jsal nr``leaus` `lokasur` iust

ijxmimz` mlsukjt`g surjo`s ml te` `lv`kap` jlg

imlmimz` nkjz`g surjo`s ta or`jt` jl `l`rny-`-

om`lt cumkgmln tejt stmkk pravmg`s gjykmnet ar

pkjlts. Nr`jt ojr` iust c` tjd`l ml g`smnlmln tems

cjkjlo` a nkjz`g jlg mlsukjt`g surjo`s ta pravmg`

ar ijxmijk sulkmnet p`l`trjtmal ml wmlt`r jlg

bust `laune sulkmnet ml suii`r. Wa jssmst ml tems

g`smnl prao`ss, w` jr` ourr`ltky usmln j ter``-gm-

i`lsmaljk oaiput`r-jmg`g g`smnl (OJG) safwjr`

pkjtari ojkk`g _d`toePp. Wems pranrji oai`s

wmte s`v`rjk nr``leaus`s, mlokugmln te` Xea`lmx

trapmojk nr``leaus` jt OSIXM.

ê`l te` X`k` nr``leaus` jt te` X`rijouktur`

Mlstmtut` curl`g ta te` nraulg ml kjt` 388>, w`

r`pkjo`g mt wmte j skmnetky kjrn`r struotur` cumkt raij rùs`g oaii`romjk nr``leaus` tejt ejg c``l

tjd`l gawl jt j kaojk lurs`ry. We` l`w nr``leaus`

wjs tjkk`r tejl te` akg struotur`, sa w` mltraguo`g

jggmtmaljk l`w kjy`rs a samk al tap a te` akg, us`g

te` appartulmty ta jgg al` ta twa l`w kjy`rs a

okmijt` cjtt`ry ta `xpjlg te` ulg`rnraulg jmr

gmstrmcutmal oejic`rs, jlg jgg`g jggmtmaljk jl

ojpjomty ta te` systì. ^` r`cumkt te` waag-r`g

sjulj, tems tmi` usmln oalor`t` jlg stal`, jlg

w` cumkt j emne`r-ojpjomty earmzaltjk jmrffiaw jlsystì ta gmstrmcut` okmijt` cjtt`ry ar sjulj e`jt

iar` ulmariky jraulg te` nr``leaus`.

We` r`sukts a te`s` mipravì`lts ejv` c``l

pe`lai`ljk ml `v`ry wjy, cut k`t”s st`p cjod jlg

g`sormc` te` struoturjk `kì`lts a te` Xea`lmx

nr``leaus`‗jlg a s`v`rjk ate`rs w` ejv`

g`smnl`g‗tejt oaltrmcut` ta te` ojpjomty a

te`s` cumkgmlns ta suppart suoe j wmg` rjln` a

nrawmln zal`s.

Wa joem`v` j aur-s`jsal trapmojk nr``leaus`ml j oakg okmijt`, w` us` j w`kk-mlsukjt`g okmijt`

cjtt`ry ml te` nraulg wmte j nr``leaus` `lokasur`

jcav` mt tejt ejs emneky mlsukjt`g surjo`s `v`ry-

we`r` w` gal”t l``g ta ejrv`st sulkmnet, mlsukjt`g

nkjzmln we`r` w` ga, jlg ijxmijk kmnet-r`ffiòtmln

surjo`s mlsmg`. Wems ‛okmijt` ml j cattk`’ iust

c` r`nukjt`g js iuoe js passmck` ta ijmltjml te`

cjkjlo` a kmnet, tìp`rjtur`, jlg euimgmty tejt

te` pkjlts `xpòt, ar te`y wmkk `xp`rm`lo` str`ss`s

tejt jt j imlmiui ijy r`guo` praguotmvmty jlg jt

warst r`sukt ml orap kass.

Js wmte jlytemln `ks` ml j p`rijouktur` systì,

w` ijmltjml te`s` pkjlt-suppartmln okmijt`s wmte

j imlmiui a `l`rny jlg j nr`jt g`jk a iuktm-

ulotmaljk g`smnl. Eaw`v`r, w` jksa joo`pt tejt


16/19

@ X _ @

`lt`rmln suii`r, te` jv`rjn` cjtt`ry oejrn` wmkk

c` 00 ta 68¸F.

Mt”s mipartjlt lat ta gmsoejrn` te` okmijt` cjt-

t`ry taa jr ml te` wmlt`r, ar yau ijy `lg up usmln

cjodup e`jt al jv`rjn` oakg lmnets, lat bust gurmln`xtrì` oakg p`rmags. Alky we`l te` autgaar

tìp`rjtur` graps sa jr tejt te` okmijt` cjtt`ry

ojllat ijmltjml te` g`smr`g mlgaar tìp`rjtur`

cy mts`k ga w` seut a te` okmijt` cjtt`ry jls jlg

turl al te` cjodup e`jtmln systì ta ijmltjml te`

g`smr`g okmijt`. ^` gal”t ròaii`lg rullmln

cate systìs smiuktjlàusky còjus` js te` wmlt`r

w`jrs al jlg te` okmijt` cjtt`ry”s i`jl tìp`rj-

tur` graps, mt ojl jcsarc iast a te` u`k-n`l`rjt`g

e`jt rjte`r tejl omroukjtmln mt bust jraulg te`jcav`nraulg pkjlt pjrts. ^` wjlt ta oejrn` te`

okmijt` cjtt`ry alky wmte `xo`ss sakjr e`jt njml jlg

us` u`k`g cjodup e`jt alky ar te` warst `xtrì`s

a oakg. E`r`, w` us` cjodup e`jt al jppraxmijt`ky

38 ta 30 lmnets c`tw``l img-Lavìc`r jlg te`

`lg a Jprmk, ar jraulg :? p`ro`lt a aur wmlt`r

lmnets. Wems ojl r`pr`s`lt sjvmlns suom`lt ta pjy

cjod te` oast a te` okmijt` cjtt`ry oalstruotmal ml

`w`r tejl t`l y`jrs.

Js te` eatt`st p`rmag a suii`r jpprajoe`s, te`nr``leaus` la kaln`r l``gs iuoe e`jtmln rai te`

okmijt` cjtt`ry, sa w` ojl `js` mlta usmln mt ta oaak

te` nr``leaus` al te` v`ry eat gjys jraulg sui-

i`r sakstmo`, rai img-Bul` teraune Buky. Weaune

te` okmijt` cjtt`ry ms lat n`l`rjkky us`g ml Xea`-

lmx, j passmck` strjt`ny waukg c` stjrtmln mt `jrkm`r

ml te` gjy, usmln alky te` sejg` ourtjml, v`lt wml-

gaws, jlg omroukjtmal jls gurmln te` eatt`st pjrt

a te` gjy jlg rullmln te` okmijt` cjtt`ry jnjml

kjt`r mlta te` `v`lmln. Wems waukg e`kp ta ‛ffiuse’

sai` a te` `xo`ssmv` e`jt aut a mt, ta ijmltjml

sai` cjkjlo` wmte `xo`ssmv` e`jt. Jlate`r i`teag

w` jr` wardmln wmte law ms ta g`v`kap jl autgaar

ulg`rnraulg ‛oaakmln cjtt`ry’ we`r` mltjd` jmr ms

grjwl teraune kjrn`r ulg`rnraulg pmp`s, curm`g

ml j v`ry paw`ruk r`` v`rsmal, jlg j r`jsaljcky

prmo`g upnrjg` pravmg`s naag pra`ssmaljk taaks.

Jialn te` stjlgjrg taaks ml _d`toePp jr` sejgaw

s`ttmlns wmte wemoe yau ojl s`t yaur smt` kaojtmal,

turl al te` sejgaws ar j nmv`l gjt` jlg tmi` agjy, jlg joourjt`ky acs`rv` we`r` te` sejgaw

kml`s km` ml yaur iag`k. Psmln te`s` taaks, yau ojl

jgbust raa jlnk`s, js w`kk js te` jiault jlg arm-

`ltjtmal a nkjzmln, ta s`` eaw `v`ry pjrt a `v`ry

pkjltmln surjo` rò`mv`s sulkmnet av`r te` oaurs`

a j wmlt`r ar suii`r gjy. Psmln `l`rny òm`loy

pkun-mls ar yaur OJG safwjr`, yau ojl ejrv`st

`l`rny kass gjtj ar te` cumkgmln g`smnl jlg iag-

my yaur iag`k jooargmlnky. Wems pkjl `ljck`s yau

ta smz` te` cjodup e`jtmln systì ar yaur wmlt`rokmijt`. ]au ojl jksa acs`rv` te` pjtt`rl a sul-

kmnet cjtemln mlgaar surjo`s, wemoe wmkk e`kp yau

ta ojkoukjt` sakjr njml ml te` nr``leaus` jlg teus

`stmijt` te` ojpjomty a te` okmijt` cjtt`ry tejt

wmkk c` l``g`g.

^` wmkk n`t mlta te` teàry cèmlg te`s` ojkou-

kjtmals jlg te` oaltraks r`qumr`g ta r`jkmz` teì

ml oejpt`r 7, cut j crm` suiijry mg`ltm`s twa

oyok`s, e`jtmln jlg oaakmln. Ml jly okmijt` we`r`

w` iust or`jt` jl mlgaar `lvmrali`lt ta nrawpkjlts rai zal`s c`yalg aur awl, w` af`l l``g

ta jgbust te` mlgaar okmijt` ta c` wjri`r ar oaak`r

tejl mt ms autsmg`.

Gurmln aur Saody Iaultjml wmlt`rs, w` `xp`-

rm`lo` lmnets tejt jr` al jv`rjn` :0 ta 30¸F autsmg`,

wemk` trapmojk jlg I`gmt`rrjl`jl pkjlts af`l l``g

j okmijt` a 08¸F ar wjri`r. Ml j w`kk-mlsukjt`g

nr``leaus` wmte mlsukjtmln ourtjmls okas`g jlg jmr

omroukjtmln teraune j w`kk-oejrn`g okmijt` cjtt`ry,

w` ojl ijmltjml 00¸F mlgaars wmteaut cjodup e`jt

gurmln te`s` jv`rjn` wmlt`r lmnets. Wems ms passmck`

còjus` te` jv`rjn` samk tìp`rjtur` ml te` cjtt`ry,

js w` `xmt te` suii`r oaakmln s`jsal jlg `lt`r

wmlt`r e`jtmln s`jsal, ms ‛oejrn`g’ ta c`tw``l 60

jlg >8¸F. Cy te` tmi` w` jr` k`jvmln wmlt`r jlg


17/19

W F N N

cy iatarmz`g pjl`ks oaltrakk`g rai j te`riastjt

ar oaiput`r4 te`y ojl jksa c` ijlujkky jgbust`g

cy te` jotmv` jri`r, ar gaars ojl c` k`f ap`l ar

okas`g ta joem`v` te` g`smr`g oalgmtmals. Ijly

oalv`ltmaljk nr``leaus`s us` `kòtrmojkky ap`rjt`g`xejust jls jlg kauv`rs ta jooaipkmse te` lò`s-

sjry v`ltmkjtmal, af`l wmte kt`rs ta msakjt` mlsòts

jlg wmte wjt`r sor``ls ta mltraguo` euimgmty ar

nr``leaus` oaakmln ml jrmg okmijt`s suoe js aurs.

jr `laune gawl ta `ljck` gmssmpjtmal a e`jt mlta

00 ta 68¸F samk. Xkjltmln j ar`st njrg`l jt te` tap

a tems samk wmkk urte`r ijmltjml oaak sucsamk.

C`tw``l te` e`jtmln jlg oaakmln oyok`s, `v`l

c`tw``l te`s` oyok`s ml j smlnk` gjy, w` us` ap`r-jck` v`ltmkjtmal ap`lmlns ta crmln oaak`r autgaar

jmr mlta te` kaw`r k`v`ks a te` nr``leaus` jlg

`xejust wjri mlgaar jmr rai l`jr te` tap, usmln

ljturjk oalvòtmal. We` ap`lmlns ojl c` r`nukjt`g

Fmnur` 3.8=. @kdstal` Fjri trapmojk nr``leaus`, _t`jicajt _prmlns, Oakarjga. Xeata cy Imoej`k Weaipsal


18/19

@ X _ @

nrawmln prjotmo`, mlokugmln mlsukjt`g nr``leaus`s

wmte s`jsaljk nkjzmln skap`s jlg pjssmv` sakjr e`jt

starjn`, ar s`rmaus iaultjml wmlt`r aag nrawmln.

Weaunets al te`Futur` af Kaojk Faag

Ijly tjlnmck` jlg mltjlnmck` c`l`ts a or`jtmln

nr``leaus` òasystìs jr` g`sormc`g ml tems caad.

M jksa s`` j wmg`r, emstarmojk p`rspòtmv`. Mt aoourr`g

ta i` wemk` r`jgmln j caad tmtk`g @ipmr`s af Faag ,

cy @vjl G. N. Frjs`r jlg Jlgr`w Smijs, ml wemoe

Oermstape`r Oakuicus ms or`gmt`g wmte mlmtmjtmln

jl `rj a ‛cmakanmojk eaian`lmzjtmal’ cy trjls`r-

rmln ljtmv` pkjlts jlg jlmijks c`tw``l te` @jst`rljlg ^`st`rl Eìmspe`r`s tejt ejg `vakv`g mlg`-

p`lg`ltky a `joe ate`r smlo` te` cr`jdup a te`

kjst nkacjk sup`roaltml`lt sai` 388 imkkmal y`jrs

jna. Wagjy `v`ry typ` a aag orap ejs c``l nrawl

ml j kjlg ate`r tejl tejt ml wemoe mt `vakv`g, jlg

jkk ejv` c``l trjlspkjlt`g ta smimkjr okmijt`s al

ar`mnl oaltml`lts. Mlt`roaltml`ltjk oaii`romjk

trjlspartjtmal ejs urte`r ijg` `v`ry aag pkjlt

jvjmkjck` ar oalsuiptmal `v`rywe`r`, teaune

mt ijy ejv` trjv`k`g ijly teausjlgs a imk`s tar`joe mts oalsui`r.

^mte te` g`v`kapi`lt a ̀ l`rny-òm`lt nr``l-

eaus`s tagjy, w` ojl jltmompjt` jlate`r emstarmojk

k`v`k a cmakanmojk eaian`lmzjtmal, te` nrawmln a

pkjlts rai vmrtujkky `v`ry okmijt` zal`, ml jkiast

jly oakg`r okmijt` zal`. Wems ijy k`jg ta jlate`r

`l`rny-òm`loy c`l`t, te` sjvmln a trjlspartj-

tmal u`k, cy nrawmln wejt`v`r w` wjlt, we`r`v`r

w` kmv`. Jkteaune tems imnet ward v`ry w`kk ar

rjmsmln trapmojk pkjlts ml j oakg okmijt`, mt wal”t

ward ml ijly r`v`rs` ojs`s, suoe js te` rjmsmln a

sai` oakg-okmijt` p`r`llmjks ml te` trapmos. Jppk`s,

p`jrs, jlg sai` ate`r larte`rl p`r`llmjks ejv`

`vakv`g ta r`qumr` j oakg s`jsal ar te` raats ta r`st

jlg te` rumt cugs ta oaipk`t` te`mr g`v`kapi`lt,

Ml te` eat, euimg suii`rs oaiial ta te`

saute`jst Plmt`g _tjt`s, te`r` ms alky j 38 ta 30¸F

jv`rjn` gm`r`lo` c`tw``l gjy jlg lmnet autgaar

jmr. Plg`r teas` oalgmtmals mltraguomln jggmtmaljk

euimgmty ta te` jmr, js w` ga ml te` jrmg _autew`st,ga`s lat e`kp còjus` te` jmr ml te` _aute`jst ms

jkr`jgy sjturjt`g wmte euimgmty gurmln te` eat

gjys a suii`r. Js a tems wrmtmln, w` jr` ìcjrd-

mln al j prabòt wmte bust te`s` oejkk`ln`s. ̂ ` eap`

ta i``t te` suii`r oaakmln l``gs a te` oraps

usmln lmnettmi` jmr `xoejln` wmte te` okmijt`

cjtt`ry jlg j sejg` systì ta kmimt sakjr njml jlg

pravmg` j o`mkmln ar te` oaak`r jmr `xoejln` c`kaw.

Al` a te` pat`ltmjkky c`lòmjk vjrmjck`s w` wmkk

w`mne gurmln g`smnl wmkk c` te` oaakmln `òt a jokmijt` cjtt`ry r`joemln mlta g``p`r samks, p`rejps

js iuoe js 6 ``t gawl, ar or`jtmln mlg`p`lg`lt,

iuktmpk` kjy`rs a cjtt`ry r`joemln mlta g``p`r

samks we`r` i`jl tìp`rjtur`s ijy ljturjkky c` js

kaw js 00¸F.

We` okmijt` cjtt`ry ejs còai` jl `ss`ltmjk

`kì`lt a aur aur-s`jsal trapmojk nr``leaus`,

cut j aur-s`jsal nr``leaus` ar nrawmln jllujks

ms passmck` wmteaut j cjtt`ry m te` jri`r ms wmkkmln

ta kmimt wmlt`r oraps ta oakg-ejrgy nr``ls tejt wmkkròav`r jlg oaltmlu` nrawte jf`r j lmnet, ar s`v-

`rjk gjys jlg lmnets, c`kaw r``zmln. ê`r` wmlt`r

tìp`rjtur`s rjr`ky na c`kaw r``zmln, j wmg`r

vjrm`ty a wmlt`r v`n`tjck`s ojl nraw wmteaut j

cjtt`ry. Cut m wmg` tìp`rjtur` swmlns gal”t sumt

te` aags yau wjlt ta nraw, jlg yau wjlt ta nraw

teì y`jr-raulg, j okmijt` cjtt`ry ejs `w `qujks

ar `òtmv`l`ss, oaltrak jlg `l`rny òm`loy.

^mkk Jkk`l jlg ems Nrawmln Xaw`r jris ml

Imkwjud`` jlg `ks`we`r` gìalstrjt` v`ry

praguotmv` mlt`nrjtmals a se jlg v`n`tjck`s ml

eaap eaus`s jlg nutt`r-oallòt`g nr``leaus`s

jraulg te` ojk`lgjr. X`ll jlg Oarg Xjri`lt`r ml

^`stokm`, Oakarjga, jr` k`n`lgjry ar te` prjotm-

ojk smipkmomty, gmv`rsmty, jlg praguotmvmty a te`mr


19/19

W F N N

Wems waukg c` j naag tmi` ta na aut ta yaur

nr``leaus` ar njrg`l jlg ejrv`st sai`temln g`km-

omaus jlg r`imlg yaurs`k wey mt”s suoe j naag mg`j

ta nraw yaur awl!

ar ckassais ta ap`l jlg pakkmljt`g rumt ta s`t.

Wems ms j sijkk kmimtjtmal, eaw`v`r. We` g`v`k-

api`lt a nr``leaus` som`lo` wmkk na j kaln wjy

tawjrg ijdmln kaojk aag oeamo`s wmg`ky gmv`rs`.

Documents

Expanding the Possible with Season Extension