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@jiqnknhns~ e` S{imq`j{{nmb Kzcbjs imc

Aeffnqqnemnmb [jqtemqnknhns~ `e{

@e{jmqna Qj|zih E``jmajq J|ifnmisnem

Re{g `{ef slj Tehnaj se slj MLQ

J|jazsnpj Qzffi{~

Sjqqi A{nhh~( Bnhh Aefkjq &

Cjke{il Cipncqem? Zmnpj{qns~ e` Kn{fnmblifEhnpni Oe~mj{ & Qlizm Cencbj? Sipnqseag Nmqsnszsj

Fi{al ;499

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Tibj 9

Qzffi{~

Slj Cjti{sfjms e` Ljihsl aeffnqqnemjc LQFA kjsrjjm Qjtsjfkj{ ;494 imc @jk{zi{~

;499 se {jpnjr slj `jiqnknhns~ e` s{imq`j{{nmb kzcbjs imc aeffnqqnemnmb {jqtemqnknhns~ `e{

`e{jmqna qj|zih e``jmajq j|ifnmisnem re{g `{ef slj tehnaj se slj MLQ- Slj qszc~ aemahzcjq

slis aeffnqqnemnmb qlezhc kj s{imq`j{{jc se slj MLQ imc slis yzihns~ qlezhc kj nft{epjc-

Qtjan`naihh~( slj{j nq i aiqj `e{ qjti{isnmb qj|zih e``jmajq j|ifnmisnem re{g `{ef slj

bjmj{ih azqsec~ ai{j re{g e` `e{jmqna tl~qnanimq- Slj qszc~ `ezmc slis( jpjm rnslezs slnq

cjpjhetfjms( slj{j rezhc kj mjs kjmj`nsq nm s{imq`j{{nmb aeffnqqnemnmb {jqtemqnknhns~ se

slj MLQ-

Slj kiqjhnmj aeqs e` slj qj{pnajq se kj s{imq`j{{jc riq jqsnfisjc se kj < fnhhnem nm

Jmbhimc- Yzihns~ nft{epjfjmsq rj{j jqsnfisjc se aeqs i `z{slj{ 1-; fnhhnem( aepj{nmb ,i.

nms{eczasnem e` i qjti{isj qj|zih e``jmajq {esi( imc ,k. nft{epjc ahnmnaih bepj{mimaj( tjj{

{jpnjr imc s{inmnmb-

Slj Aemsj|s

Qnmaj slj ji{h~ ;444q( slj{j lipj kjjm i mzfkj{ e` {jte{sq( aeffnqqnemjc k~ kesl slj

Cjti{sfjms e` Ljihsl imc slj Lefj E``naj( imih~qnmb imc iqqjqqnmb slj yzihns~ e` slj

{jqtemqj( `e{jmqna j|ifnmisnem( nmpjqsnbisnem( cjanqnemfignmb imc t{eqjazsnem e`

ihhjbisnemq e` {itj- Slnq riq czj se slj fi{gjc cjahnmj nm slj tj{ajmsibj e` qzaajqq`zh

t{eqjazsnemq `e{ {itj e``jmajq imc aemsnmznmb tee{ qsimci{cq e` qj{pnaj cjhnpj{~-

Nm ;44;9Slj [jte{s em slj Oenms Nmqtjasnem nmse slj Nmpjqsnbisnem imc T{eqjazsnem e` Aiqjqnmpehpnmb Ihhjbisnemq e` [itj? I ATQN imc LFNA oenms sljfisna nmqtjasnem `ezmc slis slj {isj

e` aempnasnem `e{ {itj( i`sj{ s{nih( lic cja{jiqjc `{ef emj nm sl{jj aiqjq {jte{sjc ,11*. nm

9>22 se emj nm 91 ,2-:*. nm 9>>>- @z{slj{fe{j( emh~ emj nm `npj ,;4*. {jte{sjc aiqjq is slis

snfj riq {jialnmb s{nih qsibj ,t9.- Slj oenms nmqtjasnem riq qjs zt se j|ifnmj slj {jiqemq

`e{ slj lnbl iss{nsnem;

{isj( imc se ncjmsn`~ beec t{iasnaj imc figj {jaeffjmcisnemq se

icc{jqq slnq-

Gj~ nqqzjq {inqjc nm slnq {jte{s rj{j slis? slj s{inmnmb e` qsi`` se {jajnpj {itj pnasnfq riq

t{ekhjfisna ia{eqq slj qj{pnaj7 slj jmpn{emfjms nmse rlnal i pnasnf riq sigjm riq mes

ihri~q aemczanpj se qjaz{nmb slj aem`ncjmaj e` slj pnasnf7 nme{cnmisj cjhi~q( qefjsnfjq `e{qefj lez{q( eaaz{{jc kj`e{j slj pnasnf lic iaajqq se qtjanihnqs qsi``7 tehnaj s{inmnmb cnc mes

aem`e{f se i aeffem fnmnfzf qsimci{c( {jqzhsnmb nm i hiag e` aemqnqsjma~ nm itt{eial7

fim~ @e{jmqna tl~qnanimq ,@Tq. rj{j qehjh~ {jhnims em qgnhhq cjpjhetjc iq ti{s e` em slj oek

s{inmnmb7 slj{j riq aemsnmzjc cn``nazhs~ nm slj {ja{znsfjms imc {jsjmsnem e` @Tq( ti{snazhi{h~

`jfihj cease{q( rlnal hnfnsjc slj alenaj `e{ pnasnfq e` slj bjmcj{ e` slj j|ifnmnmb cease{7

imc i mzfkj{ e` `e{ajq re{gjc nm nqehisnem `{ef eslj{ ibjmanjq( nmahzcnmb slj Ljihsl

Qj{pnaj( Qeanih Qj{pnajq imc @Tq( iq i {jqzhs e` rlnal `ianhnsnjq `e{ slj ai{j e` pnasnfq rj{j

hjqq qisnq`iase{~ imc qlerjc slj b{jisjqs tesjmsnih se ibb{ipisj hjpjhq e` iss{nsnem-

9

LF A{erm T{eqjazsnem Qj{pnaj Nmqtjase{isj%LF Nmqtjase{isj e` Aemqsikzhi{~ ,;44;. Slj [jte{s em slj Oenms Nmqtjasnemnmse slj Nmpjqsnbisnem imc T{eqjazsnem e` Aiqjq nmpehpnmb Ihhjbisnemq e` [itj? I ATQN imc LFNA oenms sljfisna nmqtjasnem-;Iss{nsnem nq slj t{eajqq k~ rlnal i mzfkj{ e` slj aiqjq e` {itj nmnsnihh~ {jte{sjc ce mes t{eajjc-

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Tibj ;

@npj ~ji{q hisj{( LF Nmqtjase{isj e` Aemqsikzhi{~ imc A{erm T{eqjazsnem Qj{pnaj

Nmqtjase{isj zmcj{seeg i cjti{sfjmsih {jpnjr Rnslezs Aemqjms,;442.1

`ehhernmb aemaj{mq

ikezs slj aemsnmznmb iss{nsnem e` t{eqjazsnem imc aempnasnem {isjq- Slj~ `ezmc aemqncj{ikhj

t{ekhjfq aemsnmznmb em re{g`e{aj cjpjhetfjms( fimibjfjms e` `e{jmqna fjcnaih qj{pnajq

k~ slj tehnaj imc MLQ cnqjmbibjfjms-3 Qnmaj sljm slj{j lipj kjjm qn| `z{slj{ {jte{sq jial

lnblhnblsnmb ti{snazhi{ iqtjasq e` qj{pnaj {jqtemqjq se {itj imc qj|zih iqqizhs nmahzcnmb slj

K{ichj~ [jte{s( ;44>:( slj [jpnqjc Misnemih Qj{pnaj Bzncj? I [jqez{aj `e{ Cjpjhetnmb Qj|zih

Iqqizhs [j`j{{ih Ajms{jq( ;44>0 7 Sebjslj{ Rj Aim Jmc Pnehjmaj ibinmqs Refjm imc Bn{hq(

;44>7 [itj? Slj Pnasnf J|tj{njmaj( ;44>27 [jqtemcnmb se pnehjmaj ibinmqs refjm imc

alnhc{jm slj {ehj e` slj MLQ( Fi{al ;4947 imc slj Qsj{m [jpnjr. [jpnqjc Misnemih Qj{pnaj Bzncj? I

[jqez{aj `e{ Cjpjhetnmb Qj|zih Iqqizhs [j`j{{ih Ajms{jq- Hemcem? Cjti{sfjms e` Ljihsl-2

Qi{i Ti~mj ,;44>. [itj? Slj Pnasnf J|tj{njmaj? [jpnjr( Hemcem? Lefj E``naj* ,13%31.( aepj{nmb

.( rnsl i

lnbl qsimci{c e` aefthjsnem7

e Aiqj Qszcnjq 3 aiqj qszc~ qnsjq rj{j pnqnsjc( t{epncnmb cisi ikezs qj{pnajqs{zasz{j imc yzihns~7

e Qsiszq e` t{e`jqqnemih jczaisnem imc i qsisjfjms `{ef slj @@HF-Jyzihnsnjq Nftias Iqqjqqfjms aemqncj{nmb slj {jhisnemqlnt kjsrjjm `e{jmqna

qj{pnajq `e{ qj|zih iqqizhs imc bjmcj{( cnqiknhns~( {iaj( imc {jhnbnem-

Slj Az{{jms Qj{pnaj imc Aiqj `e{ Alimbj

Slj `njhcre{g ncjmsn`njc pi{nisnemq nm slj yzimsns~ imc yzihns~ e` qj{pnaj t{epnqnem imc

aeffnqqnemnmb rlnal zmcj{hnmjc slj mjjc `e{ nft{epjfjms?

Cnpj{qns~ e` Qs{zasz{j & nm Jmbhimc slj{j nq i fn|sz{j e`? QI[A imc azqsec~ qznsj

t{epnqnem7 oenms azqsec~ ai{j%qj|zih e``jmaj j|ifnmisnem `e{jmqna tl~qnanim {esi imc

qjti{isj QEJ {esi7 {ja{znsfjms e` `e{jmqna tl~qnanimq k~ nmcjtjmcjms t{epncj{q imc

cn{jas jmbibjfjms k~ tehnaj e{ MLQ7 {z{ih imc z{kim qgjrq ,fjiqz{jc k~ cjmqns~ e`

tetzhisnem. rnsl fe{j oenms {esiq imc azqsec~ qznsj t{epnqnem nm {z{ih i{jiq imc fe{j

QI[Aq imc cjcnaisjc QEJ {esiq nm z{kim i{jiq-

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Tibj 3

Nmjyzns~ e` {jqez{aj t{epnqnem slj{j i{j qnbmn`naims pi{nisnemq nm j|tjmcnsz{j

,tehnaj ' MLQ ' eslj{ ibjma~ qtjmc.>

rnsl `npj i{jiq ,m611. qtjmcnmb hjqq slim 944

tj{ 9444 tetzhisnem imc `ez{ qtjmcnmb epj{ :44( i{ezmc i fjcnim e` ;44 tj{

9444 tetzhisnem- Slj zmns aeqs tj{ {j`j{{ih ,m692. pi{njq kjsrjjm i herj{ yzi{snhj

aeqs e` a- 344 imc zttj{ yzi{snhj e` a- 9(1* e` {jte{sjc pnasnfq e` qj|zih iqqizhs ,nm ez{ qz{pj~.i{j refjm- @njhcre{g qzbbjqsq slis feqs t{j`j{ se kj j|ifnmjc k~ i `jfihj

tl~qnanim imc slis hiag e` `jfihj `e{jmqna j|ifnmj{q nq i qez{aj e` cjhi~- Oenms

azqsec~ ai{j%QEJ {esiq i{j t{jcefnmimsh~ qsi``jc k~ fjm ,00* fihj em ipj{ibj.

rlnhj qjti{isj QEJ {esiq i{j finmh~ qsi``jc k~ refjm ,>:* `jfihj cease{q.- Slj

misz{j e` slj re{g figjq ns cn``nazhs se {ja{zns refjm se oenms azqsec~ ai{j%QEJ

{esiq( rlj{j slj qj|zih e``jmaj jhjfjms nq i{ezmc 94* e` slj re{gheic imc >4*

{jhisjq se azqsec~ ai{j imc e``jmcj{q- Slj{j nq i aiqj `e{ qjti{isnmb ezs QEJ

tl~qnanim {esiq `{ef azqsec~ ai{j-

Pehzfj( J|tj{njmaj( A{nsnaih Fiqq imc Aeftjsjmaj @e{jmqna qj|zih e``jmaj

j|ifnmisnem re{g nq i her pehzfj( qtjanihnqs i{ji e` t{iasnaj( rlnal nq mes {jaebmnqjc

iq im iaa{jcnsjc s{inmnmb qtjanihs~- Slj fioe{ns~ e` @Tq i{j s{icnsnemihh~ MLQ bjmj{ih

t{iasnsnemj{q rle zmcj{sigj slnq re{g iq i qtjanih nmsj{jqs( aems{iasjc cn{jash~ k~

heaih tehnaj `e{ajq e{ sl{ezbl `e{jmqna qj{pnaj t{epncj{q- Aeffj{anih t{epncj{q i{j

nma{jiqnmbh~ zqnmb cease{q s{inmjc ezsqncj slj ZG rle i{j ti{sri~ sl{ezbl sljn{

qtjanihns~ s{inmnmb( re{gnmb em i `zhh snfj kiqnq- Mes ihh qj{pnajq ialnjpj i

sl{ezbltzs e` ;4 j|ifnmisnemq tj{ tl~qnanim tj{ ~ji{( rlnal nq slj sl{jqlehc `e{

aeftjsjms t{iasnaj {jaeffjmcjc k~ slj @iazhs~ e` @e{jmqna imc Hjbih Fjcnanmj

,@@HF. `e{ iczhs qj{pnajq-

T{e`jqqnemih Cjpjhetfjms Cease{q fi~ kj {ja{znsjc rnslezs im~ `e{fih s{inmnmb nmslj `e{jmqna {ehj( {jh~nmb em emsljoek s{inmnmb- Slj @@HF liq {jajmsh~ cjpjhetjc i

qjs e` s{inmnmb imc yzihns~ qsimci{cq ,Easekj{ ;494. slis tipjq slj ri~ seri{cq

ahnmnaih bepj{mimaj- Slj Cnthefi nm slj @e{jmqna imc Ahnmnaih Iqtjasq e` Qj|zih

Iqqizhs ,C@AIQI.( qsi{sjc nm ;44> zmcj{ slj izqtnajq e` slj Qeanjs~ e` Itesljai{njq(

nq kjnmb t{efesjc misnemihh~ ifemb fjcnaih imc mz{qj teqsb{iczisjq iq slj

misnemih kiqna qsimci{c `e{ ihh ahnmnanimq zmcj{signmb qj|zih e``jmajq re{g-

>

Rj iqgjc e{ tehnaj( MLQ imc eslj{ ibjma~ qtjmc imc rj{j ikhj se {jte{s ns( mesnmb ihqe slis tijcnis{na t{epnqnem k~ MLQqj{pnajq nq mes j|thnans imc qe {jt{jqjmsq i lnccjm aeqs- Slj kiqjhnmj aeqs e`

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Tibj :

Qs{isjbna Re{g`e{aj Cjpjhetfjms & Slj ipj{ibj {j`j{{ih {isj ,qifthj m69>. nq ;