Exhibit 4.1 The Hamburger Standard

Real World Example 4.1

Exhibit 4.2 Relative Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

Exhibit 4.3 IMF’s Real Effective Exchange

Rate Indexes for the United States and Japan (1995 = 100)

Real World Example 4.2

Exhibit 4.4 Exchange Rate Pass-Through

Exhibit 4.5 Currency Yield Curves and the Forward Premium

Exhibit 4.6 Interest Rate Parity (IRP)

Exhibit 4.7 Covered Interest Arbitrage (CIA)

Exhibit 4.8 Uncovered Interest Arbitrage (UIA): The Yen Carry Trade

Exhibit 4.9 Interest Rate Parity (IRP) and Equilibrium

Exhibit 4.10 Forward Rate as an Unbiased Predictor for Future Spot Rate

Exhibit 4.11 International Parity Conditions in Equilibrium (Approximate Form)