Executive 9066

Economic Changes in World War II

• The War Production Board– American factories poured their efforts into

making weaponry.• 40 billion bullets• 300,000 aircraft• 76,000 ships• 86,000 tanks• 2.6 million machine guns

Propaganda

JAPANESE EXPANSION•Dec. 7, 1941, Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

•US declares war on Japan.

1942•Philippines

•Bataan Death Bataan Death MarchMarch

JAPANESE EXPANSION•Dec. 7, 1941, Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

•US declares war on Japan.

1942•Philippines

•Bataan Death Bataan Death MarchMarch

Date Place Participants Decisions

Dec. 1941 to

Jan. 1942

June 1942

Washington Conference

1st

2nd

FDR

Winston ChurchillBig 2

War Production, shipping, aid for China,

diversion of German strength from Eastern

Front and a North African invasion.

Jan. 1943

CasablancaConference

FDR

Winston ChurchillBig 2

Plans for invasion of Sicily and to step up Pacific

War…D-day invasion in 1944 onto French coast.

Unconditional Surrender of Germany

Nov. 1943

TehranConference

FDRWinston Churchill

Joseph StalinBig 3

1st time “Big 3” meet. Stalin demands 2nd front

onto French coast…. Date of D-day invasion decided… General

Eisenhower appointed as commander of Allies

Map 16 of 45

Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Map 17 of 45

Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

World War II—Europe and North Africawith Axis, Allied & Neutral Positions in Africa December 1941

World War II—Europe and North Africawith Axis, Allied & Neutral Positions in Africa December 1941

Attack Hitler’s “soft soft

underbelly”underbelly”

Stalin’s 2nd front

Attack Hitler’s “soft soft

underbelly”underbelly”

TURNING POINT

BATTLES

19421942•Allied

invasion of North Africa

•El Alamein

TURNING POINT

BATTLES

19421942•Allied

invasion of North Africa

•El Alamein

The Italian Campaign The Italian Campaign [[“Operation Torch”“Operation Torch”]] ::

Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”

The Italian Campaign The Italian Campaign [[“Operation Torch”“Operation Torch”]] ::

Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”Europe’s “Soft Underbelly” Allies plan assault Allies plan assault

on weakest Axis on weakest Axis area - North Africa area - North Africa - Nov. 1942-May - Nov. 1942-May 19431943

George S. PattonGeorge S. Patton leads American leads American troopstroops

Germans trapped Germans trapped in Tunisia - in Tunisia - surrender over surrender over 275,000 troops.275,000 troops.

= Canadian= Great Britain

= United States

The Allies stem the Japanese The Allies stem the Japanese TideTide

In the first six months after Pearl Harbor, the Japanese had great military success.

• Conquered much of the Asian mainland and islands in the Pacific.

• In 1942, Japan threatened the Americans in the Philippines.

• US General Douglas MacAurthur left the Philippines in March 1942, but told the people left behind, “I shall return.”

The US Fights BackThe US Fights Back

The US fights back against the Japanese.• March 5, 1942: fire-bombing raid on Tokyo.• US Navy wins the Battle of Coral Sea. This

ended the Japanese threat to invade Australia.

June 1942, Battle of Midway• US breaks Japanese code, learns their plan.• Navy led by Chester Nimitz crushes Japan.• This was a turning point in the Pacific War!

““Island Hopping”Island Hopping”

Island Hopping was the US strategy to move closer and closer to Japan.

• US fought Japan from island to island, gaining strategic advantage.

Fighting the KamikazeFighting the Kamikaze

What is a Kamikaze raid?

• Suicide attacks where Japanese pilots crashed their planes into Allied ships

Other Important BattlesOther Important Battles

The Battle of Leyte Gulf, Philippines, October 1944The Battle of Leyte Gulf, Philippines, October 1944• Japanese Navy nearly wiped out.Japanese Navy nearly wiped out.

The Battle of Iwo Jima, March 1945The Battle of Iwo Jima, March 1945• Gave the US a base to launch heavy bombers that could Gave the US a base to launch heavy bombers that could

reach Japan.reach Japan.• The fire-bombing raid on Tokyo from March 9-10, 1945, The fire-bombing raid on Tokyo from March 9-10, 1945,

destroys 250,000 buildings and kills an estimated destroys 250,000 buildings and kills an estimated 83,000.83,000.

The Battle of Okinawa, June 1945The Battle of Okinawa, June 1945• Battle for the last Japanese outpostBattle for the last Japanese outpost• 7,600 Americans and 110,000 Japanese were killed7,600 Americans and 110,000 Japanese were killed

The Philippines are retaken by MacArthur in July 1945.The Philippines are retaken by MacArthur in July 1945.

map/japan TURNING POINT

BATTLES

19441944•Battle of Leyete

Gulf, recaptured the

Philippines

19451945•Iwo Jima and

Okinawa

•Put the US 500 miles from

mainland Japan

•Began bombing mainland Japan

TURNING POINT

BATTLES

19441944•Battle of Leyete

Gulf, recaptured the

Philippines

19451945•Iwo Jima and

Okinawa

•Put the US 500 miles from

mainland Japan

•Began bombing mainland Japan

The Atomic Bomb Ends the WarThe Atomic Bomb Ends the War

As American forces As American forces neared Japan in March neared Japan in March 1945, FDR died. 1945, FDR died.

• Vice President Vice President Harry Harry TrumanTruman became became president.president.

Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference

• Held near Berlin in July 1945.Held near Berlin in July 1945.

• At the conference, the Americans, British, At the conference, the Americans, British, and Soviets issued an ultimatum to the and Soviets issued an ultimatum to the Japanese to either surrender or be Japanese to either surrender or be destroyed. (Unconditional Surrender)destroyed. (Unconditional Surrender)

• The Soviets agreed to enter the war The Soviets agreed to enter the war against Japan on August 8, 1945. They against Japan on August 8, 1945. They did so in an effort to get a claim in Japan.did so in an effort to get a claim in Japan.

The Atomic Bomb Ends the WarThe Atomic Bomb Ends the War

President Truman was told about the President Truman was told about the Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project..

• The secret development of the atomic The secret development of the atomic bomb.bomb.

• Led by Led by J. Robert OppenheimerJ. Robert Oppenheimer..

• On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb was tested. It was MORE powerful than was tested. It was MORE powerful than predictedpredicted

Arguments for useArguments for use

• Japanese refused to surrender.

• Estimated an invasion similar to D-Day was needed to end

war.

• Estimated Japan’s empire would last 2 years.

• Estimated Allied casualties at 1 million or more men with

huge Japanese losses.

• Japanese leadership was told of the destructive power of the

bomb

• Offered a period to surrender but declined.

Arguments opposedArguments opposed

• Atomic bombs were untested and their destruction unknown

• Hiroshima and Nagasaki were not major military targets.

• Those killed in the attacks would be Japanese civilians.

• Radiation poisoning would have negative effects on the

population.

• Nuclear weapons would set a precedent that using weapons

of mass destruction was allowable in war

August 6, 1945: HiroshimaAugust 6, 1945: Hiroshima

Before

August 6, 1945: HiroshimaAugust 6, 1945: Hiroshima

August 6, 1945: HiroshimaAugust 6, 1945: Hiroshima

After

August 6, 1945: HiroshimaAugust 6, 1945: Hiroshima

August 6, 1945: HiroshimaAugust 6, 1945: Hiroshima

August 6, 1945: HiroshimaAugust 6, 1945: Hiroshima

• More than 70,000 killed instantly.More than 70,000 killed instantly.

• 140,000 dead by the end of 1945.140,000 dead by the end of 1945.

• Japan did not surrender.Japan did not surrender.

August 9, 1945: NagasakiAugust 9, 1945: Nagasaki

August 9, 1945: NagasakiAugust 9, 1945: Nagasaki